From f54170521dde5f5e357028be23214bbc87ab15f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: sdiehl Date: Sun, 20 Mar 2022 12:20:47 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Citations for sound money --- concepts/cryptoasset.md | 14 ++++++++++---- concepts/money.md | 5 ++--- concepts/nft.md | 3 +-- concepts/sound-money.md | 13 ++++++++++++- concepts/wash-trading.md | 6 +++++- concepts/web3.md | 7 ++++++- 6 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/concepts/cryptoasset.md b/concepts/cryptoasset.md index 047e41d..a640a7d 100644 --- a/concepts/cryptoasset.md +++ b/concepts/cryptoasset.md @@ -1,8 +1,14 @@ # Crypto Asset -A digital asset that is traded on a [blockchain](blockchain.md). - +A digital [asset](assets.md) that is traded on a [blockchain](blockchain.md) network. Sometimes also referred to by "cryptocurrency" although this namesake has semantic issues due to confusion around differing [currency](currency.md) definitions. ## Examples - * [Bitcoin](bitcoin.md) * [Ethereum](ethereum.md) -* [Dogecoin](dogecoin.md) \ No newline at end of file +* [Dogecoin](dogecoin.md) + +## References +* Bank of International Settlements. 2018. ‘Cryptocurrencies: Looking beyond the Hype’. In . Bank for International Settlements Basel. https://www.bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2018e5.htm. +* Cembalest, Michael. 2022. ‘The Maltese Falcoin: On Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains’. https://privatebank.jpmorgan.com/content/dam/jpm-wm-aem/global/pb/en/insights/eye-on-the-market/the-maltese-falcoin.pdf. +* Varoufakis, Yanis. 2021. ‘What Is Money, Really? And Why Bitcoin Is Not the Answer (Even If Blockchain Is Brilliant & Potentially Helpful in Democratising Money)’. Yanis Varoufakis (blog). 2 August 2021. https://www.yanisvaroufakis.eu/2021/08/02/what-is-money/. +* Larue, Louis. 2020. ‘“A Conceptual Framework for Classifying Currencies”.’ International Journal of Community Currency Research 24 (1): 45–60. +* Pele, Daniel Traian, Niels Wesselhöfft, Wolfgang Karl Härdle, Michalis Kolossiatis, and Yannis G. Yatracos. 2021. ‘Are Cryptos Becoming Alternative Assets?’ European Journal of Finance, 1–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/1351847X.2021.1960403. +* Taleb, Nassim Nicholas. 2021. ‘Bitcoin, Currencies, and Fragility’. ArXiv:2106.14204 [Physics, q-Fin], July. http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.14204. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/concepts/money.md b/concepts/money.md index 2f008de..00d0512 100644 --- a/concepts/money.md +++ b/concepts/money.md @@ -1,14 +1,13 @@ # Money -Money is any item or verifiable record that is accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts and payment of national obligations, such as taxes, in a particular jurisdiction. Money is issued by a [central banks](central-banks.md). +Money is any item or verifiable record that is accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts and payment of national obligations, such as taxes, in a particular jurisdiction. Money is issued by a [central bank](central-banks.md). -* **Medium of Exchange** - The capacity of an item to expedite trade between a buyer and seller because it is widely accepted as payment for a good or service. +* **Medium of Exchange** - The capacity of an item to expedite trade between a buyer and seller because it is widely accepted as payment for a good and services. * **Unit of Account** - The capacity of an item, or subdivisions of itself, to function as a numerical monetary unit (*numéraire*) and act as a universal measure of the [market value](market-value.md) of goods, services, and other transactions. * **Store of Value** - The capacity of an item to retain purchasing power into the future and capacity to be saved with a predictable variance in its [market value](market-value.md) over long time periods. Money is a social technology whose efficacy is based on both its universal acceptance in an economic region and the money's coherence to three properties: The United States [dollar](dollar.md) and the Euro are examples of money. - ## Qualities The qualifies of a currency representing money are defined by coherent to three properties: diff --git a/concepts/nft.md b/concepts/nft.md index e8f4082..f8896f0 100644 --- a/concepts/nft.md +++ b/concepts/nft.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ A type of [smart contracts](smart-contracts.md) that associates a tradable [cryp NFTs at their most basic conceptual core are a hyperlink or URL to a *datum* that is itself sold as a tradeable asset where the connection between the concepts of the URL and the *datum* portrayed as a [ficticious commodity](ficticious-commodity.md) is generated by the [Tinkerbell effect](tinkerbell-effect.md). -Since the image or data associated with an NFT is stored on a public server, any member of the public can "right-click" on the data to access the information independent of their ownership. +Since the image or data associated with an NFT is stored on a public server, any member of the public can "right-click" on the data to access the information independent of their perceived ownership. Some NFTs are purely conceptual and do not link to any data at all. In these situations abstract notions and contextual [narratives](narrative-economics.md) about the NFT are the product being sold to investors. This may be part of a piece of [performance art](art.md). @@ -47,7 +47,6 @@ NFTs have been compared to metaphors and other schemes in which narrative-driven * [Indulgences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indulgence) ## Investment Properties - NFTs have no [use value](use-value.md). NFTs have no [fundamental value](fundamental-value.md). diff --git a/concepts/sound-money.md b/concepts/sound-money.md index 8a36aeb..3b022e8 100644 --- a/concepts/sound-money.md +++ b/concepts/sound-money.md @@ -1,4 +1,15 @@ # Sound Money An [Austrian economics](ideologies/austrian-economics.md) philosophy that an idealized [currency](currency.md) should be backed by a finite unchanging supply and fixed supply of a [commodity](commodity.md), or more recently a [cryptoasset](cryptoasset.md). -See [gold standard](gold-standard.md). \ No newline at end of file +See [gold standard](gold-standard.md) and [libertarianism](ideologies/libertarianism.md). + +## References +* Doctorow, Cory. 2022. ‘Money Is Power’. 3 February 2022. https://pluralistic.net/2022/02/03/liquidation-preference/. +* Sanz Bas, David. 2020. ‘Hayek and the Cryptocurrency Revolution’. Iberian Journal of the History of Economic Thought 7 (1): 15–28. https://doi.org/10.5209/ijhe.69403. +* Allon, Fiona. 2018. ‘Money after Blockchain: Gold, Decentralised Politics and the New Libertarianism’. Australian Feminist Studies 33 (96): 223–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/08164649.2018.1517245. +* Inwood, Olivia, and Michele Zappavigna. 2021. ‘Ideology, Attitudinal Positioning, and the Blockchain: A Social Semiotic Approach to Understanding the Values Construed in the Whitepapers of Blockchain Start-Ups’. Social Semiotics, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330.2021.1877995. +* Wolf, Martin. 2019. ‘The Libertarian Fantasies of Cryptocurrencies’. Financial Times, February. https://www.ft.com/content/eeeacd7c-2e0e-11e9-ba00-0251022932c8. +* Fantacci, Luca. 2019. ‘Cryptocurrencies and the Denationalization of Money’. International Journal of Political Economy 48 (2): 105–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/08911916.2019.1624319. +* Bernanke, Ben S. 2004. Essays on the Great Depression. Princeton University Press. +* Caferra, Rocco, Gabriele Tedeschi, and Andrea Morone. 2021. ‘Bitcoin: Bubble That Bursts or Gold That Glitters?’ Economics Letters 205: 109942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2021.109942. +* Selmi, Refk, Jamal Bouoiyour, and Mark E. Wohar. 2022. ‘“Digital Gold” and Geopolitics’. Research in International Business and Finance 59: 101512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2021.101512. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/concepts/wash-trading.md b/concepts/wash-trading.md index 25c2e00..24c3776 100644 --- a/concepts/wash-trading.md +++ b/concepts/wash-trading.md @@ -1,2 +1,6 @@ # Wash Trading -The trading of an [assets](assets.md) in which the same party both buys and sells the product in order to fake transaction or [market manipulate](market-manipulation.md) the price of the asset. \ No newline at end of file +The trading of an [assets](assets.md) in which the same party both buys and sells the product in order to fake transaction or [market manipulate](market-manipulation.md) the price of the asset. + +## References +* Cong, Lin William, Xi Li, Ke Tang, and Yang Yang. 2020. ‘Crypto Wash Trading’. Available at SSRN 3530220. +* Vigna, P. 2019. ‘Most Bitcoin Trading Faked by Unregulated Exchanges, Study Finds’. Wall Street Journal. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/concepts/web3.md b/concepts/web3.md index d0113ea..7727754 100644 --- a/concepts/web3.md +++ b/concepts/web3.md @@ -1,2 +1,7 @@ # Web3 -An umbrella marketing term for a variety of endeavours to integrate [crypto assets](cryptoasset.md), [NFTs](nft.md), [DAOs](dao.md), [DeFi](defi.md) and [smart contracts](smart-contracts.md) into existing web infrastructure. \ No newline at end of file +An umbrella marketing term for a variety of endeavours to integrate [crypto assets](cryptoasset.md), [NFTs](nft.md), [DAOs](dao.md), [DeFi](defi.md) and [smart contracts](smart-contracts.md) into existing web infrastructure. + +## References +* Morozov, Evgeny. 2022. ‘Web3: A Map in Search of Territory’. The Crypto Syllabus. 13 January 2022. https://the-crypto-syllabus.com/web3-a-map-in-search-of-territory/. +* Levine, Matt. 2022. ‘Web3 Takes Trust Too’. 10 January 2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2022-01-10/web3-takes-trust-too. +* O’Reilly, Tim. 2021. ‘Why It’s Too Early to Get Excited About Web3’. O’Reilly Media. 13 December 2021. https://www.oreilly.com/radar/why-its-too-early-to-get-excited-about-web3/. \ No newline at end of file