Finish private money section

concepts/ideologies/marxism.md

@@ -1,6 +1,14 @@
 # Marxism
 A political ideology rooted in the ideas of Karl Marx which asserts the inherent intellectual contradictions at the heart of [capitalism](capitalism.md) and [market](../market.md). Marx defines a heterodox reading of [value](../value.md) based on philosophy and history and attempts to derive a new system in which [price-formation](../price-formation.md) can occur without the existing superstructure of capitalism.
 
-See: [[commodity-fetishism]]
+See also [[commodity fetishism]] and [sign value](../sign-value.md).
 
-## References
+## References
+Beggs, Mike. n.d. ‘The Dumb Money’. Jacobin. Accessed 20 March 2022. https://jacobinmag.com/2018/04/bitcoin-cryptocurrency-monetary-system.
+Eich, Stefan. 2018. ‘The Currency of Politics’. The Political Theory of Money from Aristotle to Keynes.
+———. n.d. ‘Crypto Won’t Solve Our Problems — We Need to Democratize Money’. Jacobin. Accessed 20 March 2022. https://jacobinmag.com/2022/02/cryptocurrency-democratize-monetary-policy-economics-banks-financial-system-bitcoin.
+Hart, Raven. n.d. ‘Cryptocurrency Is Bunk’. Accessed 20 March 2022. https://www.jacobinmag.com/2021/10/cryptocurrency-bitcoin-politics-treasury-central-bank-loans-monetary-policy.
+Henwood, David. n.d. ‘What’s Behind Bitcoin Mania?’ Jacobin. Accessed 20 March 2022. https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/12/bitcoin-price-crypto-currency-explainer.
+Howson, Peter. n.d. ‘No, Crypto Isn’t Helping Ukraine’. Jacobin. Accessed 20 March 2022. https://www.jacobinmag.com/2022/03/crypto-bitcoin-ukraine-russia-war-finance-funding.
+Silverman, Jacob. n.d. ‘Crypto Is Making Everything Worse’. Jacobin. Accessed 20 March 2022. https://jacobinmag.com/2022/03/cryptocurrency-bitcoin-speculative-asset-digitization-metaverse.
+Sohale Andrus Mortazvi. n.d. ‘Cryptocurrency Is a Giant Ponzi Scheme’. Jacobin. Accessed 20 March 2022. https://jacobinmag.com/2022/01/cryptocurrency-scam-blockchain-bitcoin-economy-decentralization.

concepts/ideologies/technolibertarianism.md

@@ -4,4 +4,19 @@
 Technolibertarianism is particularly aligned with the use of cryptography, [cryptoasset](../cryptoasset.md) and [censorship-resistence](../censorship-resistence.md) tools to protect against what they see as government overreach into 
 the financial lives of citizens. The ideology is predicated on a distrust of institutions and command-and-control structures, and a preference for technical solutions with  philosophical appeals to [decentralization](../decentralization.md).
 
-## References
+See also [cryptoanarchism](cryptoanarchism.md), [libertarianism](libertarianism.md), and [post-state-technocracy](../../notes/post-state-technocracy.md).
+
+## References
+* Wolf, Martin. 2019. ‘The Libertarian Fantasies of Cryptocurrencies’. Financial Times, February. https://www.ft.com/content/eeeacd7c-2e0e-11e9-ba00-0251022932c8.
+* Beltramini, Enrico. 2020. ‘Trust, Finance and Cryptocurrencies’. In Anarchism, Organization and Management, 184–95. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315172606-19.
+* *———. 2021. ‘Against Technocratic Authoritarianism. A Short Intellectual History of the Cypherpunk Movement’. Internet Histories 5 (2): 101–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2020.1731249.
+* Allon, Fiona. 2018. ‘Money after Blockchain: Gold, Decentralised Politics and the New Libertarianism’. Australian Feminist Studies 33 (96): 223–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/08164649.2018.1517245.
+* Beltramini, Enrico. 2021. ‘Against Technocratic Authoritarianism. A Short Intellectual History of the Cypherpunk Movement’. Internet Histories 5 (2): 101–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2020.1731249.
+* Brody, Ann, and Stéphane Couture. 2021. ‘Ideologies and Imaginaries in Blockchain Communities: The Case of Ethereum’. Canadian Journal of Communication 46 (3). https://doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2021v46n3a3701.
+* Golumbia, David. 2013. ‘Cyberlibertarianism: The Extremist Foundations of “Digital Freedom.”’ Clemson University Department of English.
+* Inwood, Olivia, and Michele Zappavigna. 2021. ‘Ideology, Attitudinal Positioning, and the Blockchain: A Social Semiotic Approach to Understanding the Values Construed in the Whitepapers of Blockchain Start-Ups’. Social Semiotics, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330.2021.1877995.
+* Korhonen, Outi, and Juho Rantala. 2021. ‘Blockchain Governance Challenges: Beyond Libertarianism’. AJIL Unbound 115: 408–12. https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2021.65.
+* Binder, Carola. 2021. ‘Technopopulism and Central Banks’. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3823456.
+* Hellegren, Z. Isadora. 2017. ‘A History of Crypto-Discourse: Encryption as a Site of Struggles to Define Internet Freedom’. Internet Histories 1 (4): 285–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2017.1387466.
+* West, Sarah Myers. 2018. ‘Cryptographic Imaginaries and the Networked Public’. Internet Policy Review 7 (2): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.14763/2018.2.792.
+* Gürses, Seda, Arun Kundnani, and Joris Van Hoboken. 2016. ‘Crypto and Empire: The Contradictions of Counter-Surveillance Advocacy’. Media, Culture and Society 38 (4): 576–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443716643006.

concepts/private-money.md

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 # Private Money
 A [currency](currency.md) issued by a private party instead of a nation state or [central-banks](central-banks.md). Private money has a [distribution-problem](distribution-problem.md). 
 
+Many forms of private money are a type of *scrip* or a provisional certificate or promissory note of funds subscribed a company entitling the holder to a redemption upon demand possibly subject to restrictions.
+
 Many [crypto assets](cryptoasset.md) allege to be a form of transnational private money in either their namesake or political imaginaries.
 
 ## American Wildcat Banks
@@ -10,14 +12,41 @@ The America financial system, before the Civil War, had a large network of indep
 https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2012/12/07/166747693/episode-421-the-birth-of-the-dollar-bill
 
 ## Scottish Bank Notes
-#todo
+Scottish bank notes are a form or private money which are effectively promissory notes against the British pound sterling. The pound sterling is the national of currency of Great Britain and is accepted universally, however private banks in both Scotland Northern Ireland are allowed to issue a private form of money against the sterling. Scottish bank notes legally must be redeemable for pounds but the reverse process is not a requirement. For every private bank note issued there is a one-to-one backing with pounds held by the bank.
 
 ## Company Scrip
-#todo
+Company scrip was a form of private money issued by corporations up until the early 1900s whereby a company would create a captive economy in which their employees would be payed in private money and could redeem this money for housing and goods within a private economy of a company town and company store.
+
+Company scrip gave wildly asymmetric power to corporations and was deemed to be a predatory practice, and was banned in the United States and Europe in the mid 1900s.
 
 ## Town Money
-#todo
+Private money still lives in on parts of the United States and Europe in a limited form known as town money, whereby a local city or town will issue its own private notes which can be spent within a limited geographic region to encourage captive spending within a local region and to encourage tourism. These notes encourage circulation of money within the town and goods and services may be discounted when using the private money as a means of encourage to promote local businesses and increase tourist spending with the town. Town money is generally issued on small scales and is overseen by a local town government.
+
+## Casino Tokens
+Casino tokens are a form of scrip used by customers to play [gambling](gambling.md) games at casinos. They act as a form of captive economy that allows the casino to regulate the inflows and outflows of money used in its games. Like 
+
+Under United States law if a customer purchases casino chips, they have the right to sell them back to the casino for the marked value. The casino is restricted from allowing customers to use chips to pay for goods or services, however they can be given or sold to other customers in peer to peer transactions.
 
 ## References
-* [@gorton_taming_2021]
-* [@hockett_moneys_2019]
+* Eich, Stefan. 2018. ‘The Currency of Politics’. The Political Theory of Money from Aristotle to Keynes.
+* Hockett, Robert C. 2019. ‘Money’s Past Is Fintech’s Future: Wildcat Crypto, the Digital Dollar, and Citizen Central Banking’.
+* Steele, Graham. 2021. ‘The Miner of Last Resort: Digital Currency, Shadow Money and the Role of the Central Bank’. Technology and Government, Emerald Studies in Media and Communications, Forthcoming.
+* Gorton, Gary B., and Jeffery Zhang. 2021b. ‘Taming Wildcat Stablecoins’. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3888752.
+* Varoufakis, Yanis. 2021. ‘What Is Money, Really? And Why Bitcoin Is Not the Answer (Even If Blockchain Is Brilliant & Potentially Helpful in Democratising Money)’. Yanis Varoufakis (blog). 2 August 2021. https://www.yanisvaroufakis.eu/2021/08/02/what-is-money/.
+* Bazzani, Giacomo. 2020. ‘Money as a Tool for Collective Action’. Partecipazione e Conflitto 13 (1): 438–61. https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v13i1p438.
+* *‘Private Money vs Totally-Public Money, plus Some History | Financial Times’. n.d. Accessed 20 March 2022. https://www.ft.com/content/40592d6d-5a32-3606-a54f-cdc411e90c20.
+* Canning, Tonya. 2018. ‘"We Don’t Want Hippy Money”: Contradiction and Exchange in a Local Currency System’. PhD Thesis. https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/handle/10222/74190.
+* Dini, Paolo, and Alexandros Kioupkiolis. 2019. ‘The Alter-Politics of Complementary Currencies: The Case of Sardex’. Cogent Social Sciences 5 (1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2019.1646625.
+* Doria, Luigi, and Luca Fantacci. 2018. ‘Evaluating Complementary Currencies: From the Assessment of Multiple Social Qualities to the Discovery of a Unique Monetary Sociality’. Quality and Quantity 52 (3): 1291–1314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0520-9.
+* Hileman, Garrick. 2017. ‘Alternative Currencies: A Historical Survey and Taxonomy’. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2747975.
+* Larue, Louis. 2020. ‘“A Conceptual Framework for Classifying Currencies”.’ International Journal of Community Currency Research 24 (1): 45–60.
+* *———. n.d. ‘The Case against Alternative Currencies’. Politics, Philosophy & Economics 0 (0): 1470594X211065784. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470594X211065784.
+* Nabilou, Hossein, and André Prüm. 2019. ‘Ignorance, Debt, and Cryptocurrencies: The Old and the New in the Law and Economics of Concurrent Currencies’. Journal of Financial Regulation 5 (1): 29–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/jfr/fjz002.
+* North, Peter. 2007. Money and Liberation: The Micropolitics of Alternative Currency Movements. University of Minnesota Press. https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/money-and-liberation.
+* North, Peter, Vicky Nowak, Alan Southern, and Matt Thompson. 2020. ‘Generative Anger: From Social Enterprise to Antagonistic Economies’. Rethinking Marxism 32 (3): 330–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/08935696.2020.1780669.
+* Pacione, Michael. 1997. ‘Local Exchange Trading Systems as a Response to the Globalisation of Capitalism’. Urban Studies 34 (8): 1179–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098975583.
+* Petz, Marcus. 2020. ‘When Is Money Not a Currency? Developments from Finland of Proto-Community Currencies’. International Journal of Community Currency Research 24 (2): 30–53.
+* Sartori, Laura. 2020. ‘The Social Life of Sardex and Liberex: Kin or Acquaintances?: A Comparison between Two Mutual Credit Circuits in Italy’. Partecipazione e Conflitto 13 (1): 487–513. https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v13i1p487.
+* Schroeder, Rolf F. H. 2020. ‘Beyond the Veil of Money: Boundaries as Constitutive Elements of Complementary Currencies’. The Japanese Political Economy 46 (1): 17–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/2329194x.2020.1762499.
+* Scott, Brett. 2022. Cloudmoney: Cash, Cards, Crypto, and the War for Our Wallets. Harper Business. https://www.harperacademic.com/book/9780062936325/cloudmoney/.
+* Seyfang, G. 2001. ‘Community Currencies: Small Change for a Green Economy’. Environment and Planning A 33 (6): 975–96. https://doi.org/10.1068/a33216.

guide/index.md

@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ Explore crypto and "web3" in terms of different perspectives on politics and eco
 * [Austrian Economics](../concepts/ideologies/austrian-economics.md)
 * [Post State Technocracy](../concepts/ideologies/post-state-technocracy.md)
 * [Libertarianism](../concepts/ideologies/libertarianism.md)
-* [Technolibertarianism](../concepts/idelogies/technolibertarianism.md)
+* [Technolibertarianism](../concepts/ideologies/technolibertarianism.md)
 * [Technosolutionism](../concepts/ideologies/technosolutionism.md)
 * [Technocollectivism](../concepts/ideologies/techno-collectivism.md)
 * [Keynsian Economics](../concepts/ideologies/keynsian-economics.md)

site/pages/about.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ We will be steel-manning the key claims made by proponents of web3 through consc
 
 **This risks polarization resulting in stasis and further degradation of our sensemaking capacities**: Without good sensemaking we risk polarization: bifurcation in two schools of thought that are incommensurate and culture-war-like; and consequently we risk stasis and sclerosis. This is is bad wherever you stand in the debate: it blocks either necessary support or adequate prevention. In general, polarization chills discourse further impeding our capacities to make sense of this topic, especially together.
 
-**A lot of energy and attention are going into this area**: There is also a lot of energy and attention being channeled into this area across the spectrum from tech to change-makers. This is energy that could be used elsewhere -- it has an opportunity cost. If web3 can’t deliver on its promise this would be a significant waste of energy. Furthermore, given some of the elevated claims, there is a risk that disappointments here would not only tarnish web3 but reduce the energy for other types of innovation or change-making. Whilst there are opportunity costs to any action, they are particularly important in the context of web3 precisely because so much energy and good-will are being channeled here.
+**A lot of energy and attention are going into this area**: There is also a lot of energy and attention being channeled into this area across the spectrum from tech to change-makers. This is energy that could be used elsewhere -- it has an opportunity cost. If web3 can’t deliver on its promise this would be a significant waste of energy. Furthermore, given some of the elevated claims, there is a risk that disappointments here would not only tarnish web3 but reduce the energy for other types of innovation or change-making. Whilst there are opportunity costs to any action, they are particularly important in the context of web3 precisely because so much energy and good-will are being channelled here.
 
 **This is a runaway phenomenon presenting special risks and requiring special attention**: Finally, this is a "runaway phenomenon" with exponential growth in interest, use and investment. To take just one illustrative example, blockchain based assets are the fastest growing asset class we have ever seen in human history; The crypto market cap -- the value of all the cryptocurrency tokens in circulation -- is currently sitting at $2.6 trillion, according to CoinMarketCap data. This huge velocity of expansion means web3 has the potential to significantly impact the organization of society -- for good or ill. It also renders the risks of wasted resources and energy even greater, as our "spend" is increasing so rapidly. Furthermore, runaway phenomena present special risks because things can happen before we notice and have time to react (cf. AI, climate change, nuclear weapons). The need for discourse and understanding, in other words, is not one that can wait.