| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -David Gerard | -
| URL | -https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/03/19/nft-beeple-69-million-art-crypto-nonfungible-token/ | -
| Accessed | -03/03/2022, 13:05:08 | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 13:05:08 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 13:09:35 | -
| Type | -Blog Post | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Ruchira Sharma | -
| Abstract | -The stress and anxiety that goes with funneling your life savings into a volatile market is no joke. | -
| Date | -2022-02-16T09:00:00.000Z | -
| Language | -en | -
| Short Title | -‘Crypto Ruined My Life’ | -
| URL | -https://www.vice.com/en/article/akvn8z/crypto-bad-for-mental-health | -
| Accessed | -23/02/2022, 16:14:41 | -
| Blog Title | -Vice | -
| Date Added | -23/02/2022, 16:14:42 | -
| Modified | -23/02/2022, 16:14:42 | -
| Type | -Blog Post | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Bill Miller | -
| Abstract | -No one can be certain of the future of Bitcoin, but here are some reasons we find it compelling. | -
| Date | -2017-11-02 | -
| Language | -en-US | -
| URL | -https://millervalue.com/certitude-not-test-certainty/ | -
| Accessed | -28/02/2022, 17:24:52 | -
| Blog Title | -Miller Value Partners | -
| Date Added | -28/02/2022, 17:24:52 | -
| Modified | -28/02/2022, 17:26:10 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Refk Selmi | -
| Author | -Jamal Bouoiyour | -
| Author | -Mark E. Wohar | -
| Abstract | -There is a growing empirical literature on Bitcoin and gold -safe haven properties with respect to financial risks and macroeconomic -news but very scarce literature regarding geopolitical risks. This paper - provides a fresh insight into the Bitcoin safe haven status, in -comparison to gold. We, first, propose a geopolitical risk composite -indicator based on various sources of geopolitical risks. A Principal -Component Analysis is conducted to group the information on these -indicators. Second, a dynamic Markov-switching copula model (which -accommodates a dynamic link between the developed geopolitical risk -index and Bitcoin and gold price dynamics within low and high risk -regimes) is used. We show that both Bitcoin and gold respond positively -to the composite geopolitical risk indicator when risk is high. This -underscores that both Bitcoin and gold have the ability to act as safe -havens for assets whose valuations plummet during times of violent -geopolitical conflicts. But such properties seem to be conditional upon -different categories of geopolitical risks. | -
| Date | -2022 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -59 | -
| Pages | -101512 | -
| Publication | -Research in International Business and Finance | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.ribaf.2021.101512 | -
| ISSN | -02755319 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:22 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:22 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Paul Butler | -
| URL | -https://paulbutler.org/2021/play-to-earn-and-bullshit-jobs/ | -
| Accessed | -02/03/2022, 09:15:24 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 09:15:24 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 09:15:58 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Megan Knittel | -
| Author | -Shelby Pitts | -
| Author | -Rick Wash | -
| Abstract | -Bitcoin is an innovative technological network, a new, -non-governmental currency, and a worldwide group of users. In other -words, Bitcoin is a complex sociotechnical system with a complex set of -risks and challenges for anyone using it. We investigated how everyday -users of Bitcoin develop trust in Bitcoin on one of the largest online -communities devoted to Bitcoin: the Reddit.com r/bitcoin forum. Using -qualitative content analysis, we examined how trust in Bitcoin develops -based on contributions to this community. On r/bitcoin, trust in Bitcoin - is driven by a pervasive ideology we call the “True Bitcoiner” -ideology. This ideological viewpoint in centered on the interpretation -of Bitcoin as functionally “trustless” and risk-free. Despite widespread - evidence of emerging individual and system-level risks with using -Bitcoin, participants continue to maintain this ideological perspective. - This ideology consists of three primary beliefs: viewing Bitcoin's -technology as more trustworthy than its people; rejecting ‘corrupt' -social hierarchies related to money; and the importance of accumulating -or ‘HODLing' quantities of Bitcoin as a strategy to create an ideal -future. We conclude that this “True Bitcoiner” ideology is maintained -despite contradictory evidence in the world because it allows -participants to more easily interpret Bitcoin and make decisions by -reducing perceived risk and uncertainty in the system. The role of this -ideology on r/bitcoin demonstrates an expanded conceptualization of how -trust is created and socially-mediated in socio-technical contexts. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: ACM New York, NY, USA | -
| Volume | -3 | -
| Pages | -1–23 | -
| Publication | -Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction | -
| DOI | -10.1145/3359138 | -
| Issue | -CSCW | -
| ISSN | -25730142 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Seth Frey | -
| Author | -P. M. Krafft | -
| Author | -Brian C. Keegan | -
| Abstract | -Whether we recognize it or not, the Internet is rife with -exciting and original institutional forms that are transforming social -organization on and offline. Governing these Internet platforms and -other digital institutions has posed a challenge for engineers and -managers, many of whom have little exposure to the relevant history or -theory of institutional design. The dominant guiding practices for the -design of digital institutions to date in human-computer interaction, -computer-supported cooperative work, and the tech industry at large have - been an incentive-focused behavioral engineering paradigm encompassing -atheoretical approaches such as emulation, A/B-testing, engagement -maximization, and piecemeal issue-driven engineering. One institutional -analysis framework that has been useful in the study of traditional -institutions comes from scholars of natural resource management, -particularly that community of economists, anthropologists, and -environmental and political scientists focused around the work of Elinor - Ostrom, known collectively as the “Ostrom Workshop.” A key finding from - this community that has yet to be broadly incorporated into the design -of many digital institutions is the importance of including -participatory change mechanisms in what is called a “constitutional -layer” of institutional design. The institutional rules that compose a -constitutional layer facilitate stakeholder participation in the ongoing - process of institutional design change. We explore to what extent -consideration of constitutional layers is met or could be better met in -three varied cases of digital institutions: cryptocurrencies, cannabis -informatics, and amateur Minecraft server governance. Examining such -highly varied cases allows us to demonstrate the broad relevance of -constitutional layers in many different types of digital institutions. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: ACM New York, NY, USA | -
| Volume | -3 | -
| Pages | -1–31 | -
| Publication | -Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction | -
| DOI | -10.1145/3359134 | -
| Issue | -CSCW | -
| ISSN | -25730142 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:21:22 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:21:22 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Michel Rauchs | -
| Author | -Apolline Blandin | -
| Author | -Keith Bear | -
| Author | -Stephen B McKeon | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -http://ssrn.com/paper=3461765 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Matt Huang | -
| Abstract | -After some quiet years, Bitcoin is top of mind again. We -recently published a paper ("Bitcoin for the Open-Minded Skeptic") to -help demystify Bitcoin for a new cohort of investors. Many | -
| Date | -2020-05-01 | -
| Language | -en | -
| URL | -https://www.paradigm.xyz/2020/05/7-things-to-read-about-bitcoin-for-institutional-investors | -
| Accessed | -28/02/2022, 11:18:15 | -
| Website Title | -Paradigm | -
| Date Added | -28/02/2022, 11:18:15 | -
| Modified | -28/02/2022, 11:19:21 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Youssef Faqir-Rhazoui | -
| Author | -Javier Arroyo | -
| Author | -Samer Hassan | -
| Abstract | -Blockchain technology has enabled a new kind of distributed -systems. Beyond its early applications in Finance, it has also allowed -the emergence of novel new ways of governance and coordination. The most - relevant of these are the so-called Decentralized Autonomous -Organizations (DAOs). DAOs typically implement decision-making systems -to make it possible for their online community to reach agreements. As a - result of these agreements, the DAO operates automatically by executing - the appropriate portion of code on the blockchain network (e.g., hire -people, delivers payments, invests in financial products, etc). In the -last few years, several platforms such as Aragon, DAOstack and DAOhaus, -have emerged to facilitate the creation of DAOs. As a result, hundreds -of these new organizations have appeared, with their communities -interacting mediated by blockchain. However, the literature has yet to -appropriately explore empirically this phenomena. In this paper, we aim -to shed light on the current state of the DAO ecosystem. We review the -three main platforms nowadays (Aragon, DAOstack, DAOhaus) which -facilitate the creation and management of DAOs. Thus, we introduce their - main differences, and compare them using quantitative metrics. For such - comparison, we retrieve data from both the main Ethereum network -(mainnet) and a parallel Ethereum network (xDai). We analyze data from -72,320 users and 2,353 DAO communities in order to study the three -ecosystems across four dimensions: growth, activity, voting system and -funds. Our results show that there are notable differences among the DAO - platforms in terms of growth and activity, and also in terms of voting -results. Still, we consider that our work is only a first step and that -further research is needed to better understand these communities, and -evaluate their level of accomplishment in reaching decentralized -governance. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -ISBN: 1317402100139 -Publisher: Journal of Internet Services and Applications | -
| Volume | -12 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Internet Services and Applications | -
| DOI | -10.1186/s13174-021-00139-6 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -18690238 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:21:22 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:21:22 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Fei Teng | -
| Author | -Qi Zhang | -
| Author | -Ge Wang | -
| Author | -Jiangfeng Liu | -
| Author | -Hailong Li | -
| Abstract | -Summary The disruptive nature of blockchain technology has -drawn considerable interest from different types of stakeholders. It is -adopted in numerous sectors with the ability to openly and securely -verify, track, and exchange data. The energy blockchain, a term used -when blockchain technology is applied in the energy sector, is -considered as having the potential to develop a decentralized, -digitized, and decarbonized energy management system. The article -presents an overview of the development progress from three -perspectives, including academic research, the deployment of companies -and pilot projects, and government support policies. Then a different -taxonomy is developed to demonstrate and highlighted the different -applications. Finally, the future trends and challenges hindering the -effective implementation of energy blockchain are discussed. The results - show that energy blockchain is an effective innovation technology to -accelerate the transformation of global energy structure. Multinational -cooperation and government-leading are the basis of large-scale -deployment of energy blockchain. The improvement of regulatory -mechanisms and standards is the key to the commercial application of -energy blockchain. This study is a comprehensive analysis of energy -blockchain applications, which is expected to support decision making -for its future development. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/er.7109 | -
| Volume | -45 | -
| Pages | -17515–17531 | -
| Publication | -International Journal of Energy Research | -
| DOI | -https://doi.org/10.1002/er.7109 | -
| Issue | -12 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:28 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:28 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Louis Larue | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -PMID: 4495394 | -
| Volume | -24 | -
| Pages | -45–60 | -
| Publication | -International Journal of Community Currency Research | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -00487112 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:28:35 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:28:35 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -John Perry Barlow | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Volume | -18 | -
| Pages | -5–7 | -
| Publication | -Duke Law & Technology Review | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Kanis Saengchote | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Publication | -IRON Stablecoin, and the Fall of TITAN (July 16, 2021) | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Matthew Lovett | -
| Author | -Lee Thomas | -
| Abstract | -A digital institution is a set of computer-based rules that -perform intermediating roles upon which one or more person's well-being -depends. This article argues that governance, the processes and customs -by which rules are agreed, is critical to the sustainability of the -digital institution and therefore of society more broadly. The objective - of this work was to interrogate whether emerging decentralised -architectures (blockchain) can offer new perspectives on digital -sustainability in the form of decentralised governance. Firstly, the -literature on decentralised modes of governance was synthesised. Then, -existing digital institutions were reviewed, categorised and mapped onto - a multi-domain layered conceptual framework that draws out three -distinct modes for enactment of changes to digital institution rules; -direct, integrated, and fork-based. We concluded that the coupling of -decentralised governance approaches with fork-based or integrated -enactment stands to enhance digital sustainability through increased -perception of trustworthiness afforded through independently verifiable -and cryptographically secure audit trails. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Public Knowledge Project | -
| Volume | -26 | -
| Publication | -First Monday | -
| DOI | -10.5210/fm.v26i11.12357 | -
| Issue | -11 | -
| ISSN | -1396-0466 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:21:22 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:21:22 | -
| Type | -Newspaper Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Milton Friedman | -
| Abstract | -Illus | -
| Date | -1970-09-13 | -
| Language | -en-US | -
| Library Catalog | -NYTimes.com | -
| URL | -https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/13/archives/a-friedman-doctrine-the-social-responsibility-of-business-is-to.html | -
| Accessed | -03/03/2022, 12:32:07 | -
| Section | -Archives | -
| Publication | -The New York Times | -
| ISSN | -0362-4331 | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 12:32:07 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 12:32:07 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Z. Isadora Hellegren | -
| Abstract | -This paper explores a history of “crypto” as a battlefield in a - larger discursive struggle to define the meaning of Internet freedom. -The term crypto is short for cryptography, which refers to the practice -of encrypting, i.e. rendering information illegible to anyone but its -intended recipient(s). Drawing on Laclau and Mouffe's theory of -discourse, this study investigates how public-key cryptography -advocates, and in particular Cypherpunks and technology journalists, -have articulated “crypto-discourse”: a partially fixed construction of -meaning that establishes a relationship between encryption software and a - negative conception of Internet freedom, in relation to the state. I -map events pertaining to the articulation of the empty signifier -“crypto” among interrelated discourse communities of cryptographers, -hackers, online rights activists, and technology journalists during a -period of forty years (1975–2015). I present the Crypto-Discourse -Timeline as comprised of three periods: the origins (1975–1990), -crystallisation (1990–2000), and revitalisation of crypto-discourse -(2000–2015). The timeline provides an overview of the complexity and -contingency of crypto-discourse as a practice that shapes public policy -over time. Crypto-discourse excludes other possible, positive meanings -of Internet freedom, removing responsibility from democratic states to -uphold privacy rights and freedom of speech online. | -
| Date | -2017 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Volume | -1 | -
| Pages | -285–311 | -
| Publication | -Internet Histories | -
| DOI | -10.1080/24701475.2017.1387466 | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| ISSN | -24701483 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:28:59 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:28:59 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Andrea Pinna | -
| Author | -Simona Ibba | -
| Author | -Gavina Baralla | -
| Author | -Roberto Tonelli | -
| Author | -Michele Marchesi | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: IEEE | -
| Volume | -7 | -
| Pages | -78194–78213 | -
| Publication | -IEEE Access | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -David I. Okorie | -
| Abstract | -This article examines the connectedness and information -spillover in the Electricity-Crypto Network (ECN) system. The Bitcoin -and Ethereum markets are studied due to the level of electricity demand -for active trading and mining in the three leading crypto mining -economies (United States, China, and Japan). Among other findings, the -leading net transmitter of information is the return of the Bitcoin -market while the demand for electricity in the U.S. and Japan are the -leading net information receivers in the ECN system. In a nutshell, the -return and trading volumes of the cryptocurrency markets are net -information transmitters while the markets' volatility and the demand -for electricity in the U.S., China, and Japan are net information -receivers in the system. As a policy relevance, given the favourable -developments in these crypto markets, greener sources of electrical -energy are expedient to mitigate emissions while mining these coins. -This will reduce the impact of human activities on the climate. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Volume | -26 | -
| Pages | -3093–3108 | -
| Publication | -International Journal of Finance and Economics | -
| DOI | -10.1002/ijfe.1952 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -10991158 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:28 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:28 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Anirudh Dhawan | -
| Author | -Tālis J Putniņš | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Publication | -Pump-and-dump manipulation in cryptocurrency markets (August 10, 2020) | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Anirudh Dhawan | -
| Author | -Talis J. Putnins | -
| Abstract | -We show that cryptocurrency markets are plagued by -pump-and-dump manipulation, with at least 355 cases in seven months. -Unlike stock market manipulators, cryptocurrency manipulators openly -declare their intentions to pump specific coins, rather than trying to -deceive investors. Puzzlingly, people join in despite negative expected -returns. In a simple framework, we demonstrate how overconfidence and -gambling preferences can explain participation in these schemes and find - strong empirical support for both mechanisms. Pumps generate extreme -price distortions of 65% on average, abnormal trading volumes in the -millions of dollars, and large wealth transfers between participants. -These manipulation schemes are likely to persist as long as regulators -and exchanges turn a blind eye. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Language | -en | -
| Short Title | -A New Wolf in Town? | -
| Library Catalog | -DOI.org (Crossref) | -
| URL | -https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3670714 | -
| Accessed | -22/02/2022, 15:05:27 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.3670714 | -
| Journal Abbr | -SSRN Journal | -
| ISSN | -1556-5068 | -
| Date Added | -22/02/2022, 15:05:27 | -
| Modified | -22/02/2022, 15:05:27 | -
Unlike stock market manipulators, cryptocurrency manipulators openly declare their intentions to pump specific coins, rather than trying to deceive investors. Puzzlingly, people join in despite negative expected returns. [..] Analyzing a sample of 355 cases in six months, we find strong empirical support for both mechanisms. Pumps generate extreme price distortions of 65% on average, abnormal trading volumes in the millions of dollars, and large wealth transfers between participants.
--
A total of 197 distinct cryptocurrencies or “coins” are manipulated, which means about 15% of all coins in our sample of exchanges are targeted by manipulators at least once in the seven-month period. There are two pumps per day on average. Such a high rate of manipulation is unprecedented in modern markets.
| Type | -Conference Paper | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Roman Matzutt | -
| Author | -Jens Hiller | -
| Author | -Martin Henze | -
| Author | -Jan Henrik Ziegeldorf | -
| Author | -Dirk Müllmann | -
| Author | -Oliver Hohlfeld | -
| Author | -Klaus Wehrle | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Publisher | -Springer | -
| Pages | -420–438 | -
| Proceedings Title | -International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Blog Post | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Simon Wardley | -
| Date | -2013-11-27 | -
| Language | -en-GB | -
| URL | -https://blog.gardeviance.org/2013/11/a-spoiler-for-future-bitcoin.html | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 12:20:49 | -
| Blog Title | -Bits or Pieces? | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 12:20:49 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 12:22:02 | -
"As you can guess, I'm not a fan of bitcoin. If left unchecked -then I find it has the potential to undermine the importance of -Government which is actually not good for competition and not good for -the market. I hope none of the above happens and would rather see -bitcoin disappear in a puff of history." (NB: he predicts massive -appreciation in bitcoin and is concerned how it can undermine government - and tax revenue.)
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -John Kiff | -
| Author | -Jihad Alwazir | -
| Author | -Sonja Davidovic | -
| Author | -Aquiles Farias | -
| Author | -Ashraf Khan | -
| Author | -Tanai Khiaonarong | -
| Author | -Majid Malaika | -
| Author | -Hunter Monroe | -
| Author | -Nobu Sugimoto | -
| Author | -Hervé Tourpe | -
| Author | -others | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -http://ssrn.com/paper=3639760 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:10 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:10 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Guizhou Wang | -
| Author | -Si Zhang | -
| Author | -Tao Yu | -
| Author | -Yu Ning | -
| Abstract | -Blockchain has been receiving growing attention from both -academia and practices. This paper aims to investigate the research -status of blockchain-related studies and to analyze the development and -evolution of this latest hot area via bibliometric analysis. We selected - and explored 2451 papers published between 2013 and 2019 from the Web -of Science Core Collection database. The analysis considers different -dimensions, including annual publications and citation trends, author -distribution, popular research themes, collaboration of countries -(regions) and institutions, top papers, major publication journals -(conferences), supportive funding agencies, and emerging research -trends. The results show that the number of blockchain literature is -still increasing, and the research priorities in blockchain-related -research shift during the observation period from bitcoin, -cryptocurrency, blockchain, smart contract, internet of thing, to the -distributed ledger, and challenge and the inefficiency of blockchain. -The findings of this research deliver a holistic picture of blockchain -research, which illuminates the future direction of research, and -provides implications for both academic research and enterprise -practice. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: De Gruyter | -
| Volume | -9 | -
| Pages | -205–238 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Systems Science and Information | -
| DOI | -10.21078/JSSI-2021-205-34 | -
| Issue | -3 | -
| ISSN | -25126660 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:43 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:43 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Benjamin W Akins | -
| Author | -Jennifer L Chapman | -
| Author | -Jason M Gordon | -
| Date | -2014 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: HeinOnline | -
| Volume | -12 | -
| Pages | -25 | -
| Publication | -Pitt. Tax Rev. | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 09:07:19 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 09:07:19 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Abstract | -Our founders have spent the past five years as full-time -cryptoasset researchers and investors, and have strong track records as -co-founders of several of the industry's top brands. | -
| Language | -en | -
| URL | -https://messari.io/about | -
| Accessed | -22/02/2022, 17:41:14 | -
| Date Added | -22/02/2022, 17:41:14 | -
| Modified | -22/02/2022, 17:41:56 | -
From about page:
-> We believe that crypto will democratize access to information, -break down data silos, and ultimately give everyone the tools to build -wealth.
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Molly White | -
| Date | -2022-01-22 | -
| Language | -en-us | -
| URL | -https://blog.mollywhite.net/abuse-and-harassment-on-the-blockchain/ | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 11:56:36 | -
| Website Title | -Molly White | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 11:56:36 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 13:24:15 | -
| Type | -Manuscript | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Ulrich Gallersdörfer | -
| Author | -Lena Klaaßen | -
| Author | -Christian Stoll | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.06477 | -
| Extra | -Issue: November | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:28 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:28 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Brian L. Frye | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.3971240 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:17:14 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:17:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Enrico Beltramini | -
| Abstract | -This essay aims to correct the established idea that the -cypherpunk movement was organically embracing libertarianism. By -addressing the cypherpunk movement, the intellectual roots of many of -the concerns about freedom and about a surveillance society that -dominate this internet age come to light. The cypherpunks, a heterogenic - group of entrepreneurs, engineers, and activists in the San Francisco -Bay Area, argued in the nineties that the Internet would make more -pervasive the phenomenon of surveillance of individuals. In the context -of this increasing process of surveillance, individual autonomy would be - dismissed as an obsolete fiction and social engineering would be -elevated to totalitarianism. This article frames the cypherpunks as a -movement in opposition to an emerging technocratic authoritarian order. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Volume | -5 | -
| Pages | -101–118 | -
| Publication | -Internet Histories | -
| DOI | -10.1080/24701475.2020.1731249 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -24701483 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:28:59 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:28:59 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Soatok | -
| Abstract | -Despite the hype, Web3 offers fake decentralization and builds upon technology you could build without cryptocurrency. | -
| Date | -2021-10-19 | -
| Language | -en-US | -
| URL | -https://soatok.blog/2021/10/19/against-web3-and-faux-decentralization/ | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 12:11:52 | -
| Website Title | -Dhole Moments | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 12:11:52 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 13:24:59 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Robin Wigglesworth | -
| Date | -2021-07 | -
| URL | -https://www.ft.com/content/810367e5-e0b1-4221-b303-f3012a177437 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Financial Times | -
| Publication | -Financial Times | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Type | -Newspaper Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Robin Wigglesworth | -
| Abstract | -Albania’s 1990s pyramid scheme debacle highlights risks of regulatory paralysis on the cryptocurrency explosion | -
| Date | -2021-07-05 | -
| URL | -https://www.ft.com/content/810367e5-e0b1-4221-b303-f3012a177437 | -
| Accessed | -02/03/2022, 13:02:20 | -
| Publication | -Financial Times | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 13:02:21 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 13:02:21 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Rob Aitken | -
| Abstract | -Global financial and data capitalism has constituted new forms - of knowledge, novel inscriptions which make that knowledge tangible and - new ways of visualizing sources of value and profit. This paper -examines a cluster of new practices designed to make visible - and -extract value from - those without formal credit scores in contemporary -financial markets. Many 'financial inclusion' projects now attempt to -score the 'credit invisible' by drawing on a range of alternative data - - non-financial payment streams, academic records, behavioural signals -gleaned from online or social media footprints and results generated via - digitized psychometric testing - and by assessing that data in relation - to models of risk assessment based on the analysis of big data. I argue - in this paper that these experiments in alternative credit scoring -constitute the unbanked as an important, and dubious, category of -knowledge and intervention. I also argue that attempts to score the -unbanked offer a revealing glimpse of many of the social and political -limitations associated with projects of 'inclusion'. Although often -imagined as forms of pristine incorporation, inclusion projects often -constitute troubling new kinds of social sorting and segmentation. | -
| Date | -2017 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England | -
| Volume | -21 | -
| Pages | -274–300 | -
| Publication | -Competition and Change | -
| DOI | -10.1177/1024529417712830 | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| ISSN | -14772221 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:43 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:43 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Andres Guadamuz | -
| Abstract | -Smart contracts are coded parameters written into an immutable - distributed ledger called a blockchain. There has been increasing legal - interest in the application of these self-executing programs to conduct - transactions. Most of the scholarly and practical analysis so far has -been taken the claims of this technology being akin to a contract at -face value, with legal analysis of contract formation, performance, and -enforcement at the forefront of the debate. This article discusses that -while smart contracts may pose some interesting legal questions, most of - these are irrelevant, and smart contracts should be understood almost -strictly from a technical perspective, and that any legal response is -entirely dependent on the technical capabilities of the smart contract. -The article proposes that smart contracts are not contracts for all -practical purposes. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -35 | -
| Pages | -105338 | -
| Publication | -Computer Law and Security Review | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.clsr.2019.105338 | -
| Issue | -6 | -
| ISSN | -02673649 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:09 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:09 | -
| Type | -Manuscript | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Garrick Hileman | -
| Abstract | -Alternative currencies have appeared regularly for at least -the last half-millennia, often arising out of similar socio-economic -circumstances and ceasing to circulate within a relatively short time -period. While regulatory shifts and technology shocks account for some -of the challenges alternative currencies have faced in gaining wider -adoption, the most common observed explanation for why alternative -currencies decline is insufficient demand due to relatively high -transaction costs, low institutional support, inconsistent social -motivation, and other factors. Present-day alternative currencies, such -as the Brixton pound, are similar to past alternative currencies, while -bitcoin features several radical differences. | -
| Date | -2017 | -
| Extra | -ISSN: 1556-5068 -Publication Title: SSRN Electronic Journal -DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2747975 | -
| # of Pages | -1–37 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:28:35 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:28:35 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -De-Rong Kong | -
| Author | -Tse-Chun Lin | -
| Abstract | -We utilize one of the earliest and largest NFT collections to -investigate the pricing and the risk-return profile of NFTs. In general, - we find that NFTs have higher returns than traditional financial -assets. Yet, investing in NFTs comes along with extremely high -volatility. The average monthly returns on NFTs range from 6.10% to -44.11%. But their standard deviations fluctuate between 44.35% and -74.57%, leading to a Sharpe ratio comparable to the NASDAQ index. NFT -prices surge when there is a drastic increase in demand for alternative -investments and a search for yield, especially in a low interest rate -environment. We also find that the pricing of NFT largely depends on a -token's scarceness and an investor's aesthetic preference. Hence, -conventional asset-pricing models are unlikely to explain NFT returns. -Overall, we provide the first comprehensive analysis that NFTs serve as a - novel investment vessel in this Fintech era. JEL Classifications: C43, -D44, G11, G12, Z11 | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.3914085 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:17:14 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:17:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Tamara Lothian | -
| Abstract | -This article reconsiders the financial and economic crisis of -2007-2009 and the present debate about the regulation of finance in the -light of a vision of how finance can better serve the American economy -and American democracy. The central claim is that regulation as -conventionally understood cannot adequately redress the problems, and -seize the opportunities, revealed by the crisis. We should approach -financial regulation as the first step in a series of institutional -innovations designed to put finance more effectively at the service of -the real economy (financial deepening) while broadening economic -opportunity in the country (financial democratization). I develop and -defend this thesis by arguing for four subsidiary claims. A first -subsidiary claim is that a major part of the causal background to the -crisis was an inconclusive hollowing out of the New Deal regime for the -governance of finance. That regime failed to be replaced by an -alternative coherent scheme. Instead, it gave way to a ramshackle -compromise – powerful, opaque, recalcitrant, and damaging. Such a -situation – I argue – represents the rule rather than the exception in -the history of law and institutions. The outcome of the hollowing out in - the United States was a weakening of the links of finance to the real -economy, paradoxically accompanied by the hypertrophy of the financial -sector. A second subsidiary claim is that the New Deal critics and -reformers of finance, such as Louis Brandeis and William Douglas, were -right in their intuition that a strong link exists between the legal and - institutional requirements of financial deepening and of financial -democratization. A third subsidiary claim is that to make good on this -intuition in today's circumstances we need a new agenda of reform with -an explicit and ambitious institutional content. Such an agenda includes - the transfer of sophisticated financial capabilities to the country's -remarkable network of local banks as well as a vast expansion and -popularization of financial services, channeling long-term saving into -long-term productive investment. A fourth subsidiary claim is that law -and legal thought provide the chief storehouse of the ideas and methods -needed to conceive and to implement such innovations. Prevailing styles -of economic theory, including those underlying the dominant practice of -“law and economics,” remain largely bereft of institutional imagination. - This article illustrates how a revised practice of legal and -institutional analysis can help fill this lacuna. In so doing, this -piece takes "law and economics" in another direction. | -
| Date | -2012 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.1996653 | -
| ISSN | -1556-5068 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:43 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:43 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Tomicah Tillemann | -
| Author | -James Rathmell | -
| Abstract | -Today, we’re excited to announce the release of How to Win the - Future, a policy agenda for the third generation of the internet. It -will be a living document housed in our new web3 policy hub alongside a -growing … | -
| Date | -2021-10-13T10:00:56-07:00 | -
| Language | -en-US | -
| URL | -https://a16z.com/2021/10/13/an-agenda-for-the-future-of-the-internet/ | -
| Accessed | -01/03/2022, 11:30:20 | -
| Extra | -Section: cryptocurrencies & blockchains | -
| Website Title | -Andreessen Horowitz | -
| Date Added | -01/03/2022, 11:30:20 | -
| Modified | -01/03/2022, 11:30:20 | -
| Type | -Thesis | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Isaac Quinn DuPont | -
| Abstract | -This dissertation is an archeological study of cryptography. -It questions the validity of thinking about cryptography in familiar, -instrumentalist terms, and instead reveals the ways that cryptography -can been understood as writing, media, and computation. In this -dissertation, I offer a critique of the prevailing views of cryptography - by tracing a number of long overlooked themes in its history, including - the development of artificial languages, machine translation, media, -code, notation, silence, and order. Using an archeological method, I -detail historical conditions of possibility and the technical a priori -of cryptography. The conditions of possibility are explored in three -parts, where I rhetorically rewrite the conventional terms of art, -namely, plaintext, encryption, and ciphertext. I argue that plaintext -has historically been understood as kind of inscription or form of -writing, and has been associated with the development of artificial -languages, and used to analyze and investigate the natural world. I -argue that the technical a priori of plaintext, encryption, and -ciphertext is constitutive of the syntactic and semantic properties -detailed in Nelson Goodman's theory of notation, as described in his -Languages of Art. I argue that encryption (and its reverse, decryption) -are deterministic modes of transcription, which have historically been -thought of as the medium between plaintext and ciphertext. By developing - a new understanding of encryption as standing between two agents, I -characterize the process in terms of media. As media, encryption -technologies participate in historical desires for commodious and even -“angelic” transmission, popular until the twentieth century. I identify -how cryptanalysis, or “code-breaking,” is distinct from cryptography, -and instead relates to language, being associated with the history of -machine translation. Finally, I argue that ciphertext is the -perspectival, ordered result of encryption—similar to computation—and -resists attempts to be spoken. Since ciphertext resists being spoken, -its application problematizes the category of language, and has, at -least once in antiquity, been considered a means of creating silence. -This dissertation is the first of its kind to offer a historically-rich, - ontological analysis of cryptography, which therefore opens the topic -to new fields of scholarship and humanistic forms of inquiry. | -
| Date | -2017 | -
| URL | -https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/78958 | -
| Extra | -DOI: https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/78958 -ISBN: 978-0-355-44101-7 -Publication Title: ProQuest Dissertations and Theses | -
| # of Pages | -333 | -
| Type | -PhD Thesis | -
| University | -University of Toronto (Canada) | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Pieter Hartel | -
| Author | -Ivan Homoliak | -
| Author | -Daniël Reijsbergen | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: IEEE | -
| Volume | -7 | -
| Pages | -177539–177555 | -
| Publication | -IEEE Access | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -JT Hamrick | -
| Author | -Farhang Rouhi | -
| Author | -Arghya Mukherjee | -
| Author | -Amir Feder | -
| Author | -Neil Gandal | -
| Author | -Tyler Moore | -
| Author | -Marie Vasek | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| URL | -http://ssrn.com/paper=3303365 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Abstract | -Dfinity is one of the most tenured and well-funded platforms -in crypto. Yet it is also one of the least understood. Most of Dfinity’s - obscurity is due to its technical complexity and grand vision. Its -platform, the Internet Computer, is a reimagining of the IT stack where -developers can host software free from big tech monopolies. | -
| Language | -en | -
| URL | -https://messari.io | -
| Accessed | -22/02/2022, 17:57:37 | -
| Date Added | -22/02/2022, 17:57:37 | -
| Modified | -22/02/2022, 17:57:37 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Youssef El Faqir | -
| Author | -Javier Arroyo | -
| Author | -Samer Hassan | -
| Abstract | -Blockchain technology has emerged as a new paradigm to build -decentralized systems which do not require a central authority. It is -most popular for enabling Bitcoin and other crypto-currencies. However, -blockchain applications span beyond Finance, and recently it has been -applied to decentralized governance. Blockchain-enabled "Decentralized -Autonomous Organizations"(DAOs) have emerged as a new form of collective - governance, in which communities may organize themselves relying on -decentralized infrastructure. In this article, we introduce the concept -of DAO and review the main software platforms that offer DAO creation as - a service, which simplifies the use of DAOs to non-blockchain experts; -namely: Aragon, DAOstack, DAOhaus and Colony. These platforms will be -compared by showing their key features. Finally, we will review the -available visualisation tools for DAOs, and we will introduce our -open-source tool to plot DAOs activity, DAO-Analyzer. We will illustrate - its potential with the case of the DAO Genesis Alpha, which is the main - DAO of the DAOstack project. | -
| Date | -2020-08 | -
| Extra | -ISBN: 9781450387798 -Publisher: ICST | -
| Publication | -PervasiveHealth: Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare | -
| DOI | -10.1145/3412569.3412579 | -
| ISSN | -21531633 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:21:22 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:21:22 | -
| Type | -Blog Post | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Molly White | -
| Abstract | -How straightforward is it really to transact anonymously with today's popular cryptocurrencies? | -
| Date | -2022-02-12 | -
| Language | -en-us | -
| URL | -https://blog.mollywhite.net/anonymous-crypto-wallets/ | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 11:56:51 | -
| Blog Title | -Molly White | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 11:56:51 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 13:25:36 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Artyom Kosmarski | -
| Author | -Nikolay Gordiychuk | -
| Abstract | -Blockchain and its related technologies break away from the -contemporary dystopian imaginaries of control and exploitation endemic -in IT. This editorial considers the relevance of blockchain for -anthropologists, why they should care, and what the technology brings. -After sketching the evolution of blockchain, we draw attention to its -potential as a playground – a plethora of projects reimagining and -remaking the basic stuff of political economy, including the meaning of -money, collectivities, exchange and voting. Blockchain's utility for -rethinking the basic rules of the game in academia also deserves -attention. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -ISSN: 14678322 -Issue: 6 -Pages: 1–3 -Publication Title: Anthropology Today -Volume: 37 -DOI: 10.1111/1467-8322.12683 | -
| Publisher | -Wiley Online Library | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:14 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Christopher P. Buttigieg | -
| Author | -Christos Efthymiopoulos | -
| Author | -Abigail Attard | -
| Author | -Samantha Cuyle | -
| Abstract | -The paper critically examines the framework for the regulation - of crypto assets in Malta, with a particular focus on anti-money -laundering and funding of terrorism. It identifies the risks relating to - crypto assets, and how these are addressed through Malta's Virtual -Financial Assets Framework. To this end, the paper argues that the -Maltese framework goes beyond the EU's fifth Anti-Money Laundering -Directive. In this connection, the paper also argues that the Maltese -framework could possibly be a model for a more extensive EU regime in -this context. Finally, the paper sets forth recommendations towards -action which may be taken at an EU level in order to address the money -laundering and terrorism financing threats associated with crypto -assets. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Volume | -13 | -
| Pages | -211–227 | -
| Publication | -Law and Financial Markets Review | -
| DOI | -10.1080/17521440.2019.1663996 | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| ISSN | -17521459 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:22:21 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:22:21 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Emanuel Wanat | -
| Abstract | -In 2019 European Commission announced “The European Green -Deal” a “a new growth strategy that aims to transform the EU into a fair - and prosperous society, with a modern, resource-efficient and -competitive economy where there are no net emissions of greenhouse gases - in 2050 and where economic growth is decoupled from resource use”. The -digital sector must also participate in the Green Deal effort. This -articles analyzes questions of sustainability in the context of crypto -assets, with particular emphasis on the question of whether Bitcon -acutally represent a crypto asset, energy consumption, energy drain, the - proof-of-work consensus protocol, the environmental footprint of crypto - assets. The article concludes that Bitcoin's current effect on -environment remains controversial at best. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG | -
| Volume | -67 | -
| Pages | -237–250 | -
| Publication | -Osteuropa Recht | -
| DOI | -10.5771/0030-6444-2021-2-237 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -0030-6444 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:22:21 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:22:21 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Daniel Traian Pele | -
| Author | -Niels Wesselhöfft | -
| Author | -Wolfgang Karl Härdle | -
| Author | -Michalis Kolossiatis | -
| Author | -Yannis G. Yatracos | -
| Abstract | -This research provides insights for the separation of -cryptocurrencies from other assets. Using dimensionality reduction -techniques, we show that most of the variation among cryptocurrencies, -stocks, exchange rates, commodities, bonds, and real estate indexes can -be explained by the tail, memory and moment factors of their -log-returns. By applying various classification methods, -cryptocurrencies are categorized as a separate asset class, mainly due -to the tail factor. The main result is the complete separation of -cryptocurrencies from the other asset types, using the Maximum Variance -Components Split method. Additionally, we show that cryptocurrencies -tend to exhibit similar characteristics over time and become more -distinguished from other asset classes (synchronic evolution). | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Pages | -1–42 | -
| Publication | -European Journal of Finance | -
| DOI | -10.1080/1351847X.2021.1960403 | -
| ISSN | -14664364 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:22 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:22 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Paul Langley | -
| Abstract | -In the wake of the global financial crisis of 2007–09, -political economists have typically identified and interrogated -speculative logics and credit-debt relations as the markers of -financialized capitalism. This paper argues that assets, and the -contingent processes which turn all manner of things into assets (i.e. -‘assetization'), can also be usefully foregrounded to understand the -character and movement of financialized capitalism in the contemporary -conjuncture, particularly in its Anglo-American heartlands. Centred on -assets and assetization, research is refocused on the constitution of -political economies of rent and investment, especially as the frontiers -of financialized capitalism are extended to further incorporate nature -and society. Research into financialized capitalism is also connected -more explicitly to wider political debates over intensified -inequalities, as the production and distribution of assets is key to -wealth disparities and shapes fundamental stratifications across -society. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2020.1830828 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Routledge | -
| Volume | -28 | -
| Pages | -382–393 | -
| Publication | -Review of International Political Economy | -
| DOI | -10.1080/09692290.2020.1830828 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -14664526 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:43 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:43 | -
| Type | -Book Section | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Diane-Laure Arjaliès | -
| Abstract | -Since the 2008 financial crisis, the number of alternative -currencies aiming at transforming global financial institutions, such as - local and complementary currencies (LCC) and cryptocurrencies, has -exploded. Yet the motivations and workings of such monies are relatively - unknown. This chapter aims to fill this gap by providing a framework -that uncovers the ideals pursued by alternative currencies, and the -effects of those ideals on the production of money. To do so, I present a - comparative analysis of the valuation infrastructure-the processes -through which value(s) is produced-of one LCC, Sol Violette, and three -cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin, Ğ1 "June" and impak Coin. Throughout, I -elaborate on the social meaning of money and the role played by -alternative currencies in contemporary capitalism. I show that 1) -despite targeting the same financial institutions, the utopia pursued by - alternative currencies varies significantly and 2) this utopia is at -least as important as the technology (e.g. blockchain) in shaping the -workings of these monies. Based on these findings, I outline some -implications for the social studies of financial technologies, their -effects on our societies and their regulation. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333755384_AT_THE_VERY_BEGINNING_THERE'S_THIS_DREAM_THE_ROLE_OF_UTOPIA_IN_THE_WORKINGS_OF_LOCAL_AND_CRYPTOCURRENCIES | -
| Extra | -DOI: -https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333755384_AT_THE_VERY_BEGINNING_THERE'S_THIS_DREAM_THE_ROLE_OF_UTOPIA_IN_THE_WORKINGS_OF_LOCAL_AND_CRYPTOCURRENCIES | -
| Series Number | -February | -
| Book Title | -Handbook of Alternative Finance | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | -
| Type | -Book | -
|---|---|
| Author | -David Gerard | -
| Date | -2017 | -
| Publisher | -David Gerard | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:10 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:10 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Silvia Semenzin | -
| Author | -Alessandro Gandini | -
| Abstract | -This article discusses the cultural conceptions of trust -underpinning the experimentation of blockchain startup applications -beyond the financial sector. Based on qualitative research undertaken in - the context of the so-called “Blockchain 2.0” scene, we show how a -peculiar conception of trust, which blends the libertarian views of -blockchain inventors with the neoliberal culture of competition and -meritocracy that is typical of the startup world, underpins these -implementations. As a result, we argue that “Blockchain 2.0” -entrepreneurs ultimately fail to recognize the eminently social nature -of the trust-building process. They emerge from our observation as -unable to comprehend the extent to which the implementation of -blockchain in a societal (i.e., not purely financial) context cannot do -away with considerations about what kind of “social” the technology -intervenes within, and find difficult to effectively conceive of how -this technology embeds in existing social relations and power -structures. | -
| Date | -2021-06 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1525/gp.2021.24912 | -
| Volume | -2 | -
| Pages | -24912 | -
| Publication | -Global Perspectives | -
| DOI | -10.1525/gp.2021.24912 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -2575-7350 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Gustav Peebles | -
| Abstract | -As cash has suddenly gone missing from Swedish life, a growing - range of citizens and institutions have sounded the alarm that cash -enabled a space of egalitarian access now under threat. But because -commercial bank currency is gradually displacing public central bank -currency, cashlessness in Sweden is not only threatening its egalitarian - ethos but also the Swedish Central Bank's capacity to provide a -guaranteed state payment mechanism. The consequences of Sweden's battles - over cash-issuance may presage the future of our global banking system -in a digital age, while also illuminating what is here called currency's - “tethering mechanism.” Because bank-issued currencies represent chains -of credit/debt, exchanging and storing different currencies can tether -and de-tether their users to different institutions, thereby offering -anthropologists the possibility of mapping the waxing and waning of -various dominant social institutions. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Volume | -36 | -
| Pages | -1–24 | -
| Publication | -Cultural Anthropology | -
| DOI | -10.14506/ca36.1.01 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -15481360 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:15 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:15 | -
| Type | -Manuscript | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Asvatha Babu | -
| Abstract | -In recent years, “blockchain” has emerged as an industry -buzzword, a technology that can solve pressing problems in economic -inclusion, democracy, humanitarian aid, sustainability, and supply chain - management among other things. Whether effective or not, this -little-understood technology is championed as a way to change -socio-economic power structures and democratize and decentralize -established institutions like the financial system and government. -However, these claims are often unsupported. The hype generated in the -news and popular discourse about this technology often obscures -questions of whether power relations are actually changing and how. -Understanding the visible media frames as a proxy for the power contests - that went into shaping discourse, this paper critically examines US -news media coverage of blockchain between 2013 - 2018. It examines the -news frames used to talk about blockchain, the sponsors of these frames, - and how these factors have changed over the five-year period. The paper - finds that blockchain-related news coverage is framed in six general -ways: Disruptive, Harnessing, Skepticism, Community, Understanding, -Menace. These frames, especially the disruptive and harnessing frames -are mainly sponsored by big banks (like J.P. Morgan), big technology -(like IBM and Microsoft), and Silicon Valley investors. Using this data, - the paper argues that the narrative of blockchain as a -democratizing/decentralizing technology is mainly pushed by these -established institutions and that it is a smokescreen to prevent a -critical examination of the use of the technology. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publication Title: SSRN Electronic Journal -DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3749482 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:40 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:40 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Christoph F. Breidbach | -
| Author | -Silviana Tana | -
| Abstract | -Market-shaping research assumes that firms are the primary -actor to lead, manage, and respond to the formation of markets. This -viewpoint is increasingly being challenged, but empirical insights -explaining the roles, resources and actions of actors other than firms -shaping markets remain limited. We address this gap in knowledge by -drawing on insights from an in-depth ethnography of market-shaping in -the context of cryptocurrency communities. Our theoretical and empirical - contributions consist of a typology that highlights four distinct roles - performed by individuals shaping cryptocurrency markets. We furthermore - identify six micro-level market actions, and delineate a novel -theoretical model and propositions outlining the pathways with which -these actions impact market size, market offerings, as well as market -functioning. This study thereby establishes an important avenue for -future research, and offers managerial guidelines enabling practitioners - attempting to benefit from cryptocurrencies. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -122 | -
| Pages | -311–320 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Business Research | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.09.017 | -
| ISSN | -01482963 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:15 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Pierluigi Cuccuru | -
| Abstract | -The technology underpinning Bitcoin-the blockchain-is -acknowledged to offer security, stability and efficiency to online -transactions. After a brief introduction to Bitcoin system, I touch upon - the most innovative implementation of blockchain technology: the -so-called smart contracts, ie programmable computer protocols that are -able to self-enforce the terms therein encoded upon certain triggering -conditions. First, I sketch their core functioning and benefits for -digital relationships. Secondly, I stress their structural constraints -and the issues of regulability fully decentralized blockchains pose. The - elements underlined highlight the reasons why the financial and banking - sectors represent smart contracts most immediate testing ground. | -
| Date | -2017 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Oxford University Press | -
| Volume | -25 | -
| Pages | -179–195 | -
| Publication | -International Journal of Law and Information Technology | -
| DOI | -10.1093/ijlit/eax003 | -
| Issue | -3 | -
| ISSN | -14643693 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:09 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:09 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Rolf F. H. Schroeder | -
| Abstract | -This article sheds new light on the development of -complementary currencies. Based on a comprehensive survey of the -literature, the study questions conventional interpretations of these -social innovations. The article challenges the view that money is the -only feature that complementary currencies have in common. The author -argues that in addition to the ways in which connectivity takes place, a - characteristic feature of these systems is that they operate within -boundaries. Territoriality, limits to convertibility and other features -distinguish them from other unofficial currencies such as Bitcoin. Short - case studies illustrate that these boundaries are interdependent. This -theoretical framework offers a tool for the analysis of complementary -currencies and a perspective on the creation of new types of such -systems. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1080/2329194X.2020.1762499 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Routledge | -
| Volume | -46 | -
| Pages | -17–41 | -
| Publication | -The Japanese Political Economy | -
| DOI | -10.1080/2329194x.2020.1762499 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -2329-194X | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:28:35 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:28:35 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Lily Katz | -
| Date | -2017-07 | -
| URL | -https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-12/bitcoin-acceptance-among-retailers-is-low-and-getting-lower | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Bloomberg | -
| Publication | -Bloomberg.com | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Martin Tremčinský | -
| Abstract | -With the recent proliferation of modes of payment, -anthropology must increasingly pay closer attention to innovative -designs and uses of money in Western societies. Money has started to be -perceived as a consumable service with multiple providers from which to -choose. In such an environment, the question of how people consume -money—instead of how they consume with money—grows in importance. This -article is based on ethnographic research of Bitcoin communities in -Prague and Bratislava. It examines how users variously consume Bitcoin -and what consequences these diverse ways of consumption can have for the - Bitcoin economy. The article identifies two discrete spheres of -consumption that closely correlate with “transactional orders” or -spheres of exchange as described in classical works of economic -anthropology, for example, by Parry and Bloch. One of the spheres is -concerned with the reproduction of social order, while the other -considers the personal gain of individual consumers. The article also -examines the tension between these two spheres and how it is -dialectically resolved through strategies of conversion. In the final -discussion, the case of Bitcoin is compared with other anthropological -accounts of spheres of exchange, with special attention oriented to -their dissimilarities. | -
| Date | -2022 | -
| Volume | -9 | -
| Pages | -35–46 | -
| Publication | -Economic Anthropology | -
| DOI | -10.1002/sea2.12189 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -2330-4847 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:15 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Gianluca Miscione | -
| Author | -Donncha Kavanagh | -
| Abstract | -This conference invites us to explore new organisational forms - and practices that might be alternatives to “neoliberal market -managerialism” and “financial capitalism”. Our starting point is that -the latter two phenomena cannot be separated off analytically from -powerful actors — such as the state — that have co-emerged with and -played a key role in the evolutionary process through which capitalism -has come to be (Graeber 2011). Specifically, this paper takes its move -from Hobbes's (1651/2005) idea of the Leviathan, which has provided a -foundational intellectual basis for the nation-state form, which is -today ubiquitous, and on which both neoliberalism and financial -capitalism are reliant. Hobbes rooted his construct in a pessimistic -view of humankind that is naturally inclined towards the ‘war of all -against all'. He argued that people must recognize that such a ‘state of - nature' is destructive, and must accept, on the basis of utilitarian -reasoning, the necessity of a social contract to constitute a supreme -actor whose power is absolute and enforced by a monopoly on violence. -Hence, the Leviathan and the body politic are constituted at once and -are irreversible. No exit is allowed; no ethical, moral or religious -limit can be posed in front of this power. The Leviathan is total -because there is no room for any other rationality, and finite because -all people are tied to the social contract. Hobbes's idea of the -Leviathan has proved to be enduring and alluring, and provides a primary - focus for this paper. What is especially interesting for us is that -cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin have emerged from a similar ‘thought -experiment' beginning with a ‘state of nature' not unlike Hobbes's -depiction. Here, the seminal contribution is by the mysterious -individual or individuals known as Satoshi Nakamoto who, in 2008, -published a paper that set out the basis for the ‘blockchain technology' - on which cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, and other services, are -based (Nakamoto 2008). Not unlike Hobbes's ‘state of nature', Nakamoto -begins with an imaginary world populated by trustless individuals. The -problem he addresses is how to enable trustworthy transactions on the -internet without recourse to a ‘trusted third party', such as a -state-regulated (and state-supported) bank. Indeed, in line with -libertarian ideology, one of Nakamoto's key objectives was to preclude -the possibility of any single and all-encompassing ruling authority -emerging. His elegant solution is Bitcoin, a purely digital -cryptocurrency that is not administered by any constituted organization -and is not circumscribed within any consistent jurisdiction. The -‘blockchain', on which Bitcoin is based, is a public ledger of -transactions maintained by a dispersed and open-ended number of ‘miners' - who provide computing power to maintain and guarantee the integrity of -the ledger. While the Bitcoin economy is tiny compared to official -currencies — but remarkable compared to alternative and local currencies - — it plants the seeds of a currency (intended as a mode of regulating -transactions) that could threaten many of the quasi-monopoly powers that - the state currently exercises through the central bank, viz: surveying -and collecting data on citizens and corporations, setting credit rates -and monetary policy, deciding on and implementing exchange rate -policies, assuring the robustness of the payment infrastructure, -protecting the interests of consumers, controlling money-laundering, and - regulating/supporting existing financial service providers (Murphy -2014). Nakamoto's attempt to create a money system without a central -authority is best seen at the intersection of diachronic and synchronic -issues. Historically, the blockchain is one of a long string of -information technologies that, since the 1960s, have avoided -centralization, partly as a defence against possible Soviet nuclear -attack, and partly in sympathy with the Western open culture of the -1960s and 1970s. In relation to contemporary phenomena, Bitcoin -entangles with the state's power and jurisdiction, which is -simultaenously being challenged by the shadow economy, by individuals -and corporations choosing where they wish to pay tax, by the free flow -of information within trans-national information infrastructures, and by - global internet services and commerce. While Hobbes and Nakamoto start -from similar positions, they end up in quite different destinations, -and, since theory can be performative (Austin 1970), this means that -very different worlds come to be. Analytically, each provides a lens -through which one can examine the other, in theory and in practice. -Together, the lenses provide a framing device for reimagining key -concepts and practices that underpin the contemporary nation-state and, -by extension, financial capitalism. The full paper will report on this -comparative analysis. The Bitcoin phenomenon raises interesting -methodological and theoretical points that we will also explore in the -paper. Methodologically, the actor-network injunction to ‘follow the -actors' — i.e. focus on performance — is practically impossible due to -the sheer scale, technical intricacies, global dispersion and -far-fetched effects of currency-related phenomena. Focusing on visible -performance is also misleading theoretically because it fails to -distinguish between what does not happen, those “influences which -operate behind the back of agents, and which therefore cannot be found -in micro-situations” (Knorr-Cetina 1981: 28), and what is purposefully -avoided (Law and Singleton 2005). Indeed, Bitcoin is a manifestation of a - totem of digital cultures: there is always an elsewhere, beyond the -control of organizations. Creating an elsewhere free from Leviathan's -constraints (which resonates with Foucault's notion of heterotopia) -disrupts the body politic by exceeding or overflowing its framings -(Callon 1998). The peculiarity of Bitcoin is not in any frontal clash -with authority but rather in its strategy of avoidance, which we might -interpret as a form of différance or the playing of an alternative game. - What Bitcoin also illustrates is that the link between the micro and -the macro is neither based on an immutable social contract nor -maintained by an unbounded power. Rather, scalable and publicly -accessible computing resources coordinate trustless macro actions -without necessarily constituting actors and identities (Czarniawska -2008/2014). The paper will further examine the paradox where the -supplement of the age of visibility is action without actors and the -emergence of new boundaries between frontstage and backstage, public and - secret. | -
| Date | -2015 | -
| Pages | -1–27 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.2624922 | -
| Issue | -2006 | -
| ISSN | -1556-5068 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Ying Ying Hsieh | -
| Author | -Jean Philippe Vergne | -
| Author | -Philip Anderson | -
| Author | -Karim Lakhani | -
| Author | -Markus Reitzig | -
| Abstract | -Bitcoin represents the first real-world implementation of a -“decentralized autonomous organization” (DAO) and offers a new paradigm -for organization design. Imagine working for a global business -organization whose routine tasks are powered by a software protocol -instead of being governed by managers and employees. Task assignments -and rewards are randomized by the algorithm. Information is not -channeled through a hierarchy but recorded transparently and securely on - an immutable public ledger called “blockchain.” Further, the -organization decides on design and strategy changes through a democratic - voting process involving a previously unseen class of stakeholders -called “miners.” Agreements need to be reached at the organizational -level for any proposed protocol changes to be approved and activated. -How do DAOs solve the universal problem of organizing with such novel -solutions? What are the implications? We use Bitcoin as an example to -shed light on how a DAO works in the cryptocurrency industry, where it -provides a peer-to-peer, decentralized, and disintermediated payment -system that can compete against traditional financial institutions. We -also invited commentaries from renowned organization scholars to share -their views on this intriguing phenomenon. | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Springer | -
| Volume | -7 | -
| Pages | -1–16 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Organization Design | -
| DOI | -10.1186/s41469-018-0038-1 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -2245408X | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -David Golumbia | -
| Date | -2015 | -
| Publication | -MoneyLab Reader: An Intervention in Digital Economy, Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Tom Redshaw | -
| Abstract | -In the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, Bitcoin emerged - as an alternative monetary system that could circumvent political and -financial authorities. A practice in libertarian prefigurative politics, - Bitcoin demonstrates the capacity for online subgroups to creatively -appropriate internet-based technologies to enact alternative futures. -Andrew Feenberg's critical theory of technology clarifies this capacity -and outlines the significance of agency in technical action. As -technology mediates many social relations, it has a significant role in -the reproduction of social power. Technological agency is therefore a -crucial site of resistance in which users can form alternative, -democratic rationalizations of technology. Yet are such instances of -agency intrinsically democratic? In analysing this aspect of Feenberg's -theory, this article argues that Bitcoin represents a 'popular -rationalization' of technology - a creative appropriation of technology -that empowers some groups while lacking the ethical justification -necessary to be considered democratic. | -
| Date | -2017 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England | -
| Volume | -138 | -
| Pages | -46–64 | -
| Publication | -Thesis Eleven | -
| DOI | -10.1177/0725513616689390 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -14617455 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | -
| Type | -Manuscript | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Stefan Scharnowski | -
| Author | -Yanghua Shi | -
| Abstract | -Electricity constitutes the main input factor for miners of -proof-of-work cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, so they gravitate towards -countries with cheap energy. We analyze risks associated with this -geographical centralization of mining by exploiting an exogenous shock -to electricity supply in a relatively small region with heavy Bitcoin -mining activity. We first document a drop of about 25% in the total -computing power of the Bitcoin network during a blackout that lasts -several days. Compared to a control group consisting of a proof-of-stake - cryptocurrency, we find evidence of blockchain congestion as fees -increase substantially while the number and value of transactions -decrease. We also document an impact on exchange trading activity. -Trading volume and especially exchange rate volatility increase while -liquidity deteriorates during the blackout, even though returns are -mostly unaffected. Additionally, market integration drops as price -differences between exchanges increase considerably. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3936787 | -
| Extra | -Publication Title: SSRN Electronic Journal -DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3936787 | -
| # of Pages | -1–2 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:28 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:28 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Camilo Mora | -
| Author | -Randi L Rollins | -
| Author | -Katie Taladay | -
| Author | -Michael B Kantar | -
| Author | -Mason K Chock | -
| Author | -Mio Shimada | -
| Author | -Erik C Franklin | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Nature Publishing Group | -
| Volume | -8 | -
| Pages | -931–933 | -
| Publication | -Nature Climate Change | -
| Issue | -11 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Author | -J.P. Koning | -
| Date | -2020-09 | -
| URL | -https://www.aier.org/article/bitcoin-financial-literacy-and-crypto-twitter/ | -
| Extra | -Publication Title: American Institute for Economic Research | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Matt Huang | -
| Date | -2020-05 | -
| URL | -https://www.matthuang.com/posts/bitcoin_for_the_open_minded_skeptic | -
| Accessed | -28/02/2022, 11:08:39 | -
| Website Title | -Matt Huang | -
| Date Added | -28/02/2022, 11:08:39 | -
| Modified | -28/02/2022, 11:18:40 | -
Note (rufus): more an argument for why Bitcoin will "make it" than any argument why that is socially valuable (or not).
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Hossein Nabilou | -
| Abstract | -Bitcoin is the oldest and most widely established -cryptocurrency network with the highest market capitalization among all -cryptocurrencies. Although bitcoin (with lowercase b) is increasingly -viewed as a digital asset belonging to a new asset class, the Bitcoin -network (with uppercase B) is a decentralized financial market -infrastructure (dFMI) that clears and settles transactions in its native - asset without relying on the conventional financial market -infrastructures (FMIs). To be a reliable asset class as well as a dFMI, -however, Bitcoin needs to have robust governance arrangements; whether -such arrangements are built into the protocol (i.e., on-chain governance - mechanisms) or relegated to the participants in the Bitcoin network -(i.e., off-chain governance mechanisms), or are composed of a -combination of both mechanisms (i.e., hybrid form of governance). This -paper studies Bitcoin governance with a focus on its alleged -shortcomings. In so doing, after defining Bitcoin governance and its -objectives, the paper puts forward an idiosyncratic governance model -whose main objective is to preserve and maximize the main value -proposition of Bitcoin, i.e., its censorship-resistant property, which -allows participants to transact in an environment with minimum social -trust. Therefore, Bitcoin governance, including the processes through -which Bitcoin governance crises have been resolved and the standards -against which the Bitcoin Improvement Proposals (BIPs) are examined, -should be analyzed in light of the prevailing narrative of Bitcoin as a -censorship-resistant store of value and payment infrastructure. Within -such a special governance model, this paper seeks to identify the -potential shortcomings in Bitcoin governance by reference to the major -governance crises that posed serious threats to Bitcoin in the last -decade. It concludes that the existing governance arrangements in the -Bitcoin network have been largely successful in dealing with Bitcoin's -major crises that would have otherwise become existential threats to the - Bitcoin network. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -https://stanford-jblp.pubpub.org/pub/bitcoin-governance/release/2#:$\sim$:text=Although - bitcoin (with lowercase b,on the conventional financial market | -
| Pages | -1–36 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.3555042 | -
| Issue | -November | -
| ISSN | -1556-5068 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:45 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:45 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Nathaniel Popper | -
| Date | -2020-01 | -
| URL | -https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/28/technology/bitcoin-black-market.html | -
| Extra | -Publication Title: The New York Times | -
| Publisher | -The New York Times | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Joe Weisenthal | -
| URL | -https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-21/bitcoin-is-a-faith-based-asset-joe-weisenthal | -
| Accessed | -02/03/2022, 11:17:00 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 11:17:00 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 11:17:33 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Paul Krugman | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Volume | -30 | -
| Publication | -The Seattle Times | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Yaya Fanusie | -
| Author | -Tom Robinson | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Publication | -Center on Sanctions and Illicit Finance memorandum, January | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Sinan Küfeoğlu | -
| Author | -Mahmut Özkuran | -
| Abstract | -After its introduction in 2008, increasing Bitcoin prices and a - booming number of other cryptocurrencies lead to a growing discussion -of how much energy is consumed during the production of these -currencies. Being the most expensive and the most popular -cryptocurrency, both the business world and the research community have -started to question the energy intensity of Bitcoin mining. This paper -only focuses on computational power demand during the proof-of-work -process rather than estimating the whole energy intensity of mining. We -make use of 160GB of Bitcoin blockchain data to estimate the energy -consumption and power demand of Bitcoin mining. We considered the -performance of 269 different hardware models (CPU, GPU, FPGA, and ASIC). - For estimations, we defined two metrics, namely; minimum consumption -and maximum consumption. The targeted time span for the analysis was -from 3 January 2009 to 5 June 2018. We show that the historical peak of -power consumption of Bitcoin mining took place during the bi-weekly -period commencing on 18 December 2017 with a demand of between 1.3 and -14.8 GW. This maximum demand figure was between the installed capacities - of Finland (∼16 GW) and Denmark (∼14 GW). We also show that, during -June 2018, energy consumption of Bitcoin mining from difficulty -recalculation was between 15.47 and 50.24 TWh per year. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -58 | -
| Pages | -101273 | -
| Publication | -Energy Research and Social Science | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.erss.2019.101273 | -
| ISSN | -22146296 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:28 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:28 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Mark Peplow | -
| Date | -2019-03 | -
| URL | -http://cen.acs.org/environment/sustainability/Bitcoin-poses-major-electronic-waste/97/i11 | -
| Extra | -Publication Title: Chemical & Engineering News | -
| Publisher | -American Chemical Society | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Abstract | -CABO FRIO, Brazil (AP) — In April, Brazil's federal police -stormed the helipad of a boutique seaside hotel in Rio de Janeiro state, - where they busted two men and a woman loading a chopper with 7 million -reais ($1.3 million) in neatly packed bills. | -
| Date | -2022-01-22T14:43:02Z | -
| Language | -en | -
| URL | -https://apnews.com/article/cryptocurrency-technology-business-brazil-bitcoin-2dc801e5e3aa477ce7983d84dc8a64bb | -
| Accessed | -03/03/2022, 09:13:28 | -
| Extra | -Section: Cryptocurrency | -
| Website Title | -AP NEWS | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 09:13:28 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 09:13:43 | -
| Type | -Blog Post | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Ross Anderson | -
| Date | -2018-06-01 | -
| Language | -en-US | -
| Short Title | -Bitcoin Redux | -
| URL | -https://www.lightbluetouchpaper.org/2018/06/01/bitcoin-redux-crypto-crime-and-how-to-tackle-it/ | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 12:14:45 | -
| Blog Title | -Light Blue Touchpaper | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 12:14:45 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 13:26:16 | -
Anderson is a Professor of Security Engineering at the -University Cambridge. Bitcoin Redux explains what’s going wrong in the -world of cryptocurrencies. The bitcoin exchanges are developing into a -shadow banking system, which do not give their customers actual bitcoin -but rather display a "balance" and allow them to transact with others. -However if Alice sends Bob a bitcoin, and they’re both customers of the -same exchange, it just adjusts their balances rather than doing anything - on the blockchain. This is an e-money service, according to European -law, but is the law enforced? Not where it matters. We’ve been looking -at the details.
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Nassim Nicholas Taleb | -
| Author | -Universa Investments | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Publication | -arXiv preprint arXiv:2106.14204 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Nassim Nicholas Taleb | -
| Abstract | -This discussion applies quantitative finance methods and -economic arguments to cryptocurrencies in general and bitcoin in -particular -- as there are about $10,000$ cryptocurrencies, we focus -(unless otherwise specified) on the most discussed crypto of those that -claim to hew to the original protocol (Nakamoto 2009) and the one with, -by far, the largest market capitalization. In its current version, in -spite of the hype, bitcoin failed to satisfy the notion of "currency -without government" (it proved to not even be a currency at all), can be - neither a short nor long term store of value (its expected value is no -higher than $0$), cannot operate as a reliable inflation hedge, and, -worst of all, does not constitute, not even remotely, a safe haven for -one's investments, a shield against government tyranny, or a tail -protection vehicle for catastrophic episodes. Furthermore, bitcoin -promoters appear to conflate the success of a payment mechanism (as a -decentralized mode of exchange), which so far has failed, with the -speculative variations in the price of a zero-sum maximally fragile -asset with massive negative externalities. Going through monetary -history, we show how a true numeraire must be one of minimum variance -with respect to an arbitrary basket of goods and services, how gold and -silver lost their inflation hedge status during the Hunt brothers -squeeze in the late 1970s and what would be required from a true -inflation hedged store of value. | -
| Date | -2021-07-04 | -
| Library Catalog | -arXiv.org | -
| URL | -http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.14204 | -
| Accessed | -29/12/2021, 20:01:35 | -
| Extra | -arXiv: 2106.14204 | -
| Publication | -arXiv:2106.14204 [physics, q-fin] | -
| Date Added | -23/02/2022, 16:08:35 | -
| Modified | -23/02/2022, 16:08:35 | -
Comment: Accepted in Quantitative Finance
-| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Nassim Nicholas Taleb | -
| Abstract | -This discussion applies quantitative finance methods and -economic arguments to cryptocurrencies in general and bitcoin in -particular -- as there are about $10,000$ cryptocurrencies, we focus -(unless otherwise specified) on the most discussed crypto of those that -claim to hew to the original protocol (Nakamoto 2009) and the one with, -by far, the largest market capitalization. In its current version, in -spite of the hype, bitcoin failed to satisfy the notion of "currency -without government" (it proved to not even be a currency at all), can be - neither a short nor long term store of value (its expected value is no -higher than $0$), cannot operate as a reliable inflation hedge, and, -worst of all, does not constitute, not even remotely, a safe haven for -one's investments, a shield against government tyranny, or a tail -protection vehicle for catastrophic episodes. Furthermore, bitcoin -promoters appear to conflate the success of a payment mechanism (as a -decentralized mode of exchange), which so far has failed, with the -speculative variations in the price of a zero-sum maximally fragile -asset with massive negative externalities. Going through monetary -history, we show how a true numeraire must be one of minimum variance -with respect to an arbitrary basket of goods and services, how gold and -silver lost their inflation hedge status during the Hunt brothers -squeeze in the late 1970s and what would be required from a true -inflation hedged store of value. | -
| Date | -2021-07-04 | -
| Library Catalog | -arXiv.org | -
| URL | -http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.14204 | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 11:36:50 | -
| Extra | -arXiv: 2106.14204 | -
| Publication | -arXiv:2106.14204 [physics, q-fin] | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 11:36:50 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:36:50 | -
Comment: Accepted in Quantitative Finance
-| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Nassim Nicholas Taleb | -
| Language | -en | -
| Library Catalog | -Zotero | -
| Pages | -6 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 14:39:29 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 14:39:29 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Mark Glongloff | -
| URL | -https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-03-02/bitcoin-btc-gamestop-gme-are-more-cults-than-investments | -
| Accessed | -02/03/2022, 11:15:43 | -
| Website Title | -Bloomberg | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 11:15:43 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 11:16:38 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Denis Jaromil Roio | -
| Date | -2013 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Dyne.org | -
| Publication | -Dyne.org | -
| DOI | -https://files.dyne.org/books/Bitcoin_end_of_taboo_on_money.pdf | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Nick Arnosti | -
| Author | -S Matthew Weinberg | -
| Date | -2022 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: INFORMS | -
| Publication | -Management Science | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 13:12:03 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 13:12:03 | -
| Type | -Report | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Satoshi Nakamoto | -
| Date | -2008 | -
| Institution | -Manubot | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Muhammad Umar | -
| Author | -Chi-Wei Su | -
| Author | -Syed Kumail Abbas Rizvi | -
| Author | -Xue-Feng Shao | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -167 | -
| Pages | -120680 | -
| Publication | -Technological Forecasting and Social Change | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 13:13:11 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 13:13:11 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Rocco Caferra | -
| Author | -Gabriele Tedeschi | -
| Author | -Andrea Morone | -
| Abstract | -This paper aims to shed light on the 2017 Bitcoin bubble. -Firstly, by applying the dynamic time warping algorithm, we identify -among several financial instruments a subsample of five assets with -similar characteristics to the cryptocurrency bubble. Interestingly, -among the fluctuations characterizing these assets, the algorithm shows a - close affinity between the Bitcoin bubble and the 2000 NASDAQ Dotcom -one. Once the subsample is identified, we study the (de)synchronization -among these assets via the wavelet coherence approach. Although Bitcoin -is poorly correlated with the other indices, given its scarce connection - with the real economy, we observe switching phenomena among these -instruments. A more careful study on these portfolio reallocations, -conducted via an event study analysis, reveals that traders seem to -redirect capital from stock markets and gold to Bitcoin in case of -positive events of the cryptocurrency. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176521002196%0A | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -205 | -
| Pages | -109942 | -
| Publication | -Economics Letters | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.econlet.2021.109942 | -
| ISSN | -01651765 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:22 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:22 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Alex De Vries | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101721 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -70 | -
| Pages | -101721 | -
| Publication | -Energy Research & Social Science | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.erss.2020.101721 | -
| Issue | -July | -
| ISSN | -2214-6296 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | -
| Type | -Manuscript | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Shize Qin | -
| Author | -Lena Klaaßen | -
| Author | -Ulrich Gallersdörfer | -
| Author | -Christian Stoll | -
| Author | -Da Zhang | -
| Abstract | -The carbon footprint of Bitcoin has drawn wide attention, but -Bitcoin's long-term impact on the climate remains uncertain. Here we -present a framework to overcome uncertainties in previous estimates and -project Bitcoin's electricity consumption and carbon footprint in the -long term. If we assume Bitcoin's market capitalization grows in line -with the one of gold, we find that the annual electricity consumption of - Bitcoin may increase from 60 to 400 TWh between 2020 and 2100. The -future carbon footprint of Bitcoin strongly depends on the -decarbonization pathway of the electricity sector. If the electricity -sector achieves carbon neutrality by 2050, Bitcoin's carbon footprint -has peaked already. However, in the business-as-usual scenario, -emissions sum up to 2 gigatons until 2100, an amount comparable to 7% of - global emissions in 2019. The Bitcoin price spike at the end of 2020 -shows, however, that progressive development of market capitalization -could yield an electricity consumption of more than 100 TWh already in -2021, and lead to cumulative emissions of over 5 gigatons by 2100. -Therefore, we also discuss policy instruments to reduce Bitcoin's future - carbon footprint. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -http://arxiv.org/abs/2011.02612 | -
| Extra | -DOI: http://arxiv.org/abs/2011.02612 -_eprint: 2011.02612 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Alex de Vries | -
| Author | -Christian Stoll | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Volume | -175 | -
| Publication | -Resources, Conservation and Recycling | -
| DOI | -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105901 | -
| ISSN | -0921-3449 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Alex de Vries | -
| Author | -Christian Stoll | -
| Abstract | -Bitcoin's increasing energy consumption has triggered a -passionate debate about the sustainability of the digital currency. And -yet, most studies have thus far ignored that Bitcoin miners cycle -through a growing amount of short-lived hardware that could exacerbate -the growth in global electronic waste. E-waste represents a growing -threat to our environment, from toxic chemicals and heavy metals -leaching into soils, to air and water pollutions caused by improper -recycling. Here we present a methodology to estimate Bitcoin's e-waste -and find that it adds up to 30.7 metric kilotons annually, per May 2021. - This number is comparable to the amount of small IT and -telecommunication equipment waste produced by a country like the -Netherlands. At peak Bitcoin price levels seen early in 2021, the annual - amount of e-waste may grow beyond 64.4 metric kilotons in the midterm, -which highlights the dynamic trend if the Bitcoin price rises further. -Moreover, the demand for mining hardware already today disrupts the -global semiconductor supply chain. The strategies we present may help to - mitigate Bitcoin's growing e-waste problem. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105901 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier B.V. | -
| Volume | -175 | -
| Pages | -105901 | -
| Publication | -Resources, Conservation and Recycling | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105901 | -
| Issue | -September | -
| ISSN | -18790658 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Alex de Vries | -
| Abstract | -[Figure presented] The electricity that is expended in the -process of mining Bitcoin has become a topic of heavy debate over the -past few years. It is a process that makes Bitcoin extremely -energy-hungry by design, as the currency requires a huge amount of hash -calculations for its ultimate goal of processing financial transactions -without intermediaries (peer-to-peer). The primary fuel for each of -these calculations is electricity. The Bitcoin network can be estimated -to consume at least 2.55 gigawatts of electricity currently, and -potentially 7.67 gigawatts in the future, making it comparable with -countries such as Ireland (3.1 gigawatts) and Austria (8.2 gigawatts). -Economic models tell us that Bitcoin's electricity consumption will -gravitate toward the latter number. A look at Bitcoin miner production -estimates suggests that this number could already be reached in 2018. | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -2 | -
| Pages | -801–805 | -
| Publication | -Joule | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.joule.2018.04.016 | -
| Issue | -5 | -
| ISSN | -25424351 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Olga Kharif | -
| Date | -2019-05 | -
| URL | -https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-31/bitcoin-s-rally-masks-uncomfortable-fact-almost-nobody-uses-it | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Bloomberg | -
| Publication | -Bloomberg.com | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Alex de Vries | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -70 | -
| Pages | -101721 | -
| Publication | -Energy Research & Social Science | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Conference Paper | -
|---|---|
| Author | -David Chaum | -
| Date | -1984 | -
| Publisher | -Springer | -
| Pages | -153–153 | -
| Proceedings Title | -Advances in cryptology | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -L. Ante | -
| Author | -F. Steinmetz | -
| Author | -I. Fiedler | -
| Abstract | -Blockchain technology provides an immutable ledger for secure -value transactions in a network. This base layer technology has the -potential to boost the efficiency of various processes in the energy -sector. In this article, the intersection of blockchain and energy is -analyzed based on the underlying references of 166 publications via -co-citation analysis. Using exploratory factor analysis, six distinct -research streams are identified: I. energy market innovation and -transformation (through blockchain technology), II. blockchain for data -sharing and security, III. energy management in smart grids and scalable - systems, IV. information transmission across networks and its -applications, V. peer-to-peer energy microgrids, and VI. potential of -blockchain technology. For each of these streams, the highest-impact -articles are reviewed. In addition, social network analysis allows to -reveal the relationships and dependencies between the streams. The -results indicate a high degree of homogeneity in this field of research, - as the six streams explain more than 71% of variance. The degree to -which the streams are centered on blockchain technology varies. While -the two most established discourses and the least established one focus -at least in part on blockchain, the other three streams prioritize -energy issues. It is postulated that specific research fields on this -topic are only beginning to emerge, implications are discussed and areas - for future research are derived. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110597 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier Ltd | -
| Volume | -137 | -
| Pages | -110597 | -
| Publication | -Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.rser.2020.110597 | -
| Issue | -October 2020 | -
| ISSN | -18790690 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Miles Gietzmann | -
| Author | -Francesco Grossetti | -
| Abstract | -In a recent survey of academic research, Fintech related -topics, broadly classified as crypto-currency studies, were by far the -most researched topics in the social sciences. However, we have observed - that, perhaps surprisingly, even though crypto-currencies rely on a -distributed accounting ledger technology, relatively few of those -studies were conducted by accounting academics. While some of the -features of a system like Bitcoin do not necessarily rely on a -traditional accounting knowledge, this knowledge is key in designing -effective real-world distributed systems. Building on a foundational -framework developed by Risius and Spohrer (2017), we provide support for - their hypothesis that to date, research in this area has been -predominantly of a somewhat narrow focus (i.e., based upon exploiting -existing programming solutions without adequately considering the -fundamental needs of users). This is particularly reflected by the -abundance of Bitcoin-like crypto-currency code-bases with little or no -place for business applications. We suggest that this may severely limit - an appreciation of the relevance and applicability of decentralized -systems, and how they may support value creation and improved -governance. We provide supporting arguments for this statement by -considering four applied classes of problems where a -blockchain/distributed ledger can add value without requiring a -crypto-currency to be an integral part of the functioning system. We -note that each class of problem has been viewed previously as part of -accounting issues within the legacy centralized ledger systems paradigm. - We show how accounting knowledge is still relevant in the shift from -centralized to decentralized ledger systems. We advance the debate on -the development of (crypto-currency free) value-creating distributed -ledger systems by showing that applying accounting knowledge in this -area has potentially a much wider impact than that currently being -applied in areas limited to auditing and operations management. We -develop a typology for general distributed ledger design which assists -potential users to understand the wide range of choices when developing -such systems. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278425421000648 | -
| Volume | -40 | -
| Pages | -106881 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Accounting and Public Policy | -
| DOI | -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2021.106881 | -
| Issue | -5 | -
| ISSN | -0278-4254 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:43 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:43 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Abdullah Yildizbasi | -
| Abstract | -Renewable energy technologies play a crucial role in reducing -the energy consumption by exploiting natural energy resources. With the -increase in the trend towards the use of renewable energy resources -energy distribution networks have become more complex. As such, it is -envisioned that efficient distribution of the generated energy, illegal -energy use, unfair pricing, and individual energy producers' entry into -the market will be the key issues that need be tackled in near future. -In this study, we discuss in order to eliminate the problems experienced - in the energy grid management process, the blockchain concept, and its -integration with renewable energy systems. First, we develop a novel -integration process of blockchain with the renewable energy systems -under the circular economy perspective in order to ensure the -sustainability of energy grid management systems, followed by -discussions on the advantages of the proposed integration process for -energy policy makers. Second, the challenges of blockchain faced during -the integration to a circular economy are presented. In order to -prioritize the challenges encountered in the integration process, a -numerical analysis is conducted using the Pythagorean Fuzzy Analytical -Hierarchy Process method based on expert opinions, and corresponding -managerial implications are included. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148121007291 | -
| Volume | -176 | -
| Pages | -183–197 | -
| Publication | -Renewable Energy | -
| DOI | -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.05.053 | -
| ISSN | -0960-1481 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Balázs Bodó | -
| Author | -Daniel Gervais | -
| Author | -João Pedro Quintais | -
| Abstract | -This article offers a normative analysis of key blockchain -technology concepts from the perspective of copyright law. Some features - of blockchain technologies - scarcity, trust, transparency, -decentralized public records and smart contracts - seem to make this -technology compatible with the fundamentals of copyright. Authors can -publish works on blockchain creating a quasi-immutable record of initial - ownership, and encode 'smart' contracts to license the use of works. -Remuneration may happen on online distribution platforms where the smart - contracts reside. In theory, such an automated setup allows for the -private ordering of copyright. Blockchain technology, like Digital -Rights Management 20 years ago, is thus presented as an opportunity to -reduce market friction, and increase both licensing efficiency and the -autonomy of creators. Yet, some of the old problems remain. The article -examines the differences between new, smartcontract-based private -ordering regime and the fundamental components of copyright law, such as - exceptions and limitations, the doctrine of exhaustion, restrictions on - formalities, the public domain and fair remuneration. | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Oxford University Press | -
| Volume | -26 | -
| Pages | -311–336 | -
| Publication | -International Journal of Law and Information Technology | -
| DOI | -10.1093/ijlit/eay014 | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| ISSN | -14643693 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:09 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:09 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Florian Martin-Bariteau | -
| Abstract | -The Commission Nationale Informatique et Libertes (CNIL), has -published “Blockchain: Premiers elements d'analyse de la CNIL”, a -document on blockchain and the European Union General Data Protection -Regulation (GDPR). This document was released by the French Data -Protection Authority (DPA) as a working policy paper and offers an -overview of its initial reflection on the Blockchain technology and its -compliance with the GDPR. The CNIL notes the GDPR has been created to -regulate data use, rather than any particular form of technology. As -such, and without surprise to anyone familiar with privacy law, the CNIL - states the GDPR applies to the use of blockchain in any instance where -personal data is handled. However, this working paper is a very raw -analysis. In our opinion, the document raises more questions than it -answers – and highlights some legal uncertainty with respect to the -qualifications of different actors on a blockchain under the GDPR -taxonomy. In several areas, the CNIL highlights that more reflection is -needed on its end, and that this reflection needs to be undertaken at -the European level. | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Volume | -1 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.3275783 | -
| ISSN | -1556-5068 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:22:21 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:22:21 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Vlada Brilliantova | -
| Author | -Thomas Wolfgang Thurner | -
| Abstract | -This paper discusses the emergence of blockchain technology in - the energy sector in the light of ongoing energy market transformation. - The study builds on literature research and expert interviews, and -provides insights into the future energy landscape in the context of the - blockchain advent. While the interviewees acknowledge the great, though - disruptive, potential of blockchain technology for the primary -activities in the electricity sector, there is agreement that inflexible - regulatory frameworks impose the biggest challenge. The widest impact -which blockchain technology will have in the short-term will be in -electric vehicle integration, while in the long-term blockchain will -enable peer-to-peer microgrids. The role that the blockchain will play, -though, relies mainly on the business model innovation in energy. While a - growing body of literature discusses specific blockchain applications -and solutions in an advanced technological set-up, this paper presents a - holistic picture of the blockchain applicability in the energy sector -and thematises this very powerful and versatile technology against the -background of two emerging economies: South Africa and Russia. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160791X1830188X | -
| Volume | -57 | -
| Pages | -38–45 | -
| Publication | -Technology in Society | -
| DOI | -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2018.11.001 | -
| ISSN | -0160-791X | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Bryan Wilson | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -https://umkclawreview.files.wordpress.com/2020/05/wilson.pdf | -
| Volume | -88 | -
| Pages | -365–396 | -
| Publication | -UMKC Law Review | -
| DOI | -https://umkclawreview.files.wordpress.com/2020/05/wilson.pdf | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:09 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:09 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -B. Bodó | -
| Author | -A. Giannopoulou | -
| Author | -V. Ferrari | -
| Abstract | -Suggested citation: Quintais, João and Bodó, Balázs and -Giannopoulou, Alexandra and Ferrari, Valeria, Blockchain and the Law: A -Critical Evaluation (January 17, 2019). Pedro Quintais, B. Bodó, A. -Giannopoulou, & A. Ferrari (2019). Blockchain and the Law: A -Critical Evaluation. Stanford Journal of Blockchain Law & Policy -(2)1, Amsterdam Law School Research Paper No. 2019-03, Institute for -Information Law Research Paper No. 2019-01, Available at SSRN: -https://ssrn.com/abstract=3317404 | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Volume | -2 | -
| Pages | -86–112 | -
| Publication | -Stanford Journal of Blockchain Law & Policy | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:09 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:09 | -
| Type | -Conference Paper | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Moritz Becker | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -https://diglib.tugraz.at/download.php?id=5e2997b7bb322&location=browse | -
| ISBN | -978-3-85125-668-0 | -
| Pages | -6–30 | -
| Proceedings Title | -Proceedings of the STS Conference Graz 2019 | -
| DOI | -10.3217/978-3-85125-668-0-02 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:40 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:40 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Monique J. Morrow | -
| Author | -Mehran Zarrebini | -
| Abstract | -We are living in a world where the very systems upon which -trust is based are being challenged by new and exciting paradigm shifts. - Centralization whether in the form of governments, financial -institutions, enterprises and organizations is simply being challenged -because of the lack of trust associated with data governance often -experienced in the form of data breaches or simply a monetization of our - data without our permission and/or incentives to participate in this -emerging decentralization of structures. We see this trust deficit -challenging the very institutions we have depended on including but not -limited to financial institutions, private enterprises or government -bodies. A new "social contract" is required as we continuously evolve -into more decentralized and self-governing (or semi self-governing) -entities. We will see more development in digital sovereignty with the -caveat that a governance model will need to be defined. This position -paper will present evidence that supports the premise that blockchain -and individual tokenization could provide a new social contract. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute | -
| Volume | -11 | -
| Pages | -220 | -
| Publication | -Future Internet | -
| DOI | -10.3390/FI11100220 | -
| Issue | -10 | -
| ISSN | -19995903 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:43 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:43 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Gregor Dorfleitner | -
| Author | -Franziska Muck | -
| Author | -Isabel Scheckenbach | -
| Abstract | -Our research consolidates the actual environment of blockchain - applications that contribute in a certain way to climate protection. In - view of the growing interest in climate change and the need to act on a - global scale, knowledge about these applications enables investors, -politicians, and citizens to drive this development forward through -diverse support opportunities. This article provides an extensive -overview of existing mitigation and adaptation measures based on -blockchain technology. We collect data on 85 such applications and -describe the empirical distributions of different attributes of these -applications. In a logit regression, we analyze which -application-specific and blockchain-specific characteristics determine -the success of an application in the sense of an advanced operational -status. We find evidence that applications of the type “energy trading” -exhibit reduced chances of success, while green blockchain-based -applications implementing a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism are more -likely to become operational. Moreover, pursuing an initial coin -offering has no significant effect on the success of an application. Our - work provides the basis for a better understanding of the success -factors of this new technology. | -
| Date | -2021-10 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111378 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier Ltd | -
| Volume | -149 | -
| Pages | -111378 | -
| Publication | -Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.rser.2021.111378 | -
| Issue | -June | -
| ISSN | -18790690 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Primavera De Filippi | -
| Author | -Morshed Mannan | -
| Author | -Wessel Reijers | -
| Abstract | -Blockchain technology was created as a response to the trust -crisis that swept the world in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis. -Bitcoin and other blockchain-based systems were presented as a -“trustless” alternative to existing financial institutions and even -governments. Yet, while the trustless nature of blockchain technology -has been heavily questioned, little research has been done as to what -blockchain technologies actually bring to the table in place of trust. -This article draws from the extensive academic discussion on the -concepts of “trust” and “confidence” to argue that blockchain technology - is not a ‘trustless technology' but rather a ‘confidence machine'. -First, the article provides a review of the multifaceted -conceptualisations of trust and confidence, and the relationship between - these two concepts. Second, the claim is made that blockchain -technology relies on cryptographic rules, mathematics, and -game-theoretical incentives in order to increase confidence in the -operations of a computational system. Yet, such an increase in -confidence ultimately relies on the proper operation and governance of -the underlying blockchain-based network, which requires trusting a -variety of actors. Third, the article turns to legal, constitutional and - polycentric governance theory to explore the governance challenges of -blockchain-based systems, in light of the tension between procedural -confidence and trust. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101284 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier Ltd | -
| Volume | -62 | -
| Pages | -101284 | -
| Publication | -Technology in Society | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101284 | -
| Issue | -June | -
| ISSN | -0160791X | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Juho Rantala | -
| Abstract | -Today, digitalisation is penetrating every corner of our -mundane life, thus affecting our being in manifold ways. In spite of -this, digital technologies provide us with paths towards advancing -humanity. One way to model the possibilities of the new technologies in a - sustainable way is to frame them in light of Gilbert Simondon's -philosophy and especially his understanding of ‘transindividuality', -which is the foundation for a robust, evolving collective. The -transindividual relation, mediated by technical objects, is the -possibility of a concurrent problem-solving at the collective and -individual level. One of these new technologies, blockchain, a -decentralised peer-to-peer database, practically demonstrates a complex -system that can cultivate this transindividuality. Although not without -its flaws, blockchain nonetheless presents a serious innovation for -collective being. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Volume | -60 | -
| Pages | -250–263 | -
| Publication | -Culture, Theory and Critique | -
| DOI | -10.1080/14735784.2019.1694213 | -
| Issue | -3-4 | -
| ISSN | -14735776 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:43 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:43 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Jannice Käll | -
| Abstract | -Blockchain technology is often discussed and theorized in -relation to cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. Its quality as a -technology that produces advanced encryption keys between objects, -however, also makes it interesting to those who seek to connect physical - objects to digital elements. The reason for this is that the link -between objects needs to be ‘secure' from undesired external -interference. In relation to such interests, blockchain has been -identified as a highly attractive technology to support the general -digitalization of society towards the Internet of Things, smart cities -etc. In extension, the implementation of blockchain technology implies -that it may work as a tool that has the capacity to direct which objects - may/may not interact with each other. The ‘ledger of everything' that -blockchain may possibly produce as regards the ‘Internet of Everything' -is even suggested to make humans and other intermediary technologies -redundant. In this essay, I argue that in order to sustain legal -critique when the world moves into the next era of digitalization, we -need to understand - and question - how technological control operates -through e.g. blockchain technology by locking physical and digital -elements to each other. | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Volume | -29 | -
| Pages | -133–140 | -
| Publication | -Law and Critique | -
| DOI | -10.1007/s10978-018-9227-x | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -15728617 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:09 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:09 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Yan Chen | -
| Author | -Cristiano Bellavitis | -
| Abstract | -Blockchain technology can reduce transaction costs, generate -distributed trust, and empower decentralized platforms, potentially -becoming a new foundation for decentralized business models. In the -financial industry, blockchain technology allows for the rise of -decentralized financial services, which tend to be more decentralized, -innovative, interoperable, borderless, and transparent. Empowered by -blockchain technology, decentralized financial services have the -potential to broaden financial inclusion, facilitate open access, -encourage permissionless innovation, and create new opportunities for -entrepreneurs and innovators. In this article, we assess the benefits of - decentralized finance, identify existing business models, and evaluate -potential challenges and limits. As a new area of financial technology, -decentralized finance may reshape the structure of modern finance and -create a new landscape for entrepreneurship and innovation, showcasing -the promises and challenges of decentralized business models. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Volume | -13 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Business Venturing Insights | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.jbvi.2019.e00151 | -
| ISSN | -23526734 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:17:59 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:17:59 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Lana Swartz | -
| Abstract | -NA | -
| Date | -2017 | -
| URL | -http://llaannaa.com/papers/Swartz_Blockchain_Dreams.pdf | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Polity Cambridge, UK | -
| Volume | -1 | -
| Pages | -82–105 | -
| Publication | -Another Economy is Possible: Culture and Economy in a Time of Crisis | -
| DOI | -http://llaannaa.com/papers/Swartz_Blockchain_Dreams.pdf | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Bernd Teufel | -
| Author | -Anton Sentic | -
| Author | -Mathias Barmet | -
| Abstract | -The ongoing, in-depth transformation of the electricity sector - towards increased use of alternative, renewable energy sources extends -beyond a simple decentralisation drive in the electricity market. The -transformation process is characterised by the interplay of old and new -technologies from the energy sector as well as structural coupling with -other sectors, such as the information and communications technology -(ICT), enabling the technology transfer as well as market entry by -information technology (IT) actors. Blockchain-based technologies have -the potential to play a key role in this transition by offering -decentralised interfaces and systems as well as an alternative approach -to the current organisation form of the energy market. This paper -discusses the applicability and prospects for blockchain-based -technologies in the energy sector, which are described using the term -“blockchain energy”. For the purposes of this study, blockchain energy -encompasses all socio-technical and organisational configurations in the - energy sector based on the utilisation of the blockchain principle for -energy trading, information storage, and/or increased transparency of -energy flows and energy services. In the following chapters, the authors - present and discuss the current transformation in the electricity -market, followed by a review of the different utilisation possibilities -for blockchain technologies in the energy sector and a discussion of the - barriers and potential for blockchain energy using a transition studies - perspective. Finally, the opportunities and risks of blockchain energy -are discussed. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674862X20300057 | -
| Volume | -17 | -
| Pages | -100011 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Electronic Science and Technology | -
| DOI | -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnlest.2020.100011 | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| ISSN | -1674-862X | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Ioan Petri | -
| Author | -Masoud Barati | -
| Author | -Yacine Rezgui | -
| Author | -Omer F Rana | -
| Abstract | -The decentralisation of energy supply and demand can -contribute decisively to protecting the environment and climate of the -planet by consuming electricity in the proximity of the generation -source and avoiding losses in transmission and distribution. Supporting -energy transactions with emerging intelligent technologies can advance -the development of energy communities and accelerate the integration of -renewable sources. Distributed energy solutions play an essential role -as they are explicitly designed to produce, store and deliver green -energy. Profiting with these benefits is essential, especially in the -context of the current debate on stopping climate change. Several -technologies such as waste heat recovery with intelligent algorithms can - improve the energy distribution and provide significant resource -savings. On the other hand, the usage of Blockchain technology in energy - markets promises to incentivise the use of renewables and provide a -reliable framework to monitor real-time information of energy production - and consumption. Blockchain can also enable trading between independent - agents and lead to the formation of more secured energy communities. In - this paper, we demonstrate how Blockchain can be utilised to support -the formation and use of energy communities. We propose a -Blockchain-based energy framework as a mean to support energy exchanges -in a community of prosumers. We demonstrate how smart contracts can -manage energy transactions and enable a more secured trading environment - between consumers and producers. We utilise data and models from a real - fish processing industrial site in Milford Haven Port, South Wales, -based on which we validate our research hypothesis. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166361520305169 | -
| Volume | -123 | -
| Pages | -103282 | -
| Publication | -Computers in Industry | -
| DOI | -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2020.103282 | -
| ISSN | -0166-3615 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Muhammad Baqer Mollah | -
| Author | -Jun Zhao | -
| Author | -Dusit Niyato | -
| Author | -Kwok Yan Lam | -
| Author | -Xin Zhang | -
| Author | -Amer M.Y.M. Ghias | -
| Author | -Leong Hai Koh | -
| Author | -Lei Yang | -
| Abstract | -The concept of smart grid has been introduced as a new vision -of the conventional power grid to figure out an efficient way of -integrating green and renewable energy technologies. In this way, -Internet-connected smart grid, also called energy Internet, is also -emerging as an innovative approach to ensure the energy from anywhere at - any time. The ultimate goal of these developments is to build a -sustainable society. However, integrating and coordinating a large -number of growing connections can be a challenging issue for the -traditional centralized grid system. Consequently, the smart grid is -undergoing a transformation to the decentralized topology from its -centralized form. On the other hand, blockchain has some excellent -features which make it a promising application for the smart grid -paradigm. In this article, we aim to provide a comprehensive survey on -the application of blockchain in smart grid. As such, we identify the -significant security challenges of smart grid scenarios that can be -addressed by blockchain. Then, we present a number of blockchain-based -recent research works presented in different literature addressing -security issues in the area of smart grid. We also summarize several -related practical projects, trials, and products that have emerged -recently. Finally, we discuss essential research challenges and future -directions of applying blockchain to smart grid security issues. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -_eprint: 1911.03298 | -
| Volume | -8 | -
| Pages | -18–43 | -
| Publication | -IEEE Internet of Things Journal | -
| DOI | -10.1109/JIOT.2020.2993601 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -23274662 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -John Burg | -
| Author | -Christine Murphy | -
| Author | -Jean Paul Petraud | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| URL | -http://merltech.org/blockchain-for-international-development-using-a-learning-agenda-to-address-knowledge-gaps | -
| Publication | -MERL Tech | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Arzoo Miglani | -
| Author | -Neeraj Kumar | -
| Author | -Vinay Chamola | -
| Author | -Sherali Zeadally | -
| Abstract | -After smart grid, Internet of Energy (IoE) has emerged as a -popular technology in the energy sector by integrating different forms -of energy. IoE uses Internet to collect, organize, optimize and manage -the networks energy information from different edge devices in order to -develop a distributed smart energy infrastructure. Sensors and -communication technologies are used to collect data and to predict -demand and supply by consumers and suppliers respectively. However, with - the development of renewable energy resources, Electric Vehicles (EVs), - smart grid and Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, the existing energy -sector started shifting towards distributed and decentralized solutions. - Moreover, the security and privacy issues because of centralization is -another major concern for IoE technology. In this context, Blockchain -technology with the features of automation, immutability, public ledger -facility, irreversibility, decentralization, consensus and security has -been adopted in the literature for solving the prevailing problems of -centralized IoE architecture. By leveraging smart contracts, blockchain -technology enables automated data exchange, complex energy transactions, - demand response management and Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy trading etc. -Blockchain will play vital role in the evolution of the IoE market as -distributed renewable resources and smart grid network are being -deployed and used. We discuss the potential and applications of -blockchain in the IoE field. This article is build on the literature -research and it provides insight to the end-user regarding the future -IoE scenario in the context of blockchain technology. Lastly this -article discusses the different consensus algorithm for IoE technology. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140366419314951 | -
| Volume | -151 | -
| Pages | -395–418 | -
| Publication | -Computer Communications | -
| DOI | -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2020.01.014 | -
| ISSN | -0140-3664 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Outi Korhonen | -
| Author | -Juho Rantala | -
| Abstract | -This essay considers the ideological context of blockchain -technology. This technology is often celebrated for its potential for -decentralization, distribution, privacy, and a lack of intermediaries -and coordinators for transactions and general governance. Because of -these features, blockchain technology, and, in particular, its most -famous inauguration - the bitcoin blockchain - is frequently identified -with libertarianism. In this essay, we argue that the ideological -context of blockchain technology is much more complicated. In addition -to unraveling a number of background ideologies and their role in this -technology, we raise the ontological issue concerning the relationship -of ideology to technology. These matters have implications for, among -other things, the approach that should be taken to blockchain's -governance, as well as how international lawyers may approach this -foreign-seeming phenomenon that has its proponents from the European -Central Bank to the United Nations (not, however, forgetting the private - sector nor the digital underground). | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Cambridge University Press | -
| Volume | -115 | -
| Pages | -408–412 | -
| Publication | -AJIL Unbound | -
| DOI | -10.1017/aju.2021.65 | -
| ISSN | -23987723 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:45 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:45 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Evrim Tan | -
| Author | -Stanislav Mahula | -
| Author | -Joep Crompvoets | -
| Abstract | -A key challenge behind the adoption of blockchain in the -public sector is understanding the dynamics of blockchain governance. -Based on a systematic literature review, this article analyzes different - approaches to blockchain governance across disciplines and develops a -comprehensive conceptual framework for the study of blockchain -governance decisions in the public sector. The framework clusters nine -types of governance decisions (infrastructure architecture, application -architecture, interoperability, decision-making mechanism, incentive -mechanism, consensus mechanism, organization of governance, -accountability of governance, and control of governance) into three -levels of analysis (micro, meso, and macro-levels). Drawing on public -management theories and concepts, the article elucidates the -implications of various governance choices in each level of governance -and provides a primer for researchers and policy practitioners on the -design of blockchain-based systems in the public sector. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Pages | -101625 | -
| Publication | -Government Information Quarterly | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.giq.2021.101625 | -
| ISSN | -0740624X | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:46 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:46 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Fabrice Lumineau | -
| Author | -Wenqian Wang | -
| Author | -Oliver Schilke | -
| Abstract | -The recent emergence of blockchains may be considered a -critical turning point in organizing collaborations. We outline the -historical background and the fundamental features of blockchains and -present an analysis with a focus on their role as governance mechanisms. - Specifically, we argue that blockchains offer a way to enforce -agreements and achieve cooperation and coordination that is distinct -from both traditional contractual and relational governance as well as -from other information technology solutions. We also examine the scope -of blockchains as efficient governance mechanisms and highlight the -tacitness of the transaction as a key boundary condition. We then -discuss how blockchain governance interacts with traditional governance -mechanisms in both substitutive and complementary ways. We pay -particular attention to blockchains' social implications as well as -their inherent challenges and limitations. Our analysis culminates in a -research agenda that explores how blockchains may change the way to -organize collaborations, including issues of what different types of -blockchains may emerge, who is involved and impacted by blockchain -governance, why actors may want blockchains, when and where blockchains -can be more (versus less) effective, and how blockchains influence a -number of important organizational outcomes. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: INFORMS | -
| Volume | -32 | -
| Pages | -500–521 | -
| Publication | -Organization Science | -
| DOI | -10.1287/orsc.2020.1379 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -15265455 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | -
| Type | -Book Section | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Darra Hofman | -
| Author | -Quinn DuPont | -
| Author | -Angela Walch | -
| Author | -Ivan Beschastnikh | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Publisher | -Springer | -
| Pages | -21–33 | -
| Book Title | -Building Decentralized Trust | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Book Section | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Darra Hofman | -
| Author | -Quinn DuPont | -
| Author | -Angela Walch | -
| Author | -Ivan Beschastnikh | -
| Abstract | -Governance of blockchain technologies has not been -historically prioritized beyond technological dimensions, and relatively - little literature exists on the prescriptive governance of blockchain -platforms. Existing governance frameworks, such as IT governance, may -not be suitable or easily applied to the novel context of blockchain; -instead, the authors of this chapter argue it may be more appropriate to - adopt a grounded approach to the development of governance theory for -blockchains. Situating their discussion of blockchain governance within -existing, external power structures—legal, political, economic, -environmental, and social—the authors outline an internal governance -framework for the blockchain system itself. Taking an inclusive, -question-led approach, this internal governance framework aims to ensure - that areas of risk are identified, and determine how conflict and -crisis related to blockchain technology—and blockchain-enabled forms of -organization and interactions—can be handled. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-54414-0_2 | -
| ISBN | -978-3-030-54414-0 | -
| Pages | -21–33 | -
| Series Number | -x | -
| Book Title | -Building Decentralized Trust | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:46 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:46 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Quinn Dupont | -
| Abstract | -This paper argues that many so-called digital technologies can - be construed as notational technologies, explored through the example -of Monegraph, an art and digital asset management platform built on top -of the blockchain system originally developed for the cryptocurrency -bitcoin. As the paper characterizes it, a notational technology is the -performance of syntactic notation within a field of reference, a -technologized version of what Nelson Goodman called a “notational -system.” Notational technologies produce abstracted entities through -positive and reliable, or constitutive, tests of socially acceptable -meaning. Accordingly, this account deviates from typical narratives of -blockchains (usually characterized as Turing or state machines), instead - demonstrating that blockchain technologies are effective at managing -digital assets because they produce abstracted identities through the -performance of notation. Since notational technologies rely on -configurations of socially acceptable meaning, this paper also provides a - philosophical account of how blockchain technologies are socially -embedded. | -
| Date | -2017 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Wiley Online Library | -
| Volume | -48 | -
| Pages | -634–653 | -
| Publication | -Metaphilosophy | -
| DOI | -10.1111/meta.12267 | -
| Issue | -5 | -
| ISSN | -14679973 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Adrianne Jeffries | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| URL | -https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/7/17091766/blockchain-bitcoin-ethereum-cryptocurrency-meaning | -
| Volume | -7 | -
| Pages | -2018 | -
| Publication | -The Verge | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Type | -Blog Post | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Kai Stinchcombe | -
| Abstract | -Blockchain is not only crappy technology but a bad vision for -the future. Its failure to achieve adoption to date is because systems -built… | -
| Date | -2018-04-05 | -
| Language | -en | -
| URL | -https://medium.com/@kaistinchcombe/decentralized-and-trustless-crypto-paradise-is-actually-a-medieval-hellhole-c1ca122efdec | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 12:16:32 | -
| Blog Title | -Medium | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 12:16:32 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 12:18:35 | -
"Blockchain is not only crappy technology but a bad vision for -the future. Its failure to achieve adoption to date is because systems -built on trust, norms, and institutions inherently function better than -the type of no-need-for-trusted-parties systems blockchain envisions. -That’s permanent: no matter how much blockchain improves it is still -headed in the wrong direction."
Part of Kai Stinchcombe series that discusses whether blockchain - can solve various real world use-cases better than traditional -technologies
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Larry Lohmann | -
| Abstract | -The last decade's developments in computation are major topics - of debate among business, policymakers, and social movements alike. -Blockchain, Bitcoin, smart contracts, the Internet of Things, machine -translation, image recognition, the Earth Bank of Codes-all are -understood to be not only business opportunities but also political and -environmental issues. Seldom mentioned, however, is the extent to which -these innovations are part of an ecological history that goes back to -the early 19 th century and before. A strategic understanding their -dynamics and contradictions requires looking again at long-standing -pictures of labour, mechanization, commons, and capital accumulation. -Different ways of thinking about Marx's categories of living and dead -labour inspired by the work of the later Wittgenstein can help. 1 | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Publication | -The Corner House | -
| Issue | -May | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Katrin Becker | -
| Abstract | -This article focusses on the social and legal implications -that blockchain technology brings about, not only due to its ideological - framework, but also, and especially, due to the concept of law it -inaugurates. Thus, this article claims, that, by interlocking -technological and legal structures, blockchain technology initiates a -profound displacement of legal symbolics and imaginaries. It shows how -blockchain law, by emancipating itself from three essential dimensions -of law—language, territory, and the body—implies a profound disruption -of how we perceive law and its legitimacy. Starting with an overview of -the technological details of blockchain, the paper then addresses its -ideological context and traces the underlying ideas, values and -functions and their relation with—and impact on—the general perception -of law and legal issues. By critically assessing the claim that -blockchain will liberate the subject from any heteronymic constraints, -this paper analyses to what extent this technology has social and legal -implications that reach far beyond its virtual, purely -blockchain-related scope of applications—and why this technology should -matter to us all. | -
| Date | -2022 | -
| URL | -https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10978-021-09317-8 | -
| Publication | -Law and Critique | -
| DOI | -10.1007/s10978-021-09317-8 | -
| ISSN | -0957-8536 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Eric Alston | -
| Author | -Wilson Law | -
| Author | -Ilia Murtazashvili | -
| Author | -Martin B. H. Weiss | -
| Abstract | -Institutional economists have analyzed permissionless -blockchains as a novel institutional building block for voluntary -economic exchange and distributed governance, with their unique protocol - features such as automated contract execution, high levels of network -and process transparency, and uniquely distributed governance. But such -institutional analysis needs to be complemented by polycentric analysis -of how blockchains change. We characterize such change as resulting from - internal sources and external sources. Internal sources include -constitutional (protocol) design and collective-choice processes for -updating protocols, which help coordinate network participants and -users. External sources include competitive pressure from other -cryptocurrency networks. By studying two leading networks, Bitcoin and -Ethereum, we illustrate how conceptualizing blockchains as competing and - constitutional polycentric enterprises clarifies their processes of -change. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3887701 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Cambridge University Press | -
| Pages | -1–17 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.3887701 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:46 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:46 | -
| Type | -Book | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Michèle Finck | -
| Abstract | -"In Blockchain Regulation and Governance in Europe, Michèle -Finck examines the relationship between blockchain technology and EU law - and introduces the theme of blockchain governance. The book provides a -general introduction to blockchains as both a regulatable and a -regulatory technology and outlines the interaction between Distributed -Ledger Technology and specific areas of EU law, such as the General Data - Protection Regulation. It should be read by anyone interested in EU -law, the relationship between law, innovation and technology, and -technology governance" | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Extra | -Publication Title: Blockchain Regulation and Governance in Europe -DOI: 10.1017/9781108609708 | -
| Publisher | -Cambridge University Press | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:22:21 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:22:21 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Leonardo Peixoto Barbosa | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://kluwerlawonline.com/journalarticle/European+Business+Law+Review/32.2/EULR2021010%0A | -
| Volume | -32 | -
| Publication | -European Business Law Review | -
| DOI | -https://kluwerlawonline.com/journalarticle/European+Business+Law+Review/32.2/EULR2021010 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Dmitri Boreiko | -
| Author | -Guido Ferrarini | -
| Author | -Paolo Giudici | -
| Abstract | -Initial coin offerings are a new way for blockchain startups -to finance project development by issuing coins or tokens in exchange -for fiat money or Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies. In this article, we - start from the current distinction between different types of tokens -and argue that it can create confusion and should be at least partially -abandoned. We believe that the conceptual difference between a currency -token and a tradable utility token is just the dimension of the crypto -environment in which the token is spent. More specifically, ‘utility -tokens' combine the customer payment mechanism with the utility -component and, when tradable on a secondary market, the investment one. -We argue that they blur the traditional distinctions between currencies, - financial assets and consumption goods. Moreover, we stress the -increasing importance of online crypto exchanges. Recently some -exchanges have also taken up the role of trusted intermediaries and -staked their reputation on token offerings, which are termed initial -exchange offerings and have gained in popularity. We therefore argue -that the crypto market increasingly looks like a segment of the capital -market and behaves as such. Given that tokens have a clear investment -component, we show that they are tradable securities under the -Prospectus Regulation. We compare the European securities regulation -with its US counterpart and focus on prospectus exemptions, highlighting - the great differences between Europe and the US which make Europe less -amicable to blockchain startups. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Springer | -
| Volume | -20 | -
| Pages | -665–694 | -
| Publication | -European Business Organization Law Review | -
| DOI | -10.1007/s40804-019-00168-6 | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| ISSN | -17416205 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -A Orlowski | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Publication | -The Register | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -G. Ishmaev | -
| Abstract | -This paper argues that the practical implementation of -blockchain technology can be considered an institution of property -similar to legal institutions. Invoking Penner's theory of property and -Hegel's system of property rights, and using the example of bitcoin, it -is possible to demonstrate that blockchain effectively implements all -necessary and sufficient criteria for property without reliance on legal - means. Blockchains eliminate the need for a third-party authority to -enforce exclusion rights, and provide a system of universal access to -knowledge and discoverability about the property rights of all -participants and how the system functions. The implications of these -findings are that traditional property relations in society could be -replaced by or supplemented with blockchain models, and implemented in -new domains. | -
| Date | -2017 | -
| Volume | -48 | -
| Pages | -666–686 | -
| Publication | -Metaphilosophy | -
| DOI | -10.1111/meta.12277 | -
| Issue | -5 | -
| ISSN | -14679973 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | -
| Type | -Thesis | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Alice Zannini | -
| Abstract | -Universiteit Utrecht | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| # of Pages | -1–91 | -
| Type | -PhD Thesis | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Primavera De Filippi | -
| Author | -Xavier Lavayssière | -
| Abstract | -Despite its promise to establish a more decentralized society -with a novel economic order, 5 many of the blockchain-based networks or -applications implemented thus far ultimately rely on market dynamics and - economic incentives for distributed coordination. Indeed \ldots | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03098502 | -
| Extra | -ISBN: 9781953035080 | -
| Publication | -The Great Awakening: New Modes of Life amidst Capitalist Ruins, Punctum Book | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:46 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:46 | -
| Type | -Book Section | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Uta Kohl | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Publisher | -Edward Elgar Publishing | -
| Book Title | -Blockchain and Public Law | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 09:08:25 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 09:08:25 | -
| Type | -Blog Post | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Molly White | -
| Abstract | -If you go out seeking to learn why blockchains and the systems - built atop them are apparently the future of our web, you’ll begin to -see some common themes. These fall apart under further scrutiny. | -
| Date | -2022-01-09 | -
| Language | -en-us | -
| URL | -https://blog.mollywhite.net/blockchains-are-not-what-they-say/ | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 11:55:52 | -
| Blog Title | -Molly White | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 11:55:52 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 13:27:27 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Paola Heudebert | -
| Author | -Claire Leveneur | -
| Abstract | -Will the 2020s herald the death warrant of the legal -professions? If we listen to blockchain technology's most devout -advocates, the answer is a resounding yes. Blockchain is often -proclaimed as the ultimate tool for allowing unrestrained exchanges -between contracting parties with no preexisting relationships, and thus -suppressing the need for intermediaries. In other words, blockchain -could be a “trust machine,” which could open up the possibility of -conducting transactions in full confidence, without the risk of -non-performance or misguidance. However, it is utopian idealism to -assume that blockchain technology could enable pure and total -disintermediation. All trusted third parties cannot disappear in one -fell swoop - especially legal professions. This Article problematizes -blockchain's apparent objective of disintermediation and argues that, in - reality, blockchain leads to a form of reintermediation. Of course, the - role of the legal professions in the face of the advance blockchain -technology is inextricable to the role of the law in blockchain. While -advocates have detailed the diminishing role of law and regulation in -the application of blockchain technology, we adopt a comparison of the -French and the American jurisdiction's to blockchain technology, to -demonstrate that, in fact, the law cannot be extricated from -blockchain's advance. This Article explores a new angle on blockchain's -place in the legal professions and offers new perspectives for lawyers -to anticipate a future defined by “known unknowns,” and the “unknown -unknowns” of blockchain technology . | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -https://ssrn.com/abstract=3781504 | -
| Volume | -4 | -
| Pages | -275–319 | -
| Publication | -Cardozo Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. | -
| DOI | -https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3781504 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Robert Herian | -
| Abstract | -Like the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation -(GDPR), the broader, mainstream emergence of blockchain technology in -the present moment of, what I call, data dysphoria is no accident. It is - in part reaction to data dysphoria, and in part exploitation of it, a -duality underpinned by the tantalising promise of the prosumer ‘taking -control' of their data and establishing sovereignty over it. Blockchain -and GDPR alike aim to resolve ‘problem'/'solution' matrices with deep -roots in a wide variety of global economic, political, social, legal and - cultural contexts. This article explores the problem of achieving -resolution based on innovation and technology by offering an account of -the rise of blockchain and implementation of GDPR within a -psycho-political framework, one in which fantasies of taking control are - predominant yet highly contestable actualities in the lives of -technology users. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1080/17579961.2020.1727094 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Volume | -12 | -
| Pages | -156–174 | -
| Publication | -Law, Innovation and Technology | -
| DOI | -10.1080/17579961.2020.1727094 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -1757997X | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | -
| Type | -Book Section | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Pablo Velasco González | -
| Author | -Nathaniel Tkacz | -
| Abstract | -Summary Blockchains are aggregated and distributed databases: -shared, chained, and immutable registries that conflate the production -of digital tokens with their circulation. At their most basic level, -they are technologies for keeping account, or records, of some form of -activity, hence they are part of a long lineage of storing data, from -clay tablets to bookkeeping. On a technical level, blockchains are -peer-to-peer (P2P) structures for distributing and storing data. This -chapter begins with a historical consideration of the emergence of peer -production, including a reevaluation of the work of Yochai Benkler. It -shows that peer production was given coherence as a model of production -by being contrasted with two other modes (hierarchies and markets) and -through the lens of Benkler's economic liberalism. The chapter -distinguishes between four moments or aspects of blockchain initiatives -that configure peers in different ways: peer production, peer -development, peer governance, and peer exchange. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119537151.ch18 | -
| Extra | -Section: 18 -DOI: 10.1002/9781119537151.ch18 | -
| Publisher | -John Wiley & Sons, Ltd | -
| ISBN | -978-1-119-53715-1 | -
| Pages | -238–253 | -
| Book Title | -The Handbook of Peer Production | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Jemima Kelly | -
| Date | -2019-09 | -
| URL | -https://www.ft.com/content/93140eac-9cbb-11e9-9c06-a4640c9feebb | -
| Extra | -Publication Title: Financial Times | -
| Publisher | -Financial Times | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Stephen Diehl | -
| Date | -2021-12-11 | -
| URL | -https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/blockchainism.html | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 10:55:03 | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 10:55:03 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:44:40 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Andres Guadamuz | -
| Author | -Chris Marsden | -
| Abstract | -This paper examines Bitcoin from a legal and regulatory -perspective, answering several important questions. We begin by -explaining what Bitcoin is, and why it matters. We describe problems -with Bitcoin as a method of implementing a cryptocurrency. This -introduction to cryptocurrencies allows us eventually to ask the -inevitable question: Is it legal? What are the regulatory responses to -the currency? Can it be regulated? We make clear why virtual currencies -are of interest, how self-regulation has failed, and what useful lessons - can be learned. Finally, we produce useful and semi-permanent findings -into the usefulness of virtual currencies in general, blockchains as a -means of mining currency, and the profundity of Bitcoin as compared with - the development of block chain technologies. We conclude that though -Bitcoin may be the equivalent of Second Life a decade later, so -blockchains may be the equivalent of Web 2.0 social networks, a truly -transformative social technology. | -
| Date | -2015 | -
| Volume | -20 | -
| Publication | -First Monday | -
| DOI | -10.5210/fm.v20i12.6198 | -
| Issue | -12 | -
| ISSN | -13960466 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | -
| Type | -Video Recording | -
|---|---|
| Director | -Nicholas Weaver | -
| Abstract | -The entire cryptocurrency and blockchain ecology is rife with -frauds, criminalities, and tulip-mania style hype and needs to be -properly disposed of into the... | -
| Date | -2018-04-20 | -
| Language | -en | -
| Short Title | -Blockchains and Cryptocurrencies | -
| Library Catalog | -www.youtube.com | -
| URL | -https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xCHab0dNnj4 | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 12:22:20 | -
| Studio | -Berkeley School of Information | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 12:22:20 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 13:30:37 | -
Nicholas Weaver is a staff researcher with the International -Computer Science Institute (ICSI) and lecturer in EECS, where he teaches - machine structures and computer security. He earned his Ph.D. in -computer science from Berkeley in 2003 and joined ICSI to study network -security and measurement. "The entire cryptocurrency and blockchain -ecology is rife with frauds, criminalities, and tulip-mania style hype -and needs to be properly disposed of into the ashes of history. A -“blockchain” is just a horribly inefficient append-only file which costs - a literal fortune to secure without actually providing meaningful -distributed trust, while cryptocurrencies are provably inferior than -actual currencies for legal real world transactions. Beyond the sheer -uselessness have emerged a whole host of bad ideas, ranging from the -“put a bird^H^H^H^H blockchain on it” hype to unregistered (and mostly -fraudulent) securities with “Initial Coin Offerings” to an invitation -for massive theft in the form of “smart” contracts."
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Malcolm Campbell-Verduyn | -
| Author | -Marcel Goguen | -
| Abstract | -Blockchains combine digital encryption and time stamping -technologies to enable digital exchange to occur in manners celebrated -by proponents as ‘trust-free'. Yet, an increasing range of scholars -argue that actual applications of the peer-to-peer technology shifts, -rather than eliminates, trust. In this article, we draw on -organizational theory to argue that efforts to remove trust reorganize -the action nets that underpin payment systems in manners that extend -rather than eliminate longstanding pathologies afflicting financial -globalization. Our analysis supports and extends the critiques that -blockchain applications are far from ‘trust-free'. By tracing how -efforts to reconfigure the socio-technical composition of the humans and - objects that underpin payment systems, we illustrate how blockchain -applications shift the location and character of the technical -vulnerabilities that create market instabilities and concentration, as -well as elite-led governance. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Wiley Online Library | -
| Volume | -19 | -
| Pages | -308–328 | -
| Publication | -Global Networks | -
| DOI | -10.1111/glob.12214 | -
| Issue | -3 | -
| ISSN | -14710374 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Nathan Schneider | -
| Abstract | -This article presents a survey of broad-based -stakeholder-ownership models for journalism. The models considered are -forms of ownership by employees, associations, audiences, and blends of -these. Some of the examples are so new that they have not been, and -cannot yet be, comprehensively studied. Yet they bear unique promise for - addressing the dual challenges of economic sustainability and perceived - accountability that bedevil news media today. Such promise, however, -does not guarantee success. While broad-based stakeholder ownership in -the news business shows capacity for public accountability, as well as -some promise for business sustainability, it is ill-equipped to compete -in markets organized to favor investor-owners with far greater capital -access. Such ownership models, therefore, will likely require additional - policy support to gain and maintain significant market share. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library | -
| Volume | -7 | -
| Publication | -Media Industries Journal | -
| DOI | -10.3998/mij.15031809.0007.203 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -2373-9037 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Olivier J Blanchard | -
| Author | -Mark W Watson | -
| Date | -1982 | -
| Publication | -NBER working paper | -
| Issue | -w0945 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Peter Howson | -
| Abstract | -This commentary explores how blockchain technology is being -leveraged to improve marine conservation and fisheries supply chain -management globally. In doing so, the paper considers the technical and -political challenges of building trust and equity for various -stakeholders. A blockchain is a smart electronic database, distributed -to all users, immutably tracking every transaction that has ever taken -place on the network. The blockchain is very difficult to hack, with no -single point of authority to make mistakes and collapse the system. -Automated consensus protocols enable data transmitted on the network to -be verified and stored immutably, minimising the risk of data corruption - to near-zero. Blockchain is being increasingly hyped for a range of -services and industries, including transparent resourcing for marine -conservation, reducing pollution from plastics, reducing slavery at sea, - and sustainable fisheries management. Public distrust in some -conservation operations, as well as in the provenance of seafood, is -growing. Although some global marine conservation organisations and -seafood producers have found practical solutions in disruptive -technologies like blockchain, riding this wave will only prove -worthwhile if coastal communities and artisanal fishers are on board and - stand a chance of landing a fair share of the benefits. | -
| Date | -2020-05 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Pergamon | -
| Volume | -115 | -
| Pages | -103873 | -
| Publication | -Marine Policy | -
| DOI | -10.1016/J.MARPOL.2020.103873 | -
| ISSN | -0308-597X | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Ryan Clements | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: HeinOnline | -
| Volume | -11 | -
| Pages | -131 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.3952045 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:18:46 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:18:46 | -
| Type | -Report | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Steve Hanke | -
| Author | -Nicholas Hanlon | -
| Author | -Mihir Chakravarthi | -
| Author | -others | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Institution | -The Johns Hopkins Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and the … | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 09:01:47 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 09:01:47 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -David Graeber | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Penguin | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Type | -Manuscript | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Donncha Kavanagh | -
| Author | -P J Ennis | -
| Abstract | -Algorithmic authority is a distinctive and novel mode of -domination. Akin to other modes described by Weber, it has associated -organisational forms. This paper identifies and analyses one such form, -blockocracy, which occurs in the context of blockchain-based -cryptocurrencies. Taking a processual approach, we describe how -blockocracy emerged historically out of an anti-bureaucracy ideology, a -control revolution, a recognition that computer code can regulate -conduct, and the increasing adoption of algorithms. Taking a shorter -time-horizon, we identify four layers of algorithmic authority, and, -focusing on the blockchain layer, we distinguish between off-chain and -on-chain governance, with the latter having two types of off-chain -rules. While the fashionable rhetoric is that the blockchain is -immutable, we see the blockchain as a dynamic quasi-object, defining and - mutating identities and possibilities. We conclude the paper by -comparing blockocracy with Weber's depiction of bureaucracy. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -https://www.egosnet.org/2019_edinburgh/colloquium | -
| Extra | -DOI: https://www.egos | -
| # of Pages | -23 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:46 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:46 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Charithri Yapa | -
| Author | -Chamitha de Alwis | -
| Author | -Madhusanka Liyanage | -
| Abstract | -Emergence of the Energy Internet (EI) demands restructuring of - traditional electricity grids to integrate heterogeneous energy -sources, distribution network management with grid intelligence and big -data management. This paradigm shift is considered to be a breakthrough -in the energy industry towards facilitating autonomous and decentralized - grid operations while maximizing the utilization of Distributed -Generation (DG). Blockchain has been identified as a disruptive -technology enabler for the realization of EI to facilitate reliable, -self-operated energy delivery. In this paper, we highlight six key -directions towards utilizing blockchain capabilities to realize the -envisaged EI. We elaborate the challenges in each direction and -highlight the role of blockchain in addressing them. Furthermore, we -summarize the future research directive in achieving fully autonomous -and decentralized electricity distribution networks, which will be known - as Energy Internet. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8732/1/2/7 | -
| Volume | -1 | -
| Pages | -95–115 | -
| Publication | -Network | -
| DOI | -10.3390/network1020007 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -2673-8732 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Marc Pilkington | -
| Abstract | -In this paper, we investigate the issue of the Dollar-based -international monetary system. We start by listing the reasons why money - has essentially become a numerical form in the contemporary world -economy. After reviewing the salient characteristics of the flawed -international monetary and financial architecture of the world economy, -we assess whether a transnational unit of account could constitute a -viable political alternative to the current international payments -system. The latter scenario is envisaged both with regard to the field -of international relations, and with the help of a revisited definition -of the transnational capitalist class. Finally, we conclude. | -
| Date | -2017 | -
| Volume | -8 | -
| Publication | -World Review of Political Economy | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.2339678 | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Kaihua Qin | -
| Author | -Liyi Zhou | -
| Author | -Yaroslav Afonin | -
| Author | -Ludovico Lazzaretti | -
| Author | -Arthur Gervais | -
| Abstract | -To non-experts, the traditional Centralized Finance (CeFi) -ecosystem may seem obscure, because users are typically not aware of the - underlying rules or agreements of financial assets and products. -Decentralized Finance (DeFi), however, is making its debut as an -ecosystem claiming to offer transparency and control, which are -partially attributable to the underlying integrity-protected blockchain, - as well as currently higher financial asset yields than CeFi. Yet, the -boundaries between CeFi and DeFi may not be always so clear cut. In this - work, we systematically analyze the differences between CeFi and DeFi, -covering legal, economic, security, privacy and market manipulation. We -provide a structured methodology to differentiate between a CeFi and a -DeFi service. Our findings show that certain DeFi assets (such as USDC -or USDT stablecoins) do not necessarily classify as DeFi assets, and may - endanger the economic security of intertwined DeFi protocols. We -conclude this work with the exploration of possible synergies between -CeFi and DeFi. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.08157 | -
| Extra | -_eprint: 2106.08157 | -
| Publication | -arXiv preprint arXiv:2106.08157 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:17:59 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:17:59 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Hossein Nabilou | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Banking Regulation | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 13:18:05 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 13:18:05 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Benjamin Braun | -
| Author | -Daniela Gabor | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| DOI | -10.31235/osf.io/nf9ms | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Xiaotong Sun | -
| Abstract | -Based on Ethereum blockchain, Decentralized Autonomous -Organization (DAO) provides a possible solution to decentralized -governance, and many Decentralized Finance (DeFi) applications adopt the - novel governance mechanism. However, by analyzing governance in Maker -protocol, we find that centralized governance still exists. Measurements - are established in three categories, namely voting participation, -centralized voting power, and efficiency of decision-making. -Furthermore, governance centralization has influence on both Maker -protocol and Ethereum blockchain, and the results imply that DeFi -investors are faced with a trade-off between efficiency and -decentralization. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.3971791 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Felix Fritsch | -
| Author | -Jeff Emmett | -
| Author | -Emaline Friedman | -
| Author | -Rok Kranjc | -
| Author | -Sarah Manski | -
| Author | -Michael Zargham | -
| Author | -Michel Bauwens | -
| Abstract | -The re-emergence of commoning over the last decades is not -incidental, but rather indicative of a large-scale transition to a more -“generative” organization of society that is oriented toward the -planet's global carrying capacity. Digital commons governance frameworks - are of particular importance for a new global paradigm of cooperation, -one that can scale the organization of communities around common goals -and resources to unprecedented levels of size, complexity and -granularity. Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) such as blockchain -have lately given new impetus to the emergence of a new generation of -authentic “sharing economy,” protected from capture by thorough -distribution of power over infrastructure, that spans not only digital -but also physical production of common value. The exploration of the -frontiers of DLT-based commoning at the heart of this article considers -three exemplary cases for this new generation of commons-oriented -community frameworks: the Commons Stack, Holochain and the Commons -Engine, and the Economic Space Agency. While these projects differ in -their scope as well as in their relation to physical common-pool -resources (CPRs), they all share the task of redefining markets so as to - be more conducive to the production and sustainment of common value(s). - After introducing each of them with regards to their specificities and -commonalities, we analyze their capacity to foster commons-oriented -economies and “money for the commons” that limit speculation, emphasize -use-value over exchange-value, favor equity in human relations, and -promote responsibility for the preservation of natural habitats. Our -findings highlight the strengths of DLTs for a federated scaling of CPR -governance frameworks that accommodates rather than obliterates cultural - differences and creates webs of fractal belonging among nested -communities. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Volume | -4 | -
| Pages | -1–16 | -
| Publication | -Frontiers in Blockchain | -
| DOI | -10.3389/fbloc.2021.578721 | -
| Issue | -April | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Pablo de Andrés | -
| Author | -David Arroyo | -
| Author | -Ricardo Correia | -
| Author | -Alvaro Rezola | -
| Abstract | -This article analyzes the main problems and the solutions -adopted in the market for Initial Coin Offerings (ICO), to anticipate -the future of this market and determine implications for issuers, -investors and regulators. ICOs represent an alternative and innovative -financing solution that has experienced spectacular growth and notoriety - in recent years. ICOs rely on Blockchain protocols and the ICO market -is, therefore, characterized as decentralized, disintermediated and -unregulated. Our results show that although the ICO market is -innovative, it already displays many of the problems of traditional -financial markets, and that these problems were at the genesis of the -last financial crisis. Our analysis of the problems and solutions -adopted shows a tension between what the Blockchain technology offers, -and the problems associated with the financing of innovation. -Considering the problems and solutions adopted, we no longer expect the -ICO market to be characterized as disintermediated, unregulated or even -decentralized in the near future. Furthermore, it is a real possibility -that ICOs may end up being a progressor model eventually replaced by -similar but more specialized financing models, some of which may already - exist. With respect to the particular solutions of the ICO market, -while some represent the realization of the potential of Blockchain, -others such as forks have important Governance implications with the -potential to create as many problems as the ones they address. | -
| Date | -2022 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -79 | -
| Pages | -101966 | -
| Publication | -International Review of Financial Analysis | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.irfa.2021.101966 | -
| ISSN | -10575219 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:22 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:22 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Steve Stecklow | -
| Author | -Alexandra Harney | -
| Author | -Anna Irrera | -
| Author | -Jemima Kelly | -
| Date | -2017 | -
| Volume | -29 | -
| Publication | -Reuters, September | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Peter Howson | -
| Abstract | -In this commentary we explore how international development, -disaster relief and climate change mitigation credentials are being -called upon to justify ‘crypto-colonialism', whereby blockchain -technology is used to extract economic benefits from those suffering the - scars of colonial expansionism in the Global South. These benefits -include land, labour and resources needed to facilitate local -‘crypto-utopian' developments, or a ‘green economy' elsewhere. As with -past neoliberal development agendas imposing structural economic -reforms, the contemporary crypto-colonial exercises discussed here are -driven in pursuit of a common good – to protect the global commons and -improve people's lives. Within spaces where crypto-colonialism -manifests, the governance frameworks of the associated technology is -heavily entangled with social-spatial relations in multiple ways. We -argue that despite being distributed, techno-ecological fixes are never -placeless. How people engage with, resist or reconfigure a -crypto-economy is geographically contingent. This commentary argues for -more situated critical analysis of actually existing case-studies to -reveal the inequitable terrain of project benefit distributions, and to -expose the likely winners and losers within each. The success or failure - of use-cases is less dependent on technical viability, but rather -mediated through reactions to colonial contexts and historical -experiences of various economic and climate crises. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Volume | -3 | -
| Publication | -Frontiers in Blockchain | -
| DOI | -10.3389/fbloc.2020.00022 | -
| Issue | -May | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Edmund Schuster | -
| Abstract | -Abstract The supposed disruptive and transformational -potential of blockchain technology has received widespread attention in -the media, from legislators, and from academics across disciplines. -While much of this attention has revolved around cryptocurrencies such -as Bitcoin, many see the true promise of blockchain technology in its -potential use for transactions in traditional assets, as well as for -facilitating self-executing ‘smart contracts', which replace vague and -imprecise natural language with unambiguous computer code. This article -presents a simple legal argument against the feasibility of a meaningful - blockchain-based economic system. Blockchain-based systems are shown to - be unsuitable for transactions in traditional assets, unless design -choices are made which render the use of the technology pointless. The -same argument is shown to apply to smart contracts. Legal and practical -obstacles therefore mean that, outside its original realm of -cryptocurrencies, blockchain technology is highly unlikely to transform -economic interactions in the real world. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1468-2230.12603 | -
| Volume | -84 | -
| Pages | -974–1004 | -
| Publication | -The Modern Law Review | -
| DOI | -https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.12603 | -
| Issue | -5 | -
| ISSN | -14682230 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Jan Oster | -
| Abstract | -The article argues for a sharp analytical distinction between -the realms of technology and of law. The question to what extent the law - 'can' be digitalized relates to technology, whereas the question to -what extent it 'may' be digitalized falls within the realm of the law. -Against this backdrop, it is argued that digital technology does not -challenge the law fundamentally. Instead, the crucial questions on the -relationship between law and digitalization lie in the details. The -article raises those questions and provides an analytical framework for -the law of digitalization and the digitalization of law. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Oxford University Press | -
| Volume | -29 | -
| Pages | -101–117 | -
| Publication | -International Journal of Law and Information Technology | -
| DOI | -10.1093/ijlit/eaab004 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -14643693 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Mireille Hildebrandt | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing | -
| Pages | -67 | -
| Publication | -Is Law Computable? | -
| DOI | -10.5040/9781509937097.ch-003 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Shaanan Cohney | -
| Author | -David Hoffman | -
| Author | -Jeremy Sklaroff | -
| Author | -David Wishnick | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: JSTOR | -
| Volume | -119 | -
| Pages | -591–676 | -
| Publication | -Columbia Law Review | -
| Issue | -3 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -G. Seyfang | -
| Abstract | -The author critically evaluates the impact and potential of a -community currency-or local money system-known as the 'local exchange -trading scheme' (LETS), to contribute to sustainable local development -(SLD). Two distinct and contrasting models for sustainable development -are described: a mainstream approach, focused on local regeneration -[termed here the 'local economic development' (LED) approach]; and a -radical 'green' or 'new economics' strategy (referred to as 'sustainable - local development' or SLD). In the elaboration of these models the -functions of community currencies within each perspective are outlined, -and the basis for an evaluate framework is provided. Most previous -analysis of LETS has used a broadly LED perspective; this paper focuses -on an evaluation for SLD, as this has not previously been -comprehensively done. For SLD, community currencies should enable people - to: meet local needs through informal employment; revalue and redefine -'work'; promote localisation and self-reliance; shift consumption -patterns towards sharing, recycling, reuse, and reducing resource use; -and build green social networks. Findings from a case-study LETS -indicate that this community currency is successful in allowing -participants to make small changes in their lifestyles, consumption, and - employment patterns towards SLD, but there are limitations of size, -scope, funding and management to be overcome before this could be -achieved more effectively with LETS. However, following the LED-relevant - prescriptions for upscaling and mainstreaming would undermine the -qualities which align LETS with SLD perspective, and this highlights the - importance of choosing appropriate evaluative frameworks, particularly -when appraising sustainable-development initiatives. | -
| Date | -2001 | -
| Volume | -33 | -
| Pages | -975–996 | -
| Publication | -Environment and Planning A | -
| DOI | -10.1068/a33216 | -
| Issue | -6 | -
| ISSN | -0308518X | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:28:35 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:28:35 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Alexandra Schneiders | -
| Author | -David Shipworth | -
| Abstract | -Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading is emerging as a new -mechanism for settling the exchange of energy between renewable energy -generators and consumers. P2P provides a mechanism for local balancing -when it is facilitated through distributed ledgers (‘blockchains'). -Energy communities across Europe have uncovered the potential of this -technology and are currently running pilots to test its applicability in - P2P energy trading. The aim of this paper is to assess, using legal -literature and legislation, whether the legal forms available to energy -communities in the United Kingdom (UK) can help resolve some of the -uncertainties around the individual use of blockchain for P2P energy -trading. This includes the legal recognition of ‘prosumers', the -protection of their personal data, as well as the validity of ‘smart -contracts' programmed to trade energy on the blockchain network. The -analysis has shown that legal entities, such as Limited Liability -Partnerships and Co-operative Societies, can play a crucial role in -providing the necessary framework to protect consumers engaging in these - transactions. This is particularly the case for co-operatives, given -that they can hold members liable for not respecting the rules set out -in their (compulsory) governing document. These findings are relevant to - other European countries, where the energy co-operative model is also -used. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/12/3569 | -
| Volume | -14 | -
| Publication | -Energies | -
| DOI | -10.3390/en14123569 | -
| Issue | -12 | -
| ISSN | -1996-1073 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Type | -Blog Post | -
|---|---|
| Author | -David Gerard | -
| Abstract | -Even the best-intentioned cryptocurrencies can become scams. | -
| Language | -en-US | -
| Short Title | -Confused About Dogecoin? | -
| URL | -https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/02/11/dogecoin-how-does-it-work-elon-musk-cryptocurrency/ | -
| Accessed | -03/03/2022, 13:06:31 | -
| Blog Title | -Foreign Policy | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 13:06:31 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 13:06:31 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Malcolm Campbell-Verduyn | -
| Abstract | -Meeting on the second anniversary of the Paris Agreement -signing in 2017, the United Nations Climate Change Secretariat founded -the Climate Chain Coalition (CCC). Backed by a number of -multi-stakeholder groups like the Blockchain for Climate Foundation, the - Ottawa-based CCC promotes the 'blockchainization' of the Paris -Agreement. What kind of 'cooler' world do blockchain-based climate -governance projects conjure? This paper scrutinizes the shared visions -materializing across climate finance experiments, locating them largely -within existing individualistic imaginaries rather than more -collectivistic alternatives. It finds the imaginaries of 'cool' -technological experimentation to fall short in materializing broader -input and more effective output required to overcome the legitimacy -crisis facing market-led climate governance. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -http://dx.doi.org/10.14282/2198-0411-GCRP-28 | -
| Extra | -ISBN: 2033795276 | -
| Volume | -28 | -
| Publication | -Global Cooperation Research Papers | -
| DOI | -doi:10.14282/2198-0411-GCRP-28 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -A. Diaz Valdivia | -
| Author | -M. Poblet Balcell | -
| Abstract | -Critical effects of global climate change urgently call for -socio-technical transitions towards more efficient, flexible and cleaner - energy systems. However, adequate regulatory frameworks and policy -incentives are lagging behind. This paper focuses on the governance -dynamics shaping technology-enabled transitions towards distributed -energy systems. The purpose of this review is to assess the potential -role of blockchain technology in enhancing the governance of -sociotechnical energy transitions. For this, the paper reviews: (1) the -governance arrangements shaping distributed energy transitions, (2) the -emergence of blockchain-based solutions in the energy sector (focusing -on P2P energy trading platforms) and, (3) the role of the blockchain in -overcoming the governance limitations of distributed energy transitions. - The study addresses emerging but interrelated niches of academic study -from an integral conceptualization and synthesis of the literature. -Rather than extensively covering these fields of research, the purpose -is to connect these areas of academic knowledge and expand the -theoretical understanding stemming from this convergence. The findings -show the potential of blockchain-based governance to overcome -institutional barriers related to trust-building and enhanced -coordination for community-based energy transitions. | -
| Date | -2022 | -
| URL | -https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629621004710 | -
| Volume | -84 | -
| Pages | -102383 | -
| Publication | -Energy Research and Social Science | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.erss.2021.102383 | -
| ISSN | -22146296 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Alexia Maddox | -
| Author | -Monica J. Barratt | -
| Author | -Matthew Allen | -
| Author | -Simon Lenton | -
| Abstract | -This paper explores activism enacted through Silk Road, a now -defunct cryptomarket where illicit drugs were sold in the dark web. -Drawing on a digital ethnography of Silk Road, we develop the notion of -constructive activism to extend the lexicon of concepts available to -discuss forms of online activism. Monitoring of the cryptomarket took -place between June 2011 and its closure in October 2013. Just before and - after the closure of the marketplace we conducted anonymous online -interviews with 17 people who reported buying drugs on Silk Road (1.0). -These interviews were conducted synchronously and interactively through -encrypted instant messaging. Participants discussed harnessing and -developing the technological tools needed to access Silk Road and engage - within the Silk Road community. For participants Silk Road was not just - a market for trading drugs: it facilitated a shared experience of -personal freedom within a libertarian philosophical framework, where -open discussions about stigmatized behaviours were encouraged and -supported. Tensions between public activism against drug prohibition and - the need to hide one's identity as a drug user from public scrutiny -were partially resolved through community actions that internalized -these politics, rather than engaging in forms of online activism that -are intended to have real-world political effects. Most aptly described -through van de Sande's (2015) concept of prefigurative politics, they -sought to transform their values into built environments that were -designed to socially engineer a more permissive digital reality, which -we refer to as constructive activism. | -
| Date | -2016 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Volume | -19 | -
| Pages | -111–126 | -
| Publication | -Information Communication and Society | -
| DOI | -10.1080/1369118X.2015.1093531 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -14684462 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Date | -1967 | -
| Extra | -Issue: No. 9199 -Pages: 466 -Publication Title: F. 2d -Volume: 387 | -
| Publisher | -Court of Appeals, 10th Circuit | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Alexander Savelyev | -
| Abstract | -The paper analyzes legal issues associated with the -application of existing contract law provisions to so-called Smart -contracts, defined in the paper as ‘agreements existing in the form of -software code implemented on the Blockchain platform, which ensures the -autonomy and self-executive nature of Smart contract terms based on a -predetermined set of factors'. The paper consists of several sections. -In the second section, the paper outlines the peculiarities of -Blockchain technology, as currently implemented in Bitcoin -cryptocurrency, which forms the core of Smart contracts. In the third -section, the main characteristic features of Smart contracts are -described. Finally, the paper outlines key tensions between classic -contract law and Smart contracts. The concluding section sets the core -question for analysis of the perspectives of implementation of this -technology by governments: ‘How to align the powers of the government -with Blockchain if there is no central authority but only distributed -technologies'. The author suggests two solutions, neither of which is -optimal: (1) providing the state authorities with the status of a -Superuser with extra powers; and (2) relying on traditional remedies and - enforcement practices, by pursuing specific individuals–parties to a -Smart contract–in offline mode. | -
| Date | -2017 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Volume | -26 | -
| Pages | -116–134 | -
| Publication | -Information and Communications Technology Law | -
| DOI | -10.1080/13600834.2017.1301036 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -14698404 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Farshad Ghodoosi | -
| Abstract | -Smart contracts lie at the heart of blockchain technology. -There are two principal problems, however, with existing smart -contracts: First, the enforceability of smart contracts remains -ambiguous. Second, smart contracts are limited in scope and capability -barring more complex contracts from being executed via blockchain -technology. Drawing from the existing literature on contracts and smart -contracting, this Article suggests new approaches to address these two -problems. First, it proposes a framework based on reliance-based -contracting to analyze smart contracts. Second, the Article analyzes the - seismic shifts in contractual disputes, and offers new insights into -its features including decentralized decision-making, network-based -dispute resolution, and extrajudicial enforcement of decisions. The -Article concludes that users' reliance should be the basis for analysis -of smart contracts and its associated dispute resolution mechanism. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wlr/vol96/iss1/2/ | -
| Extra | -Publisher: HeinOnline | -
| Volume | -96 | -
| Pages | -51–92 | -
| Publication | -Washington Law Review | -
| DOI | -https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wlr/vol96/iss1/2/ | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -00430617 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Mike Orcutt | -
| Date | -2020-04 | -
| URL | -http://www.technologyreview.com/2020/03/19/905207/coronavirus-is-forcing-fans-of-bitcoin-to-realize-its-not-a-safe-haven-after-all/. | -
| Extra | -Publication Title: MIT Technology Review | -
| Publisher | -MIT Technology Review | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Emily Fletcher | -
| Author | -Charles Larkin | -
| Author | -Shaen Corbet | -
| Abstract | -Bitcoin was created in 2008 to serve as an alternative payment - mechanism for both the under-banked and un-banked, or those in regions -where the formal financial system suffers from broad corruption and -efficient regulation. However, criminals and terrorists quickly -exploited Bitcoin's unique properties, namely its peer-to-peer nature -and pseudo-anonymity, to facilitate extensive terrorist financing and -money laundering schemes. Government reactions to safeguard national -security interests have been extremely varied, ranging from outright -bans to passive tolerance. This inconsistency stems from how to -effectively classify Bitcoin. On one side are those who argue Bitcoin is - a currency, and on the other are those who claim it is a type of asset. - In the US alone, these discrepancies have led to a bureaucratic turf -war between different regulatory bodies, namely the Financial Crimes -Enforcement Network, the Commodity Futures Trading Association, the -Securities and Exchange Commission, and the Internal Revenue Service. -This study seeks to move beyond the existing legal frameworks, arguing -that Bitcoin should be classified as a technology and regulation should -rest with private sector technology companies. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2021.101387 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier B.V. | -
| Volume | -56 | -
| Pages | -101387 | -
| Publication | -Research in International Business and Finance | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.ribaf.2021.101387 | -
| Issue | -January | -
| ISSN | -02755319 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | -
| Type | -Thesis | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Syeda Mariam Humayun | -
| Abstract | -This dissertation is based on a longitudinal ethnographic and -netnographic study of the Bitcoin and broader Blockchain community. The -data is drawn from 38 in-depth interviews and 200+ informal interviews, -plus archival news media sources, netnography, and participant -observation conducted in multiple cities: Toronto, Amsterdam, Berlin, -Miami, New York, Prague, San Francisco, Cancun, Boston/Cambridge, and -Tokyo. Participation at Bitcoin/Blockchain conferences included: -Consensus Conference New York, North American Bitcoin Conference, -Satoshi Roundtable Cancun, MIT Business of Blockchain, and Scaling -Bitcoin Tokyo. The research fieldwork was conducted between 2014-2018. -The dissertation is structured as three papers: - Satoshi is Dead. Long -Live Satoshi. The Curious Case of Bitcoin: This paper focuses on the -myth of anonymity and how by remaining anonymous, Satoshi Nakamoto, was -able to leave his creation open to widespread adoption. - Tracing the -United Nodes of Bitcoin: This paper examines the intersection of -religiosity, technology, and money in the Bitcoin community. - Our Brand - Is Crisis: Creation and Resilience of Decentralized Brands Bitcoin -& the Blockchain: Drawing on ecological resilience framework as a -conceptual metaphor this paper maps how various stabilizing and -destabilizing forces in the Bitcoin ecosystem helped in the evolution of - a decentralized brand and promulgated more mainstreaming of the Bitcoin - brand. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -http://hdl.handle.net/10315/37662%0A | -
| Extra | -DOI: http://hdl.handle.net/10315/37662 | -
| Type | -PhD Thesis | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Natasha Turak | -
| Abstract | -Credit Suisse is defending the VelocityShares Daily Inverse -VIX Short-Term exchange-traded note, as experts question the logic -behind such securities. | -
| Date | -2018-02-07T15:42:49+0000 | -
| Language | -en | -
| URL | -https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/07/credit-suisse-defends-controversial-xiv-etn-amid-market-turmoil.html | -
| Accessed | -02/03/2022, 14:23:49 | -
| Extra | -Section: Markets | -
| Website Title | -CNBC | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 14:23:49 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 14:23:49 | -
| Type | -Book | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Peter Ludlow | -
| Date | -2001 | -
| Publisher | -MIT Press | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 09:07:44 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 09:07:44 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Seda Gürses | -
| Author | -Arun Kundnani | -
| Author | -Joris Van Hoboken | -
| Abstract | -Since Edward Snowden's revelations of US and UK surveillance -programs, privacy advocates, progressive security engineers, and policy -makers have been seeking to win majority support for countering -surveillance. The problem is framed as the replacement of targeted -surveillance with mass surveillance programs, and the solutions put -forward are predominantly technical and involve the use of encryption – -or ‘crypto' – as a defense mechanism. The counter-surveillance movement -is timely and deserves widespread support. However, as this article will - argue and illustrate, raising the specter of an Orwellian system of -mass surveillance, shifting the discussion to the technical domain, and -couching that shift in economic terms undermine a political reading that - would attend to the racial, gendered, classed, and colonial aspects of -the surveillance programs. Our question is as follows: how can this -specific discursive framing of counter-surveillance be re-politicized -and broadened to enable a wider societal debate informed by the -experiences of those subjected to targeted surveillance and associated -state violence? | -
| Date | -2016 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England | -
| Volume | -38 | -
| Pages | -576–590 | -
| Publication | -Media, Culture and Society | -
| DOI | -10.1177/0163443716643006 | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| ISSN | -14603675 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Shaela W Rae | -
| Author | -Lorraine Mastersmith | -
| Abstract | -[...]the factors under consideration by the regulators in -making these assessments include:55 * whether the platform is structured - so that there is intended to be and is delivery of crypto assets to -investors; * if there is delivery, when that occurs, and whether it is -to an investor's wallet over which the platform does not have control or - custody; * whether investors' crypto assets are pooled together with -those of other investors and with the assets of the platform; * whether -the platform or a related party holds or controls the investors' assets; - * if the platform holds or stores assets for its participants, how the -platform makes use of those assets; * whether the investor can trade, or - rollover positions held by the platform, and having regard to the legal - arrangements between the platform and its participants, the actual -functions of the platform and the manner in which transactions occur on -it; * who has control or custody of crypto assets; * who is the legal -owner of such crypto assets; and * what rights investors will have in -the event of the platform's insolvency. (b) The Proposed Regulatory -Framework (i) Overview The proposed framework is based on the existing -regulatory framework applicable to marketplaces in Canada. [...]it is -worth noting that in instances where a platform does not take custody of - digital-assets on behalf of its users, insurance may not even be -necessary.145 The idea was also proposed to devise an insurance scheme -similar to the CDIC, in which crypto asset platforms would be required -to participate, with reasonable premiums and strict parameters.146 If -not a long-term solution, this approach could nonetheless be useful in -the short term to provide insurance to these platforms while the market -for insurance adjusts to this industry. [...]the CDCC "is concerned that - the Proposed Platform Framework may stifle these innovations, which are - designed to protect personal information and reduce transaction costs, -by imposing a traditional model of financial regulation onto Platforms. -"158 Specific tools have yet to be developed, but the commentary -suggests that all the pieces are there to build them. Because there are -significant differences in the risks that exist between traditional and -decentralized clearing, it was suggested that decentralized exchanges -should be subject to KYC and AML compliance measures that appropriately -reflect their business models.159 The CDCC recommends using new models -for digital identity and digital transaction security that have the -potential to dramatically enhance the security for these types of -trades, rather than following the usual KYC and AML protocol.160 -Coincidentally, and as we are about to discuss, traditional KYC and AML -protocol in Canada just went through an upgrade. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -https://search.proquest.com/docview/2322612081?accountid=13031%0Ahttp://sfx.nelliportaali.fi/nelli28b?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&genre=article&sid=ProQ:ProQ%3Aabiglobal&atitle=Crypto+Asset+Trading+in+Canada%3A+Entering+a+ | -
| Extra | -Publisher: HAB Press Limited | -
| Volume | -35 | -
| Pages | -153–185 | -
| Publication | -Banking & Finance Law Review | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -08328722 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Matthew Leising | -
| Date | -2020-08 | -
| URL | -http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-08-20/crypto-assets-of-50-billion-moved-from-china-in-the-past-year | -
| Extra | -Publication Title: Bloomberg | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Sherena Sheng Huang | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited | -
| Publication | -Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 13:14:03 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 13:14:03 | -
| Type | -Newspaper Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Gary Silverman | -
| Abstract | -Luke Ellis compares digital assets to the 17th-century Dutch tulip craze | -
| Date | -2021-07-26 | -
| URL | -https://www.ft.com/content/9275baf4-0422-43a1-b8c9-9317882ca874 | -
| Accessed | -18/02/2022, 13:26:32 | -
| Publication | -Financial Times | -
| Date Added | -18/02/2022, 13:26:32 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 13:31:40 | -
| Type | -Newspaper Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Gary Silverman | -
| Abstract | -Luke Ellis compares digital assets to the 17th-century Dutch tulip craze | -
| Date | -2021-07-26 | -
| URL | -https://www.ft.com/content/9275baf4-0422-43a1-b8c9-9317882ca874 | -
| Accessed | -02/03/2022, 11:18:22 | -
| Publication | -Financial Times | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 11:18:22 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 11:18:22 | -
| Type | -Book Section | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Jan Groos | -
| Abstract | -Crypto Politics: Notes on Sociotechnical Imaginaries of -Governance in Blockchain Based Technologies was published in Data Loam -on page 148. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -DOI: 10.1515/9783110697841-009 | -
| Volume | -1 | -
| ISBN | -978-1-119-13053-6 | -
| Pages | -148–170 | -
| Book Title | -Data Loam | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:46 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:46 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Shlomit Azgad-Tromer | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: HeinOnline | -
| Volume | -68 | -
| Pages | -69 | -
| Publication | -Am. UL Rev. | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 13:15:10 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 13:15:10 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Albert Wenger | -
| Date | -2016-07-28 | -
| URL | -https://continuations.com/post/148098927445/crypto-tokens-and-the-age-of-protocol-innovation | -
| Accessed | -28/02/2022, 11:07:36 | -
| Extra | -Move about incentivizing investment in the protocols | -
| Date Added | -28/02/2022, 11:07:36 | -
| Modified | -28/02/2022, 11:15:06 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Lin William Cong | -
| Author | -Xi Li | -
| Author | -Ke Tang | -
| Author | -Yang Yang | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Publication | -Available at SSRN 3530220 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Luke Ottenhof | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Publication | -VICE Media | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Book Section | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Isadora Hellegren | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-887%0A | -
| Extra | -DOI: https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-887 | -
| Book Title | -Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Peter Howson | -
| Abstract | -A blockchain is a smart electronic database, distributed to -all users, immutably tracking every transaction that has ever taken -place between nodes on a network. The technology is being used by some -nonprofits to address various operational challenges, including -attaching automated conditions to charitable donations facilitated by -programmable “crypto-giving” platforms. Drawing from analysis of -technical documents provided by active crypto-giving projects, this -review considers how these platforms enable radical shifts in sectoral -power relations through “surveillance philanthropy”. This algorithmic -surveillance ensures project funding fully reflects the interests of -donors, while potentially restricting nonprofits in meeting the dynamic -and complex needs of project beneficiaries. The paper considers the -benefit trade-offs from crypto-giving platforms in three areas of -utilization: (a) new forms of donor engagement and fundraising, (b) new -tools for organizational governance, and (c) novel provision of -development assistance. Despite the possible efficiency and transparency - benefits of crypto-giving platforms, more research and practitioner -engagement is required to ensure the sector's funding is secure and -sustainable, without entailing significant risks for proposed -beneficiaries. | -
| Date | -2021-06 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Jossey-Bass Inc., Publishers | -
| Volume | -31 | -
| Pages | -805–820 | -
| Publication | -Nonprofit Management and Leadership | -
| DOI | -10.1002/nml.21452 | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| ISSN | -15427854 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Philipp Hacker | -
| Author | -Chris Thomale | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: De Gruyter | -
| Volume | -15 | -
| Pages | -645–696 | -
| Publication | -European Company and Financial Law Review | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 13:14:49 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 13:14:49 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Jamie Powell | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -https://ftalphaville.ft.com/2018/11/29/1543469404000/Crypto-shills/ | -
| Publication | -Financial Times | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Book | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Chris Brummer | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Publisher | -Oxford University Press | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Type | -Book | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Chris Burniske | -
| Author | -Jack Tatar | -
| Date | -2017 | -
| Publisher | -McGraw Hill Professional | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Peter Howson | -
| Author | -Sarah Oakes | -
| Author | -Zachary Baynham-Herd | -
| Author | -Jon Swords | -
| Abstract | -In this commentary, we explore how blockchain is being -leveraged to address the fundamental problems with market-based forest -protection globally. In doing so, we consider the ways ‘cryptocarbon' -initiatives are creating new challenges that have so far escaped -critical scrutiny. A blockchain is a distributed and immutable -electronic database – a ledger of every transaction that has ever taken -place on a network, stored as cryptographically secured blocks, strung -together in a chain. The technology is being increasingly hyped as -applicable for a whole range of industries, social service provisions, -and environmental management concerns. This includes the facilitation of - natural asset market mechanisms, like Reducing Emissions from -Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). The original aim of REDD+ -was to incentivise conservation, making tropical forests more valuable -standing than cut down. Multiple factors, including lack of consumer -interest, created an oversupply of carbon commodities. Ninety-five -percent of the world's avoided deforestation credits, representing -millions of hectares of conserved forest, were stuck without a buyer. -Several flagging REDD+ projects are now hoping that blockchain -technology can carry them to new heights of market capitalisation. -However, like with any powerful new technology, the benefits remain -ambiguous. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.02.011 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -100 | -
| Pages | -1–9 | -
| Publication | -Geoforum | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.02.011 | -
| Issue | -February 2019 | -
| ISSN | -00167185 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Shri T Rabi Sankar | -
| Abstract | -(Keynote address delivered by Shri T Rabi Sankar, Deputy -Governor, Reserve Bank of India - February 14th, 2022 - at the Indian -Banks Association 17th Annual Banking Technology Conference and Awards) | -
| URL | -https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_SpeechesView.aspx?Id=1196 | -
| Accessed | -02/03/2022, 09:59:59 | -
| Website Title | -Reserve Bank of India | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 09:59:59 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 10:01:25 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Arianna Tozze | -
| Author | -Josh Kamps | -
| Author | -Eray Arda Akartuna | -
| Author | -Toby Davies | -
| Author | -Florian Hetzel | -
| Author | -Shane D. Johnson | -
| Abstract | -Cryptocurrency fraud has become a growing global concern, with - various governments reporting an increase in the frequency of and -losses from cryptocurrency scams. Despite increasing fraudulent activity - involving cryptocurrencies, research on the potential of -cryptocurrencies for fraud has not been examined in a systematic study. -This review examines the current state of knowledge about what kinds of -cryptocurrency fraud currently exist, or are expected to exist in the -future, and provides comprehensive definitions of the frauds identified. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Springer | -
| Volume | -11 | -
| Pages | -4 | -
| Publication | -Crime Science | -
| DOI | -10.1186/s40163-021-00163-8 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Luca Fantacci | -
| Abstract | -The theoretical foundations of bitcoin have been frequently -traced back to the Austrian school of economics. To the extent that -cryptocurrencies are not issued by a centralized authority and do not -rely on an official legal tender status for their acceptance, they may -indeed appear as a dramatic departure from the historical trend that has - led, over the past few centuries, to the making of national money and -as a decisive step toward the “denationalization of money” advocated by -F. A. von Hayek. This article investigates to what extent bitcoin truly -embodies the principles of stable money prescribed by Hayek and whether -the proliferation of cryptocurrencies constitutes a Hayekian monetary -competition. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1080/08911916.2019.1624319 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Routledge | -
| Volume | -48 | -
| Pages | -105–126 | -
| Publication | -International Journal of Political Economy | -
| DOI | -10.1080/08911916.2019.1624319 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -15580970 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Donncha Kavanagh | -
| Author | -Paul John Ennis | -
| Abstract | -AbstractBlockocracies are a coherent, distinctive and novel -organizational form bound by a collective ledger and a cryptocurrency. -We frame our analysis of blockocracies against Weber's enduring -description of bureaucracy, identifying those features of Weberian -bureaucracies that are present, absent or marginalized in blockocracies. - In contrast to bureaucracy's monocratic authority structure, authority -in blockocracies is centered on four distinct layers. In each layer, -there is governance of the code and governance by the code, and in the -latter we distinguish between endogenous and exogenous rules. We also -compare the “blockocrat” with Weber's depiction of the bureaucrat. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2020.1795958 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Routledge | -
| Volume | -36 | -
| Pages | -290–300 | -
| Publication | -The Information Society | -
| DOI | -10.1080/01972243.2020.1795958 | -
| Issue | -5 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Catherine Malabou | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -http://australianhumanitiesreview.org/2020/05/31/cryptocurrencies-anarchist-turn-or-strengthening-of-surveillance-capitalism-from-bitcoin-to-libra/ | -
| Volume | -66 | -
| Publication | -Australian Humanities Review | -
| DOI | -http://australianhumanitiesreview.org/2020/05/31/cryptocurrencies-anarchist-turn-or-strengthening-of-surveillance-capitalism-from-bitcoin-to-libra/ | -
| Issue | -May 2020 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | -
| Type | -Book Section | -
|---|---|
| Date | -2018 | -
| URL | -https://www.bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2018e5.htm | -
| Publisher | -Bank for International Settlements Basel | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Rebecca M. Bratspies | -
| Abstract | -True cryptocurrency believers posit a world with virtually -limitless applications for the block chain. They tout the prospect of a -globally accepted currency that works with lightning speed, costs -virtually nothing, and guarantees 100% security and anonymity while -eliminating the need to trust third parties. So far, the reality of -cryptocurrency has not lived up to its hype. It turns out that -cryptocurrency transactions can be slow, and expensive, because the -blockchain, scales poorly. However, the really interesting divergence -between pitch and reality has to do with the purported consequences of -decentralization — the claim that bitcoin obviates the need for trust. -This article interrogates the claim that trust can be replaced with -blockchain technology. It tests the claims that Bitcoin eliminates the -need for trust against real world experiences of Bitcoin holders and -markets. It documents the many points at which cryptocurrencies shifts -the locus of embedded trust, rather than eliminating the need for such -trust. Finally, the article concludes that rather than replacing trust, -cryptocurrencies instead require users to repose their trust in less -transparent, less reliable and less accountable parties. | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| URL | -https://repository.law.umich.edu/mttlr/vol25/iss1/2/ | -
| Volume | -1 | -
| Publication | -Mich. Telecomm. & Tech. L. Rev | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.3141605 | -
| ISSN | -1528-8625 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Lee Reiners | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: HeinOnline | -
| Volume | -30 | -
| Pages | -695 | -
| Publication | -S. Cal. Interdisc. LJ | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 13:20:21 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 13:20:21 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Viktoria Ivaniuk | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Pages | -67 | -
| Publication | -Magda Dziembowska, Robert Dziembowski, Apelacja w postępowaniu | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Ian Bogost | -
| Date | -2017 | -
| Volume | -30 | -
| Publication | -The Atlantic | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Sergio Luis Náñez Alonso | -
| Author | -Javier Jorge‐vázquez | -
| Author | -Miguel Ángel Echarte Fernández | -
| Author | -Ricardo Francisco Reier Forradellas | -
| Abstract | -There are different studies that point out that the price of -electricity is a fundamental factor that will influence the mining -decision, due to the cost it represents. There is also an ongoing debate - about the pollution generated by cryptocurrency mining, and whether or -not the use of renewable energies will solve the problem of its -sustainability. In our study, starting from the Environmental -Performance Index (EPI), we have considered several determinants of -cryptocurrency mining: energy price, how that energy is generated, -temperature, legal constraints, human capital, and R&D&I. From -this, via linear regression, we recalculated this EPI by including the -above factors that affect cryptocurrency mining in a sustainable way. -The study determines, once the EPI has been readjusted, that the most -sustainable countries to perform cryptocurrency mining are Denmark and -Germany. In fact, of the top ten countries eight of them are European -(Denmark, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Finland, Austria, and the United - Kingdom); and the remaining two are Asian (South Korea and Japan). | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Volume | -14 | -
| Publication | -Energies | -
| DOI | -10.3390/en14144254 | -
| Issue | -14 | -
| ISSN | -19961073 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Molly White | -
| Abstract | -The | -
| Date | -2022-02-12 | -
| Language | -en-us | -
| URL | -https://blog.mollywhite.net/off-ramps/ | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 10:45:58 | -
| Website Title | -Molly White | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 10:45:58 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 10:45:58 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Molly White | -
| Abstract | -The | -
| Date | -2022-02-12 | -
| Language | -en-us | -
| URL | -https://blog.mollywhite.net/off-ramps/ | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 11:57:08 | -
| Website Title | -Molly White | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 11:57:08 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:57:08 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Tao Li | -
| Author | -Donghwa Shin | -
| Author | -Baolian Wang | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Publication | -Available at SSRN 3267041 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Molly White | -
| Abstract | -Cryptocurrency trading is experiencing a | -
| Date | -2022-02-17 | -
| Language | -en-us | -
| URL | -https://blog.mollywhite.net/cryptocurrencys-robinhood-effect/ | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 11:57:22 | -
| Website Title | -Molly White | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 11:57:22 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:57:22 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Andrew L Goodkind | -
| Author | -Benjamin A Jones | -
| Author | -Robert P Berrens | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -59 | -
| Pages | -101281 | -
| Publication | -Energy Research & Social Science | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Andrew L. Goodkind | -
| Author | -Benjamin A. Jones | -
| Author | -Robert P. Berrens | -
| Abstract | -Cryptocurrency mining uses significant amounts of energy as -part of the proof-of-work time-stamping scheme to add new blocks to the -chain. Expanding upon previously calculated energy use patterns for -mining four prominent cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, and - Monero), we estimate the per coin economic damages of air pollution -emissions and associated human mortality and climate impacts of mining -these cryptocurrencies in the US and China. Results indicate that in -2018, each $1 of Bitcoin value created was responsible for $0.49 in -health and climate damages in the US and $0.37 in China. The similar -value in China relative to the US occurs despite the extremely large -disparity between the value of a statistical life estimate for the US -relative to that of China. Further, with each cryptocurrency, the rising - electricity requirements to produce a single coin can lead to an almost - inevitable cliff of negative net social benefits, absent perpetual -price increases. For example, in December 2018, our results illustrate a - case (for Bitcoin) where the health and climate change “cryptodamages” -roughly match each $1 of coin value created. We close with discussion of - policy implications. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101281 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -59 | -
| Pages | -101281 | -
| Publication | -Energy Research and Social Science | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.erss.2019.101281 | -
| Issue | -March 2019 | -
| ISSN | -22146296 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Type | -Thesis | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Jillian Crandall | -
| Abstract | -This thesis is about how the new techno-capitalist industries -oriented around blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies are further -marginalizing already marginalized groups in Puerto Rico. These -industries are forming new distributed cryptoeconomic geographies with -highly local impacts. While socio-technical relationships with crypto -and blockchain are forming all over the globe, the scenario in Puerto -Rico has the most the most at stake for residents who do not have a -stake in cryptocurrency. Specifically, a group of crypto-proponents -(primarily male-dominated US expats) is looking to establish a new -“crypto-utopia” in San Juan. These transactionary publics, as I define -them, are groups with certain discourses, ideologies, and rhetorics -centered around individual transactions, goals, and gains. They work -through vastly different power structures that allow them to act more -autonomously and anonymously via digital technology. However – there are - local, native Puerto Ricans, government organizations, and institutions - engaging as well on the basis of economic development. From a feminist -perspective, this thesis challenges the assertion that blockchain -technology has emancipatory potential, particularly for Puerto Rico. I -discuss the resistance and contestation against crypto-colonialism and -economic injustice in Puerto Rico, and highlight strategies both with -and without digital technology. Specifically, I question if the politics - of blockchain technology are compatible with those of platform -cooperativism. I conclude with a number of speculative future scenarios -for how alternate techno-economic strategies may play out in Puerto -Rico, and what their consequences may be. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -http://jilliancrandall.net/cryptoeconomic-geographies-and-contestation-in-pr/ | -
| Extra | -DOI: http://jilliancrandall.net/cryptoeconomic-geographies-and-contestation-in-pr/ -Issue: May -Publication Title: Thesis | -
| Type | -PhD Thesis | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Sarah Myers West | -
| Abstract | -This paper interrogates discourses associated with encryption -in contemporary policy debates. It traces through three distinct -cryptographic imaginaries – the occult, the state, and democratic values - – and how each conceptualises what encryption is, what it does, and -what it should do. Situating each imaginary in time through historical -research, I consider how they foreground distinct configurations of -power and authority. It concludes by describing the development of a new - cryptographic imaginary, one which sees encryption as a necessary -precondition for the formation of networked publics. | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Berlin: Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society | -
| Volume | -7 | -
| Pages | -1–16 | -
| Publication | -Internet Policy Review | -
| DOI | -10.14763/2018.2.792 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -21976775 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Will Stephenson | -
| Abstract | -Among the Bitcoin maximalists | -
| URL | -https://harpers.org/archive/2022/03/cryptonomicon-bitcoin-maximalists-miami/ | -
| Accessed | -02/03/2022, 09:05:42 | -
| Website Title | -Harpers Review | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 09:05:42 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 09:07:19 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Daniel Moore | -
| Author | -Thomas Rid | -
| Date | -2016 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Volume | -58 | -
| Pages | -7–38 | -
| Publication | -Survival | -
| DOI | -10.1080/00396338.2016.1142085 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -14682699 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Georgios Papadopoulos | -
| Abstract | -Mainstream economics has consistently ignored the iconography -of currency, describing money ‘just' as a commodity. The paper is going -to investigate the economic and political significance of the -representations of authority and nationality in currency describing how -these representation support its acceptability. The aim of the analysis -is double: to decipher the visual identity of currency and its -contribution to the acceptance of money in day-to-day transactions, as -well as to discuss the operational principles of the monetary system as -they are uncovered in the iconography of money. By answering these -questions, the paper is going to trace the theoretical presuppositions -and the cultural stereotypes that inform the representation of economic -value and national identity as they are articulated in banknotes and -coins with a specific emphasis on the European Monetary Union and the -recent financial crisis that is still affecting its periphery. | -
| Date | -2015 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Volume | -8 | -
| Pages | -521–534 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Cultural Economy | -
| DOI | -10.1080/17530350.2014.989884 | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| ISSN | -17530369 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Justin Fletcher | -
| Abstract | -The Internet and other telecommunications systems have -reshaped the means by which markets are accessed, generated, and -transformed. Recent innovations in computer science have led to the -development of a virtually bound, decentralized, encrypted currency -system known as bitcoin. Unlike conventional currency systems, the -Bitcoin protocol is cryptologically defined with a virtual structure -that allows it to simultaneously operate as currency, commodity, and -market shaping socio-political force. Its decentralized design permits -it to function as a free-market response to fiat currencies vulnerable -to inflation, regulation, and manipulation. Given the cultural -significance anthropologists and other social scientists have assigned -to various modes and mediums of exchange over the years, the -socio-economic impact of this novel currency system warrants particular -consideration. This research describes the Bitcoin community that has -emerged alongside the currency, including the entrepreneurs, developers, - and consumers who are dedicated to bitcoin's perpetuation and -acceptance as an internationally recognized medium of exchange. -Ethnographic interviews and participant observation were utilized to -collect information from users in the Central Florida area, detailing -their experiences and interactions with the Bitcoin protocol and its -associated community. This research provides new levels of -anthropological insight into currency development, market interaction, -and economically embodied social commentary. Moreover, its exploratory -nature helps create a viable framework around which qualitative inquiry -of virtual crypto-currencies may be designed in future studies. | -
| Date | -2013 | -
| DOI | -https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/2748/ | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:15 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Daniel Tischer | -
| Abstract | -This essay explores the organisational character of Facebook's - Libra currency by undertaking a critical reading of documents published - by the Libra Association. Drawing on the conceptual work of Marilyn -Strathern and Michel Serres, it illustrates how ownership cuts the -network and encourages parasitism as a means of driving future profit. -Central to this is the claim that Libra is not an exercise in -democratising money, but rather, the opposite: Libra is run as a club, -for the benefit of club members. The conceptual theme of 'cutting' is -used to organise the argument. Rather than a cutting-edge technology, -Libra's true innovation is organisational and consists in overturning -the decentralised character of blockchain, such that distributed ledger -technology is re-centralised by big tech firms. Outsiders are thus -cut-off from Libra; only those inside the club have the right to -participate in Libra and its governance. This position also affords -members an exclusive capacity to take a cut of the profits generated -through Libra. As a private organisation, members have sole rights to -future profits generated from the Libra ecosystem and are in this way -incentivised to create new product opportunities over time. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Volume | -6 | -
| Pages | -19–33 | -
| Publication | -Finance and Society | -
| DOI | -10.2218/finsoc.v6i1.4406 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -2059-5999 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:18:46 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:18:46 | -
| Type | -Conference Paper | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Simon Butler | -
| Abstract | -Background. There is a historical narrative of fear -surrounding cybercrime. This has extended to cryptocurrencies (CCs), -which are often viewed as a criminal tool. Aim. To carry out the first -user study of CCs for illicit activity, from the perspective of -underground and dark net forums. Method. We conducted a qualitative -study, using a content analysis method, of 16,405 underground and dark -net forum posts selected from CrimeBB, a dataset of 100 million posts -curated by the Cambridge Cybercrime Centre. Results. Firstly, finality -of payments emerged as a major motivator for the use of CCs. Second, we -propose an Operational Security Taxonomy for Illicit Internet Activity -to show that CCs are only one part of several considerations that -combine to form security in illicit internet transactions. Third, the -dark net is hard to use and requires significant study, specialist -equipment and advanced knowledge to achieve relative security. -Conclusion. We argue that finality is the main advantage of CCs for this - user group, not anonymity as widely thought. The taxonomy shows that -banning CCs is unlikely to be effective. Finally, we contend that the -dark net is a niche for criminal activity and fears over cybercrime -cause the threat to be exaggerated. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -ISSN: 16113349 | -
| Volume | -12812 LNCS | -
| Publisher | -Springer | -
| ISBN | -978-3-030-79317-3 | -
| Pages | -135–153 | -
| Proceedings Title | -Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture - Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) | -
| DOI | -10.1007/978-3-030-79318-0_8 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -David Golumbia | -
| Date | -2013 | -
| Publication | -Clemson University Department of English | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -David Golumbia | -
| Date | -2013 | -
| Volume | -2 | -
| Pages | -2014 | -
| Publication | -Retrieved | -
| Issue | -10 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Tim May | -
| Date | -1994 | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 12:31:48 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 12:31:48 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Craig Jarvis | -
| Abstract | -The cypherpunks were 1990s digital activists who challenged -White House policies aiming to prevent the emergence of unregulated -digital cryptography, an online privacy technology capable of -frustrating government surveillance. Whilst the cypherpunk's ideology, -which is predominantly the output of Timothy C. May, is well understood, - less is known about the composition of the cypherpunk's community. This - article builds on past studies by Rid and Beltramini by using the -cypherpunk's mail list archive to profile the most active and -influential cypherpunks. This study confirms the May-derived ideology is - broadly, though not entirely, representative of the cypherpunk -community. This article assesses the cypherpunks were a highly educated, - mostly libertarian community permeated by aspects of anarchism which -arose from a societal disaffiliation inherited from the counterculture. -This article further argues that the cypherpunks were also influenced by - the hacker ethic and dystopian science fiction. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Pages | -1–27 | -
| Publication | -Internet Histories | -
| DOI | -10.1080/24701475.2021.1935547 | -
| ISSN | -24701483 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | -
| Type | -Book | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Julian Assange | -
| Author | -Jacob Appelbaum | -
| Author | -Andy Muller-Maguhn | -
| Author | -Jrmie Zimmermann | -
| Date | -2016 | -
| Publisher | -OR books | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Koray Caliskan | -
| Abstract | -Drawing on an empirical study of cryptocurrency white papers, -this paper proposes an actor-based taxonomy of cryptocurrency -blockchains. First, it describes the evolution of blockchain -architecture with reference to the economic services that blockchains -supply. Second, it discusses the socio-technical platform of blockchains - as proposed in cryptocurrency white papers. Third, it analyses the -socio-economic consequences of these technically diverse blockchain -platforms, by proposing a taxonomy of their digital architectures in -reference to two groups of actors that maintain blockchain -infrastructure: transactioners and accountants. Defining cryptocurrency -as data money, and locating cryptocurrency ownership as the possession -of an exclusive right to move data privately in a public or private -space, the paper describes a blockchain as a digital actor-network -platform that makes it possible to define and distribute these data -transfer rights. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2020.1774258 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Volume | -49 | -
| Pages | -540–561 | -
| Publication | -Economy and Society | -
| DOI | -10.1080/03085147.2020.1774258 | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| ISSN | -14695766 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Jon Truby | -
| Abstract | -The vast transactional, trust and security advantages of -Bitcoin are dwarfed by the intentionally resource-intensive design in -its transaction verification process which now threatens the climate we -depend upon for survival. Indeed Bitcoin mining and transactions are an -application of Blockchain technology employing an inefficient use of -scarce energy resources for a financial activity at a point in human -development where world governments are scrambling to reduce energy -consumption through their Paris Agreement climate change commitments and - beyond to mitigate future climate change implications. Without -encouraging more sustainable development of the potential applications -of Blockchain technologies which can have significant social and -economic benefits, their resource-intensive design combined now pose a -serious threat to the global commitment to mitigate greenhouse gas -emissions. The article examines government intervention choices to -desocialise negative environmental externalities caused by high-energy -consuming Blockchain technology designs. The research question explores -how to promote the environmentally sustainable development of -applications of Blockchain without damaging this valuable sector. It -studies existing regulatory and fiscal policy approaches towards digital - currencies in order to provide a basis for further legal and policy -tools targeted at mitigating energy consumption of Blockchain -technologies. The article concludes by identifying appropriate fiscal -policy options for this purpose, as well as further considerations on -the potential for Blockchain technology in climate change mitigation. | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| URL | -10.1016/j.erss.2018.06.009 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -44 | -
| Pages | -399–410 | -
| Publication | -Energy Research and Social Science | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.erss.2018.06.009 | -
| Issue | -June | -
| ISSN | -22146296 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Alan Cunningham | -
| Abstract | -The increasing collective use of distributed application -software platforms, programming languages and crypto-currencies around -the blockchain concept for general transactions may have radical -implications for the way in which society conceptualises and applies -trust and trust-based social systems such as law. By exploring one -iteration of such generalised blockchain systems - Ethereum - and the -historical lineage of such systems, it will be argued that indeed their -ideological basis is largely one of distrust, decentralisation and, -ultimately, via increasing disassociation of identity, a fear of the -body itself. This ideological basis can be reframed as a crypto-legal -approach to the problems of human interaction, one whereby the purely -technological solutions outlined above are considered adequate for -reconciling many of the problems of our collective existence. The -article concludes, however, by re-iterating a perspective of law more so - as an entirely embodied and trust dependent notion. These aspects go -some way to explaining the necessarily centralised role it takes on -within societies. They also explain why the crypto-legal approaches -advanced by systems like Ethereum - or even the co-opting of blockchain -technology by law firms themselves - will only ever be at best -efficiency exercises concerned with the processing of data relating to -legal affairs, and not the more radical, ambiguous and difficult process - of actual legal thought or, indeed, engagement with trust. | -
| Date | -2016 | -
| Volume | -13 | -
| Pages | -235–257 | -
| Publication | -SCRIPTed | -
| DOI | -10.2966/scrip.130316.235 | -
| Issue | -3 | -
| ISSN | -1744-2567 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Balázs Bodó | -
| Author | -Jaya Klara Brekke | -
| Author | -Jaap Henk Hoepman | -
| Abstract | -Decentralisation as a concept is attracting a lot of interest, - not least with the rise of decentralised and distributed techno-social -systems like Bitcoin, and distributed ledgers more generally. In this -paper, we first define decentralisation as it is implemented for -technical architectures and then discuss the technical, social, -political and economic ideas that drive the development of -decentralised, and in particular, distributed systems. We argue that -technical efforts towards decentralisation tend to go hand-in-hand with -ambitions for rearranging power dynamics. We caution, however, against -simplistic understandings of power in relation to the -decentralisation-centralisation spectrum, and argue that in practice, -decentralisation might very well be served by and produce centralising -effects. The paper then goes on to discuss the critical literature that -highlights some of the common assumptions and critiques made about -decentralisation and the pros and cons of a decentralised approach. -Finally, we propose some of the missing parts to current debates about -decentralisation, and argue for a more nuanced and grounded approach to -the centralisation/decentralisation dichotomy. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Volume | -10 | -
| Pages | -0–21 | -
| Publication | -Internet Policy Review | -
| DOI | -10.14763/2021.2.1563 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -21976775 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Nathan Tse | -
| Abstract | -It has been suggested that the development of decentralised -autonomous organisations (DAOs) will lead to a paradigm shift in the way - we perceive businesses. DAOs ostensibly eliminate agency costs due to -the absence of a board of directors, automated governance mechanisms and - transparency provided by the blockchain upon which the DAO is launched. - This article undertakes a comparative analysis between DAOs and -corporations and questions whether DAOs really do improve the corporate -form. Using a corporate governance and legal realist lens, this article -suggests that a number of the purported benefits of DAOs are overly -simplified. Moreover, there are several practical and legal obstacles -that technological advancements and improved engineering must overcome -before DAOs become a viable, mainstream organisational structure. -Balancing the inevitable improvement in technology against these -significant obstacles, this article predicts an incremental integration -of DAOs into society through a hybrid approach, involving interim legal -solutions and varying degrees of automation and decentralisation. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: HeinOnline | -
| Volume | -51 | -
| Pages | -313 | -
| Publication | -Victoria University of Wellington Law Review | -
| DOI | -10.26686/vuwlr.v51i2.6573 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -1171-042X | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Tom Barbereau | -
| Author | -Reilly Smethurst | -
| Author | -Orestis Papageorgiou | -
| Author | -Johannes Sedlmeir | -
| Author | -Gilbert Fridgen | -
| Date | -2022 | -
| Publication | -Available at SSRN | -
| DOI | -https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4001891 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | -
| Type | -Manuscript | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Nathan Schneider | -
| Abstract | -Decentralization is a term widely used in a variety of -contexts, particularly in political science and discourses surrounding -the Internet. It is popular today among advocates of blockchain -technology. While frequently employed as if it were a technical term, -decentralization more reliably appears to operate as a rhetorical -strategy that directs attention toward some aspects of a proposed social - order and away from others. It is called for far more than it is -theorized or consistently defined. This non-specificity has served to -draw diverse participants into common political and technological -projects. Yet even the most apparently decentralized systems have shown -the capacity to produce economically and structurally centralized -outcomes. The rhetoric of decentralization thus obscures other aspects -of the re-ordering it claims to describe. It steers attention from where - concentrations of power are operating, deferring worthwhile debate -about how such power should operate. For decentralization to be a -reliable concept in formulating future social arrangements and related -technologies, it should come with high standards of specificity. It also - cannot substitute for anticipating centralization with appropriate -mechanisms of accountability. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -ISSN: 17530369 -Issue: 4 -Publication Title: Journal of Cultural Economy -Volume: 12 -DOI: 10.1080/17530350.2019.1589553 | -
| # of Pages | -265–285 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Samer Hassan | -
| Author | -Primavera De Filippi | -
| Abstract | -A DAO is a blockchain-based system that enables people to -coordinate and govern themselves mediated by a set of self-executing -rules deployed on a public blockchain, and whose governance is -decentralised (i.e., independent from central control). | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Berlin: Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society | -
| Volume | -10 | -
| Pages | -1–10 | -
| Publication | -Internet Policy Review | -
| DOI | -10.14763/2021.2.1556 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -21976775 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Aaron Wright | -
| Author | -Primavera De Filippi | -
| Abstract | -Just as decentralization communication systems lead to the -creation of the Internet, today a new technology — the blockchain — has -the potential to decentralize the way we store data and manage -information, potentially leading to a reduced role for one of the most -important regulatory actors in our society: the middleman. Blockchain -technology enables the creation of decentralized currencies, -self-executing digital contracts (smart contracts) and intelligent -assets that can be controlled over the Internet (smart property). The -blockchain also enables the development of new governance systems with -more democratic or participatory decision-making, and decentralized -(autonomous) organizations that can operate over a network of computers -without any human intervention. These applications have led many to -compare the blockchain to the Internet, with accompanying predictions -that this technology will shift the balance of power away from -centralized authorities in the field of communications, business, and -even politics or law. In this Article, we explore the benefits and -drawbacks of this emerging decentralized technology and argue that its -widespread deployment will lead to expansion of a new subset of law, -which we term Lex Cryptographia: rules administered through -self-executing smart contracts and decentralized (autonomous) -organizations. As blockchain technology becomes widely adopted, -centralized authorities, such as governmental agencies and large -multinational corporations, could lose the ability to control and shape -the activities of disparate people through existing means. As a result, -there will be an increasing need to focus on how to regulate blockchain -technology and how to shape the creation and deployment of these -emerging decentralized organizations in ways that have yet to be -explored under current legal theory. | -
| Date | -2015 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.2580664 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Dirk A. Zetzsche | -
| Author | -Douglas W. Arner | -
| Author | -Ross P. Buckley | -
| Abstract | -DeFi (‘decentralized finance') has joined FinTech (‘financial -technology'), RegTech (‘regulatory technology'), cryptocurrencies, and -digital assets as one of the most discussed emerging technological -evolutions in global finance. Yet little is really understood about its -meaning, legal implications, and policy consequences. In this article we - introduce DeFi, put DeFi in the context of the traditional financial -economy, connect DeFi to open banking, and end with some policy -considerations. We suggest that decentralization has the potential to -undermine traditional forms of accountability and erode the -effectiveness of traditional financial regulation and enforcement. At -the same time, we find that where parts of the financial services value -chain are decentralized, there will be a reconcentration in a different -(but possibly less regulated, less visible, and less transparent) part -of the value chain. DeFi regulation could, and should, focus on this -reconcentrated portion of the value chain to ensure effective oversight -and risk control. Rather than eliminating the need for regulation, in -fact DeFi requires regulation in order to achieve its core objective of -decentralization. Furthermore, DeFi potentially offers an opportunity -for the development of an entirely new way to design regulation: the -idea of ‘embedded regulation'. Regulatory approaches could be built into - the design of DeFi, thus potentially decentralizing both finance and -its regulation, in the ultimate expression of RegTech. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Volume | -6 | -
| Pages | -172–203 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Financial Regulation | -
| DOI | -10.1093/jfr/fjaa010 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -20534841 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Fabian Schär | -
| Abstract | -The term decentralized finance (DeFi) refers to an alternative - financial infrastructure built on top of the Ethereum blockchain. DeFi -uses smart contracts to create protocols that replicate existing -financial services in a more open, interoperable, and transparent way. -This article highlights opportunities and potential risks of the DeFi -ecosystem. I propose a multi-layered framework to analyze the implicit -architecture and the various DeFi building blocks, including token -standards, decentralized exchanges, decentralized debt markets, -blockchain derivatives, and on-chain asset management protocols. I -con-clude that DeFi still is a niche market with certain risks but that -it also has interesting properties in terms of efficiency, transparency, - accessibility, and composability. As such, DeFi may potentially -contribute to a more robust and transparent financial infrastructure. -(JEL G15, G23, E59). | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Volume | -103 | -
| Pages | -153–174 | -
| Publication | -Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review | -
| DOI | -10.20955/r.103.153-74 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -00149187 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Kristin N Johnson | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: HeinOnline | -
| Volume | -62 | -
| Pages | -1911 | -
| Publication | -Wm. & Mary L. Rev. | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Kristin N. Johnson | -
| Abstract | -Global financial markets are in the midst of a transformative -movement. The creation of Bitcoin and Facebook's proposed distribution -of Diem mark a watershed moment in the evolution of the financial -markets ecosystem. Purportedly, peer-to-peer distributed digital ledger -technology eliminates legacy financial market intermediaries such as -investment banks, depository banks, exchanges, clearinghouses, and -broker-dealers. Yet careful examination reveals that cryptocurrency -issuers and the firms that offer secondary market cryptocurrency trading - services have not quite lived up to their promise. Notwithstanding -crypto-enthusiasts' calls for disintermediation, evidence reveals that -platforms that facilitate cryptocurrency trading frequently employ the -long-adopted intermediation practices of their traditional counterparts. - In fact, when emerging technologies fail, cryptocoin and token trading -platforms partner with and rely on traditional financial services firms. - As a result, these platforms face many of the | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.3831439 | -
| ISSN | -0043-5589 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Lin William Cong | -
| Author | -Zhiguo He | -
| Author | -Jiasun Li | -
| Abstract | -The rise of centralized mining pools for risk sharing does not - necessarily undermine the decentralization required for blockchains: -because of miners' cross-pool diversification and pool managers' -endogenous fee setting, larger pools better internalize their -externality on global hash rates, charge higher fees, attract -disproportionately fewer miners, and grow more slowly. Instead, mining -pools as a financial innovation escalate miners' arms race and -significantly increase the energy consumption of proof-of-work-based -blockchains. Empirical evidence from Bitcoin mining supports our model's - predictions. The economic insights inform other consensus protocols and - the industrial organization of mainstream sectors with similar -characteristics but ambiguous prior findings. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Volume | -34 | -
| Pages | -1191–1235 | -
| Publication | -Review of Financial Studies | -
| DOI | -10.1093/rfs/hhaa040 | -
| Issue | -3 | -
| ISSN | -14657368 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Andrej Zwitter | -
| Author | -Jilles Hazenberg | -
| Abstract | -Advancements in the digital domain, for example, in blockchain - technology, big data, and machine learning, are increasingly shaping -the lives of individuals, groups, organizations, and societies. These -developments call for effective governance to protect the basic -interests and needs of these actors. Simultaneously, the very nature of -governance is also changing. Policy-making is increasingly moving away -from top-down governance by the state toward more horizontal modes of -governance. This paper reviews the literature on governance theory in -order to conceptualize governance as a mode of decentralized, networked -regulation. We argue that the current dominant modes of governance are -inadequate in understanding governance in the digital domain and are -poorly equipped to conceptualize novel forms of governance such as -decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs). Therefore, this study -proposes a new mode of governance based on the regulation of new power -relationships between the state and actors in the digital domain. This -model further explores the role that blockchain technology can play in -what we term decentralized network governance. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fbloc.2020.00012 | -
| Volume | -3 | -
| Publication | -Frontiers in Blockchain | -
| Journal Abbr | -Frontiers in Blockchain | -
| ISSN | -2624-7852 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 18:49:14 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 18:49:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -JP Vergne | -
| Abstract | -The terms decentralized organization and distributed -organization are often used interchangeably, despite describing two -distinct phenomena. I propose distinguishing decentralization, as the -dispersion of organizational communications, from distribution, as the -dispersion of organizational decision-making. Organizations can be -distributed without being decentralized (and vice versa), and having -multiple management layers directly affects only distribution – not -decentralization. This proposed distinction has implications for -understanding the growth of digital platforms (e.g. amazon.com ), which -dominate the global economy in the 21 st century. While prominent -platforms typically use machine learning as their core technology to -transform inputs (e.g. data) into outputs (e.g. matchmaking services), -blockchain has emerged as an alternative technological blueprint. I -argue that blockchain enables platforms that are both decentralized and -distributed (e.g. Bitcoin), whereas machine learning fosters centralized - communications and the concentration of decision-making (e.g. Facebook -Inc.). This distinction has crucial implications for antitrust policy, -which, I contend, should shift both its analysis and its target of -action away from the corporate level and focus instead on the data -level. Based on this essay's framework, I make several predictions -regarding the future of competition between centralized and -decentralized platforms, the evolution of government regulation, and -broader implications for managers in the digital economy and for the -business schools charged with their education. I conclude with -reflections on the opportunity to revive cybernetic thinking for -preventing a dystopian future dominated by a handful of platform -behemoths. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England | -
| Volume | -1 | -
| Pages | -263178772097705 | -
| Publication | -Organization Theory | -
| DOI | -10.1177/2631787720977052 | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| ISSN | -2631-7877 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Stephen Diehl | -
| Date | -2021-11-16 | -
| URL | -https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/decentralized-woo.html | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 10:56:34 | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 10:56:34 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:43:47 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Angela Walch | -
| Abstract | -Decentralization is what allows Bitcoin to substitute an army -of computers for an army of accountants, investigators, and -lawyers.-Nick Szabo, Twitter. 1 [B]ased on my understanding of the -present state of Ether, the Ethereum network and its decentralized -structure, current offers and sales of Ether are not securities -transactions\ldots. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Pages | -1–36 | -
| Publication | -C. Brummer (ed.), Crypto Assets: Legal and Monetary Perspectives | -
| DOI | -https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3326244 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Harry Halpin | -
| Abstract | -The vast majority of applications at this moment rely on -centralized servers to relay messages between clients, where these -servers are considered trusted third-parties. With the rise of -blockchain technologies over the last few years, there has been a move -away from both centralized servers and traditional federated models to -more decentralized peer-to-peer alternatives. However, there appears to -be a trilemma between security, scalability, and decentralization in -blockchain-based systems. Deconstructing this trilemma using well-known -threat models, we define a typology of centralized, federated, and -decentralized architectures. Each of the different architectures has -this trilemma play out differently. Facing a possible decentralized -future, we outline seven hard problems facing decentralization and -theorize that the differences between centralized, federated, and -decentralized architectures depend on differing social interpretations -of trust. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -ISBN: 9789897584459 -_eprint: 2008.08014 | -
| Volume | -3 | -
| Pages | -505–512 | -
| Publication | -ICETE 2020 - Proceedings of the 17th International Joint Conference on e-Business and Telecommunications | -
| DOI | -10.5220/0009892405050512 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:40 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:40 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Nic Carter | -
| Author | -Linda Jeng | -
| Abstract | -This paper explores the Decentralized Finance (DeFi) -ecosystem. We examine how DeFi is emerging on top of the public Ethereum - smart contract platform, compare it to the centralized architecture of -traditional financial markets and highlight opportunities and potential -risks of this ecosystem. We propose a multi-layered framework to analyze - the implicit architecture and the various DeFi building blocks, -including token standards, decentralized exchanges, decentralized debt -markets, blockchain derivatives and on-chain asset management protocols. - We conclude that DeFi still is a niche market with certain risks, but -also has interesting properties in terms of efficiency, transparency, -accessibility and interoperability. As such, it may potentially -contribute to a more robust and transparent financial infrastructure. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3866699 | -
| Pages | -1–35 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.3866699 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Sirio Aramonte | -
| Author | -Wenqian Huang | -
| Author | -Andreas Schrimpf | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Language | -en | -
| Library Catalog | -Zotero | -
| Pages | -16 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:34:24 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:35:09 | -
| Type | -Conference Paper | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Tom Barbereau | -
| Author | -Reilly Smethurst | -
| Author | -Orestis Papageorgiou | -
| Author | -Alexander Rieger | -
| Author | -Gilbert Fridgen | -
| Date | -2022 | -
| Proceedings Title | -Proceedings of the 55th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences | -
| DOI | -https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/80074 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Hilary J Allen | -
| Date | -2022 | -
| Publication | -William & Mary Law Review, Forthcoming | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 09:20:47 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 09:20:47 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Sandra Faustino | -
| Abstract | -This paper discusses the role of Deleuzian philosophy in -fintech projects which operate ‘in the wild', i.e. far from the major -institutional settings of fintech development, and which speculate -towards an alternative financial economy, building upon algorithms, -blockchains, cryptocurrencies, and crypto-assets. Based on ethnographic -data collected with three different projects, I discuss the process of -earmarking financial operations by means of philosophical concepts or -theories, which enable the re-interpretation of the process of -financialisation of everyday life. I further analyse the conceptual -socialization of these technological endeavours with the wider-reaching -theme of accelerating the capitalist process with the objective to -overturn its excessive powers. The paper concludes by suggesting that -fintech experiments which are socialized with accelerationist narratives - re-interpret the process of financialisation as a path of liberation -instead of exploitation, offering an escape from the capitalist crisis -through machinic alchemy. | -
| Date | -2022 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Volume | -15 | -
| Pages | -93–102 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Cultural Economy | -
| DOI | -10.1080/17530350.2021.1977676 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -17530369 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Rabin K. Jana | -
| Author | -Indranil Ghosh | -
| Author | -Debojyoti Das | -
| Author | -Anupam Dutta | -
| Abstract | -Electronic waste is generating in the Bitcoin network at an -alarming rate. This study identifies the determinants of electronic -waste generation in the Bitcoin network using machine learning -algorithms. We model the evolutionary patterns of electronic waste and -carry out a predictive analytics exercise to achieve this objective. The - Maximal Information Coefficient (MIC) and Generalized Mean Information -Coefficient (GMIC) help to study the association structure. A series of -six state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms - Gradient Boosting -(GB), Regularized Random Forest (RRF), Bagging-Multiple Adaptive -Regression Splines (BM), Hybrid Neuro Fuzzy Inference Systems (HYFIS), -Self-Organizing Map (SOM), and Quantile Regression Neural Network (QRNN) - are used separately for predictive modeling. We compare the predictive -performance of all the algorithms. Statistically, the GB is a superior -model followed by RRF. The performance of SOM is the least accurate. Our - findings reveal that the blockchain's size, energy consumption, and the - historical number of Bitcoin are the most determinants of electronic -waste generation in the Bitcoin network. The overall findings bring out -exciting insights into practical relevance for effectively curbing -electronic waste accumulation. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Volume | -173 | -
| Publication | -Technological Forecasting and Social Change | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121101 | -
| ISSN | -00401625 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Edward Chancellor | -
| Date | -1999 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Macmillan London | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 09:44:31 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 09:44:31 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Alexia Maddox | -
| Author | -Luke J Heemsbergen | -
| Abstract | -duction This article situates the dark as a liminal and -creative space of experimentation where tensions are generative and -people tinker with emerging technologies to create alternative futures. -Darkness need not mean chaos and fear of violence – it can mean privacy -and protection. We define dark as an experimental space based upon -uncertainties rather than computational knowns (Bridle) and then -demonstrate via a case study of cryptocurrencies the contribution of -dark and liminal social spaces to future(s)-making. Cryptocurrencies are - digital cash systems that use decentralised (peer-to-peer) networking -to enable irreversible payments (Maurer, Nelms, and Swartz). -Cryptocurrencies are often clones or variations on the ‘original' -Bitcoin payment systems protocol (Trump et al.) that was shared with the - cryptographic community through a pseudonymous and still unknown -author(s) (Nakamoto), creating a founder mystery. Due to the open -creation process, a new cryptocurrency is relatively easy to make. -However, many of them are based on speculative bubbles that mirror -Bitcoin, Ethereum, and ICOs' wealth creation. Examples of -cryptocurrencies now largely used for speculation due to their -volatility in holding value are rampant, with online clearing houses -competing to trade hundreds of different assets from AAVE to ZIL. Many -of these altcoins have little to no following or trading volume, leading - to their obsolescence. Others enjoy immense popularity among dedicated -communities of backers and investors. Consequently, while many -cryptocurrency experiments fail or lack adoption and drop from the -purview of history, their constant variation also contributes to the -undertow of the future that pulls against more visible surface waves of -computational progress. The article is structured to first define how we - understand and leverage ‘dark' against computational cultures. We then -apply thematic and analytical tactics to articulate future-making -socio-technical experiments in the dark. Based on past empirical work of - the authors (Maddox "Netnography") we focus on crypto-cultures' complex - emancipatory and normative tensions via themes of construction, -disruption, contention, redirection, obsolescence, and iteration. -Through these themes we illustrate the mutation and absorption of dark -experimental spaces into larger social structures. The themes we -identify are not meant as a complete or necessarily serial set of -occurrences, but nonetheless contribute a new vocabulary for students of - technology and media to see into and grapple with the dark. Embracing -the Dark: Prework & Analytical Tactics for Outside the Known To -frame discussion of the dark here as creative space for alternative -futures, we focus on scholars who have deeply engaged with notions of -socio-technical darkness. This allows us to explore outside the blinders - of computational light and, with a nod to Sassen, dig in the shadows of - known categories to evolve the analytical tactics required for the -study of emerging socio-technical conditions. We understand the Dark Web - to usher shifting and multiple definitions of darkness, from a moral -darkness to a technical one (Gehl). From this work, we draw the -observation of how technologies that obfuscate digital tracking create -novel capacities for digital cultures in spaces defined by anonymity for - both publisher and user. Darknets accomplish this by overlaying open -internet protocols (e.g. TCP/IP) with non-standard protocols that -encrypt and anonymise information (Pace). Pace traces concepts of -darknets to networks in the 1970s that were 'insulated' from the -internet's predecessor ARPANET by air gap, and then reemerged as -software protocols similarly insulated from cultural norms around -intellectual property. ‘Darknets' can also be considered in ternary as -opposed to binary terms (Gehl and McKelvey) that push to make private -that which is supposed to be public infrastructure, and push private -platforms (e.g. a Personal Computer) to make public networks via common -bandwidth. In this way, darknets feed new possibilities of communication - from both common infrastructures and individual's platforms. Enabling -new potentials of community online and out of sight serves to signal -what the dark accomplishes for the social when measured against an -otherwise unending light of computational society. To this point, a new -dark age can be welcomed insofar it allows an undecided future outside -of computational logics that continually define and refine the possible -and probable (Bridle). This argument takes von Neumann's 1945 -declaration that “all stable processes we shall predict. All unstable -processes we shall control” (in Bridle 21) as a founding statement for -computational thought and indicative of current society. The hope -expressed by Bridle is not an absence of knowledge, but an absence of -knowing the future. Past the computational prison of total information -awareness within an accelerating information age (Castells) is the -promise of new formations of as yet unknowable life. Thus, from Bridle's - perspective, and ours, darkness can be a place of freedom and -possibility, where the equality of being in the dark, together, is not -as threatening as current privileged ways of thinking would suggest -(Bridle 15). The consequences of living in a constant glaring light lead - to data hierarchies “leaching” (Bridle) into everything, including -social relationships, where our data are relationalised while our -relations are datafied (Maddox and Heemsbergen) by enforcing -computational thinking upon them. Darkness becomes a refuge that -acknowledges the power of unknowing, and a return to potential for -social, equitable, and reciprocal relations. This is not to say that we -envision a utopian life without the shadow of hierarchy, but rather an -encouragement to dig into those shadows made visible only by the -brightest of lights. The idea of digging in the shadows is borrowed from - Saskia Sassen, who asks us to consider the ‘master categories' that -blind us to alternatives. According to Sassen (402), while master -categories have the power to illuminate, their blinding power keeps us -from seeing other presences in the landscape: “they produce, then, a -vast penumbra around that center of light. It is in that penumbra that -we need to go digging”. We see darkness in the age of digital ubiquity -as rejecting the blinding ‘master category' of computational thought. -Computational thought defines social/economic/political life via what is - static enough to predict or unstable enough to render a need to -control. Otherwise, the observable, computable, knowable, and possible -all follow in line. Our dig in the shadows posits a penumbra of -protocols – both of computational code and human practice – that circle -the blinding light of known digital communications. We use the remainder - of this short article to describe these themes found in the dark that -offer new ways to understand the movements and moments of potential -futures that remain largely unseen. Thematic Resonances in the Dark This - section considers cryptocultures of the dark. We build from a thematic -vocabulary that has been previously introduced from empirical examples -of the crypto-market communities which tinker with and through the -darkness provided by encryption and privacy technologies (Maddox -"Netnography"). Here we refine these future-making themes through their -application to events surrounding community-generated technology aimed -at disrupting centralised banking systems: cryptocurrencies (Maddox, -Singh, et al.). Given the overlaps in collective values and technologies - between crypto-communities, we find it useful to test the relevance of -these themes to the experimental dynamics surrounding cryptocurrencies. -We unpack these dynamics as construction, rupture and disruption, -redirection, and the flip-sided relationship between obsolescence and -iteration leading to mutation and absorption. This section provides a -working example for how these themes adapt in application to a community - dwelling at the edge of experimental technological possibilities. The -theme of construction is both a beginning and a materialisation of a -value field. It originates within the cyberlibertarians' ideological -stance towards using technological innovations to ‘create a new world in - the shell of the old' (van de Sande) which has been previously -expressed through the concept of constructive activism (Maddox, Barratt, - et al.). This libertarian ideology is also to be found in the early -cultures that gave rise to cryptocurrencies. Through their interest in -the potential of cryptography technologies related to social and -political change, the Cypherpunks mailing list formed in 1992 (Swartz). -The socio-cultural field surrounding cryptocurrencies, however, has -always consisted of a diverse ecosystem of vested interests building -collaborations from “goldbugs, hippies, anarchists, cyberpunks, -cryptographers, payment systems experts, currency activists, commodity -traders, and the curious” (Maurer, Nelms, and Swartz 262). Through the -theme of construction we can consider architectures of collaboration, -cooperation, and coordination developed by technically savvy -populations. Cryptocurrencies are often developed as code by teams who -build in mechanisms for issuance (e.g. ‘mining') and other controls -(Conway). Thus, construction and making of cryptocurrencies tend to be -collective yet decentralised. Cryptocurrencies arose during a time of -increasing levels of distrust in governments and global financial -instability from the Global Financial Crisis (20 | -
| Date | -2021-04 | -
| URL | -https://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/2755 | -
| Volume | -24 | -
| Publication | -M/C Journal | -
| DOI | -10.5204/mcj.2755 | -
| Issue | -2 SE - | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | -
| Type | -Book | -
|---|---|
| Author | -David J Phillips | -
| Date | -1998 | -
| URL | -https://search.proquest.com/openview/7ca922683fe4b5a94427e0ba59af4def/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y%0A | -
| Extra | -DOI: https://search.proquest.com/openview/7ca922683fe4b5a94427e0ba59af4def/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y | -
| Publisher | -University of Pennsylvania | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Hugo Benedetti | -
| Author | -Leonard Kostovetsky | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Publication | -Returns to Investors in Initial Coin Offerings (May 20, 2018) | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Yizhou Xu | -
| Abstract | -This article explores the digitalization of traditional -funeral joss paper into digital commodities through the case study of -the Chinese online cemetery 00tang.com. Joss paper are paper replicas of - everyday items such as money and objects that are ritually burned as a -form of symbolic offering to the deceased in accordance with traditional - Chinese practices of ancestor worship. Using both ethnographic -interviews and discursive interface analysis, I look at how the -remediation of spiritual joss paper into digital objects complicates -perceived dichotomy between the gift and commodity that requires new -ways of thinking about the acts of social reciprocity, indebtedness, and - obligation. Drawing on established literature relating to gift and -digital economies, I argue 00tang's digitization of joss paper on -internet cemeteries is reflexive of the biopolitical means by which the -state and market forces work to subsume traditional ancestor worship -into controllable and commodifiable labor of mourning. Here, the -subversive wastefulness of the gift is replaced by its accumulation and -preservation online. Digitization in this regard highlights the process -by which objects take on different materiality, values, aesthetics, and -productive labor practices, all of which fundamentally alters the -symbolic regimes of death and the ritual gift economy in China. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2021.1952099 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Volume | -0 | -
| Pages | -1–17 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Cultural Economy | -
| DOI | -10.1080/17530350.2021.1952099 | -
| Issue | -0 | -
| ISSN | -17530369 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:15 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:15 | -
| Type | -Thesis | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Clara Jaya Brekke | -
| Abstract | -Blockchain technology is, in part, a proposal to resolve ‘the -political' through technical means: decentralised networks to solve the -problem of authority; cryptography to coordinate and secure the network; - and game theory and incentive design to solve network behaviour. This -PhD thesis draws on theoretical work by Karen Barad (2007) and Jacques -Rancière (Rancière, 2010) to ask the question of what matters -politically in blockchain technology – both in the sense of matter as -becoming material of a new mediation of the political, but also -mattering in the sense of being of political importance to engineers, -developers and communities forming around blockchain as a potential. -Rather than treating blockchain as coherent thing to be either -celebrated or criticised, this thesis proposes and attempts to draw out -the ways in which the potentials of blockchain are negotiated as part of - its political effects, looking towards these negotiations to understand - how political differences are made and sought materialised. Three -approaches to the political are articulated to analyse Bitcoin and -Ethereum as case studies and shift their terms of debate. Firstly, -addressing the question of algorithmic determinacy, an approach is -proposed for critically understanding a blockchain proposition that does - not immediately revert to a competition of control between ‘human' and -‘machine' through the notion of the insensible, drawing on work by -geographer of the inhuman Yusoff (2013a). Secondly, drawing on political - theorist Rancière (2010) a particular blockchain sensibility is -articulated, addressing the question of the particular kind of -‘disruption' that blockchain presents. Its specific provenance in -political histories of decentralised network computation opens up -political significance beyond its intersections with financial -capitalism. Finally, addressing the question of blockchain as a -resolution to the political, the thesis introduces the concept of -dissensible as an ongoing potential for incompatible sensibilities and -their negotiation. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13174/http://etheses.dur.ac.uk | -
| Extra | -DOI: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13174/http://etheses.dur.ac.uk -Volume: 0 | -
| Type | -PhD Thesis | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Alexia Maddox | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Volume | -2 | -
| Pages | -20–38 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Digital Social Research | -
| DOI | -10.33621/jdsr.v2i1.23 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Alexia Maddox | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Volume | -2 | -
| Pages | -20–38 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Digital Social Research | -
| DOI | -10.33621/jdsr.v2i1.23 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Massimo Bartoletti | -
| Author | -Salvatore Carta | -
| Author | -Tiziana Cimoli | -
| Author | -Roberto Saia | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -102 | -
| Pages | -259–277 | -
| Publication | -Future Generation Computer Systems | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Peter Howson | -
| Abstract | -This commentary considers the challenges and trade-offs in -using blockchain as the facilitating digital infrastructure for degrowth - projects. A blockchain is simply a distributed database. The technology - is being used for a wide range of applications relevant to economic -exchange and environmental sustainability. Many degrowth scholars wholly - reject technical fixes for politically induced environmental crises, -seeing blockchain projects as wasteful and counter to convivial social -relations. Others highlight the technology's potential for facilitating -redistributive and regenerative economies, but without much detail. This - paper argues that if blockchain is ever to prove useful for the -degrowth movement it would need to overcome challenges in three -important areas: 1) building democratic and (re)distributive economies, -2) regenerating the environment without commodifying it, and 3) -facilitating international alliances without imposing a particular set -of values. What is certain is that technology on its own will not -transcend the political struggles tackled by degrowth activists. -However, under certain conditions, blockchain might make those struggles - more effective. | -
| Date | -2021-06 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier B.V. | -
| Volume | -184 | -
| Pages | -107020 | -
| Publication | -Ecological Economics | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107020 | -
| Issue | -June 2020 | -
| ISSN | -09218009 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Dániel Kondor | -
| Author | -Márton Pósfai | -
| Author | -István Csabai | -
| Author | -Gábor Vattay | -
| Date | -2014 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Public Library of Science | -
| Volume | -9 | -
| Pages | -e86197 | -
| Publication | -PloS one | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Jonathan Koomey | -
| Author | -Eric Masanet | -
| Abstract | -Jonathan Koomey is president of Koomey Analytics and has in -the past been a visiting professor at Stanford University, Yale -University, and UC Berkeley. He's one of the leading international -experts on the economics of climate solutions and the energy and -environmental effects of information technology. Dr. Koomey holds M.S. -and Ph.D. degrees from the Energy and Resources Group at UC Berkeley and - an A.B. in History and Science from Harvard University. He is the -author or coauthor of more than 200 articles and reports and nine books, - including Turning Numbers into Knowledge: Mastering the Art of Problem -Solving and Cold Cash, Cool Climate: Science-Based Advice for Ecological - Entrepreneurs. More at http://www.koomey.com. Eric Masanet is the -Mellichamp Chair in Sustainability Science for Emerging Technologies at -the University of California, Santa Barbara, where he holds appointments - in the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management and the -Department of Mechanical Engineering. He has authored more than 130 -scientific publications on sustainability modeling of energy and -materials demand systems, with particular focuses on data centers and IT - systems. He holds a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from UC Berkeley, -with a focus on sustainable manufacturing. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2021.05.007 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier Inc. | -
| Volume | -5 | -
| Pages | -1625–1628 | -
| Publication | -Joule | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.joule.2021.05.007 | -
| Issue | -7 | -
| ISSN | -25424351 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Pengcheng Xia | -
| Author | -Haoyu Wang | -
| Author | -Xiapu Luo | -
| Author | -Lei Wu | -
| Author | -Yajin Zhou | -
| Author | -Guangdong Bai | -
| Author | -Guoai Xu | -
| Author | -Gang Huang | -
| Author | -Xuanzhe Liu | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Publication | -arXiv preprint arXiv:2007.13639 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -David Rosenthal | -
| Abstract | -Stanford Lecture on Cryptocurrency | -
| URL | -https://blog.dshr.org/2022/02/ee380-talk.html | -
| Accessed | -02/03/2022, 09:23:07 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 09:23:07 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 09:24:11 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Matthew Hougan | -
| Author | -Hong Kim | -
| Author | -Micah Lerner | -
| Author | -Bitwise Asset Management | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Bitwise Asset Management | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Blog Post | -
|---|---|
| Author | -David Rosenthal | -
| Date | -2014-10-07 | -
| Language | -en | -
| URL | -https://blog.dshr.org/2014/10/economies-of-scale-in-peer-to-peer.html | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 11:20:52 | -
| Blog Title | -DSHR's Blog | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 11:20:52 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:52:14 | -
| Type | -Blog Post | -
|---|---|
| Author | -David Rosenthal | -
| Date | -2022-02-09 | -
| Language | -en | -
| URL | -https://blog.dshr.org/2022/02/ee380-talk.html | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 11:21:55 | -
| Blog Title | -DSHR's Blog | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 11:21:55 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:56:12 | -
Having built a decentralized consensus system using Proof-of-Work (http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/945445.945451) - the author has the technical knowledge to explain the design faults and - limitations of permissionless blockchain systems, as well as -highlighting the economic and environmental issues. Summary of critique:
---
-- That the externalities I describe don't exist. You'll have a hard -time proving that the waste of electricity and hardware, and the crime -wave, are imaginary.
-- That although the externalities do exist, the benefits of -decentralization outweigh them. The problem here is that since the -systems are not actually decentralized, we get the externalities but -don't get the benefits.
-- That although the externalities do exist, and the systems aren't -dencentralized, they're making so much money that we shouldn't worry. -The problem here is that the amount of actual money you can get out of a - cryptocurrency equals the amount of actual money that has been put in, -minus the actual costs of mining. So the big picture is that although -there may be winners, in aggregate the system loses money.
-
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Johannes Sedlmeir | -
| Author | -Hans Ulrich Buhl | -
| Author | -Gilbert Fridgen | -
| Author | -Robert Keller | -
| Abstract | -The enormous power consumption of Bitcoin has led to -undifferentiated discussions in science and practice about the -sustainability of blockchain and distributed ledger technology in -general. However, blockchain technology is far from homogeneous—not only - with regard to its applications, which now go far beyond -cryptocurrencies and have reached businesses and the public sector, but -also with regard to its technical characteristics and, in particular, -its power consumption. This paper summarizes the status quo of the power - consumption of various implementations of blockchain technology, with -special emphasis on the recent ‘‘Bitcoin Halving” and so-called -‘‘zk-rollups”. We argue that although Bitcoin and other proof-of-work -blockchains do indeed consume a lot of power, alternative blockchain -solutions with significantly lower power consumption are already -available today, and new promising concepts are being tested that could -further reduce in particulary the power consumption of large blockchain -networks in the near future. From this we conclude that although the -criticism of Bitcoin's power consumption is legitimate, it should not be - used to derive an energy problem of blockchain technology in general. -In many cases in which processes can be digitized or improved with the -help of more energy-efficient blockchain variants, one can even expect -net energy savings. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Volume | -43 | -
| Pages | -391–404 | -
| Publication | -Informatik-Spektrum | -
| DOI | -10.1007/s00287-020-01321-z | -
| Issue | -6 | -
| ISSN | -1432122X | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Oxford Analytica | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Publication | -Expert Briefings | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 09:01:59 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 09:01:59 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -David Gerard | -
| URL | -https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/09/17/el-salvador-bitcoin-law-farce/ | -
| Accessed | -03/03/2022, 13:05:42 | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 13:05:42 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 13:09:45 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -David Gerard | -
| URL | -https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/06/15/el-salvador-bitcoin-official-currency-printing-money/ | -
| Accessed | -03/03/2022, 13:05:27 | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 13:05:27 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 13:09:51 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Alexander B. Kinney | -
| Abstract | -As global economic crises place the issue of money at the -forefront of media attention, a growing minority are turning to -“cryptocurrencies” as an emerging digital alternative to state-issued -currencies. Bitcoin, the most popular version of this emerging medium, -is a useful proxy to answer a key question to the sociology of money: -how do people embed themselves into an emerging money system, and what -role does value play in this process? Drawing on 23 interviews with -Bitcoin adopters, I find that embedding into Bitcoin is closely tied to -personal experience and temporal contexts. This study demonstrates that -the adoption of Bitcoin follows a distinct process. First adopters -discover the value Bitcoin on their own terms. Next, they reflexively -overcome challenges to these initial perceptions of value. Finally, they - reaffirm their embeddedness in the system through rituals of -commitment. This finding has implications for the sociology of money and - economic sociology by distilling the connection between fictional -expectations that are used to anchor value systems and the social -construction of monetary utilities and group identities. Additionally, -this connection helps to unpack how Bitcoin continues to mature as a -money system despite being characterized by diverse adopters that often -engage in economically inefficient activities. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2020.1845260 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Routledge | -
| Volume | -54 | -
| Pages | -77–92 | -
| Publication | -Sociological Focus | -
| DOI | -10.1080/00380237.2020.1845260 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -21621128 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Ryan Clements | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Volume | -37 | -
| Publication | -Banking and Finance Law Review | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Pierce Greenberg | -
| Author | -Dylan Bugden | -
| Abstract | -While scholars have studied the impacts of energy development -booms on local communities in the U.S., much less is known about towns -experiencing energy consumption booms from industries such as -cryptocurrency mining. This article proposes that energy consumption -boomtowns are unique in the risks, benefits, and conflicts they -create—and that they provide fruitful areas of research for energy -social scientists. We illustrate this point with a brief case study of -Chelan County, Washington—where an influx of crypto mining over the past - five years has stirred community debate. We collected more than 100 -newspaper articles, public comments, and public meeting recordings to -identify the cautions, hesitations, and criticisms that have caused -local regulators to take a precautionary approach. We highlight five key - points of the debate that may be of interest to energy social -scientists: (1) impacts on the local energy supply and prices, (2) -unclear socioeconomic benefits to the county, (3) the illegitimacy of -cryptocurrency, (4) environmental considerations, and (5) a disconnect -with local legacy industries and community economic identity. We -conclude by proposing areas of future social science research on energy -consumption booms. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.12.005 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -50 | -
| Pages | -162–167 | -
| Publication | -Energy Research and Social Science | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.erss.2018.12.005 | -
| Issue | -December 2018 | -
| ISSN | -22146296 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Ulrich Gallersdörfer | -
| Author | -Lena Klaaßen | -
| Author | -Christian Stoll | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Publication | -Joule | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Ulrich Gallersdörfer | -
| Author | -Lena Klaaßen | -
| Author | -Christian Stoll | -
| Author | -Ulrich Gallersdo | -
| Author | -Lena Klaaßen | -
| Author | -Christian Stoll | -
| Author | -Ulrich Gallersdo | -
| Abstract | -Bitcoin's energy hunger has triggered a passionate debate -about the energy consumption of cryptocurrencies. Most studies have been - focusing exclusively on Bitcoin and ignored the more than 500 further -mineable coins and tokens. Here we analyze 20 cryptocurrencies, which -account for more than 98% of the total market capitalization of -cryptocurrencies. We conclude that Bitcoin accounts for 2/3 of the total - energy consumption of cryptocurrencies and understudied -cryptocurrencies represent the remaining 1/3. | -
| Date | -2020-09 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Cell Press | -
| Volume | -4 | -
| Pages | -2018–2021 | -
| Publication | -Joule | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.joule.2020.07.013 | -
| Issue | -2018 | -
| ISSN | -2542-4351 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Jingming Li | -
| Author | -Nianping Li | -
| Author | -Jinqing Peng | -
| Author | -Haijiao Cui | -
| Author | -Zhibin Wu | -
| Abstract | -Cryptocurrency is a relatively new combination of cryptology -and currency in financial areas and is increasingly frequently used -worldwide. Blockchain applications are expected to reshape the renewable - energy market. However, there is a lack of studies covering the power -usage of digital currencies. Therefore, this study ran experiments on -mining efficiency of nine kinds of cryptocurrencies and ten algorithms. A - comparison of statistical analysis of data in a benchmark and -experiment results of Monero mining was conducted. Thereafter, this -study provided an estimation of global electricity consumption of the -Monero mining activity. The results indicated that the hashing algorithm - mainly determines the mining efficiency. Data analysis and experiments -and estimated Monero mining electricity consumption in the world and its - carbon emission in China as a case study. In 2018, Monero mining may -consume 645.62 GWh of electricity in the world after its hard fork. The -Monero mining in China may consume 30.34 GWh and contribute a carbon -emission of 19.12–19.42 thousand tons from April to December in 2018. -Although cryptocurrency mining and blockchain technology are promising, -their influence on energy conversation and sustainable development -should be further studied. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.11.046 | -
| Extra | -ISBN: 8673188822 -Publisher: Elsevier Ltd | -
| Volume | -168 | -
| Pages | -160–168 | -
| Publication | -Energy | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.energy.2018.11.046 | -
| ISSN | -03605442 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Jingming Li | -
| Author | -Nianping Li | -
| Author | -Jinqing Peng | -
| Author | -Haijiao Cui | -
| Author | -Zhibin Wu | -
| Abstract | -Cryptocurrency is a relatively new combination of cryptology -and currency in financial areas and is increasingly frequently used -worldwide. Blockchain applications are expected to reshape the renewable - energy market. However, there is a lack of studies covering the power -usage of digital currencies. Therefore, this study ran experiments on -mining efficiency of nine kinds of cryptocurrencies and ten algorithms. A - comparison of statistical analysis of data in a benchmark and -experiment results of Monero mining was conducted. Thereafter, this -study provided an estimation of global electricity consumption of the -Monero mining activity. The results indicated that the hashing algorithm - mainly determines the mining efficiency. Data analysis and experiments -and estimated Monero mining electricity consumption in the world and its - carbon emission in China as a case study. In 2018, Monero mining may -consume 645.62 GWh of electricity in the world after its hard fork. The -Monero mining in China may consume 30.34 GWh and contribute a carbon -emission of 19.12–19.42 thousand tons from April to December in 2018. -Although cryptocurrency mining and blockchain technology are promising, -their influence on energy conversation and sustainable development -should be further studied. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Volume | -168 | -
| Pages | -160–168 | -
| Publication | -Energy | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.energy.2018.11.046 | -
| ISSN | -03605442 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Type | -Manuscript | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Moritz Platt | -
| Author | -Johannes Sedlmeir | -
| Author | -Daniel Platt | -
| Author | -Jiahua Xu | -
| Author | -Paolo Tasca | -
| Author | -Nikhil Vadgama | -
| Author | -Juan Ignacio Ibanez | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.03667 | -
| Extra | -DOI: https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.03667 -_eprint: arXiv:2109.03667v5 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Paul P Momtaz | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Pages | -106001 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Business Venturing | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Book | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Ben S. Bernanke | -
| Date | -2004 | -
| Publisher | -Princeton University Press | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Stephen Diehl | -
| Date | -2021-04-07 | -
| URL | -https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/signal.html | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 10:57:28 | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 10:57:28 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:42:13 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Kyle McDonald | -
| Abstract | -The Ethereum ecosystem is maintained by a distributed global -network of computers that currently require massive amounts of -computational power. Previous work on estimating the energy use and -emissions of the Ethereum network has relied on top-down economic -analysis and rough estimates of hardware efficiency and emissions -factors. In this work we provide a bottom-up analysis that works from -hashrate to an energy usage estimate, and from mining locations to an -emissions factor estimate, and combines these for an overall emissions -estimate. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -http://arxiv.org/abs/2112.01238 | -
| Extra | -_eprint: 2112.01238 | -
| DOI | -http://arxiv.org/abs/2112.01238 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Vitalik Buterin | -
| Date | -2014 | -
| Language | -en | -
| Library Catalog | -Zotero | -
| Pages | -36 | -
| Date Added | -28/02/2022, 12:34:21 | -
| Modified | -28/02/2022, 12:34:36 | -
Read/Eilidh
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Luigi Doria | -
| Author | -Luca Fantacci | -
| Abstract | -The phenomenon of complementary currencies has experienced in -recent years a significant evolution both in terms of the sheer number -of initiatives and in terms of their ability to attract the attention of - academia, politics and media. The spread of these experiments and the -increasing involvement of public institutions have led to a growing -demand for evaluation procedures specifically targeted at CCs, both as -economic experiments and as public policy initiatives. The task of -evaluation confronts the peculiar multidimensional character of -complementary currencies. One of the traits that is commonly recognized -as a characteristic of CCs is indeed the presence, alongside more -strictly economic dimensions, of multiple social dimensions and aims. -Some evaluation models therefore attempt to measure—through the -identification of multiple variables, and of corresponding -indicators—the impacts of complementary currencies in terms of a wide -range of expected social or economic objectives. This paper intends to -question the sufficiency of similar approaches. We will argue that those - approaches risk to overshadow a peculiar form of sociality which may -emerge particularly in certain types of complementary currency -experiments. The paper highlights the significance of this sociality and - the relevance of its analysis for the advancement of evaluation -practices in the field of monetary innovation. | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Springer Netherlands | -
| Volume | -52 | -
| Pages | -1291–1314 | -
| Publication | -Quality and Quantity | -
| DOI | -10.1007/s11135-017-0520-9 | -
| Issue | -3 | -
| ISSN | -15737845 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Nellie Bowles | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Publication | -New York Times | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Type | -Book Section | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Juliie Cohen | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -ISSN: 19116470 -DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190246693.001.0001 | -
| Volume | -14 | -
| Pages | -E615 | -
| Series Number | -11 | -
| Book Title | -Between Truth and Power: The Legal Constructions of Informational Capitalism | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Type | -Book | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Rachel Ehrenfeld | -
| Date | -1994 | -
| Publisher | -SP Books | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -N. Mannan, M. & Schneider | -
| Abstract | -The platform economy1 is facing a crisis of accountability. -Large Internet platforms, once regarded as sources of hope for -democratic social movements or engines of a promising new economy—or, at - worst, just superficial distractions—are now facing serious public -scrutiny across the globe. The executives of Facebook, Google, and -Twitter have been called before the U.S. Congress to account for their -roles in enabling foreign election interference. Scholars have raised -concerns about algorithmic, data-driven business models,2 the -exploitation of digital labor,3 the abuse of market power,4 corporate -governance failures,5 manipulation by oppressive governments,6 opacity -and arbitrariness in content moderation,7 and corporate surveillance,8 -to name just a few in an ever-growing body of literature on the -depredations of the platform economy. Part of the urgency surrounding -such concerns lies in the fact that some platforms are near-impossible -to escape. Internet users, and societies as a whole, have difficulty -opting out of their services.9 Companies like Facebook, for instance, -track users across the Web and create shadow user profiles even when the - user does not have an account on their platforms.10 Not using such -platforms means forgoing essential opportunities for work and social -life—even access to basic services.11 By not using social media -platforms such as Facebook, people deprive themselves of one of the -“most powerful mechanisms” to make their voices heard.12 Conversely, for - those who use such services, exit is not a costless exercise, as it -involves the irrecoverable loss of social capital, reputational cachet, -and assets.13 | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -https://georgetownlawtechreview.org/exit-to-community-strategies-for-multi-stakeholder-ownership-in-the-platform-economy/GLTR-05-2021/ | -
| Volume | -Review 4 | -
| Pages | -2017–2019 | -
| Publication | -Georgetown Law Technology | -
| DOI | -https://georgetownlawtechreview.org/exit-to-community-strategies-for-multi-stakeholder-ownership-in-the-platform-economy/GLTR-05-2021/ | -
| Issue | -no. 1 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Adam DI Kramer | -
| Author | -Jamie E Guillory | -
| Author | -Jeffrey T Hancock | -
| Date | -2014 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: National Acad Sciences | -
| Volume | -111 | -
| Pages | -8788–8790 | -
| Publication | -Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | -
| Issue | -24 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Book Section | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Quinn DuPont | -
| Date | -2017 | -
| URL | -http://iqdupont.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/DuPont-Experiments_in_Algorithmic_Governance-2017.pdf | -
| Publisher | -Routledge | -
| Pages | -157–177 | -
| Book Title | -Bitcoin and beyond | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Nouriel Roubini | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Publication | -Testimony for the Hearing of the US Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Community Affairs | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Book | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Charles Mackay | -
| Date | -2012 | -
| Publisher | -Simon and Schuster | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Brendan Greeley | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Volume | -18 | -
| Publication | -Financial Times | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Tim Wissel | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| DOI | -https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid:72a5c834-177b-4b3c-a6f8-8e69e65cfdf4 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | -
| Type | -Blog Post | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Joel Monegro | -
| Abstract | -The previous generation of shared protocols (TCP/IP, HTTP, -SMTP, etc.) produced immeasurable amounts of value, but most of it got -captured and re-aggregated on top at the applications layer, largely in -the form of data (think Google, Facebook and so on). The Internet stack, - in terms of how value is distributed, is composed of “thin” protocols -and “fat” applications. -This relationship between protocols and applications is reversed in the -blockchain application stack. Value concentrates at the shared protocol -layer and only a fraction of that value is distributed along at the -applications layer. It’s a stack with “fat” protocols and “thin” -applications. | -
| Date | -2016-08-08T09:35:39-04:00 | -
| Language | -en-US | -
| URL | -https://www.usv.com/writing/2016/08/fat-protocols/ | -
| Accessed | -28/02/2022, 11:05:49 | -
| Extra | -Section: USV Blog. more about incentivizing adoption | -
| Blog Title | -Union Square Ventures | -
| Date Added | -28/02/2022, 11:05:49 | -
| Modified | -28/02/2022, 11:10:53 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Michael Dowling | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S154461232100177X | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Pages | -102096 | -
| Publication | -Finance Research Letters | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.frl.2021.102096 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:17:14 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:17:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Aaron Z. Pitluck | -
| Author | -Fabio Mattioli | -
| Author | -Daniel Souleles | -
| Abstract | -This article suggests that it is advantageous for social -scientists to deliberatedly depart from functionalist theories seeking -to explain the expansion of financial instruments and logics across -social life. Rather we identify three causes for financialization from -three extant clusters of scholastic activity: an organic policial -economy that sees finance expanding as a product or by-product of larger - state and imperlial-level politcal strucggles, a prelational sociology -that sees the ways that finance expands by becoming another medium for -expressing and constraining social relationships, and a cultural -analysis that observes the increasing redefinition of discursive and -material practices as financial. Across this larger discussion, we -introduce and situate the contributions to this journal's special issue -on financialization. | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Volume | -5 | -
| Pages | -157–171 | -
| Publication | -Economic Anthropology | -
| DOI | -10.1002/sea2.12114 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Leonardo Gabriel De Marchi | -
| Abstract | -The article analyzes Bitcoin cryptocurrency as part of a new -sector of the financial market, fintech 3.0. Subscribing to Maurizio -Lazzarato's thesis that the category of the indebted man would be the -form of governmentality of contemporary capitalism, it is discussed how -Bitcoin works as a vector of expansion of the social logic of -indebtedness to a portion of the population. At first, I propose to -think of cryptocurrency as media. Below, I present a genealogy of the -ideologies that animated the creation of Bitcoin, in order to -demonstrate the libertarian values that guided the design of this new -technology. Finally, I discuss how fintech 3.0 spreads the social logic -of the indebted man through personal digital devices | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://www.revistas.usp.br/matrizes/article/download/172356/175647/512875 | -
| Volume | -15 | -
| Pages | -205–227 | -
| Publication | -MATRIZes | -
| DOI | -10.11606/issn.1982-8160.v15i2p205-227 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -1982-2073 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Amin Samman | -
| Author | -Stefano Sgambati | -
| Abstract | -Apocalyptic thinking has a long religious and political -tradition, but what place does it occupy within the temporal universe of - contemporary capitalism? In this essay, we use the figure of the -eschaton to draw out the loaded and ambiguous character of the future as - it emerges through the condition of indebtedness. This entails a -departure from political economy accounts of capitalist futurity, which -stress the structural logic of financial speculation, in favour of an -existential account that begins instead with the cosmology of money and -debt. We argue that finance capital's fixation on the future has -produced a very specific form of apocalyptic imagination, characteristic - of financial society and built on a libidinal economy of leverage. -Rather than offering an ecstatic end to the global process of -financialization, financial eschatologies bind the contemporary subject -to debt and indebtedness to the very end: an endless apocalypse, -premised on the ends of finance itself. | -
| Publication | -Theory, Culture & Society (forthcoming) | -
| DOI | -10.1177/02632764211070805 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Georgios A Panos | -
| Author | -Tatja Karkkainen | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Publication | -Available at SSRN 3482083 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Barry Eichengreen | -
| Abstract | -Platform businesses allow for collaboration with -nontraditional partners and bring together different categories of -customers, in the financial context savers and investors or lenders and -borrowers, creating large, scalable networks of users. Their entry into -finance promises potential benefits to consumers in the form of new -products, lower prices, wider choice, and enhanced consumer experience. -At the same time, their new business models and technologies potentially - threaten the dominant position of traditional financial services -providers and create challenges for regulators. Platform businesses can -use their preferential access to customer data to skim off high-quality -loans, leaving only low-quality customers for other lenders. Their -ability to offer complementary nonfinancial services that cannot be -supplied by FinTech start-ups and banks can make it difficult or -unattractive for customers to switch to alternative providers. This -danger is especially acute when BigTech firms have monopoly power in -other markets that complement financial services. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Springer | -
| Pages | -1–11 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Banking Regulation | -
| DOI | -10.1057/s41261-021-00187-9 | -
| ISSN | -1745-6452 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Philip Daian | -
| Author | -Steven Goldfeder | -
| Author | -Tyler Kell | -
| Author | -Yunqi Li | -
| Author | -Xueyuan Zhao | -
| Author | -Iddo Bentov | -
| Author | -Lorenz Breidenbach | -
| Author | -Ari Juels | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Publication | -arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.05234 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Jona Harris | -
| Author | -Aviv Zohar | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Publication | -arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.08513 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Julianna Debler | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: HeinOnline | -
| Volume | -51 | -
| Pages | -245 | -
| Publication | -Cornell Int'l LJ | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Laurie Penny | -
| Date | -2018-12 | -
| URL | -https://breakermag.com/trapped-at-sea-with-cryptos-nouveau-riche/ | -
| Extra | -Publication Title: BREAKERMAG | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Soyeon Kim | -
| Abstract | -Motivated by the growing importance of research on blockchain -applications, this paper conceptualizes the potential impact of -blockchain enabled asset tokenization. Asset tokenization is the process - of converting real-world assets to digital tokens and trading them -fractionally based on a blockchain platform and its smart contract -function. This research hypothesizes that tokenizing the asset increases - its price by improving the democracy of the market and its liquidity, -and eventually results in a price bubble, although it is not clear how -long it will last. Furthermore, this impact is hypothesized to be -greater on the previously lesser-known assets, because of the dominant -investor sentiment and valuation subjectivity. Specifically, the art -market is designated as a research context because blockchain -applications has been expected to innovate the market by resolving its -problems of centralization, inefficiency, and information asymmetry. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -https://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2020/adv_info_systems_research/adv_info_systems_research/19/ | -
| Extra | -ISBN: 9781733632546 | -
| Pages | -0–5 | -
| Publication | -26th Americas Conference on Information Systems, AMCIS 2020 | -
| DOI | -https://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2020/adv_info_systems_research/adv_info_systems_research/19/ | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:17:14 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:17:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Marta Poblet | -
| Author | -Darcy W. E. Allen | -
| Author | -Oleksii Konashevych | -
| Author | -Aaron M. Lane | -
| Author | -Carlos Andres Diaz Valdivia | -
| Abstract | -\ldots This is an important development for facilitating -longer-term exchanges that require a level of certainty over the future -value of payment \ldots An example of data feed could be a monthly -unemployment rate by a government source, or the daily number of -Covid-19 global cases by \ldots | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Frontiers | -
| Volume | -3 | -
| Pages | -41 | -
| Publication | -Frontiers in Blockchain | -
| DOI | -10.3389/fbloc.2020.575662 | -
| ISSN | -2624-7852 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Linn Anker-Sørensen | -
| Author | -Dirk A Zetzsche | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Publication | -Available at SSRN 3978815 | -
| DOI | -https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3978815 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Matthew Dylag | -
| Author | -Harrison Smith | -
| Abstract | -This paper contributes to emerging discussions of blockchain -governance through an analysis of dispute resolution platforms that -reimagine justice. We focus specifically on Kleros, a blockchain-enabled - dispute resolution platform, that promises to secure, authenticate, and - democratize access to justice for the twenty-first century. We advance -the concept of cryptocourts whereby jurors, incentivized by accumulating - cryptocurrency, rapidly mobilize using principles of on-demand -crowdsourcing to resolve disputes. We critique the broader social -imaginaries that cryptocourts such as Kleros will result in a more open, - trustworthy, transparent, and democratic systems of justice. These -platforms instead pose important questions concerning their potential -impact on civil dispute resolution practices by embedding it within an -economy of cryptocurrency speculation. This ostensibly results in a -legal infrastructure founded on principles of financial acquisition that - positions jurors as economic agents seeking to profit from disputes, -and courts as computational systems that merely authenticate and secure -the distribution of evidence and verdicts. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1942958 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Volume | -0 | -
| Pages | -1–16 | -
| Publication | -Information Communication and Society | -
| DOI | -10.1080/1369118X.2021.1942958 | -
| Issue | -0 | -
| ISSN | -14684462 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Ivan Pupolizio | -
| Abstract | -The official launch of the Libra project in 2019, and the -subsequent troubles experienced by the project, stimulated a vigorous -debate, from different perspectives, on the pros and cons of a private -currency with global ambitions. This paper describes the main -characteristics of Libra and of its heir, Diem, locating both in a -partial taxonomy of the increasingly crowded field of so-called 'digital - currencies'. In the light of the distinguishing features and risks of -such an ambitious project, the paper also aims to assess the potential -impact on a crucial issue of the present international monetary system: -the power to create money. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: De Gruyter | -
| Publication | -Global Jurist | -
| DOI | -10.1515/gj-2021-0055 | -
| ISSN | -19342640 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Author | -A Moiseienko | -
| Author | -O Kraft | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Publisher | -London: RUSI | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Jeffrey West Kirkwood | -
| Date | -2022 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: The University of Chicago Press Chicago, IL | -
| Volume | -48 | -
| Pages | -360–380 | -
| Publication | -Critical Inquiry | -
| DOI | -10.1086/717303 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -0093-1896 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Stephen Diehl | -
| Date | -2021-02-03 | -
| URL | -https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/gamestop.html | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 10:58:18 | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 10:58:18 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:41:31 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Peter North | -
| Author | -Vicky Nowak | -
| Author | -Alan Southern | -
| Author | -Matt Thompson | -
| Abstract | -This essay offers conceptual development for thinking diverse -economies in terms of their relationship to antagonism. Rather than -seeing antagonism as unhelpfully fueling capitalocentric thinking, the -essay argues that antagonism can usefully recognize and engage with -problematic forms of power and domination. Building on calls for a -closer engagement of community-economies thinking with wider -anticapitalist praxis, the essay explores how social and solidarity -economy (SSE) practices sometimes reproduce, sometimes challenge, and -sometimes build alternatives to forms of power that attempt to shape, -obstruct, and obliterate attempts to create better worlds. The essay -develops conceptualizations of social enterprise, the social economy, -and solidarity economies before offering the novel concept of the -antagonistic economy, arguably a site from which angry opposition to -constraining power relations can generate a more productive politics of -possibility. The conception of the antagonistic economy is developed by -discussion of taking back labor through recovered factories and land -through community land trusts. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Volume | -32 | -
| Pages | -330–347 | -
| Publication | -Rethinking Marxism | -
| DOI | -10.1080/08935696.2020.1780669 | -
| Issue | -3 | -
| ISSN | -14758059 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Matthew Malloy | -
| Author | -David Lowe | -
| Abstract | -This note explores the potential effects of the widespread -adoption of a global stablecoin (GSC) on key aggregate financial sector -balance sheets in the United States. To do this, we map out cash flows -of GSC transactions among financial sector entities using a stylized set - of 't-accounts'. By analyzing these individual transactions, we infer -aggregate and compositional effects on U.S. commercial banking sector -and Federal Reserve balance sheets. Through this lens, we also consider -how these balance sheet changes could affect monetary policy -implementation, the demand for central bank reserves, and the market for - U.S. dollar safe assets. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: FEDS Working Paper | -
| Volume | -2021 | -
| Pages | -1–14 | -
| Publication | -Finance and Economics Discussion Series | -
| DOI | -10.17016/feds.2021.020 | -
| Issue | -020 | -
| ISSN | -19362854 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | -
| Type | -Manuscript | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Katrin Becker | -
| Date | -2022 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Liang Chen | -
| Author | -Tony W. Tong | -
| Author | -Shaoqin Tang | -
| Author | -Nianchen Han | -
| Abstract | -The burgeoning digital-platforms literature across multiple -business disciplines has primarily characterized the platform as a -market or network. Although the organizing role of platform owners is -well recognized, the literature lacks a coherent approach to -understanding organizational governance in the platform context. Drawing - on classic organizational governance theories, this paper views digital - platforms as a distinct organizational form where the mechanisms of -incentive and control routinely take center stage. We systematically -review research on digital platforms, categorize specific governance -mechanisms related to incentive and control, and map a multitude of -idiosyncratic design features studied in prior research onto these -mechanisms. We further develop an integrative framework to synthesize -the review and to offer novel insights into the interrelations among -three building blocks: value, governance, and design. Using this -framework as a guide, we discuss specific directions for future research - and offer a number of illustrative questions to help advance our -knowledge about digital platforms' governance mechanisms and design -features. | -
| Date | -2022 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA | -
| Volume | -48 | -
| Pages | -147–184 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Management | -
| DOI | -10.1177/01492063211045023 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -15571211 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Wessel Reijers | -
| Author | -Fiachra O'Brolcháin | -
| Author | -Paul Haynes | -
| Abstract | -This paper is placed in the context of a growing number of -social and political critiques of blockchain technologies. We focus on -the supposed potential of blockchain technologies to transform political - institutions that are central to contemporary human societies, such as -money, property rights regimes, and systems of democratic governance. -Our aim is to examine the way blockchain technologies canbring about - -and justify - new models of governance. To do so, we draw on the -philosophical works of Hobbes, Rousseau, and Rawls, analyzing blockchain - governance in terms of contrasting social contract theories. We begin -by comparing the justifications of blockchain governance offered by -members of the blockchain developers' community with the justifications -of governance presented within social contract theories. We then examine - the extent to which the model of governance offered by blockchain -technologies reflects key governance themes and assumptions located -within social contract theories, focusing on the notions of sovereignty, - the initial situation, decentralization and distributive justice. | -
| Date | -2016 | -
| Volume | -1 | -
| Pages | -134–151 | -
| Publication | -Ledger | -
| DOI | -10.5195/ledger.2016.62 | -
| ISSN | -2379-5980 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Type | -Book Section | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Oliver Leistert | -
| Abstract | -Of the phenomena in the field of media technologies that have -conquered imaginations and funding buckets recently, blockchain -technologies, next to artificial intelligence and machine learning, -might be considered the most striking example. The blockchain -constitutes a protocological internet layer for values that corresponds -to a continuing monetization pressure and ongoing expansion of -identification strategies. Notwithstanding these trajectories, behind -this prospective killer application resides first of all a sovereign -chronological regime that has the capacities to prove and modulate the -existence, identity and administration of data, assets, goods and -services from a distance on granular scales. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -DOI: https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/14853 | -
| Place | -Lüneburg | -
| Publisher | -meson press | -
| Pages | -1–21 | -
| Book Title | -Explorations in Digital Cultures | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Type | -Thesis | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Florian Lukas Helfrich | -
| Abstract | -Along with the emerging use of cryptocurrency systems, new -forms of decentralised blockchain-based networks are envisioned and -being developed. These networks are extending the scope of using -blockchain technology beyond solely financial contexts into novel fields - of application. Investigating the ways in which such networks are -implemented in societies and how they are governed requires -understanding the underlying technical structures, social practices and -forms of governance within such networks. Investigating these internal -aspects of decentralised blockchain-based networks is the main focus of -this thesis. Drawing on accounts in the field of science and technology -studies (STS), this thesis will elaborate on decentralised -cryptocurrency systems as being constituted by technical aspects of -their infrastructure, as well as the social relations within them. -Building upon an understanding of the socio-technical structure of such -systems, the influence of their decentralised character on the -constitution of user identities is presented. It will be investigated -how the socio-technical character and decentralised structure of -cryptocurrency systems leads to new forms of governance within them and, - correspondingly, in the decentralised blockchain-based networks they -are a part of. Two illustrative cases of decentralised blockchain-based -networks in electricity markets and the forms of governance within them -will be examined. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -http://essay.utwente.nl/84805/ | -
| Extra | -DOI: http://essay.utwente.nl/84805/ | -
| Type | -PhD Thesis | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Type | -Blog Post | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Parag Khanna, Balaji S. Srinivasan | -
| Abstract | -The 21st century doesn’t belong to China, the United States, or Silicon Valley. It belongs to the internet. | -
| Language | -en-US | -
| URL | -https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/11/bitcoin-ethereum-cryptocurrency-web3-great-protocol-politics/ | -
| Accessed | -22/02/2022, 13:48:53 | -
| Blog Title | -Foreign Policy | -
| Date Added | -22/02/2022, 13:48:53 | -
| Modified | -22/02/2022, 13:48:53 | -
| Type | -Report | -
|---|---|
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -https://www.fca.org.uk/publication/consultation/cp19-03.pdf#page=11 | -
| Institution | -Financial Conduct Authority | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Jaya Klara Brekke | -
| Abstract | -Research by political economists typically highlights -policymakers, regulators, economists and consultants as the makers of -economies. This paper foregrounds a different actor entirely, what I -call the ‘hacker-engineer' as an important protagonist in the making of -decentralised digital network economies that are forged through the -emerging field of ‘cryptoeconomics' and blockchain and other distributed - ledger technologies. Responding to critical literature stating that -blockchain and ‘cryptoeconomics' merely extend neoliberal processes of -economisation, the paper recovers the neglected hacker culture of -cypherpunk and histories of peer-to-peer decentralised networks in order - to foreground concerns that depart from the continuation of economics -and economies as usual. Hacker-engineers are dedicated to -decentralisation as a ‘disruptive' response to network control and -surveillance, and share a pragmatist sensibility that seeks to make -decentralised networks ‘work' in order to provide informational security - and privacy. While further broadening the range of agents that provide -the focus for political economy research into the production of -economies, the paper also draws attention to the technical decisions of -hacker-engineers that attempt to reconfigure the material -infrastructures of digital economies. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Volume | -26 | -
| Pages | -646–659 | -
| Publication | -New Political Economy | -
| DOI | -10.1080/13563467.2020.1806223 | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| ISSN | -14699923 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Olga Kharif | -
| Date | -2018-07 | -
| URL | -https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-07-09/half-of-icos-die-within-four-months-after-token-sales-finalized | -
| Extra | -Publication Title: Bloomberg.com | -
| Publisher | -Bloomberg | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -David Sanz Bas | -
| Abstract | -The emergence of cryptocurrencies has been one of the most -notable monetary phenomenon of the last decade. Many academics and -analysts have found a clear precedent to this event in Friedrich Hayek's - latest monetary work, Denationalization of money. The aim of this -article is to analyze what we can learn about cryptocurrencies by -re-reading this book. As will be proven, Hayek would surely have -rejected the idea that Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies with similar -characteristics could be accepted as money in the market. Furthermore, -this paper will prove that a very close connection between Stablecoins -and private money exists, following the Austrian economist's predictions - in a context of monetary competition. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Volume | -7 | -
| Pages | -15–28 | -
| Publication | -Iberian Journal of the History of Economic Thought | -
| DOI | -10.5209/ijhe.69403 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -2386-5768 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Balázs Bodó | -
| Author | -Heleen Janssen | -
| Abstract | -Emerging technologies, such as AI systems, distributed -ledgers, but also private e-commerce and telecommunication platforms -have permeated every aspect of our social, economic, political -relations. Various bodies of the state, from education, via law -enforcement to healthcare also increasingly rely on technical components - to provide cheap, efficient public services, and supposedly fair, -transparent, disinterested, accountable public administration. Most of -these technical components are provided by private parties who designed, - developed, trained, and maintain the technical components of public -infrastructures. The rapid, and often unplanned, and uncontrolled -technologization of public services (as happened, for example in the -rapid adoption of distance learning and teleconferencing systems during -the COVID lockdowns) inseparably link the perception of the quality, -trustworthiness, effectiveness of public services and the public bodies -which provision them to the successes and failures of their private, -technological components: if the government's welfare fraud AI system -fails, it is the confidence in the governments which is ultimately -hit.In this contribution we explore how the use of potentially -untrustworthy private technological systems in the public sector may -affect the trust in government. We argue that citizens' and business' -trust in government is a valuable asset, which came under assault from -many dimensions. The increasing reliance on private technical components - in government is in part a response to protect this trust, but in many -cases, it opens up new forms of threats and vulnerabilities, because the - trustworthiness of many of these private technical systems is, at best, - questionable, particularly where it is deployed in the context of -public sector trust contexts. We consider a number of policy options to -protect the trust in government even if some of their technological -components are fundamentally untrustworthy. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.3868208 | -
| ISSN | -1556-5068 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Micahel Hayden | -
| Author | -Megan Squire | -
| URL | -https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2021/12/09/how-cryptocurrency-revolutionized-white-supremacist-movement | -
| Accessed | -03/03/2022, 13:14:58 | -
| Website Title | -Souther Poverty Law Center | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 13:14:58 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 13:15:48 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Justin Scheck | -
| Author | -Shane Shifflett | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Volume | -28 | -
| Publication | -Wall Street Journal | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Justin Scheck | -
| URL | -https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-dirty-money-disappears-into-the-black-hole-of-cryptocurrency-1538149743#refreshed | -
| Accessed | -03/03/2022, 13:03:59 | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 13:03:59 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 13:36:48 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| URL | -https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/how-dirty-money-disappears-into-the-black-hole-of-cryptocurrency-1538149743 | -
| Accessed | -03/03/2022, 13:04:04 | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 13:04:04 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 13:37:03 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Sandra Faustino | -
| Abstract | -This paper explores the role of metaphors in the production of - re-descriptions of the world within the framework of technological -design processes. Drawing on a collaborative ethnography with the -Economic Space Agency (ECSA), a start-up developing post-blockchain -technology, this paper illustrates how metaphors mimic the toponymy of -decentralized material infrastructures, while simultaneously pushing -forward ‘posthuman' values that are expected to become fixated through -software. Through an analysis of a ‘collection' of metaphors produced by - ECSA, this paper sheds light on the work performed by specific -vocabularies, within technological communities, in shaping a symbiotic -relationship between futuristic politics and material culture. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Volume | -12 | -
| Pages | -478–490 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Cultural Economy | -
| DOI | -10.1080/17530350.2019.1629330 | -
| Issue | -6 | -
| ISSN | -17530369 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Tomicah Tillemann | -
| Author | -James Rathmell | -
| Abstract | -The year 2021 marked a watershed moment for web3. Significant -numbers of policymakers began to grasp the potential of web3 to -democratize access to opportunity, provide individuals with more control - of their data, and build a better internet. In the … | -
| Date | -2022-01-07T17:11:16-08:00 | -
| Language | -en-US | -
| Short Title | -How to Build a Better Internet | -
| URL | -https://a16z.com/2022/01/07/how-to-build-a-better-internet-10-principles-for-world-leaders-shaping-the-future-of-web3/ | -
| Accessed | -01/03/2022, 10:57:54 | -
| Extra | -Section: cryptocurrencies & blockchains | -
| Website Title | -Andreessen Horowitz | -
| Date Added | -01/03/2022, 10:57:54 | -
| Modified | -01/03/2022, 10:57:54 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Stephen Diehl | -
| Date | -2021-07-13 | -
| URL | -https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/destroy-bitcoin.html | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 10:56:58 | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 10:56:58 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:43:00 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Charlotte Ducuing | -
| Abstract | -Under the phrase "code is law" and based on its "trustless -trust", blockchain has emerged as a disrupting technology considered by -some as an alternative to the law. Based on a study of real-life -blockchain-based decentralised applications (Dapps), this article takes -blockchain developers at their word and adopts the point of view of -users: can blockchain live up to its promise and enable them to transact - with each other without the need for the trust granted by the law? The -article particularly highlights that users need to be able to ascertain -that a self-advertised Dapp indeed qualifies as one. Blockchain -technology may make it possible to do away with trust in third parties, -but this is not enough. Users also need to trust that an alleged Dapp -genuinely is one, and blockchain alone cannot provide this. Beyond -Dapps, it is argued that blockchain needs the complementary role of the -law to deliver its promises and especially to authenticate blockchain -"virtues". The EU certification mark is identified as a promising form -of co-regulation for that purpose. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Volume | -10 | -
| Pages | -315–329 | -
| Publication | -European Journal of Risk Regulation | -
| DOI | -10.1017/err.2019.39 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -21908249 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Brian L. Frye | -
| Abstract | -https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3930430 | -
| URL | -https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3930430 | -
| Publication | -Harvard Journal of Sports and Entertainment Law, Forthcoming | -
| DOI | -https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3930430 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:17:15 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:17:15 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -New York Times | -
| Abstract | -From banking to gaming, investors are sending billions of -dollars to crypto inventors who seek to disrupt industries. Here’s a -look at some of those bets. | -
| Date | -2021-10-29T18:47:20.000Z | -
| Language | -en | -
| URL | -https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/29/us/politics/crypto-currency-venture-capitalists.html | -
| Accessed | -01/03/2022, 11:28:53 | -
| Extra | -Section: U.S. | -
| Date Added | -01/03/2022, 11:28:53 | -
| Modified | -01/03/2022, 11:29:33 | -
Paywall
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Alex Murray | -
| Author | -Jen Rhymer | -
| Author | -David G. Sirmon | -
| Abstract | -Organizations are increasingly deploying technologies that -have the ability to parse through large amounts of data, acquire skills -and knowledge, and operate autonomously. These technologies diverge from - prior technologies in their capacity to exercise intentionality over -protocol development or action selection in the practice of -organizational routines, thereby affecting organizations in newand -distinctways. In this article,we categorize four forms of conjoined -agency between humans and technologies: (1) conjoined agency with -assisting technologies, (2) conjoined agency with arresting -technologies, (3) conjoined agency with augmenting technologies, and (4) - conjoined agencywith automating technologies. We then theorize on the -different ways in which these forms of conjoined agency impact a -routine's change at a particular moment in time as well as a routine's -responsiveness to feedback over time. In doing so, we elaborate on how -organizations may evolve in varied and diverse ways based on the form(s) - of conjoined agency they deploy in their organizational design choices. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Academy of Management Briarcliff Manor, NY | -
| Volume | -46 | -
| Pages | -552–571 | -
| Publication | -Academy of Management Review | -
| DOI | -10.5465/amr.2019.0186 | -
| Issue | -3 | -
| ISSN | -03637425 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Date | -2017 | -
| URL | -https://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/ | -
| Publisher | -Hyperledger Foundation | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Stephen Diehl | -
| Date | -2021-11-23 | -
| URL | -https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/ice-nine.html | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 10:55:47 | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 10:55:47 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:44:10 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Ann Brody | -
| Author | -Stéphane Couture | -
| Abstract | -Background: Academic literature on blockchains has focused on -Bitcoin, which is traditionallyassociated with right-wing -libertarianism. This article looks at Ethereum, an alternative that -emerged in Canada and is now the second most used blockchain technology -after Bitcoin. Analysis: Using participatory observation supplemented -with publicly available material, this article examines the ideologies -and imaginaries surrounding Ethereum and how they are articulated with -its technical design.Conclusion and implications: Ethereum's design -ostensibly widens the ideological spectrum of cryptocurrency while -“masking” certain currency ideologies still prominent within it. This -complicates the distinction seen in the literature between blockchain as - currency and blockchain as media and points to the increasing need to -study non-currency-based blockchain technologies. Contexte : La -recherche sur les blockchains s'est surtout attardé à Bitcoin, en -l'associant aux idéologies libertariennes. Cet article aborde Ethereum, -la technologie de blockchain la plus utilisée après Bitcoin.Analyse : -Basé sur l'observation participante et du matériel publiquement -accessible, l'article analyse les idéologies et imaginaires entourant -Ethereum et leur articulation avec son design technique.Conclusion et -implications : Ethereum élargit le spectre idéologique des blockchains -tout en «masquant» certaines idéologies monétaires toujours -proéminentes. Cela complique la distinction énoncée dans la littérature -entre blockchains comme monnaie et blockchains comme média, etc. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Volume | -46 | -
| Publication | -Canadian Journal of Communication | -
| DOI | -10.22230/cjc.2021v46n3a3701 | -
| Issue | -3 | -
| ISSN | -0705-3657 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Olivia Inwood | -
| Author | -Michele Zappavigna | -
| Abstract | -Recent work on algorithmic bias has shown that understanding -the values embedded in technology design processes is important for -avoiding social harm. This paper explores the attitudes construed in -whitepapers of blockchain technology start-ups. Blockchain technology is - a relatively new phenomenon that has informed discourses about the -future of governance and economics in relation to the internet. This -study aims to understand the values discursively construed in the -whitepapers of four blockchain start-ups: Steemit, Creativechain, -Democracy Earth, and Bitnation. It adopts a corpus linguistics approach, - and uses the Appraisal framework (Martin, J. R., and P. R. R. White. -2005. The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. New York: -Palgrave Macmillan) to analyse the evaluative meanings expressed in the -whitepaper dataset. This analysis reveals that the blockchain start-ups -manifest shared values around the concepts of decentralisation, trust in - algorithms, and trust in individuals over institutions. The start-ups -enact different political orientations, expressing ideals related to the - digital commons, cyber-libertarianism, and capitalism. The corpus-based - linguistic analysis used in this study offers a method that may be -applicable to other areas of technology discourse where whitepapers and -design documents tend to embed covert political and ideological -positions. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Pages | -1–19 | -
| Publication | -Social Semiotics | -
| DOI | -10.1080/10350330.2021.1877995 | -
| ISSN | -14701219 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Hossein Nabilou | -
| Author | -André Prüm | -
| Abstract | -Cryptocurrencies are expected to have a significant impact on -banking, finance, and monetary systems. Due to the uncertainty as to the - possible future trajectories of the evolving cryptocurrency ecosystem, -governments have taken a relatively hands-off approach to regulating -such currencies. This approach may be justified within the theoretical -information-economics framework of this paper, which draws parallels -between the information economics of money and quasi-money creation -within the current central banking, commercial banking, and shadow -banking systems with that of the cryptocurrency ecosystem. In -particular, drawing lessons from the literature on the role of -information in creating 'safe assets', in this paper the authors find -that by building on symmetric (common) knowledge as to the inner -workings of the Bitcoin Blockchain-though in a different way-BTC -possesses a degree of endogenous information insensitivity typical of -safe assets. This endogenous information insensitivity could support -BTC's promise of maturing into a viable store of value and a niche -medium of exchange. This finding should not be overlooked in the policy -discussions for potential future regulatory interventions in the -cryptocurrency ecosystem. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Volume | -5 | -
| Pages | -29–63 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Financial Regulation | -
| DOI | -10.1093/jfr/fjz002 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -20534841 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Christine Murray | -
| URL | -https://www.ft.com/content/fbf9aef0-453f-4e61-bd83-ff2b2bc92221 | -
| Accessed | -03/03/2022, 11:56:27 | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 11:56:27 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 11:56:50 | -
| Type | -Thesis | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Mateo Peyrouzet | -
| Abstract | -This dissertation provides an analysis of the ideological -component behind the crypto-anarchist enthusiasm for the highly topical -emerging technology of distributed ledger technology, commonly known as -‘blockchain'. Philosophy of technology scholars have drawn attention to -the fact that technologies can possess political properties and serve to - reinforce or challenge power structures. Public blockchains have an -unquestionable social and political character due to their capacity to -facilitate the emergence of cryptographic, decentralized and reliable -peer-to-peer networks. The exponential adoption of this disruptive -technology, which is poised to cause transformational changes across -socio-technical systems and organizational structures, means that both -its political properties and the ideological forces behind its -development as a political technology must be recognized. Accordingly, -this dissertation engages with some of the most ideologically-driven -projects aiming to tap into blockchain's political and economic -potential, namely those of Bitcoin, FairCoin, Democracy Earth and -Bitnation. These projects exemplify what is posited as the main -ideological cleavage within crypto-anarchism, which revolves around the -privileged agent and vision that should be empowered and trusted to -capture the decentralizing potential offered by blockchain technology. -The paper offers an original contribution by conceptualizing the -cleavage as separating; ‘crypto-libertarians', whose neo-Hobbesian -individualistic vision sees the invisible hand of the free market as the - privileged agent driving a trustless technology; and -‘crypto-commonists', whose collectivist vision regards blockchain as a -trust-enabling technology that should be used to facilitate -collaborative economic paradigms and participatory forms of e-democracy. - The dissertation concludes that while both strands of blockchain -enthusiasts have a shared interest in promoting personal privacy, -radical transparency, and eroding the authority of nation-states, their -diametrically opposed views on human nature and socio-economic -organization seem presently irreconcilable. The research undertaken for -this paper has covered a substantial breadth of the existing academic -material concerning the philosophy and politics of blockchain -technology, consulting books, journals, white papers and online -articles. This dissertation contributes with an ideological -conceptualization to the fields of techno-politics and blockch \ldots -View full abstract | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| URL | -https://www.academia.edu/38081197/In_blockchain_they_trust_Now_power_to_the_people_or_to_the_invisible_hand | -
| Extra | -DOI: https://www.academia.edu/38081197/In_blockchain_they_trust_Now_power_to_the_people_or_to_the_invisible_hand -Issue: May | -
| # of Pages | -68 | -
| Type | -PhD Thesis | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Angela Walch | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Chapter in Regulating Blockchain. Techno-Social and Legal Challenges, edited … | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 09:32:12 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 09:32:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Jon Baldwin | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Palgrave | -
| Volume | -4 | -
| Pages | -1–10 | -
| Publication | -Palgrave Communications | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Tarek Kadour Aleinieh | -
| Author | -Laura Zoboli | -
| Abstract | -Legal standardization traditionally played an important role -in contractual relations. With technological and commercial development -and expansion of trade from the individual and collective levels to -internationalization, it became necessary to create a set of standards -to keep pace with this development and facilitate the contractual -process. Although smart contracts are considered a leap in the -contractual relationship, it cannot be overlooked that these contracts -share many characteristics with traditional contracts. To gain a greater - position in the global market, smart contracts also need to be well -functioning and efficient. In this context, the article tackles the -phenomenon of legal standardization and identifies the main weaknesses -of smart contracts—to answer two crucial questions: how can these -contracts be smarter, and how should we employ standardization to ensure - their efficiency? | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Oxford University Press | -
| Volume | -26 | -
| Pages | -583–598 | -
| Publication | -Uniform Law Review | -
| DOI | -10.1093/ulr/unab022 | -
| Issue | -3 | -
| ISSN | -1124-3694 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Catherine Flick | -
| Date | -2016 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England | -
| Volume | -12 | -
| Pages | -14–28 | -
| Publication | -Research Ethics | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Maja Hojer Bruun | -
| Author | -Astrid Oberborbeck Andersen | -
| Author | -Adrienne Mannov | -
| Abstract | -The authors of this article are engaged in anthropological -research on the links between the growing interest in privacy and data -security as a technical field and how notions of trust, security and -accountability are practised in and beyond technical fields of -cryptography, specifically a field called multi-party computation (MPC). - They pursue the relationship between trust in different forms of -cryptography – academic and activist – and notions of trust as they are -articulated in relation to data security and the protection of citizens' - data. There is a tension between the concerns raised in public debates -about data security and the promises of emerging cryptographic -protocols. In political speeches and public debates, citizens' trust -that governments and tech companies will protect their data is framed as - important and essential. In the environments of emerging cryptographic -technologies, such as blockchains, bitcoin and MPC, a promise to provide - ‘trustless trust' and abandon the need for trusted intermediaries, -authorities and institutions is articulated. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Wiley Online Library | -
| Volume | -36 | -
| Pages | -13–17 | -
| Publication | -Anthropology Today | -
| DOI | -10.1111/1467-8322.12562 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -14678322 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Sabrina T Howell | -
| Author | -Marina Niessner | -
| Author | -David Yermack | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Publication | -The Review of Financial Studies | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Matthew Zook | -
| Author | -Michael H. Grote | -
| Abstract | -This paper elaborates on the interactions between digital -technologies and financial practices and how they contribute to the -ongoing process of financialization. We focus on the circumstances of -blockchain-based token offerings and their contribution to reshaping -existing systems of investment in startups. We show how future clients -become investors via the initial coin offering (ICO) process. The paper -is based on interviews with blockchain and industry practitioners during - 2018 and 2019 and focuses on an in-depth case study of a specific ICO -in early 2018. We suggest a framework consisting of catalysts, cracks -and voids to analyze the financialization process and to inform theories - of how financialization advances through the new spaces afforded by -socially constructed technologies upon which entrepreneurs capitalize. -With this framework we provide a better understanding of the mechanics -behind financialization, particularly the ways in which business -processes, and larger social relations such as the role of investors and - clients, are reimagined and reworked. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Volume | -52 | -
| Pages | -1560–1582 | -
| Publication | -Environment and Planning A | -
| DOI | -10.1177/0308518X20954440 | -
| Issue | -8 | -
| ISSN | -14723409 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Siddharth Venkataramakrishnan | -
| Date | -2021-09 | -
| URL | -https://www.ft.com/content/9e787670-6aa7-4479-934f-f4a9fedf4829 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Financial Times | -
| Publication | -Financial Times | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Tom Page CNN | -
| Abstract | -UK startup World Mobile is bringing a land-air internet network to Zanzibar using aerostats -- blimp-like balloons. | -
| URL | -https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/12/africa/world-mobile-internet-balloon-zanzibar-spc-intl/index.html | -
| Accessed | -22/02/2022, 21:27:01 | -
| Website Title | -CNN | -
| Date Added | -22/02/2022, 21:27:01 | -
| Modified | -22/02/2022, 21:30:11 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Dan Patterson | -
| Abstract | -Tech luminary who coined the term "Web 2.0" on cryptocurrency, NFTs and blockchain: "It's kind of like a pyramid scheme." | -
| Date | -2022-02-10 | -
| Language | -en-US | -
| Short Title | -Internet guru Tim O'Reilly on Web3 | -
| URL | -https://www.cbsnews.com/news/web3-cryptocurrency-nft-tim-oreilly/ | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 11:26:57 | -
| Website Title | -CBS News | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 11:26:57 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 12:13:19 | -
Tim O'Reilly is an internet pioneer/Silicon Valley legend
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Emily Tonelli | -
| Abstract | -Tim O’Reilly, the man who coined the term Web 2.0, is unimpressed by Web3. It's “a long way from prime time,” he said. | -
| Date | -2022-02-10 | -
| Language | -en-US | -
| URL | -https://decrypt.co/92676/internet-guru-tim-oreilly-crypto-nfts-serious-speculative-bubble | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 11:25:16 | -
| Extra | -Section: News | -
| Website Title | -Decrypt | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 11:25:16 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 12:07:38 | -
Tim O'Reilly is an internet pioneer/Silicon Valley legend
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Jed Hull | -
| Author | -Aarti Gupta | -
| Author | -Sanneke Kloppenburg | -
| Abstract | -This article interrogates the assumed promises and perils of -climate cryptogovernance or deployment of cryptographic technology -(i.e., blockchain) within climate governance. We distill how climate -cryptogovernance is being discussed by influential climate policy -actors, and the implications for reinforcing or challenging how climate -governance currently occurs. Specifically, through discourse analysis, -we explore how blockchain technology is presented in the communications -of international organisations and multistakeholder initiatives in the -climate policy space. We identify a dominant storyline being advanced -that views blockchain as an enabler of ambitious climate action, through - its potential to enhance the reliability, transparency, accountability, - and democratic quality of climate governance. We critically interrogate - each of these component elements of the dominant storyline, arguing -that, taken as a whole, they tend to privilege a technocratic, -market-oriented approach to climate governance. We conclude by -reflecting on whether this risks reinforcing a problematic -‘post-political' turn in environmental governance in the future. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2021.100117 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier B.V. | -
| Volume | -9 | -
| Pages | -100117 | -
| Publication | -Earth System Governance | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.esg.2021.100117 | -
| ISSN | -25898116 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Caitlin Lustig | -
| Abstract | -Sociotechnical imaginaries are futures that people envision -might be possible and desirable. They have a real impact on how systems -are designed and what values they have embedded in their design. This -article examines imaginaries about autonomous systems, decentralized -systems, and decentralized autonomous systems. Through a discussion of -the literature on autonomous and decentralized systems and how these -imaginaries play out in the blockchain community based on my qualitative - research, I demonstrate how decentralized autonomous systems are -related to imaginaries about the organization of and the future of work. - I identify three framings of imaginaries about autonomous systems: (1) -autonomous technology as physical objects, (2) as mathematical rules, -and (3) as artificial mangers. I also identify two sometimes conflicting - framings of imaginaries about distributed and decentralized technology: - these technologies as a new form of production and as freedom from -control. These imaginaries intersect in decentralized autonomous -systems, and I examine what they can tell us about the design and -governance of such technologies. Lastly, I suggest ways of using the -concept of imaginaries in participatory design. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Volume | -3 | -
| Publication | -Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction | -
| DOI | -10.1145/3359312 | -
| Issue | -CSCW | -
| ISSN | -25730142 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -L. A. Smales | -
| Abstract | -We examine the relationship between investor attention, and -measures of uncertainty, with the market dynamics of Bitcoin and other -cryptocurrencies. We find that increases in investor attention are -associated with higher returns, more volatility, and greater illiquidity - in cryptocurrency markets. In contrast, cryptocurrency uncertainty -(UCRY) and financial market uncertainty (VIX) are also positively -related to volatility and illiquidity but have a negative -contemporaneous relationship with returns. The identified relationships -are accentuated during the COVID-pandemic, and are robust to different -measures of investor attention, volatility, and illiquidity. Our results - suggest that monitoring investor attention could assist both investors -and policymakers. | -
| Date | -2022 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -79 | -
| Pages | -101972 | -
| Publication | -International Review of Financial Analysis | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.irfa.2021.101972 | -
| ISSN | -10575219 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Gangjin Wang | -
| Author | -Yanping Tang | -
| Author | -Chi Xie | -
| Author | -Shou Chen | -
| Abstract | -Based on daily data about Bitcoin and six other major -financial assets (stocks, commodity futures (commodities), gold, foreign - exchange (FX), monetary assets, and bonds) in China from 2013 to 2017, -we use a VAR-GARCH-BEKK model to investigate mean and volatility -spillover effects between Bitcoin and other major assets and explore -whether Bitcoin can be used either as a hedging asset or a safe haven. -Our empirical results show that (i) only the monetary market, i.e., the -Shanghai Interbank Offered Rate (SHIIBOR) has a mean spillover effect on - Bitcoin and (ii) gold, monetary, and bond markets have volatility -spillover effects on Bitcoin, while Bitcoin has a volatility spillover -effect only on the gold market. We further find that Bitcoin can be -hedged against stocks, bonds and SHIBOR and is a safe haven when extreme - price changes occur in the monetary market. Our findings provide useful - information for investors and portfolio risk managers who have invested - or hedged with Bitcoin. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -4 | -
| Pages | -173–188 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Management Science and Engineering | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.jmse.2019.09.001 | -
| Issue | -3 | -
| ISSN | -25895532 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -John M Griffin | -
| Author | -Amin Shams | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Wiley Online Library | -
| Volume | -75 | -
| Pages | -1913–1964 | -
| Publication | -The Journal of Finance | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Daniel Drummer | -
| Author | -Dirk Neumann | -
| Abstract | -Blockchain technology has enabled so-called smart contracts -between different parties on a decentralized network. These -self-enforceable and self-executable computerized contracts could -initiate a fundamental paradigm shift in the understanding and -functioning of our legal practices. Opportunities for their application -are increasingly understood, and numerous tests of feasibility have been - completed. However, only very few use cases have yet been implemented -at scale. This article—as the first of its kind—comprehensively analyzes - the underlying challenges and locates a key reason for the slow -adoption in the discrepancy between legal requirements and IT -capabilities. Our work combines a wide range of academic sources and -interviews with 30 domain experts from IT, the legal domain and private -industry. First, we establish that smart contracts still fall within the - boundaries of the general legal framework. We then systematically -dissect current shortcomings of smart contracts on three distinct -levels, namely, (1) how smart contracts are likely to cause conflicts -with existing laws, (2) how smart contracts are intrinsically limited on - an individual contract level and (3) how they are impeded by their -current technical design. Across those levels, we dissect 20 distinct -issues concerning the current implementation of smart contracts for -which we derive potential remedies. We further outline implications for -policy-makers as well as IT management, and examine how information -systems research can play an important role in advancing smart -contracts. Finally, we show how managerial and organizational issues -might represent an ongoing challenge for the widespread adoption of -smart contracts. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England | -
| Volume | -35 | -
| Pages | -337–360 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Information Technology | -
| DOI | -10.1177/0268396220924669 | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| ISSN | -14664437 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Benedikt C. Eikmanns | -
| Author | -Pascal Mehrwald | -
| Author | -Isabell M. Welpe | -
| Author | -Philipp G. Sandner | -
| Abstract | -Similar to mobile operating systems, public blockchain -infrastructures, such as Ethereum, represent a platform for the -development of software applications. Since 2020, we observe the -emergence of a rapidly evolving ecosystem of blockchain-based -applications called Decentralized Finance (DeFi), which aspires to -challenge traditional finance and associated business models. To explore - the economic structures that constitute DeFi, we follow an -interdisciplinary approach, supplementing information systems (IS) -research with strategic management literature. We apply the theoretical -lens of strategic groups to identify platform-specific dimensions and -conceptualize DeFi as a hierarchical structured platform economy -consisting of four strategic groups, namely 1) Token Management -Applications, 2) Protocol Platforms, 3) Aggregation Platforms, and 4) -Decentralized Financial Services Solutions. Further, we give a market -overview of DeFi applications and discover archetypal attributes of the -respective groups. Lastly, we present an integrated framework for the -analysis of software-based platform ecosystems and derive areas for -future research. | -
| URL | -https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3992625 | -
| DOI | -https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3992625 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Michael Dowling | -
| Date | -2022 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -44 | -
| Pages | -102097 | -
| Publication | -Finance Research Letters | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 09:04:42 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 09:04:42 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Molly White | -
| Abstract | -When I speak about the inefficiency of popular blockchains, or mention that we seem to be hurtling towards a | -
| Date | -2022-01-14 | -
| Language | -en-us | -
| URL | -https://blog.mollywhite.net/its-not-still-the-early-days/ | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 11:56:15 | -
| Website Title | -Molly White | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 11:56:15 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:56:15 | -
| Type | -Conference Paper | -
|---|---|
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Backup Publisher: IEA Paris, France | -
| Publisher | -International Energy Agency | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Katrin Becker | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| URL | -https://classiques-garnier.com/etudes-digitales-2018-2-n-6-religiosite-technologique-ii-la-technologie-blockchain-et-la-promesse-crypto-divine-d-en-finir-avec-les-tiers.html | -
| Volume | -6 | -
| Pages | -33–52 | -
| Publication | -Études digitales | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Larry Lohmann | -
| Abstract | -The biggest frontier of mechanization of the past 10 years has - been the automation, broadly speaking, of interpretation. This includes - recognition (for example, image recognition technologies used by -security services), translation (Google Translate), searching for -information (search engines), understanding (‘predictive algorithms' -that learn what books or movies you will like or what kind of propaganda - will appeal to you, as used by Amazon, Netflix, or the Donald Trump -campaign), trust (blockchain technologies such as Bitcoin), and -negotiation (‘smart contracts' as pioneered by firms such as Ethereum). -This article explores how these technologies benefit business and why -they have come to prominence now, the ways they degrade and exhaust the -work of both humans and nonhumans, the parallels with earlier uses of -machines to discipline and extract value from labour, and the -implications for social movement strategy. The article also suggests -some directions for research. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Springer | -
| Volume | -62 | -
| Pages | -43–52 | -
| Publication | -Development (Basingstoke) | -
| DOI | -10.1057/s41301-019-00207-2 | -
| Issue | -1-4 | -
| ISSN | -02122448 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | -
| Type | -Book | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Riikka Koulu | -
| Abstract | -The use of new information and communication technologies both - inside the courts and in private online dispute resolution services is -quickly changing everyday conflict management. However, the implications - of the increasingly disruptive role of technology in dispute resolution - remain largely undiscussed. In this book, assistant professor of law -and digitalisation Riikka Koulu examines the multifaceted phenomenon of -dispute resolution technology, focusing specifically on private -enforcement, which modern technology enables on an unforeseen scale. The - increase in private enforcement confounds legal structures and -challenges the nation-state's monopoly on violence. And, in this -respect, the author argues that the technology-driven privatisation of -enforcement - from direct enforcement of e-commerce platforms to -self-executing smart contracts in the blockchain - brings the ethics of -law's coercive nature out into the open. This development constitutes a -new, and dangerous, grey area of conflict management, which calls for -transparency and public debate on the ethical implications of dispute -resolution technology. | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Extra | -Publication Title: Law, Technology and Dispute Resolution: The Privatisation of Coercion -DOI: 10.4324/9781315149479 | -
| Publisher | -Routledge | -
| ISBN | -978-1-351-37040-0 | -
| # of Pages | -1–220 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Jake Goldenfein | -
| Author | -Andrea Leiter | -
| Abstract | -A new legal field is emerging around blockchain platforms and -automated transactions. Understanding the relationships between law, -legal enforcement, and these technological systems has become critical -for scaling blockchain applications. Because ‘smart contracts' do not -themselves constitute agreements, the first necessary ‘legal' -development for transacting with these technologies involves linking -computational transactions to natural language contracts. Various groups - have accordingly begun building libraries of machine readable -transaction modules that correspond to natural language contracting -elements. In doing so, they are creating the building blocks for ever -more complex transactions that will ultimately define the entire -envelope of computational legal conduct in these environments, and -likely standardise the field. However, also critical to emerging -blockchain ‘legalities', is the capacity for dispute resolution and -legal enforcement. Beyond the performance of parties, or the quality of -goods and services transacted, new mechanisms are also needed to address - the performance of the computational transaction systems themselves. -Such mechanisms are necessary to address the reality that smart -contracts cannot be forced to perform actions beyond the parameters of -their coding, even by a judicial order. Legal tools, both technological -and institutional, are thus being developed to ‘soften' the effects of -self-executing transactions. In this article we treat these developments - as law-making practices that are constitutive of an emerging legal -field. Legal engineering exercises of this kind are not novel, and by -drawing on historic examples from the common law and international -arbitration, we gain insights into the competitive dynamics likely to be - shaping legal engagements on the blockchain. | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Springer | -
| Volume | -29 | -
| Pages | -141–149 | -
| Publication | -Law and Critique | -
| DOI | -10.1007/s10978-018-9224-0 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -15728617 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Type | -Book Section | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Maxim I Inozemtsev | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-83561-3_22%0A | -
| Extra | -DOI: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-83561-3_22 | -
| Publisher | -Springer | -
| Pages | -315–326 | -
| Book Title | -Post-COVID Economic Revival, Volume I | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | -
| Type | -Thesis | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Sarah Azouvi | -
| Abstract | -Since the apparition of Bitcoin, decentralization has become -an ideal praised almost religiously. Indeed, removing the need for a -central authority prevents many forms of abuse that could be performed -by a trusted third party, especially when there are no transparency and -accountability mechanisms in place. Decentralization is however a very -subtle concept that has limits. In this thesis, we look at the -decentralization of blockchains at three different levels. First we look - at the consensus protocol, which is the heart of any decentralized -system. The Nakamoto protocol, used by Bitcoin, has been shown to induce - centralization through the shift to mining pools. Additionally, it is -heavily criticized for the enormous amount of energy it requires. We -propose a protocol, Fantômette, that incorporates incentives at its core - and that consumes much less energy than Bitcoin and other proof-of-work - based cryptocurrencies. If the consensus protocol makes it possible to -decentralize the enforcement of rules in a cryptocurrency, there is -still the question of who decides on the rules. Indeed, if a central -authority is able to determine what those rules are then the fact that -they are enforced in a decentralized way does not make it a -decentralized system. We study the governance structure of Bitcoin and -Ethereum by making measurements of their GitHub repositories and -providing quantitative ways to compare their level of centralization by -using appropriate metrics based on centrality measures. Finally, many -applications are now built on top of blockchains. These can also induce -or straightforwardly lead to centralization, for example by requiring -that users register their identities to comply with regulations. We show - how identities can be registered on blockchains in a decentralized and -privacy-preserving way. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10139069/ | -
| Extra | -DOI: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10139069/ | -
| Type | -PhD Thesis | -
| University | -University College London | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Karsten Schulz | -
| Author | -Marian Feist | -
| Abstract | -The rapid development of digital technologies such as -blockchain and distributed ledger-based systems holds transformative -potential for the financial sector. Promising applications include asset - management as well as peer-to-peer networks for the transparent -exchange of data and information. International climate finance stands -to benefit in particular ways from these new opportunities in financial -technology. Distributed ledger technologies could be leveraged to -support climate action, for example by facilitating transparent and -standardized transactions, or by enabling more efficient monitoring and -accreditation processes. In view of these promising opportunities, we -focus our inquiry on the case of the Green Climate Fund to explore how -distributed ledger technologies can be used for innovative climate -finance. Based on our analysis of different digital system models and -potential use cases, we then discuss some of the technical and political - challenges that may arise, for example with regard to standards and -safeguards, governance processes, country ownership, and further -capitalization. Our findings show that distributed ledger-based systems -could benefit the work of the fund in key areas such as -multi-stakeholder coordination and impact assessment. However, our -analysis also points to the concrete limitations of technology driven -solutions. Digital technologies are not a standalone solution to -persistent resource allocation and governance challenges in -international climate finance, especially because the design and -deployment of these digital systems is inherently political. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -7 | -
| Pages | -100084 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.3663176 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Type | -Magazine Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Lil Jin | -
| Abstract | -Shared ownership and control of online platforms is the way forward | -
| Date | -2021-11-08T15:14:04Z | -
| Library Catalog | -The Economist | -
| URL | -https://www.economist.com/the-world-ahead/2021/11/08/li-jin-on-the-future-of-the-creator-economy | -
| Accessed | -28/02/2022, 11:16:07 | -
| Extra | -Shared ownership and control of online platforms is the way forward (via crypto) | -
| Publication | -The Economist | -
| ISSN | -0013-0613 | -
| Date Added | -28/02/2022, 11:16:07 | -
| Modified | -28/02/2022, 11:17:27 | -
| Type | -Blog Post | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Vitalik Buterin | -
| Abstract | -By Vitalik Buterin and Glen Weyl | -
| Date | -2018-05-21T14:05:12.607Z | -
| Language | -en | -
| URL | -https://medium.com/@VitalikButerin/liberation-through-radical-decentralization-22fc4bedc2ac | -
| Accessed | -28/02/2022, 11:24:52 | -
| Blog Title | -Medium | -
| Date Added | -28/02/2022, 11:24:52 | -
| Modified | -28/02/2022, 11:24:52 | -
Read/Eilidh
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Jan Reiser | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| DOI | -https://wwz.unibas.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/wwz/00_Professuren/Schaer_DLTFintech/Lehre/Reiser_2020.pdf | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Ramaa Vasudevan | -
| Abstract | -The launch of Libra, a corporate-controlled supranational -currency is a bold attempt by a bigtech behemoth to leverage its -monopoly over digital data and platform networks in order to draw -low-income and unbanked households into its web of interconnected -financial services. But in the process, argues the author, it will -likely exacerbate financial fragility, global imbalances, and the -already substantial financial subordination of developing countries. -Even if Facebook's plan to launch a global private digital currency, -Libra, as soon as next year (in 2020) flounders the announcement is -still significant as an opening salvo by a US corporate power, globally -dominant in the field of new technology, to push its disruptive -potential into the sphere of the international monetary system. The -announcement of the social network behemoth's entry into the sphere of -finance has, not surprisingly, triggered both speculation and backlash. -Writing in the Financial Times blog, FTalphaville, which has excellent, -if skeptical, analysis of this crypto-currency pretender, Isabella -Kaminska calls Libra A glorified exchange traded fund which uses -blockchain buzz words to neutralize the regulatory impact of coming to -market without a license as well as to veil the disproportionate -influence of Facebook, in what it hopes will eventually become a global -digital reserve system. (Kaminska 2019b) The claim is that this currency - will have all the attributes of the world's best currencies: stability, - low inflation, wide global acceptance, and fungibility (Libra 2019). -And the announcement comes at a time when Facebook is plagued by -accusations of misuse of private data, widespread abuse of its digital -platform, and blatantly anti-competitive practices, and has been slapped - with a $5 billion fine by the Federal Trade Commission for data privacy - violations (Murphy 2019a). Whatever might be the pitfalls of such -hubris, the launch reflects deeper structural trends in contemporary -capitalism. Before the full implications of these structural trends can -be grasped, it is necessary to cut through the buzz and hype surrounding - the launch of Libra and clarify some of the nuts and bolts of the -proposed plan. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Volume | -63 | -
| Pages | -21–39 | -
| Publication | -Challenge | -
| DOI | -10.1080/05775132.2019.1684662 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -0577-5132 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | -
| Type | -Book | -
|---|---|
| Author | -David Gerard | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Publisher | -David Gerard | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Video Recording | -
|---|---|
| Director | -Dan Olson | -
| Abstract | -If someone pitches you on a "great" Web3 project, ask them if it requires buying or selling crypto to do what they say it does. - -Sources and Further Reading -https://web3isgoinggreat.com/ -https://tante.cc/2021/12/17/the-third... -https://davidgerard.co.uk/blockchain/... -https://amycastor.com/2021/03/14/meta... -https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/cry... -https://blog.mollywhite.net/blockchai... -https://www.motherjones.com/politics/... -https://twitter.com/davetroy/status/1... -https://davidgolumbia.medium.com/cryp... -https://marker.medium.com/fintech-is-... -https://naavik.co/business-breakdowns... -https://www.gawker.com/culture/the-fu... -https://twitter.com/NFTtheft -https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/arc... -https://www.gamesindustry.biz/article... -https://www.technollama.co.uk/platfor... -https://davidgerard.co.uk/blockchain/... -https://twitter.com/Bitfinexed - -Written and performed by Dan Olson - -Crowdfunding: https://www.patreon.com/foldablehuman -Twitter: https://twitter.com/FoldableHuman -00:00:00 Preface -00:01:12 0. In 2008 The Economy Collapsed -00:07:09 1. Bitcoin -00:18:18 2. Ethereum -00:24:34 3. The Machine -00:39:07 4. NFTs Exist To Get You To Buy Crypto -00:57:54 5. The Unbearable Cringe Of Crypto -01:11:46 6. A Self-Organizing High Control Group -01:16:57 7. Crypto Reality -01:25:36 8. There Is No Privacy On The Chain -01:32:52 9. If This "Looks Like Scam" Then Every NFT Room I'm In Looks Like Scam LOL -01:38:29 10. Play To Earn Exists To Get You To Buy Crypto -01:46:39 11. We're All Gonna Make It And By "We" I Mean "Us" Not You -01:56:08 12. DAOs Exist To Get You To Buy Crypto -02:13:21 13. I Know It's Rigged, But It's The Only Game In Town | -
| Date | -2022-01-21 | -
| Library Catalog | -YouTube | -
| URL | -https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQ_xWvX1n9g | -
| Accessed | -02/03/2022, 09:11:38 | -
| Running Time | -2:18:22 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 09:11:38 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 09:12:26 | -
| Type | -Conference Paper | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Anetta Proskurovska | -
| Date | -2022 | -
| Proceedings Title | -2022 American Association of Geographers Annual Meeting | -
| DOI | -https://liser.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/linking-local-housing-and-global-finance-the-state-land-administr | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:45 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:45 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Michael Pacione | -
| Abstract | -The globalisation of capitalism has disadvantaged those people - and places marginal to the capitalist development process. The local -exchange trading system represents a possible approach to the challenge -of relocalising social and economic identity. Despite the growing -importance of local exchange trading systems (LETS) in the UK, -geographical research into the concept is limited. This paper examines -the potential of LETS as a response to the hegemonic influence of global - capitalism. The empirical evidence focuses on the development and -operation of LETS in Glasgow. The research analyses both successful and -unsuccessful LETS in the city, examines the prospects for further -development of LETS in the UK, and considers the potential value of the -concept particularly for people and places disadvantaged by the -capitalist market economy. © 1997, Sage Publications. All rights -reserved. | -
| Date | -1997 | -
| Extra | -ISBN: 0141552077 | -
| Volume | -34 | -
| Pages | -1179–1199 | -
| Publication | -Urban Studies | -
| DOI | -10.1080/0042098975583 | -
| Issue | -8 | -
| ISSN | -00420980 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Howell E. Jackson | -
| Author | -Morgan Ricks | -
| Date | -2021-08 | -
| URL | -https://corpgov.law.harvard.edu/2021/08/05/locating-stablecoins-within-the-regulatory-perimeter | -
| Publisher | -The Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Type | -Book | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Dan Davies | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Publisher | -Profile Books | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Seung Cheol Lee | -
| Abstract | -‘First, it was just tech people. Now, literally everyone is -interested in bitcoin', said CNN News while reporting on the bitcoin -mania that haunted South Korean society in the winter of 2017–2018. This - study takes that speculative frenzy as an entry point for exploring lay - bitcoin investors' experiences and the ‘magical' features of -contemporary financial capitalism. It first situates the bitcoin -investment boom in the contexts of South Korea's post-developmental -transition and the rise of mass investment culture. Drawing upon -participant observation of online communities for South Korea's bitcoin -investors, this study then demonstrates how lay bitcoin investors' daily - beliefs and practices are distinguished from more traditional economic -subjectivities–namely, disciplined workers and rational investors. Lay -bitcoin investors present themselves not simply as calculative investors - but also as enchanted gamblers who often rely upon magical formulas and - rituals that express their hopes and despairs in the face of an -uncertain future. Instead of dismissing their beliefs and rituals as -‘irrational exuberance', this study argues that their cultural practices - should be understood as a reflexive response to the ‘magical' -mechanisms of the financial market based on self-referential valuation -and self-fulfilling performativity. In examining how the logics of -uncertainty and magic are returned at the heart of contemporary -capitalism, this study consequently seeks to situate the lay investors' -struggles in dealing with the ambiguous future within the broader -transformation of the human condition during the triumphant rise of -financial capitalism. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2020.1788620 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Volume | -0 | -
| Pages | -1–24 | -
| Publication | -Cultural Studies | -
| DOI | -10.1080/09502386.2020.1788620 | -
| Issue | -0 | -
| ISSN | -14664348 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | -
| Type | -Blog Post | -
|---|---|
| Author | -DisCo.coop | -
| Date | -2019-12 | -
| Language | -en-US | -
| URL | -https://disco.coop/manifesto/ | -
| Accessed | -28/02/2022, 11:10:53 | -
| Extra | -A joint publication by DisCO.coop, the Transnational Institute - and Guerrilla Media Collective. "Value Sovereignty, Care Work, Commons -and Distributed Cooperative Organizations. The DisCO Manifesto is a deep - dive into the world of Distributed Cooperative Organizations. Over its -80 colorful pages, you will read about how DisCOs are a P2P/Commons, -cooperative and Feminist Economic alternative to Decentralized -Autonomous Organizations (DAOs). The DisCO Manifesto also includes some -background on topics like blockchain, AI, the commons, feminism, -cooperatives, cyberpunk, and more." | -
| Date Added | -28/02/2022, 11:10:53 | -
| Modified | -28/02/2022, 11:14:50 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Matthieu Nadini | -
| Author | -Laura Alessandretti | -
| Author | -Flavio Di Giacinto | -
| Author | -Mauro Martino | -
| Author | -Luca Maria Aiello | -
| Author | -Andrea Baronchelli | -
| Abstract | -Non Fungible Tokens (NFTs) are digital assets that represent -objects like art, collectible, and in-game items. They are traded -online, often with cryptocurrency, and are generally encoded within -smart contracts on a blockchain. Public attention towards NFTs has -exploded in 2021, when their market has experienced record sales, but -little is known about the overall structure and evolution of its market. - Here, we analyse data concerning 6.1 million trades of 4.7 million NFTs - between June 23, 2017 and April 27, 2021, obtained primarily from -Ethereum and WAX blockchains. First, we characterize statistical -properties of the market. Second, we build the network of interactions, -show that traders typically specialize on NFTs associated with similar -objects and form tight clusters with other traders that exchange the -same kind of objects. Third, we cluster objects associated to NFTs -according to their visual features and show that collections contain -visually homogeneous objects. Finally, we investigate the predictability - of NFT sales using simple machine learning algorithms and find that -sale history and, secondarily, visual features are good predictors for -price. We anticipate that these findings will stimulate further research - on NFT production, adoption, and trading in different contexts. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -_eprint: 2106.00647 -PMID: 34686678 | -
| Volume | -11 | -
| Publication | -Scientific Reports | -
| DOI | -10.1038/s41598-021-00053-8 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -20452322 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:17:15 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:17:15 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Issue: Docket No. 450545/2019, Motion Seq. No. 003 -Pages: 32454 -Publication Title: NY Slip Op -Volume: 2019 | -
| Publisher | -NY: Supreme Court | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Issue: 450545/19 -Pages: 3880 -Publication Title: NY Slip Op -Volume: 2020 | -
| Publisher | -NY: Appellate Div., 1st Dept. | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Steven A. Wright | -
| Abstract | -DAOS | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Volume | -2 | -
| Pages | -43–53 | -
| Publication | -IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society | -
| DOI | -10.1109/tts.2021.3054974 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Balázs Bodó | -
| Abstract | -This article considers the impact of digital technologies on -the interpersonal and institutional logics of trust production. It -introduces the new theoretical concept of technology-mediated trust to -analyze the role of complex techno-social assemblages in trust -production and distrust management. The first part of the article argues - that globalization and digitalization have unleashed a crisis of trust, - as traditional institutional and interpersonal logics are not attuned -to deal with the risks introduced by the prevalence of digital -technologies. In the second part, the article describes how digital -intermediation has transformed the traditional logics of interpersonal -and institutional trust formation and created new trust-mediating -services. Finally, the article asks as follows: why should we trust -these technological trust mediators? The conclusion is that at best, it -is impossible to establish the trustworthiness of trust mediators, and -that at worst, we have no reason to trust them. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England | -
| Volume | -23 | -
| Pages | -2668–2690 | -
| Publication | -New Media and Society | -
| DOI | -10.1177/1461444820939922 | -
| Issue | -9 | -
| ISSN | -14617315 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Guilherme Maia | -
| Author | -João Vieira dos Santos | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.3875355 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Date | -1974 | -
| Extra | -Issue: No. 73-1731 -Pages: 414 -Publication Title: F. 2d -Volume: 494 | -
| Publisher | -Court of Appeals, 8th Circuit | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Newspaper Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -David Yaffe-Bellany | -
| Abstract | -Investors give money to pseudonymous developers. Venture -capitalists back founders without learning their real names. What -happens when they need to know? | -
| Date | -2022-03-02 | -
| Language | -en-US | -
| Library Catalog | -NYTimes.com | -
| URL | -https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/02/technology/cryptocurrency-anonymity-alarm.html | -
| Accessed | -02/03/2022, 13:46:48 | -
| Section | -Technology | -
| Publication | -The New York Times | -
| ISSN | -0362-4331 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 13:46:48 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 13:46:55 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Gili Vidan | -
| Author | -Vili Lehdonvirta | -
| Abstract | -Subscribing to a techno-utopian discourse replacing -institutions and experts with “trust in code,” digital alternative -currency Bitcoin is pitched as a “math-based money” governed by -incorruptible code rather than human regulators. In three cases, which -occurred between 2013 and 2015, we examine this system at moments of -breakdown. In contrast to the discourse, we find that power is -concentrated to critical sites and individuals who manage the system -through ad hoc negotiations, and who users must therefore implicitly -trust—a contrast we call Bitcoin's “promissory gap.” But even in the -face of such contradictions between premise and reality, the discourse -is maintained. We identify four authorizing strategies used in this -work: conflating people with devices, assuming actors conform to notions - of economic rationality, appealing to technical expertise, and -explaining contradictions as temporary bugs. We contend that these -strategies are mobilized widely to legitimize a variety of applications -of algorithmic regulation and peer production projects. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Volume | -21 | -
| Pages | -42–59 | -
| Publication | -New Media and Society | -
| DOI | -10.1177/1461444818786220 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -14617315 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:08 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:08 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Nathan Schneider | -
| Author | -Primavera De Filippi | -
| Author | -Seth Frey | -
| Author | -Joshua Z. Tan | -
| Author | -Amy X. Zhang | -
| Abstract | -Governance in online communities is an increasingly -high-stakes challenge, and yet many basic features of offline governance - legacies-juries, political parties, term limits, and formal debates, to - name a few-are not in the feature-sets of the software most community -platforms use. Drawing on the paradigm of Institutional Analysis and -Development, this paper proposes a strategy for addressing this lapse by - specifying basic features of a generalizable paradigm for online -governance called Modular Politics. Whereas classical governance -typologies tend to present a choice among wholesale ideologies, such as -democracy or oligarchy, Modular Politics would enable platform operators - and their users to build bottom-up governance processes from -computational components that are modular and composable, highly -versatile in their expressiveness, portable from one context to another, - and interoperable across platforms. This kind of approach could -implement pre-digital governance systems as well as accelerate -innovation in uniquely digital techniques. As diverse communities share -and connect their components and data, governance could occur through a -ubiquitous network layer. To that end, this paper proposes the -development of an open standard for networked governance. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -_eprint: 2005.13701 | -
| Volume | -5 | -
| Pages | -1–26 | -
| Publication | -Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction | -
| DOI | -10.1145/3449090 | -
| Issue | -CSCW1 | -
| ISSN | -25730142 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Fiona Allon | -
| Abstract | -Blockchain technologies are central to what has been described - as a new ‘smart social contract'. With blockchain, individual -cryptographic identity becomes the basis for new forms of money and for a - whole suite of restructured social, political and financial -transactions. But what do these developments signal for feminist -engagements with the money economy? The transparency and pseudonymity -that the blockchain provides has been welcomed as a ‘feminist weapon'. -But the decentralised technology also legitimises many longstanding -assumptions of libertarianism, especially competitive individualism, -naturalised social inequality and the stability of value associated with - the gold standard. Drawing on popular culture texts, Goldfinger and The - Mandibles, this article considers this history, examining the gendered, - racialised and sexualised discursive practices that attend -representations of gold along with the ‘metallism' surrounding -blockchain-based cryptocurrencies in the contemporary conjuncture. By -claiming to represent non-negotiable certainty derived from -technology/nature rather than social convention, the fantasy of -fundamental value returns, together with related associations of -essentialism and authenticity, but anchored in this new context in the -technocratic authoritarianism of FinTech. This is part of the background - for the ‘new libertarianism' whose ascendency now overshadows the -neoliberalism that has been the focus of critical attention for some -decades. | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Volume | -33 | -
| Pages | -223–243 | -
| Publication | -Australian Feminist Studies | -
| DOI | -10.1080/08164649.2018.1517245 | -
| Issue | -96 | -
| ISSN | -14653303 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Michael Salmony | -
| Abstract | -This paper discusses the issues surrounding the question of -whether the best way to provide seamless pan-European/global payments is - to deploy a new cryptocurrency, perhaps via a private actor, or to -build on the existing infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/hsp/jpss/2020/00000013/00000004/art00002 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Henry Stewart Publications | -
| Volume | -13 | -
| Pages | -282–287 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Payments Strategy & Systems | -
| DOI | -https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/hsp/jpss/2020/00000013/00000004/art00002 | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| ISSN | -17501806 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Giacomo Bazzani | -
| Abstract | -Complementary currencies are usually seen as a by-product of -collective movements for social change or as an institutional tool for -local development: they are an outcome of collective action, not the -origin of collective mobilisation. Empirical research on the Sardex -complementary currency, though, suggests that money may support the -emergence of collective action. Traditional economic theory considers -any collective benefits provided by the economic system as the secondary - effects of individual entrepreneurs seeking to maximise their profits. -Entrepreneurs belonging to the Sardex network, though, do associate the -use of the Sardex currency with direct collective benefits. This means -they consider their business activities to be a form of collective -action for promoting the com-mon good of Sardinia's socio-economic -development. Using the Sardex currency sets this collective action in -motion: some Sardex members also work to expand the Sardex network -without any expectation of economic gain. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Volume | -13 | -
| Pages | -438–461 | -
| Publication | -Partecipazione e Conflitto | -
| DOI | -10.1285/i20356609v13i1p438 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -20356609 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Ye Li | -
| Author | -Simon Mayer | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Pages | -030 | -
| Publication | -Fisher College of Business Working Paper | -
| Issue | -2020-03 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 13:18:58 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 13:18:58 | -
| Type | -Book | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Thomas Levenson | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Publisher | -Head of Zeus Ltd | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Keith Hart | -
| Date | -2015 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: University of Chicago Press | -
| Volume | -5 | -
| Pages | -411–416 | -
| Publication | -HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Robert C Hockett | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -P Vigna | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Publication | -Wall Street Journal | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Christopher J Lawrence | -
| Author | -Stephanie Lee Mudge | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Oxford University Press | -
| Volume | -17 | -
| Pages | -109–134 | -
| Publication | -Socio-Economic Review | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Moxie Marlinspike | -
| Abstract | -Despite considering myself a cryptographer, I have not found -myself particularly drawn to “crypto.” I don’t think I’ve ever actually -said the words “get off my lawn,” but I’m much more likely to click on -Pepperidge Farm Remembers flavored memes about how “crypto” used to mean - “cryptography” than ... | -
| Date | -2022-01-07 | -
| Language | -en | -
| URL | -https://moxie.org/2022/01/07/web3-first-impressions.html | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 11:22:07 | -
| Extra | -Moxie Marlinspike is co-founder of Signal etc. | -
| Website Title | -Moxie Marlinspike | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 11:22:07 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:40:01 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Robert J Shiller | -
| Date | -2017 | -
| Volume | -107 | -
| Pages | -967–1004 | -
| Publication | -American Economic Review | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -John Fry | -
| Author | -Eng-Tuck Cheah | -
| Date | -2016 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -47 | -
| Pages | -343–352 | -
| Publication | -International Review of Financial Analysis | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -David Gerard | -
| URL | -https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/19/neo-nazis-banked-on-bitcoin-cryptocurrency-farright-christchurch/ | -
| Accessed | -03/03/2022, 13:06:47 | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 13:06:47 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 13:11:13 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Nikolei M. Kaplanov | -
| Abstract | -This Comment explores the lawfulness of using bitcoin, a -privately-issued currency transacted on a peer-to-peer network, and the -ability of the federal government to bar transactions between two -willing parties. While there are no cases yet challenging the ability of - parties in the United States to make transactions using bitcoins, there - are policymakers who have denounced the use of bitcoin. This has led to - the question of whether the federal government has the ability under -current federal law to prohibit the use of bitcoins between willing -parties. This Comment will show that the federal government has no basis - to stop bitcoin users who engage in traditional consumer purchases and -transfers. This Comment further argues that the federal government -should refrain from passing any laws or regulations limiting the use of -bitcoins. Should any claim arise, this Comment argues that there is a -perfectly acceptable model with which to analogize bitcoin use: -community currencies. | -
| Date | -2012 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: HeinOnline | -
| Volume | -25 | -
| Pages | -111 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.2115203 | -
| ISSN | -1530-5449 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -S. Casale-Brunet | -
| Author | -P. Ribeca | -
| Author | -P. Doyle | -
| Author | -M. Mattavelli | -
| Abstract | -Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) as a decentralized proof of -ownership represent one of the main reasons why Ethereum is a disruptive - technology. This paper presents the first systematic study of the -interactions occurring in a number of NFT ecosystems. We illustrate how -to retrieve transaction data available on the blockchain and structure -it as a graph-based model. Thanks to this methodology, we are able to -study for the first time the topological structure of NFT networks and -show that their properties (degree distribution and others) are similar -to those of interaction graphs in social networks. Time-dependent -analysis metrics, useful to characterize market influencers and -interactions between different wallets, are also introduced. Based on -those, we identify across a number of NFT networks the widespread -presence of both investors accumulating NFTs and individuals who make -large profits. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -http://arxiv.org/abs/2110.12545 | -
| Extra | -_eprint: 2110.12545 | -
| Publication | -arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.12545 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:17:15 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:17:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Matthew A. Zook | -
| Author | -Joe Blankenship | -
| Abstract | -In less than a decade Bitcoin and the technology of blockchain - – a cryptographically-secured, algorithmically-regulated, -distributed-ledger – emerged as the enfant terrible of the global -economy. Ironically, as cryptocurrencies reached collective valuations -of hundreds of billions of dollars the Bitcoin project failed in its -original purpose as an alternative currency governed by code rather than - trust. Not only has Bitcoin not become a popular means of global -peer-to-peer transactions but the much vaulted purity of algorithmic -governance is heavily entangled in social relations. This article -reviews blockchain's computer architectures, its connections to -materiality and space and the complexity of its established practices. -This analysis shows that rather than occupying an algorithmic place -apart, blockchain contains multiple and conflicting agencies and is -messily embedded in the code/space of materiality. Nevertheless the -faith in the superiority of algorithmic governance has injected a -powerful discourse in economies that has proven more important and -disruptive than the actual practices of Bitcoin or blockchain. | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.08.023 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -96 | -
| Pages | -248–255 | -
| Publication | -Geoforum | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.08.023 | -
| Issue | -August | -
| ISSN | -00167185 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Tomicah Tillemann | -
| Author | -Jai Ramaswamy | -
| Author | -Miles Jennings | -
| Author | -James Rathmell | -
| Abstract | -When we released our policy agenda and legislative proposals -publicly last month, our goal was to catalyze a conversation about the -next generation of the internet and the role of technology in open -societies. We also hoped to inspire the … | -
| Date | -2021-11-04T22:19:11-07:00 | -
| Language | -en-US | -
| Short Title | -Next Steps to Win the Future | -
| URL | -https://a16z.com/2021/11/04/next-steps-to-win-the-future-new-ideas-for-our-web3-policy-platform/ | -
| Accessed | -01/03/2022, 11:12:36 | -
| Extra | -Section: cryptocurrencies & blockchains | -
| Website Title | -Andreessen Horowitz | -
| Date Added | -01/03/2022, 11:12:36 | -
| Modified | -01/03/2022, 11:12:36 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Chris Dixon | -
| Abstract | -Chris Dixon's blog. | -
| Date | -2021-02-27 | -
| Language | -en | -
| URL | -https://cdixon.org/2021/02/27/NFTs-and-a-thousand-true-fans | -
| Accessed | -28/02/2022, 17:23:57 | -
| Date Added | -28/02/2022, 17:24:01 | -
| Modified | -28/02/2022, 17:24:36 | -
Read/Eilidh
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -David Y. Aharon | -
| Author | -Ender Demir | -
| Abstract | -In this paper, we analyze the connectedness between returns -for non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and other financial assets (equities, -bonds, currencies, gold, oil, Ethereum) during the period from January -2018 to June 2021. By using the Time-Varying Parameter Vector -Autoregressions (TVP-VAR) approach, we show that the overall -connectedness between the returns for financial assets increased during -the COVID-19 period. Our static analysis shows that the behavior of the -majority of NFT returns is attributable to endogenous shocks and only a -small portion of this variation resulted from the impact of innovation -in other assets. The results suggest that NFTs are mainly independent of - shocks from common assets classes and even from their close relation, -Ethereum. The dynamic analysis across time reveals that during normal -times, NFTs act as transmitters of systemic risk to some degree, but -during stressful times, their role shifts, and they act as absorbers of -risk spillovers. This suggests that NFTs may have diversification -benefits during turbulent times, as apparent during the COVID-19 crisis, - and especially around the great March 2020 market plunge. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Pages | -102515 | -
| Publication | -Finance Research Letters | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.frl.2021.102515 | -
| ISSN | -15446123 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:17:15 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:17:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Pınar Çağlayan Aksoy | -
| Author | -Zehra Özkan Üner | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Volume | -16 | -
| Pages | -1115–1126 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice | -
| DOI | -10.1093/jiplp/jpab104 | -
| Issue | -10 | -
| ISSN | -1747-1532 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:17:15 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:17:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Simon Mackenzie | -
| Author | -Diāna Bērziņa | -
| Abstract | -The extraordinary current craze around NFTs reflects their -perceived value as a technological development that can bring greater -certainty to questions of ownership and authenticity in fields like art -and other collectibles. This is, among other things, the promise of -crime prevention through technology, as ownership and authenticity are -in the art world closely tied to criminal legal matters like theft, -handling stolen goods and fraud. The crime prevention promise looks to -fall flat though, as the technology seems to be less capable of -delivering these benefits than has been assumed by its promoters. Much -of the attraction of NFTs is therefore not actually based on effective -crime prevention, but rather on hype. This paper explores the hype, and -its relationship to the crime prevention promise of NFTs, through the -lens of ‘the social lives of things'. We argue that as well as social -lives, things have criminal lives. Analysis sensitive to the criminal -lives of things finds an NFT trading scene heated by emotion: -excitement, attraction, temptation, speculative euphoria and -acquisitive, possessive sentiment. This creates a sense of object agency - more active than the cold traditional vision of material structure -presented in standard criminological treatments of things-in-the-world -as passive opportunity structures. The hyped NFT market trades in -affecting objects that create crime in emotional as well as structural -ways. We therefore arrive at a conclusion opposite to starting -assumptions: far from preventing crime, NFTs are making it. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England | -
| Pages | -17416590211039797 | -
| Publication | -Crime, Media, Culture | -
| DOI | -10.1177/17416590211039797 | -
| ISSN | -17416604 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:17:16 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:17:16 | -
| Type | -Book | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Harry Markopolos | -
| Date | -2011 | -
| Publisher | -John Wiley & Sons | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Lennart Ante | -
| Abstract | -The market for non-fungible tokens (NFTs), transferrable and -unique digital assets on public blockchains, has received widespread -attention and experienced strong growth since early 2021. This study -provides an introduction to NFTs and explores the 14 largest submarkets -using data from the Ethereum blockchain between June 2017 and May 2021. -The analyses rely on (a) the number of NFT sales, (b) the dollar volume -of NFT trades and (c) the number of unique blockchain wallets that -traded NFTs. Based on the number of transactions and wallets, the -Ethereum-based NFT market peaked at the end of 2017 due to the success -of the CryptoKitties project. As of 2021, fewer transactions occur but -the traded value is much higher. We find that NFT submarkets are -cointegrated and feature various causal short-run connections between -them. The success or adoption of younger NFT projects is influenced by -that of more established markets. At the same time, the success of newer - markets has an impact on the more established projects. The results -contribute to the overall understanding of the NFT phenomenon and -suggest that NFT markets are immature or even inefficient. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.3904683 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:17:16 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:17:16 | -
| Type | -Book | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Mieszko Mazur | -
| Abstract | -This study examines the risk and return characteristics of the - NFT-based startups listed on the cryptocurrency exchange. Our -investigation is motivated by the recent surge in the NFT activity on -the part of creators, investors, and traders. We begin by proposing -novel classification of the existing NFTs that range from NFT -blockchains through NFT metaverse to NFT DeFi. Next, we establish that -NFTs: 1) earn 130% on the first-listing-day; 2) yield an average -investment multiple of 40 (roughly 4,000%) over long-term, which is four - times higher than bitcoin during the same period; 3) deliver positive -and significant alpha and exhibit above-average beta. We also show that -the NFT segment of the cryptocurrency market leads market recovery -following the mid-2021 crash and generate a return of close to 350%. In -the final analysis of the paper, we find that NFT infrastructure -integrated within the existing blockchains increase market valuations of - these networks. 1This | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publication Title: SSRN Electronic Journal -DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3953535 | -
| ISBN | -1-00-008723-9 | -
| Series Number | -October | -
| # of Pages | -1–34 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:17:16 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:17:16 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Adam Jason Kolber | -
| Abstract | -The first high-profile decentralized autonomous organization -formed in 2016. Called "TheDAO," it used smart contracts on a -bitcoin-style blockchain to allow strangers to come together online to -vote on and invest in venture capital proposals. Newspapers raved about -the $160 million it quickly raised, even though it purported to have no -central human authority, including no managers , executives, or board of - directors. Technologists have grand plans for smart contracts and -autonomous organizations. Rather than staying at traditional hotels with - elaborate human staff, we may pay for hotel rooms using bitcoin (or -another cryptocurrency) which will automatically unlock the room door. -If the toilet breaks, the room itself will contract with a plumber to -fix it. Similarly, a smart contract may allow us to hire a self-driving -car. The car will not only drive passengers around but arrange for its -own routine maintenance. TheDAO itself, however, is now a cautionary -tale. A bug in its smart contract code was exploited to drain more than -$50 million in value. Some purists denounced efforts to mitigate the -problem, arguing that the alleged hacker simply withdrew money in -accordance with the organization's agreed-upon contractual terms in the -form of computer code. Since the "code is the contract" in their minds, -the alleged hacker did nothing wrong. I defend two related claims. -First, contra the purists, I argue that the code does not reflect the -entirety of the parties' agreement, and so the "code is the contract" -slogan does not resolve whether TheDAO exploitation should have | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| URL | -https://law.stanford.edu/publications/not-so-smart-blockchain-contracts-and-artificial-responsibility/ | -
| Volume | -21 | -
| Pages | -198–234 | -
| Publication | -Stanford Technology Law Review | -
| DOI | -https://law.stanford.edu/publications/not-so-smart-blockchain-contracts-and-artificial-responsibility/ | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Wessel Reijers | -
| Author | -Iris Wuisman | -
| Author | -Morshed Mannan | -
| Author | -Primavera De Filippi | -
| Author | -Christopher Wray | -
| Author | -Vienna Rae-Looi | -
| Author | -Angela Cubillos Vélez | -
| Author | -Liav Orgad | -
| Abstract | -The invention of Bitcoin in 2008 as a new type of electronic -cash has arguably been one of the most radical financial innovations in -the last decade. Recently, developer communities of blockchain -technologies have started to turn their attention towards the issue of -governance. The features of blockchain governance raise questions as to -tensions that might arise between a strictly “on-chain” governance -system and possible applications of “off-chain” governance. In this -paper, we approach these questions by reflecting on a long-running -debate in legal philosophy regarding the construction of a positivist -legal order. First, we argue that on-chain governance shows striking -similarities with Kelsen's notion of a positivist legal order, -characterised by Schmitt as the machine that runs itself. Second, we -illustrate some of the problems that emerged from the application of -on-chain governance, with particular reference to a calamity in a -blockchain-based system called the DAO. Third, we reflect on Schmitt's -argument that the coalescence of private interests is a vulnerability of - positivist legal systems, and accordingly posit this as an inherent -vulnerability of on-chain governance of existing blockchain-based -systems. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -ISBN: 1124501896265 | -
| Volume | -40 | -
| Pages | -821–831 | -
| Publication | -Topoi | -
| DOI | -10.1007/s11245-018-9626-5 | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| ISSN | -15728749 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Stefan Eich | -
| Abstract | -Cryptocurrencies are frequently framed as future-oriented, -technological innovations that decentralize money, thereby liberating it - from centralized governance and the political tentacles of the state. -This is misleading on several counts. First, electronic currencies -cannot leave the politics of money behind even where they aim to disavow - it. Instead, we can understand their impact as a political attempt to -depoliticize money. Second, the dramatic price swings of -cryptocurrencies challenge their self-fashioning as a new form of money -and reveal them instead as speculative assets and securities in need of -regulation. While the preferential tax and regulatory treatment of -cryptocurrencies hinges on their nominal currency status, it is -ironically precisely their success as speculative assets that has -undermined these claims. Finally, far from heralding a radical break -with the past, electronic currencies serve as a reminder of the -unresolved global politics of money since the 1970s. To support these -three interrelated theses this chapter places the rise of -cryptocurrencies in the historical context of the international politics - of money between the end of the Bretton Woods system and the response -to the 2008 Financial Crisis. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198842187.001.0001/oso-9780198842187-chapter-5 | -
| Extra | -ISBN: 978-0-19-187820-6 | -
| Pages | -85–98 | -
| Publication | -Regulating Blockchain: Techno-Social and Legal Challenges | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Type | -Thesis | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Bitcoin Valley | -
| Abstract | -The present research engages with theoretical notions related -to anarchy, currency systems and the intersubjectivity ofmoney to -develop a critical analysis of the individual attitudes and motivations -relevant to the usage of Bitcoin for what concerns users in Rovereto, -Italy. Through the use of ethnography, this research explores the -reasons behind the spread of use of Bitcoin in the area of Rovereto and -how those reasons may be connected to the way the Bitcoin network was -designed and the socio-political set of values of its creators. New -theoretical paradigms and a re-interpretation of old theoretical notions - is proposed, in order to overcome the lack of literature and fieldwork -material related to the subject of cryptocurrency users, for what -concerns anthropological research. General reflections on the impact of -new technologies such as cryptocurrencies on individuals are also -produced, in connection with the material collected on the field in -Rovereto. 2 | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| URL | -https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/374186%0A | -
| Extra | -DOI: https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/374186 -Issue: August | -
| Type | -PhD Thesis | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | -
| Type | -Thesis | -
|---|---|
| Author | -G D Starita | -
| Abstract | -The present research engages with theoretical notions related -to anarchy, currency systems and the intersubjectivity of money to -develop a critical analysis of the individual attitudes and motivations -relevant to the usage of Bitcoin for what concerns users in Rovereto, -Italy. Through the use of ethnography, this research explores the -reasons behind the spread of use of Bitcoin in the area of Rovereto and -how those reasons may be connected to the way the Bitcoin network was -designed and the socio-political set of values of its creators. New -theoretical paradigms and a re-interpretation of old theoretical notions - is proposed, in order to overcome the lack of literature and fieldwork -material related to the subject of cryptocurrency users, for what -concerns anthropological research. General reflections on the impact of -new technologies such as cryptocurrencies on individuals are also -produced, in connection with the material collected on the field in -Rovereto. show less | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| URL | -https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/374186%0A | -
| Extra | -DOI: https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/374186 | -
| Type | -Master's Thesis | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -J. Z. Garrod | -
| Abstract | -The last few years have seen the emergence of a growing -academic literature on the blockchain. On one side are the supporters, -who see its potential to create a true, peer-to-peer (p2p) sharing -economy. On the other side are the critics, who argue that the -blockchain is more likely to reproduce capitalism than to disrupt it. -Using the insights generated by the critical literature on the -blockchain, this paper seeks to ask new questions and provide new -insights about the development of this technology and how it is likely -to transform the global political economy through its capacity to -enforce global property rights. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2019.1678316 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Volume | -48 | -
| Pages | -602–623 | -
| Publication | -Economy and Society | -
| DOI | -10.1080/03085147.2019.1678316 | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| ISSN | -14695766 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Stephen Diehl | -
| Date | -2021-07-23 | -
| URL | -https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/crypto-scams.html | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 10:56:49 | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 10:56:49 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:43:31 | -
| Type | -Conference Paper | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Jens Neisius | -
| Author | -Richard Clayton | -
| Date | -2014 | -
| Publisher | -IEEE | -
| Pages | -48–58 | -
| Proceedings Title | -2014 APWG Symposium on Electronic Crime Research (eCrime) | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Manuscript | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Herminio Bodon | -
| Author | -Pedro Bustamante | -
| Author | -Marcela Gomez | -
| Author | -Prashabnt Krishnamurthy | -
| Author | -Michael J Madison | -
| Author | -Ilia Murtazashvili | -
| Author | -Jennifer B Murtazashvili | -
| Author | -Tymofiy Mylovanov | -
| Author | -Martin B Weiss | -
| Abstract | -Blockchains are distributed ledger technologies that allow the - recording of any data structure, including money, property titles, and -contracts. In this paper, we suggest that Hayekian political economy is -especially well suited to explain how blockchain emerged, but that -Elinor Ostrom's approach to commons governance is particularly useful to - understand why blockchain anarchy is successful. Our central -conclusions are that the blockchain can be thought of as a spontaneous -order, as Hayek anticipated, as well as a knowledge commons, as Ostrom's - studies of self-governance anticipated. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -https://ssrn.com/abstract=3462648 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Type | -Newspaper Article | -
|---|---|
| Abstract | -Bitcoin is only the future if you think 1789 wasn't in the past. | -
| Language | -en-US | -
| Library Catalog | -www.washingtonpost.com | -
| URL | -https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/01/08/bitcoin-is-the-new-middle-ages/ | -
| Accessed | -03/03/2022, 13:03:34 | -
| Publication | -Washington Post | -
| ISSN | -0190-8286 | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 13:03:34 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 13:03:34 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Andrew M. Bailey | -
| Author | -Bradley Rettler | -
| Author | -Craig Warmke | -
| Abstract | -In this article, we describe what cryptocurrency is, how it -works, and how it relates to familiar conceptions of and questions about - money. We then show how normative questions about monetary policy find -new expression in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. These questions -can play a role in addressing not just what money is, but what it should - be. A guiding theme in our discussion is that progress here requires a -mixed approach that integrates philosophical tools with the purely -technical results of disciplines like computer science and economics. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Volume | -16 | -
| Pages | -1–15 | -
| Publication | -Philosophy Compass | -
| DOI | -10.1111/phc3.12785 | -
| Issue | -11 | -
| ISSN | -17479991 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Andrew M. Bailey | -
| Author | -Bradley Rettler | -
| Author | -Craig Warmke | -
| Abstract | -In this article, we identify three key design dimensions along - which cryptocurrencies differ – privacy, censorship-resistance, and -consensus procedure. Each raises important normative issues. Our -discussion uncovers new ways to approach the question of whether Bitcoin - or other cryptocurrencies should be used as money, and new avenues for -developing a positive answer to that question. A guiding theme is that -progress here requires a mixed approach that integrates philosophical -tools with the purely technical results of disciplines like computer -science and economics. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Volume | -16 | -
| Pages | -1–15 | -
| Publication | -Philosophy Compass | -
| DOI | -10.1111/phc3.12784 | -
| Issue | -11 | -
| ISSN | -17479991 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Katrin Becker | -
| Date | -2022 | -
| URL | -https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/48024 | -
| Publication | -Dalloz | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Abstract | -Token use case demonstrated in their ability to incentivize the previously unsustainable broadband distribution model | -
| Language | -en | -
| URL | -https://cointelegraph.com/news/platform-leverages-blockchain-to-solve-digital-divide-in-africa | -
| Accessed | -22/02/2022, 21:26:16 | -
| Website Title | -Cointelegraph | -
| Date Added | -22/02/2022, 21:26:16 | -
| Modified | -22/02/2022, 21:29:16 | -
| Type | -Blog Post | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Cory Doctorow | -
| Date | -2022-02-03 | -
| Language | -en-US | -
| Short Title | -Pluralistic | -
| URL | -https://pluralistic.net/2022/02/03/liquidation-preference/ | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 12:18:05 | -
| Extra | -Why state backed money is a good thing (a feature not a bug). | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 12:18:05 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 12:18:53 | -
If you've spent much time around cryptocurrency people, you've -probably heard a rant or two about "sound money" and the need to -"depoliticize money." This is a foundation of blockchainism: the belief -that money is born separate from states, and states invade on the -private realm when they "meddle" in the money system.
-There are at least two serious problems with this ideology. First, -it's plain wrong on the historical facts. Money did not emerge from -barter systems among people. Money was and is a product of state.
-But even if you stipulate that money didn't originate among private -markets there's another serious historical problem with "sound money." -... It's this: central banks didn't emerge to usurp the private sector's - control over money. Central banks were created because without them, -finance was subject to wild, terrifying, ruinous boom/bust cycles. -What's more, without a central bank, money was subject to naked -political meddling, which central banks (sometimes) moderated.
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Josh Cincinnati | -
| Date | -2017 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Conference Paper | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Efpraxia D Zamani | -
| Author | -Zamani / Power | -
| Author | -Bitcoins | -
| Abstract | -In this study, through the lens of critical realism to power, -we take a close look into the power dynamics behind the Bitcoin protocol - in relation to its Cypherpunk philosophical underpinnings. We focus on -some of its main components that can be seen as constraining structures, - and we discuss how these structures generate constraining mechanisms -that restrict users' power to act, further reinforcing other entities” -power over them. In doing so, we illustrate that the Bitcoin Protocol, -as it is used today, is in tension with the principles on which it was -developed. In addition, we show that power, instead of being -decentralised and distributed to the many, it has merely shifted from -traditional actors to what can be seen as newcomers or atypical -regulators. In line with the paradigm of critical realism, we note that -the identified mechanisms and structures we discuss in this paper, are -those that we were able to observe through our subjective lens; others -may exist but may require different contextual conditions to be -activated and observed. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/150495/ | -
| Pages | -27–28 | -
| Proceedings Title | -13th Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems, 27-28 Sep 2019 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Robert W. Gehl | -
| Abstract | -This essay is an early ethnographic exploration of the Dark -Web Social Network (DWSN), a social networking site only accessible to -Web browsers equipped with The Onion Router. The central claim of this -essay is that the DWSN is an experiment in power/freedom, an attempt to -simultaneously trace, deploy, and overcome the historical conditions in -which it finds itself: the generic constraints and affordances of social - networking as they have been developed over the past decade by Facebook - and Twitter, and the ideological constraints and affordances of public -perceptions of the dark web, which hold that the dark web is useful for -both taboo activities and freedom from state oppression. I trace the -DWSN's experiment with power/freedom through three practices: -anonymous/social networking, the banning of child pornography, and the -productive aspects of techno-elitism. I then use these practices to -specify particular forms of power/freedom on the DWSN. | -
| Date | -2016 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Sage Publications Sage UK: London, England | -
| Volume | -18 | -
| Pages | -1219–1235 | -
| Publication | -New Media and Society | -
| DOI | -10.1177/1461444814554900 | -
| Issue | -7 | -
| ISSN | -14617315 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Syed Omer Hussain | -
| Abstract | -Critically engaging with literature on post-politics, -blockchain and algorithmic governance, and drawing also on knowledge -gained from undertaking a three-year empirical study, the purpose of -this article is to better understand the transformative capacity of -government-led blockchain projects. Analysis of a diversity of empirical - material, which was guided by a digital ethnography approach, is used -to support the furthering of the existing debate on the nature of the -post-political as a condition and/or strategy. Through these theoretical - and empirical explorations, the article concludes that while the -post-political represents a contingent political strategy by -governmental actors, it could potentially impose an algorithmically -enforced post-political 'condition' for the citizen. It is argued that -the design, features and mechanisms of government-led projects are -deliberately and strategically used to delimit a citizens' political -agency. In order to address this scenario, we argue that there is a need - not only to analyse and contribute to the algorithmic design of -blockchain projects (i.e. the affordances and constraints they set), but - also to the metapolitical narrative underpinning them (i.e. the -political imaginaries underlying the various government-led projects). | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: The British Blockchain Association | -
| Volume | -3 | -
| Pages | -1–11 | -
| Publication | -The Journal of The British Blockchain Association | -
| DOI | -10.31585/jbba-3-1-(2)2020 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -25163949 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Peter Howson | -
| Author | -Alex de Vries | -
| Abstract | -The rate of adoption of some cryptocurrencies is triggering -alarm from energy researchers and social scientists concerned about the -industry's growing environmental and social impacts. In this paper we -argue that the unsustainable trajectory of some cryptocurrencies -disproportionately impacts poor and vulnerable communities where -cryptocurrency producers and other actors take advantage of economic -instabilities, weak regulations, and access to cheap energy and other -resources. Globally, over 100 million people hold cryptocurrency, mostly - as a speculative asset. The digital infrastructure behind the most -popular cryptocurrency, bitcoin, currently requires as much energy as -the whole of Thailand, with a carbon footprint exceeding the gold mining - industry. Should bitcoin's mass adoption continue, an escalating -climate crisis is inevitable, disproportionately exacerbating social and - environmental challenges for communities already experiencing multiple -dimensions of deprivation. In mitigating these impacts, the paper -considers 4 potential regulatory pathways, including: 1) promoting -voluntary private-sector commitments to using only renewable energy, 2) -encouraging a system of voluntary carbon offsetting, 3) using existing -financial regulations and tax frameworks, and 4) imposing national -and/or international bans on cryptocurrency ‘mining'. The paper argues -that effective environmental regulation of cryptocurrencies is urgently -required, both to reduce the threat of catastrophic climate change, and -to help the world's poorest towards sustainable development. However, -regulating cryptocurrency mining in any context is likely to require a -combination of efforts and is unlikely to result in win-win outcomes for - all. | -
| Date | -2022 | -
| Volume | -84 | -
| Pages | -102394 | -
| Publication | -Energy Research and Social Science | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.erss.2021.102394 | -
| Issue | -xxxx | -
| ISSN | -22146296 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Patrick D. Anderson | -
| Abstract | -WikiLeaks is among the most controversial institutions of the -last decade, and this essay contributes to an understanding of WikiLeaks - by revealing the philosophical paradigm at the foundation of Julian -Assange's worldview: cypherpunk ethics. The cypherpunk movement emerged -in the early-1990s, advocating the widespread use of strong cryptography - as the best means for defending individual privacy and resisting -authoritarian governments in the digital age. For the cypherpunks, -censorship and surveillance were the twin evils of the computer age, but - they viewed encryption as a means to circumvent both. As a cypherpunk, -Assange advocates for the use of cryptography in the fight for -individual privacy as well as the fight for global justice. His -cosmopolitan disposition is informed by his hacker background, antiwar -principles, and Enlightenment outlook. This essay places Assange's -philosophical idea in historical context, exploring his views on -censorship, surveillance, and the right to communicate. It also connects - his cypherpunk principles to WikiLeaks, showing that the strategy of -encouraging data leaks from powerful political and economic -organizations is classic cypherpunk political praxis. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Springer | -
| Volume | -23 | -
| Pages | -295–308 | -
| Publication | -Ethics and Information Technology | -
| DOI | -10.1007/s10676-020-09571-x | -
| Issue | -3 | -
| ISSN | -15728439 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:01 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:01 | -
| Type | -Book | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Daniel S Shaffer | -
| Date | -2010 | -
| Publisher | -John Wiley & Sons | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Franz J Hinzen | -
| Author | -Kose John | -
| Author | -Fahad Saleh | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Publication | -NYU Stern School of Business | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Jongchul Kim | -
| Abstract | -The literature on law and finance considers that law and -finance influence each other but are separate spheres that do not -constitute each other's nature. This paper opposes this conventional -dichotomy and argues that the current legal structure and legal -decisions have determined the very nature of shares, including money -market fund (MMF) shares. Western law has Roman origins and is -structured by the Roman legal division between property (rights in rem) -and contract (rights in personam). This paper examines how, in shares — -including MMF shares — contractual rights have been granted their -opposite, property rights. This paper argues that this property-ization -of contractual claims has led to the rise of financial corporate power, -especially MMFs. The paper then explores how the property-ization of MMF - shares contributed to generating the financial crisis of 2008, and it -ends by briefly discussing an MMF reform policy from a legal -perspective. | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Pages | -58–82 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.2478294 | -
| ISSN | -1556-5068 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:45 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:45 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Nathaniel Popper | -
| Date | -2020-02 | -
| Publication | -New York Times | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Bander Ali Saleh Al-rimy | -
| Author | -Mohd Aizaini Maarof | -
| Author | -Syed Zainudeen Mohd Shaid | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -74 | -
| Pages | -144–166 | -
| Publication | -Computers & Security | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 09:05:55 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 09:05:55 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Bill Maurer | -
| Date | -2016 | -
| Volume | -9 | -
| Pages | -82–96 | -
| Publication | -Behemoth-A Journal on Civilisation | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Sean Doody | -
| Abstract | -This paper outlines a critical social history of reactionary -media, political, and information networks—what I refer to generally as -technopolitics—in the United States and their significance to the -hostility towards truth and fact that is a central feature of our -political present. I begin with a critical review of the unique -right-wing media and political ecosystem that emerged from the alliance -between neoliberalism and social conservatism in the twentieth-century. -In the second section, I focus on digitization, Trump, and the -alt-right, and discuss the historical tethers connecting the latter to -the cyber-libertarians and white supremacists operating on the early -internet. Next, I take stock of the history covered in the paper, and -argue that we can see three general sociopolitical tendencies emerging -from our current juncture: something like a paleoconservative hardening -of the Republican Party's base; the degeneration of the core alt-right -into white supremacist terrorism; and the rise of an “intellectualist” -reactionary assemblage epitomized by the Intellectual Dark Web (IDW). I -provide a brief analysis of the IDW and discuss its chief political and -social significance in the post-Trump, post-alt-right social landscape -of what Jodi Dean describes as communicative capitalism. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Volume | -17 | -
| Pages | -143–164 | -
| Publication | -Fast Capitalism | -
| DOI | -10.32855/fcapital.202001.009 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -1930-014X | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Rufus Pollock | -
| Date | -2016-07-02 | -
| URL | -https://rufuspollock.com/2016/07/02/reflections-on-the-blockchain/ | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 11:52:48 | -
| Extra | -mainly a critique of early DAOs and techno-solutionism | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 11:52:48 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:53:46 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Carlo Amenta | -
| Author | -E Riva Sanseverino | -
| Author | -Carlo Stagnaro | -
| Abstract | -Blockchain technology has found several innovative -applications in the electricity industry. However, its potential has -still to be discovered. This is partly due to the role that regulation -plays in electricity markets. To be introduced, experimented with, and -eventually adopted on a commercial scale, blockchain-supported -innovations need to fit the existing regulatory framework or the rules -to be reshaped or updated. We focus on energy regulators' possible -responses to the blockchain-enhanced market operations (both from the -incumbents and potential newcomers), suggesting a monitoring mechanism -that can support innovation. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629621001535 | -
| Volume | -76 | -
| Pages | -102060 | -
| Publication | -Energy Research & Social Science | -
| DOI | -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102060 | -
| ISSN | -2214-6296 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Type | -Book | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Michael Levi | -
| Date | -2013 | -
| Publisher | -Routledge | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Dirk A. Zetzsche | -
| Author | -Ross P. Buckley | -
| Author | -Douglas W. Arner | -
| Abstract | -Libra is the first private cryptocurrency with the potential -to change the landscape of global payment and monetary systems. Due to -the scale and reach provided by its affiliation with Facebook, the -question is not whether, but how, to regulate it. This article -introduces the Libra project and analyses the potential responses open -to regulators worldwide. We conclude that perhaps the greatest impact -will come not from Libra itself, but rather from reactions to it, -particularly by other BigTechs, incumbent financial institutions and -governments around the world. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Oxford University Press | -
| Volume | -41 | -
| Pages | -80–113 | -
| Publication | -Oxford Journal of Legal Studies | -
| DOI | -10.1093/ojls/gqaa036 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -14643820 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Agata Ferreira | -
| Abstract | -Blockchain-based smart contracts have triggered polarised -discussions. They have been applauded as a significant technological -achievement, but also criticised as a dumb idea. Their application is -rapidly expanding in the financial sector, public sector, supply chain -management, and the automobile, real estate, insurance, and health care -industries. With the growing use of smart contracts and an increasing -variety of smart contracts applications, the debate over the legal -implications of this phenomenon has intensified and many legal issues -related to smart contracts are being examined. Legal scholars have -highlighted potential legal pitfalls, controversies and -incompatibilities with existing legal frameworks. Blockchain technology -and smart contracts have also been fuelling an interest of legislators, -who have begun to recognise regulatory uncertainties and are making the -first attempts to introduce legislative solutions to address them. This -paper aims to highlight the fervour of the scholarly debate surrounding -smart contracts and contrast it with a rather modest response from the -legislators thus far. The paper reiterates that smart contracts -represent the future. Even though they challenge practitioners, -scholars, and legislators, current legislative initiatives indicate that - under most legal systems there are no major obstacles for smart -contracts and to accommodate smart contracts within the existing legal -frameworks we should expect legal evolution rather than revolution. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -45 | -
| Pages | -102081 | -
| Publication | -Telecommunications Policy | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.telpol.2020.102081 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -03085961 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Karen Yeung | -
| Abstract | -This paper critically examines the intersection and -interactions between conventional law produced and enforced by national -legal systems (ie the ‘code of law') and the internal rules of -blockchain systems, which take the form of executable software code and -cryptographic algorithms operating across a distributed computing -network (‘code as law'). In so doing, it seeks to identify whether, and -to what extent, ‘regulation by blockchain' will successfully avoid -governance by conventional law. It identifies three different ways in -which the code of law is likely to interact with code as law, based -primarily on the intended motives and purposes of those engaged in -activities in developing, maintaining or undertaking transactions upon -the network. It argues that these different classes of case are likely -to generate different kinds of dynamic interaction between the -blockchain code and conventional legal systems, and critically examines -the normative foundations of these emerging and anticipated -interactions. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Wiley Online Library | -
| Volume | -82 | -
| Pages | -207–239 | -
| Publication | -Modern Law Review | -
| DOI | -10.1111/1468-2230.12399 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -14682230 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Anastasiia Morozova Cristina Cuervo | -
| Date | -2020-01 | -
| URL | -https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fintech-notes/Issues/2020/01/09/Regulation-of-Crypto-Assets-48810 | -
| Publisher | -International Monetary Fund | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Vlad Burilov | -
| Abstract | -Much like initial public offerings produce publicly traded -securities, Initial Coin Offerings (icos) produce crypto tokens -tradeable on crypto exchanges. Despite an apparent need for investor -protection the ico and the tokenisation phenomenon have yet to be -addressed by legislative action on the EU level. The paper studies the -suitability of the EU regulatory framework to capture tokenised -financial instruments and utility tokens based on the views of the EU -supervisory and national competent authorities. It is argued that EU -regulators shall first ensure legal certainty by defining the scope of -tokenised financial instruments subject to MiFID. Further, authorisation - and ongoing requirements shall be adapted to address the risks posed by - distributed technology and direct global access of investors to crypto -markets. Finally, there is no immediate need for a bespoke EU-wide -regime governing utility tokens; fragmentation of the market is a -positive development providing a testing field for future supranational -initiatives. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Brill Nijhoff | -
| Volume | -6 | -
| Pages | -146–186 | -
| Publication | -European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance | -
| DOI | -10.1163/22134514-00602003 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -22134514 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Carol R. Goforth | -
| Abstract | -SEC v. Telegram and SEC v. Kik, both decided in 2020, -establish some ground-breaking rules about how the federal securities -laws apply to cryptotransactions. In both cases, the court concluded -that a large, reputable social media company had conducted a crypto -offering in violation of federal law. In neither case was fraud or other - criminal conduct an issue; the sole problem was failure to register the - sales or comply with an exemption from registration. To find a -violation, both opinions collapsed a two-phase offering into a single, -integrated scheme. This approach appears to be an unnecessarily -overbroad application of the law, protecting neither investors nor -capital markets. A cost of this approach is that crypto entrepreneurs -are being forced away from the United States, and American investors are - denied opportunities to participate in a potentially desirable -technological revolution. This article examines the rationale employed -in these two decisions in light of the existing statutory and regulatory - framework. It also considers recent amendments to federal rules -defining the “integration doctrine,” which was relied on explicitly in -the Kik decision. This article suggests how future crypto offerings -might be structured to avoid the pitfalls created by the Kik and -Telegram opinions. It advocates a more limited approach than the one -urged by regulators. Its suggestions depend not on a change in law but -only a change in understanding what is required in order to conduct a -compliant crypto offering. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Wiley Online Library | -
| Volume | -58 | -
| Pages | -643–705 | -
| Publication | -American Business Law Journal | -
| DOI | -10.1111/ablj.12192 | -
| Issue | -3 | -
| ISSN | -17441714 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Douglas J. Cumming | -
| Author | -Sofia Johan | -
| Author | -Anshum Pant | -
| Abstract | -Distributed ledger technology, also known as the blockchain, -is gaining traction globally. Blockchain offers a secure validation -mechanism and decentralized mass collaboration. Cryptocurrencies make -use of this technology as a new asset class for investors worldwide. -Cryptocurrencies are being used by companies to raise capital via -initial coin offerings (ICOs). The substantial inflow of unregulated -capital into a transactional and transnational industry has aroused -interest from not just investors, but also national securities and -monetary regulatory agencies. In this paper, we review the Security and -Exchange Commission's initial statements and subsequent pronouncements -on ICO's to illustrate the potential problems with applying an older -legal framework to an ever-evolving ecosystem. Recognizing the inability - of enforcement within existing regulatory frameworks, we discuss the -importance of regulation of the crypto asset class and internal -collaboration between government agencies and developers in the -establishment of an ecosystem that integrates investor protection and -investments. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute | -
| Volume | -12 | -
| Pages | -126 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Risk and Financial Management | -
| DOI | -10.3390/jrfm12030126 | -
| Issue | -3 | -
| ISSN | -1911-8074 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:22:23 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:22:23 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Eva Micheler | -
| Author | -Anna Whaley | -
| Abstract | -In the UK both the Bank of England and the Financial Conduct -Authority have recently carried out experiments using new digital -technology for regulatory purposes. The idea is to replace rules written - in natural legal language with computer code and to use artificial -intelligence for regulatory purposes. This new way of designing -regulatory rules is in line with the UK government's vision for the -country to become a global leader in digital technology. It is also -reflected in the FCA's business plan. The article reviews the technology - and the advantages and disadvantages of combining the technology with -regulatory law. It then informs the discussion from a broader -perspective. It analyses regulatory technology through criteria -developed in the mainstream regulatory debate. It contributes to that -debate by anticipating problems that will arise as the technology -evolves. In addition, the hope is to assist the government in avoiding -mistakes that have occurred in the past and creating a better system -from the start. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Springer | -
| Volume | -21 | -
| Pages | -349–377 | -
| Publication | -European Business Organization Law Review | -
| DOI | -10.1007/s40804-019-00151-1 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -17416205 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Sarah Manski | -
| Author | -Michel Bauwens | -
| Abstract | -Distributed ledger technology (DLT) is increasingly proposed -as a powerful tool to address the social and ecological challenges in -the Global South. DLTs are opening up possible futures, one of which is a - wave of infrastructure decentralization with common-centric and -cosmo-local production. Shared logistics and supply chains for a -circular economy, with collaborative and networked “flow” accounting -allow the integration of contributive logics as well as the integration -of social and ecological externalities, including practical knowledge on - resource use limitations linked to planetary boundaries, as an integral - part of ecosystems of productive collaboration. Indeed, DLTs remove the - need for central intermediaries to validate transaction between -parties, who instead place their trust in the encrypted, -disintermediated system software. DLTs can be designed as a new -unencloseable (non-commodifiable) medium of communication, which could -lead to radically new forms of cooperation, organization, and -governance. Yet these revolutionary possibilities will not be realized -unless technologists consciously and strategically design systems -redistributing sovereignty from elites to the people in financial, -service, and national infrastructures. This paper concludes with a -critical examination of the application of DLT in Puerto Rico and how -DLTs could alter the production and exchange of “value” in service of a -global popular sovereignty. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Volume | -2 | -
| Pages | -1–17 | -
| Publication | -Frontiers in Blockchain | -
| DOI | -10.3389/fbloc.2019.00029 | -
| Issue | -January | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | -
| Type | -Book | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Edwin Lefevre | -
| Date | -2004 | -
| Volume | -175 | -
| Publisher | -John Wiley & Sons | -
| Date Added | -04/03/2022, 03:05:08 | -
| Modified | -04/03/2022, 03:05:08 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Alex de Vries | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -3 | -
| Pages | -893–898 | -
| Publication | -Joule | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Amanda Ahl | -
| Author | -Masaru Yarime | -
| Author | -Kenji Tanaka | -
| Author | -Daishi Sagawa | -
| Abstract | -The future of energy is complex, with fluctuating renewable -resources in increasingly distributed systems. It is suggested that -blockchain technology is a timely innovation with potential to -facilitate this future. Peer-to-peer (P2P) microgrids can support -renewable energy as well as economically empower consumers and -prosumers. However, the rapid development of blockchain and prospects -for P2P energy networks is coupled with several grey areas in the -institutional landscape. The purpose of this paper is to holistically -explore potential challenges of blockchain-based P2P microgrids, and -propose practical implications for institutional development as well as -academia. An analytical framework for P2P microgrids is developed based -on literature review as well as expert interviews. The framework -incorporates 1) Technological, 2) Economic, 3) Social, 4) Environmental -and 5) Institutional dimensions. Directions for future work in practical - and academic contexts are identified. It is suggested that bridging the - gap from technological to institutional readiness would require the -incorporation of all dimensions as well as their inter-relatedness. -Gradual institutional change leveraging community-building and -regulatory sandbox approaches are proposed as potential pathways in -incorporating this multi-dimensionality, reducing cross-sectoral silos, -and facilitating interoperability between current and future systems. By - offering insight through holistic conceptualization, this paper aims to - contribute to expanding research in building the pillars of a more -substantiated institutional arch for blockchain in the energy sector. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032119301352 | -
| Volume | -107 | -
| Pages | -200–211 | -
| Publication | -Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews | -
| DOI | -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.002 | -
| ISSN | -1364-0321 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Type | -Video Recording | -
|---|---|
| Director | -Revolution Now! | -
| Abstract | -*Special 1 hour show.In this episode, Bitcoin, Wall St and the - toxic evolution of Financialization is discussed, with secondary focus -on core principles of s... | -
| Date | -2021-05-22 | -
| Language | -en | -
| Library Catalog | -www.youtube.com | -
| URL | -https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsghxd1cdeA | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 12:25:01 | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 12:25:01 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 12:25:36 | -
| Type | -Report | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Yukun Liu | -
| Author | -Aleh Tsyvinski | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Institution | -National Bureau of Economic Research | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Yukun Liu | -
| Author | -Aleh Tsyvinski | -
| Abstract | -We establish that cryptocurrency returns are driven and can be - predicted by factors that are specific to cryptocurrency markets. -Cryptocurrency returns are exposed to cryptocurrency network factors but - not cryptocurrency production factors. We construct the network factors - to capture the user adoption of cryptocurrencies and the production -factors to proxy for the costs of cryptocurrency production. Moreover, -there is a strong time-series momentum effect, and proxies for investor -attention strongly forecast future cryptocurrency returns. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Oxford University Press | -
| Volume | -34 | -
| Pages | -2689–2727 | -
| Publication | -Review of Financial Studies | -
| DOI | -10.1093/rfs/hhaa113 | -
| Issue | -6 | -
| ISSN | -14657368 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Nicholas Weaver | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: ACM New York, NY, USA | -
| Volume | -61 | -
| Pages | -20–24 | -
| Publication | -Communications of the ACM | -
| Issue | -6 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Hester M. Peirce | -
| Date | -2020-02 | -
| URL | -https://www.sec.gov/news/speech/peirce-remarks-blockress-2020-02-06 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Securities and Exchange Commission | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -David Gerard | -
| URL | -https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/06/bitcoin-city-el-salvador-nayib-bukele/ | -
| Accessed | -03/03/2022, 13:05:58 | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 13:05:58 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 13:10:01 | -
| Type | -Blog Post | -
|---|---|
| Abstract | -Tether minted and sold USDT to many other companies and -individuals. None came close to the numbers Alameda Research and -Cumberland put up. | -
| Date | -2021-08-12T14:17:00+00:00 | -
| Language | -en-US | -
| Short Title | -SCOOP | -
| URL | -https://protos.com/tether-minted-usdt-stablecoin-crypto-two-alameda-cumberland/ | -
| Accessed | -02/03/2022, 14:26:28 | -
| Blog Title | -Protos | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 14:26:28 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 14:26:28 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -US Securities | -
| Author | -Exchange Commission | -
| Author | -others | -
| Date | -2017 | -
| Volume | -25 | -
| Pages | -2017–131 | -
| Publication | -US Securities and Exchange Commission | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Date | -1946 | -
| Extra | -Issue: No. 843 -Pages: 293 -Publication Title: US -Volume: 328 | -
| Publisher | -Supreme Court | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Issue: No. 19 Civ. 11325 (LLS) | -
| Publisher | -Dist. Court, SD New York | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Issue: No. 19 Civ. 5244 (AKH) | -
| Publisher | -Dist. Court, SD New York | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Issue: No. 1: 20-CV-273-RP | -
| Publisher | -Dist. Court, WD Texas | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Issue: Case No. 9: 19-CV-80633-ROSENBERG/REINHART | -
| Publisher | -Dist. Court, SD Florida | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Issue: No. 19 Civ. 9439 (PKC) | -
| Publisher | -Dist. Court, SD New York | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Dmitri Boreiko | -
| Author | -Dimche Risteski | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Springer | -
| Pages | -1–19 | -
| Publication | -Small Business Economics | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Sean Foley | -
| Author | -Jonathan R Karlsen | -
| Author | -Tālis J Putniņš | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Oxford University Press | -
| Volume | -32 | -
| Pages | -1798–1853 | -
| Publication | -The Review of Financial Studies | -
| Issue | -5 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Ilias Kapsis | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -ISBN: 9781000412628 -Publisher: Routledge | -
| Pages | -85–104 | -
| Publication | -FinTech, Artificial Intelligence and the Law: Regulation and Crime Prevention | -
| DOI | -10.4324/9781003020998-9 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:22:23 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:22:23 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Chloe Cornish | -
| Author | -Richard Waters | -
| Date | -2018-01 | -
| URL | -https://www.ft.com/content/790d9506-0175-11e8-9650-9c0ad2d7c5b5 | -
| Publication | -Financial Times | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Anthony Masure | -
| Author | -Guillaume Helleu | -
| Abstract | -Parmi les technologies majeures qui se sont succédé depuis la -fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la blockchain (2009), dont Bitcoin, -reste encore mal comprise en dehors de ses applications monétaires. Elle - a pourtant déjà des conséquences importantes dans le champ de la -création (art, design, jeu vidéo, etc.) à travers le développement, -depuis 2015, des « Non Fungible Tokens » (NFT) – à savoir la production -d'un certificat numérique infalsifiable et décentralisé attaché à une -entité numérique tangible. Contrairement à la pensée des « communs » et à - la culture du libre, les NFT promettent de créer de la « rareté -numérique » : sans eux, une fois mis en ligne sur le Web, une image, une - vidéo, un film ou une musique peuvent être dupliqués et circuler sans -aucune possibilité de contrôle. Mis en lumière depuis le début de -l'année 2021 par une multitude de ventes aux sommes record (69 millions -de dollars pour un NFT de l'artiste Beeple) et par le développement de -places de marché spécifiques, les NFT soulèvent des enjeux relatifs à la - valeur, à la circulation et à l'exposition des productions artistiques -et culturelles. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Association Multitudes | -
| Volume | -85 | -
| Pages | -210–219 | -
| Publication | -Multitudes | -
| DOI | -10.3917/mult.085.0210 | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:17:16 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:17:16 | -
| Type | -Book Section | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Giesela Rühl | -
| Abstract | -The law applicable to smart contracts is a neglected topic. At - times it is even discarded as irrelevant or unnecessary. In fact, many -authors claim that smart contracts especially when stored and executed -with the help of blockchain technology make contract law and, in fact, -the entire legal system obsolete. “Code is law” is the frequently cited -catchphrase. In the following chapter I will challenge this view and -argue, first, that smart contracts need contract law just as other, -traditional contracts, and, second, that the applicable contract law -can—at least in most cases—be determined with the help of the -traditional rules of private international law. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-52722-8_11 | -
| Publisher | -Springer | -
| Pages | -159–180 | -
| Book Title | -Blockchain, Law and Governance | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Lennart Ante | -
| Abstract | -Smart contracts are decentrally anchored scripts on -blockchains or similar infrastructures that allow the transparent -execution of predefined processes. Using smart contracts, assets like -money become programmable, which opens up previously inaccessible -application potential. To date, smart contracts control billions in -value. This paper analyzes 468 peer-reviewed articles on the topic of -smart contracts and their 20,188 references, providing a summary and -analysis of the current state of research on smart contracts. Using -exploratory factor analysis for co-citation analysis, we identify six -different strands of research that concern technical, social, economic -and legal disciplines: I) technical foundations, development and open -questions of blockchain networks, II) blockchain and smart contracts for - the Internet of Things, III) smart contract standardization, -verification and security, IV) blockchain and smart contracts for the -disruption of existing processes and industries, V) potentials and -challenges of smart contracts, and VI) smart contracts and the law. The -interrelations between these groups are visualized using social network -analysis. We thus obtain a structured overview of the main strands of -research concerning smart contracts, their development over time, the -relevance of smart contract platforms in research, and conceptual -connections between publications and discourses. The results offer -researchers and practitioners a substantial basis for their work on -smart contracts. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Pages | -1–48 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.3576393 | -
| Issue | -10 | -
| ISSN | -1556-5068 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Lennart Ante | -
| Abstract | -Smart contracts are decentrally anchored scripts on -blockchains or similar infrastructures that allow the transparent -execution of predefined processes. Using smart contracts, business logic - can be automated and assets such as money become programmable, which -opens up previously inaccessible application potential. To date, smart -contracts control billions in value. This paper analyzes 468 articles on - the topic of smart contracts and their 20,188 references, providing a -summary and analysis of the current state of research on smart contracts - and identifying intellectual structures and emerging trends. Using -exploratory factor analysis for co-citation analysis, six different -strands of research are identified that concern technical, social, -economic and legal disciplines: I) technical foundations, development -and open questions of blockchain networks, II) blockchain and smart -contracts for the Internet of Things, III) smart contract -standardization, verification and security, IV) blockchain and smart -contracts for the disruption of existing processes and industries, V) -potentials and challenges of smart contracts, and VI) smart contracts -and the law. The interrelations between these groups and individual -high-impact publications are visualized using social network analysis. A - structured overview of the main strands of research concerning smart -contracts, their development over time, the relevance of smart contract -platforms in research, and conceptual connections between publications -and discourses is obtained. Based on the results, starting points for -future research are derived, which offer researchers and practitioners a - substantial basis for their work on smart contracts. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Pergamon | -
| Volume | -57 | -
| Pages | -101519 | -
| Publication | -Telematics and Informatics | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.tele.2020.101519 | -
| ISSN | -07365853 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Eliza Mik | -
| Abstract | -If one is to believe the popular press and many “technical -writings,” blockchains create not only a perfect transactional -environment but also obviate the need for banks, lawyers and courts. The - latter will soon be replaced by smart contracts: unbiased and -infallible computer programs that form, perform and enforce agreements. -Predictions of future revolutions must, however, be distinguished from -the harsh reality of the commercial marketplace and the technical -limitations of blockchains. The fact that a technological solution is -innovative and elegant need not imply that it is commercially useful or -legally viable. Apart from attempting a terminological “clean-up” -surrounding the term smart contract, this paper presents some -technological and legal constraints on their use. It confronts the -popular claims concerning their ability to automate transactions and to -ensure perfect performance. It also examines the possibility of reducing - contractual relationships to code and the ability to integrate smart -contracts with the complexities of the real world. A closer analysis -reveals that smart contracts can hardly be regarded as a semi-mythical -technology liberating the contracting parties from the shackles of -traditional legal and financial institutions. | -
| Date | -2017 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Volume | -9 | -
| Pages | -269–300 | -
| Publication | -Law, Innovation and Technology | -
| DOI | -10.1080/17579961.2017.1378468 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -1757997X | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Angela Walch | -
| Abstract | -This chapter addresses the myth of decentralized governance of - public blockchains, arguing that certain people who create, operate, or - reshape them function much like fiduciaries of those who rely on these -powerful data structures. Explicating the crucial functions that leading - software developers perform, the chapter compares the role to Tamar -Frankel's conception of a fiduciary, and finds much in common, as users -of these technologies place extreme trust in the leading developers to -be both competent and loyal (ie, to be free of conflicts of interest). -The chapter then frames the cost-benefit analysis necessary to evaluate -whether, on balance, it is a good idea to treat these parties as -fiduciaries, and outlines key questions needed to flesh out the -fiduciary categorization. For example, which software developers are -influential enough to resemble fiduciaries? Are all users of a -blockchain ‘entrustors' of the fiduciaries who operate the blockchain, -or only a subset of those who rely on the blockchain? Finally, the -chapter concludes with reflections on the broader implications of -treating software developers as fiduciaries, given the existing -accountability paradigm that largely shields software developers from -liability for the code they create. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Chapter in Regulating Blockchain. Techno-Social and Legal Challenges, edited$\sim$\ldots | -
| Publication | -Regulating Blockchain. Techno-Social and Legal Challenges, ed. - by Philipp Hacker, Ioannis Lianos, Georgios Dimitropoulos & Stefan -Eich, Oxford University Press, 2019. | -
| DOI | -https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3203198 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Type | -Blog Post | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Ed Z | -
| Abstract | -Yesterday I had a quasi-viral tweet about how I cannot for the - life of me find an explanation as to why Web3 and the blockchain are so - inevitably the future. Charlie Warzel, ever the optimist for no given -reason suggested the following: Instead of a technology achieving mass -adoption and creating a culture in its wake, much of the crypto movement - is a durable culture that is waiting for its mass-adoption product and -trying to spin up technologies that augment the culture. | -
| Date | -2022-02-23 | -
| URL | -https://ez.substack.com/p/solutions-that-create-problems | -
| Accessed | -23/02/2022, 16:14:48 | -
| Blog Title | -Ed Zitron's Where's Your Ed At | -
| Website Type | -Substack newsletter | -
| Date Added | -23/02/2022, 16:14:48 | -
| Modified | -23/02/2022, 16:14:48 | -
| Type | -Report | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Christian Catalini | -
| Author | -Joshua S Gans | -
| Date | -2016 | -
| Institution | -National Bureau of Economic Research | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Shane Shifflett | -
| Author | -Paul Vigna | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Publication | -The Wall Street Journal | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Brian Ellsworth | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Pages | -30–08 | -
| Publication | -Reuters | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Bruce Mizrach | -
| Abstract | -Seven of the ten largest stablecoins are backed by fiat -assets. The 2016 and 2017 vintages of stablecoins have failure rates of -100% and 50% respectively. More than one-third of stablecoins have -failed. Tether has a 39% share of 1.77 trillion USD in 2021Q2 -transactions, and USD Coin 28%. The top three stablecoins have an -average velocity of 28.3. Tether transacted between 3.8 million unique -addresses, 63% of the ERC-20 token network. Six of the top ten tokens -have unconcentrated Herfindahl indices, but Gemini, Pax and Huobi have -single holders with more than 50% of the supply. The median Tether -transaction fee is similar to the cost of an ATM transaction, but they -are three to four times more for Dai and USDC. Fees, which are -proportional to the price of Ethereum, are rising though. Median fees -for Tether rose 3,628% over the last year, and 1,897% for USD Coin. 24 -hour exchange turnover in Tether is nearly $120 billion. This is -comparable to the daily volume at the NYSE and almost 15 times the daily - flow in money market mutual funds. Narrow bid-ask spreads and depth -have attracted active HFT participation. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.3835219 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | -
| Type | -Video Recording | -
|---|---|
| Director | -Computerphile | -
| Date | -2018-03-23 | -
| URL | -https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlLN0QERWBs&ab_channel=Computerphile | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 12:16:14 | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 12:16:14 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 12:17:01 | -
| Type | -Manuscript | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Rath Johanna | -
| Abstract | -This study contrasts different effects of applying blockchain -technology on a social norm of trust and individual behaviour. The -advanced technological features of blockchain could either complete -contractual information and prevent coordination failures by -substituting the need for trust or allow for some degree of -incompleteness in information and favour a reciprocal mechanism of trust - to solve for inefficiencies arising out of it. Either way, incomplete -information is a necessary condition for the emergence of social norms -of trust and reciprocity; hence a change in the completion of -contractual information influences the institutional setting that market - mechanisms are embedded in. One evolutionary process drives both, the -degree of information available and behavioural traits within the -society. Technology is neutral, but the way it is applied has different -consequences on the institutional setting and thus favours different -individual behavioural traits. Blockchain technology might either -substitute or complement the need for trust | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/216850 | -
| Extra | -DOI: https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/216850 -ISSN: 00029211 -Publication Title: ICAE Working Paper Series, No. 107 Provided -PMID: 14005845 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:08 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:08 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -David Gerard | -
| URL | -https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/23/cryptocurrency-chia-waste-resources-bitcoin/ | -
| Accessed | -03/03/2022, 13:04:48 | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 13:04:48 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 13:10:10 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Sarah Myers West | -
| Abstract | -This article explores an inflection point for the crypto -community as it grappled with a series of cascading failures. Drawing on - 3 years of ethnographic observation and interviews at conferences -devoted to building privacy systems, I consider how a determinist -conception of encryption technologies inhibited the widespread adoption -of privacy technologies. I develop the frame of “survival of the -cryptic” to call attention to the way this conception fails to -acknowledge how power shapes the conditions of surveillance: that race -and racism, gender and misogyny affect not only who is most impacted by -surveillance but also how the encryption technologies developed to -inhibit surveillance were designed—and, as importantly, who they were -designed for. I conclude by offering a new imaginary for encryption that - draws on queer, black and feminist thought by centering the need to -create safe and autonomous spaces for collective survival under -conditions of mass surveillance. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England | -
| Pages | -1461444820983017 | -
| Publication | -New Media and Society | -
| DOI | -10.1177/1461444820983017 | -
| ISSN | -14617315 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:01 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:01 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Peter Howson | -
| Abstract | -Concern about the carbon footprint of Bitcoin is not holding -back blockchain developers from leveraging the technology for action on -climate change. Although blockchain technology is enabling individuals -and businesses to manage their carbon emissions, the social and -environmental costs and benefits of doing so remain unclear. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0567-9 | -
| Volume | -9 | -
| Pages | -644–645 | -
| Publication | -Nature Climate Change | -
| DOI | -10.1038/s41558-019-0567-9 | -
| Issue | -9 | -
| ISSN | -17586798 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Thomas Slattery | -
| Date | -2014 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: HeinOnline | -
| Volume | -39 | -
| Pages | -829 | -
| Publication | -Brook. J. Int'l L. | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 09:06:57 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 09:06:57 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Robert Herian | -
| Abstract | -In the present techno-political moment it is clear that -ignoring or dismissing the hype surrounding blockchain is unwise, and -certainly for regulatory authorities and governments who must keep a -grip on the technology and those promoting it, in order to ensure -democratic accountability and regulatory legitimacy within the -blockchain ecosystem and beyond. Blockchain is telling (and showing) us -something very important about the evolution of capital and neoliberal -economic reason, and the likely impact in the near future on forms and -patterns of work, social organization, and, crucially, on communities -and individuals who lack influence over the technologies and data that -increasingly shape and control their lives. In this short essay I -introduce some of the problems in the regulation of blockchain and offer - counter-narratives aimed at cutting through the hype fuelling the -ascendency of this most contemporary of technologies. | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Volume | -29 | -
| Pages | -163–171 | -
| Publication | -Law and Critique | -
| DOI | -10.1007/s10978-018-9226-y | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -15728617 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Gary B Gorton | -
| Author | -Jeffery Zhang | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Publication | -Available at SSRN 3888752 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Gary B. Gorton | -
| Author | -Jeffery Zhang | -
| Abstract | -Cryptocurrencies are all the rage, but there is nothing new -about privately produced money. The goal of private money is to be -accepted at par with no questions asked. This did not occur during the -Free Banking Era in the United States—a period that most resembles the -current world of stablecoins. State-chartered banks in the Free Banking -Era experienced panics, and their private monies made it very hard to -transact because of fluctuating prices. That system was curtailed by the - National Bank Act of 1863, which created a uniform national currency -backed by U.S. Treasury bonds. Subsequent legislation taxed the -state-chartered banks' paper currencies out of existence in favor of a -single sovereign currency. The newest type of private money is now upon -us—in the form of stablecoins like “Tether” and Facebook's “Diem” -(formerly “Libra”). Based on lessons learned from history, we argue that - privately produced monies are not an effective medium of exchange -because they are not always accepted at par and are subject to runs. We -present proposals to address the systemic risks created by stablecoins, -including regulating stablecoin issuers as banks and issuing a central -bank digital currency | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.3888752 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Ashish Rajendra Sai | -
| Author | -Jim Buckley | -
| Author | -Brian Fitzgerald | -
| Author | -Andrew Le Gear | -
| Abstract | -Bitcoin introduced delegation of control over a monetary -system from a select few to all who participate in that system. This -delegation is known as the decentralization of controlling power and is a - powerful security mechanism for the ecosystem. After the introduction -of Bitcoin, the field of cryptocurrency has seen widespread attention -from industry and academia, so much so that the original novel -contribution of Bitcoin, i.e., decentralization, may be overlooked, due -to decentralizations' assumed fundamental existence for the functioning -of such crypto-assets. However, recent studies have observed a trend of -increased centralization in cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and -Ethereum. As this increased centralization has an impact the security of - the blockchain, it is crucial that it is measured, towards adequate -control. This research derives an initial taxonomy of centralization -present in decentralized blockchains through rigorous synthesis using a -systematic literature review. This is followed by iterative refinement -through expert interviews. We systematically analyzed 89 research papers - published between 2009 and 2019. Our study contributes to the existing -body of knowledge by highlighting the multiple definitions and -measurements of centralization in the literature. We identify different -aspects of centralization and propose an encompassing taxonomy of -centralization concerns. This taxonomy is based on empirically -observable and measurable characteristics. It consists of 13 aspects of -centralization, classified over six architectural layers: Governance, -Network, Consensus, Incentive, Operational, and Application. We also -discuss how the implications of centralization can vary depending on the - aspects studied. We believe that this review and taxonomy provides a -comprehensive overview of centralization in decentralized blockchains -involving various conceptualizations and measures. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier -_eprint: 2009.12542 | -
| Volume | -58 | -
| Pages | -102584 | -
| Publication | -Information Processing and Management | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102584 | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| ISSN | -03064573 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:40 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:40 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Paul Krugman | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Volume | -21 | -
| Publication | -The New York Times | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Matilde Massó | -
| Author | -Anastasiya Shevchenko | -
| Author | -Nazaret Abalde-Bastero | -
| Abstract | -Despite the increase in literature on financial innovation as a - force of change in the financial system, most contributions fail to -analyze the relationship between the socio-institutional and -technological design of cryptocurrencies. This paper aims to fill this -gap by providing a case study of Bitcoin, the most representative of the - virtual and cryptocurrencies. We begin by addressing the concept of -financial innovation as a social phenomenon embedded in networks of -users, technologists, regulations, institutions, culture and history. -Secondly, we examine the disruptive and evolutionary nature of the -Bitcoin, comparing it with the characteristics of legal tender money. -The main conclusions indicate that although Bitcoin represents a -disruptive technology in the process of monetary creation through a -peer-to-peer network, it is not a new conception of money in its -institutional dimension. | -
| Date | -2022 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Pages | -1–17 | -
| Publication | -International Review of Sociology | -
| DOI | -10.1080/03906701.2021.2015981 | -
| ISSN | -0390-6701 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Carola Binder | -
| Abstract | -In recent years, warnings of a populist threat to central bank - independence have proliferated. These warnings are based on a -deep-seated antagonism between technocracy and populism. I argue that to - understand current challenges for central banks, we should question the - assumed antagonism between populism and technocracy. Political -scientists Chris Bickerton and Carlo Accetti (2021) claim that advanced -democratic states today are in a technopopulist age, “increasingly -ordered around the combination of appeals to the people and to expertise - and competence” (pg. 157). This paper discusses central bank -independence in the technopopulist age. First, I describe the inherent -tension around the role of expertise in a democracy, and how this -tension has been approached in the delegation of monetary policymaking -to independent central banks. Next, I discuss the transition from an era - of ideological political logic to the current era of technopopulism. -Then I explain how the technopopulist influence is especially evident in - recent pressures on central banks, changes in central bank -communication, and recent amendments to the Federal Reserve's longer-run - strategy. An important point is that under technopopulism, populists do - not reject technocratic expertise, but instead rely on it to translate -their causes into policy. Central banks thus face pressure to use their -technocratic discretion to do more to serve the people, and to be -directly accountability to the people rather than to elected -representatives. In return for greater responsiveness, they gain even -greater power and discretion. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3823456 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3823456 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:45 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:45 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Kai Stinchcombe | -
| Date | -2017-12-22 | -
| Language | -en | -
| URL | -https://hackernoon.com/ten-years-in-nobody-has-come-up-with-a-use-case-for-blockchain-ee98c180100 | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 12:18:51 | -
| Website Title | -Hackernoon | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 12:18:51 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 12:20:29 | -
"Each purported use case — from payments to legal documents, -from escrow to voting systems—amounts to a set of contortions to add a -distributed, encrypted, anonymous ledger where none was needed. What if -there isn’t actually any use for a distributed ledger at all? What if, -ten years after it was invented, the reason nobody has adopted a -distributed ledger at scale is because nobody wants it?"
Part of Kai Stinchcombe series that discusses whether blockchain - can solve various real world use-cases better than traditional -technologies
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Nathaniel Popper | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Pages | -92–4 | -
| Publication | -The New York Times | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Tomlin Bennet | -
| URL | -https://bennettftomlin.com/2021/08/08/tether-and-bitfinex-introduction/ | -
| Accessed | -02/03/2022, 09:46:17 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 09:46:17 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 09:46:59 | -
| Type | -Blog Post | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Charlie Warzel | -
| Abstract | -"I feel like a moron typing all of this. But I just have to type it!" | -
| Date | -2021-05-11 | -
| URL | -https://warzel.substack.com/p/the-absurdity-is-the-point | -
| Accessed | -02/03/2022, 11:14:54 | -
| Blog Title | -Galaxy Brain | -
| Website Type | -Substack newsletter | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 11:14:54 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 11:15:06 | -
| Type | -Thesis | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Zhexi Zhang | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/123614 | -
| Extra | -DOI: https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/123614 | -
| Type | -PhD Thesis | -
| University | -Massachusetts Institute of Technology | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:39 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:39 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Author | -A Stivers | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -http://ssrn.com/paper=3497682 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Primavera De Filippi | -
| Author | -Morshed Mannan | -
| Author | -Wessel Reijers | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4001696 | -
| Publication | -Policy and Society, Cambridge University Press | -
| DOI | -https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4001696 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Paolo Dini | -
| Author | -Alexandros Kioupkiolis | -
| Abstract | -This paper addresses the question whether complementary -currencies can help us think and practice politics in new and different -ways which contribute to democratic change and civic empowerment in our -times. The space created by the Sardex complementary currency circuit in - Sardinia (2009-to date) seems to leave enough room for the emergence of - a collective micropolitical consciousness. At the same time, the design - of a technological and financial infrastructure is also an alternative -political, or “alter-political” choice. Both are alternative to -hegemonic politics and to typical modes of mobilization and -contestation. Thus, the Sardex circuit can best be understood as an -alter-political combination of the bottom-up micropolitics of personal -interactions within the circuit and of the politics of technology -implicit in the top-down design of the technological and financial -infrastructure underpinning the circuit. The Sardex experience suggests -that a market that mediates the (local) real economy only and shuts out -the financial economy can provide economic sustainability by supporting -SMEs, supply a shield against the adverse effects of financial crises, -and counteract the fetishization of money by disclosing daily its roots -in social construction within a controlled environment of mutual -responsibility, solidarity, and trust. We broached the Sardex currency -and circuit in such terms in order to illustrate a significant and -effective instance of alter-politics in our times and also to indicate, -more specifically, community financial innovations which could be taken -up and re-deployed to democratize or “commonify” local economies. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2019.1646625 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Cogent | -
| Volume | -5 | -
| Publication | -Cogent Social Sciences | -
| DOI | -10.1080/23311886.2019.1646625 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -23311886 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | -
| Type | -Conference Paper | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Jiahua Xu | -
| Author | -Benjamin Livshits | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Pages | -1609–1625 | -
| Proceedings Title | -28th USENIX Security Symposium | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Thesis | -
|---|---|
| Author | -M Crepaldi | -
| Abstract | -The subjects of this dissertation are distributed consensus -systems (DCS). These systems gained prominence with the implementation -of cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin. This work aims at understanding -the drivers and motives behind the adoption of this class of -technologies, and to – consequently – evaluate the social and normative -implications of blockchains and distributed ledgers. To do so, a -phenomenological account of the field of distributed consensus systems -is offered, then the core claims for the adoption of systems are taken -into consideration. Accordingly, the relevance of these technologies on -trust and governance is examined. It will be argued that the effects on -these two elements do not justify the adoption of distributed consensus -systems satisfactorily. Against this backdrop, it will be held that -blockchains and similar technologies are being adopted because they are -regarded as having a valid claim to authority as specified by Max Weber, - i.e., herrschaft. Consequently, it will be discussed whether current -implementations fall – and to what extent – within the legitimate types -of traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal authority. The -conclusion is that the conceptualization developed by Weber does not -capture the core ideas that appear to establish the belief in the -legitimacy of distributed consensus systems. Therefore, this -dissertation describes the herrschaft of systems such as blockchains by -conceptualizing a computational extension of the pure type of -rational-legal authority, qualified as algorithmic authority. The -foundational elements of algorithmic authority are then discussed. -Particular attention is focused on the idea of normativity cultivated in - systems of algorithmic rules as well as the concept of -decentralization. Practical suggestions conclude the following -dissertation. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9432/ | -
| Extra | -DOI: http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9432/ | -
| Type | -PhD Thesis | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Type | -Thesis | -
|---|---|
| Author | -M Crepaldi | -
| Abstract | -The subjects of this dissertation are distributed consensus -systems (DCS). These systems gained prominence with the implementation -of cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin. This work aims at understanding -the drivers and motives behind the adoption of this class of -technologies, and to – consequently – evaluate the social and normative -implications of blockchains and distributed ledgers. To do so, a -phenomenological account of the field of distributed consensus systems -is offered, then the core claims for the adoption of systems are taken -into consideration. Accordingly, the relevance of these technologies on -trust and governance is examined. It will be argued that the effects on -these two elements do not justify the adoption of distributed consensus -systems satisfactorily. Against this backdrop, it will be held that -blockchains and similar technologies are being adopted because they are -regarded as having a valid claim to authority as specified by Max Weber, - i.e., herrschaft. Consequently, it will be discussed whether current -implementations fall – and to what extent – within the legitimate types -of traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal authority. The -conclusion is that the conceptualization developed by Weber does not -capture the core ideas that appear to establish the belief in the -legitimacy of distributed consensus systems. Therefore, this -dissertation describes the herrschaft of systems such as blockchains by -conceptualizing a computational extension of the pure type of -rational-legal authority, qualified as algorithmic authority. The -foundational elements of algorithmic authority are then discussed. -Particular attention is focused on the idea of normativity cultivated in - systems of algorithmic rules as well as the concept of -decentralization. Practical suggestions conclude the following -dissertation. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9432/ | -
| Extra | -DOI: http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9432/ | -
| Type | -PhD Thesis | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | -
| Type | -Book | -
|---|---|
| Author | -William K Black | -
| Date | -2013 | -
| Publisher | -University of Texas Press | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Angela Walch | -
| Date | -2015 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: HeinOnline | -
| Volume | -18 | -
| Pages | -837 | -
| Publication | -NYUJ Legis. & Pub. Pol'y | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 09:31:26 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 09:31:26 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Angela Walch | -
| Date | -2015 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: HeinOnline | -
| Volume | -18 | -
| Pages | -837 | -
| Publication | -NYUJ Legis. & Pub. Pol'y | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 13:16:16 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 13:16:16 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Donncha Kavanagh | -
| Author | -Gianluca Miscione | -
| Author | -P. J. Ennis | -
| Abstract | -The global financial crisis and the contemporaneous emergence -of the digital currency Bitcoin invite us to think about money and how -it often functions almost imperceptibly in society. In this article, we -show that Bitcoin is a ‘new object of concern' that also compels us to -reimagine ethnography in a digital age. We present a method, which we -term ethno-resonance, that is both a reaction to the conditions -presented by the Bitcoin phenomenon and a way of maintaining critical -distance from its cyberlibertarian politics. We explicate six aspects of - the method, framed around answers to what, why, how, who, when and -where questions. Applied to cryptocurrencies, the method leads us to -depict Bitcoin as a game, and we analyse the game's dynamics through -mapping the interplay between four foundational myths that animate, -complicate and sustain the game. More broadly, this contributes to our -understanding of the nature of money and alternative currencies. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England | -
| Volume | -26 | -
| Pages | -517–536 | -
| Publication | -Organization | -
| DOI | -10.1177/1350508419828567 | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| ISSN | -14617323 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Sarah Jeong | -
| Date | -2013 | -
| Publication | -Available at SSRN 2294124 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Book | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Saifedean Ammous | -
| Abstract | -"Bitcoin is the digital age's novel, decentralized, and -automated solution to the problem of money: accessible worldwide, -controlled by nobody. Can this young upstart money challenge the global -monetary order? Economist Saifedean Ammous traces the history of the -technologies of money to seashells, limestones, cattle, salt, beads, -metals, and government debt, explaining what gave these technologies -their monetary role, what makes for sound money, and the benefits of a -sound monetary regime to economic growth, innovation, culture, trade, -individual freedom, and international peace"-- | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Short Title | -The bitcoin standard | -
| Library Catalog | -Library of Congress ISBN | -
| Call Number | -HG1710 | -
| Place | -Hoboken, New Jersey | -
| Publisher | -Wiley | -
| ISBN | -978-1-119-47391-6 978-1-119-47389-3 | -
| # of Pages | -1 | -
| Date Added | -23/02/2022, 16:09:00 | -
| Modified | -23/02/2022, 16:14:25 | -
Money -- Primitive moneys -- Monetary metals -- Government money - -- Digital money -- Sound money and time preference -- Money as -capitalism's information system -- Sound money and individual freedom -- - What is bitcoin good for? -- Bitcoin questions
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Stanton Heister | -
| Author | -Kristi Yuthas | -
| Abstract | -Blockchain technologies are rapidly being developed and tested - in a broad range of business and governmental settings. Their unique -cryptographic characteristics and configurations enable users -of these systems to transact directly and anonymously. The data these -users generate are timestamped and immutable. In open blockhains, -individual users take responsibility for managing and protecting their -own data and for ensuring the reliability of the parties with whom they -transact. The socio-material characteristics of these systems will -influence user attitudes and behaviors in ways that are profound and -difficult to predict. Outcomes have not yet been researched, and the -academy has adopted a stance of technological determinism despite the -fact that implicit assumptions about outcomes are literally coded in as -these systems are developed. We envision potential impacts that may -result from self-sovereign ownership of data including: commoditization -of the self and relationships with others, the need to police personal -data and reputation, and new perceptions of time and history that result - from transaction sequentialization and permanence. Further research on -the societal impacts of blockchain technologies is needed as these -systems become ubiquitous. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -60 | -
| Pages | -101218 | -
| Publication | -Technology in Society | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.101218 | -
| ISSN | -0160791X | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | -
| Type | -Manuscript | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Nazli Cila | -
| Author | -Gabriele Ferri | -
| Author | -Martijn De Waal | -
| Author | -Inte Gloerich | -
| Author | -Tara Karpinski | -
| Abstract | -This paper addresses the design dilemmas that arise when -distributed ledger technologies (DLT) are to be applied in the -governance of artificial material commons. DLTs, such as blockchain, are - often presented as enabling technologies for self-governing -communities, provided by their consensus mechanisms, transparent -administration, and incentives for collaboration and cooperation. Yet, -these affordances may also undermine public values such as privacy and -displace human agency in governance procedures. In this paper, the -conflicts regarding the governance of communities which collectively -manage and produce a commons are discussed through the case of a -fictional energy community. Three mechanisms are identified in this -process: tracking use of and contributions to the commons; managing -resources, and negotiating the underlying rule sets and user rights. Our - effort is aimed at contributing to the HCI community by introducing a -framework of three mechanisms and six design dilemmas that can aid in -balancing conflicting values in the design of local platforms for -commons-based resource management. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -ISBN: 9781450367080 -Publication Title: Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings -DOI: 10.1145/3313831.3376660 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Wessel Reijers | -
| Author | -Mark Coeckelbergh | -
| Abstract | -In this paper, we engage in a philosophical investigation of -how blockchain technologies such as cryptocurrencies can mediate our -social world. Emerging blockchain-based decentralised applications have -the potential to transform our financial system, our bureaucracies and -models of governance. We construct an ontological framework of -“narrative technologies” that allows us to show how these technologies, -like texts, can configure our social reality. Drawing from the work of -Ricoeur and responding to the works of Searle, in postphenomenology and -STS, we show how blockchain technologies bring about a process of -emplotment: an organisation of characters and events. First, we show how - blockchain technologies actively configure plots such as financial -transactions by rendering them increasingly rigid. Secondly, we show how - they configure abstractions from the world of action, by replacing -human interactions with automated code. Third, we investigate the role -of people's interpretative distances towards blockchain technologies: -discussing the importance of greater public involvement with their -application in different realms of social life. | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Philosophy & Technology | -
| Volume | -31 | -
| Pages | -103–130 | -
| Publication | -Philosophy and Technology | -
| DOI | -10.1007/s13347-016-0239-x | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -22105441 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Lachlan Robb | -
| Author | -Felicity Deane | -
| Author | -Kieran Tranter | -
| Abstract | -Blockchain can be used to build a human-centric future. This -is a challenge to recent critical literature on blockchain that sees it -as another manifestation of digital capitalism that is profoundly -antisocial and anti-human. This argument is in three parts. The first -part identifies in the hype and critical literatures about blockchain, -the blockchain conundrum of the freedom/constraint dyad. While tempting -to see these literatures as forming a sealed hermeneutic of -over-positive meets over-negative, it is argued that the critical -discourse in locating blockchain within digital capitalism provides an -insight that could unravel the blockchain conundrum. The critical -literature identifies regulation as essential for human blockchain -futures. The second part unravels the blockchain conundrum through this -focus on regulation–through two accounts of law, technology and society; - Lessig's notion of actors as ‘pathetic dots' and Brownsword's reimaging - of regulation in technological societies. It is suggested that -Brownsword's emphasis provides a more nuanced way to make human-centric -blockchain futures. The final part builds from Brownsword's resolution -of the blockchain conundrum, to examine a particular blockchain -application in retail supply (BeefLedger) as representing assemblages -including blockchains in building human-centric futures through trusted -communities that enable, rather than restrict, meaningful human action. | -
| Date | -2021-09 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1080/17579961.2021.1977215 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Routledge | -
| Volume | -13 | -
| Pages | -355–376 | -
| Publication | -Law, Innovation and Technology | -
| DOI | -10.1080/17579961.2021.1977215 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -1757997X | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | -
doi: 10.1080/17579961.2021.1977215
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Marc Rocas-Royo | -
| Abstract | -Blockchain is a technology with many applications derived from - its properties. This article analyzes the case of 4 cooperative -agroecological supermarkets and in what circumstances blockchain is an -exciting technology to adopt. The analysis of the gathered data reveals -10 factors to consider, 5 internal and 5 external. Those factors derive -into 6 blockchain domains to develop. The article concludes that in 3 of - them, the drawbacks of implementing the technology, although it is -theoretically appropriate, are insuperable. The article contributes to -demystifying blockchain technology and applying the same business logic -we use with other technical options. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Volume | -4 | -
| Pages | -1–10 | -
| Publication | -Frontiers in Blockchain | -
| DOI | -10.3389/fbloc.2021.624810 | -
| Issue | -April | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Paul Krugman | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Volume | -21 | -
| Publication | -The New York Times | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Christian Stoll | -
| Author | -Lena Klaaßen | -
| Author | -Ulrich Gallersdörfer | -
| Abstract | -Blockchain technology has its roots in the cryptocurrency -Bitcoin, which was the first successful attempt to validate transactions - via a decentralized data protocol. This validation process requires -vast amounts of electricity, which translates into a significant level -of carbon emissions. Our approximation of Bitcoin's carbon footprint -underlines the need to tackle the environmental externalities that -result from cryptocurrencies. Blockchain solutions are increasingly -discussed for a broad variety of use cases beyond cryptocurrencies. -Although not all blockchain protocols are as energy intensive as -Bitcoin's protocol, environmental aspects, the risk of collusion, and -concerns about control must not be ignored in the debate on anticipated -benefits. Our findings for the first stage of blockchain diffusion and -the externalities we discuss may help policy-makers in setting the right - rules as the adoption journey of blockchain technology has just -started. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Volume | -3 | -
| Pages | -1647–1661 | -
| Publication | -Joule | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.joule.2019.05.012 | -
| Issue | -7 | -
| ISSN | -25424351 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Louis Larue | -
| Abstract | -Local Currencies, Local Exchange Trading Systems, and Time -Banks are all part of a new social movement that aims to restrict -money's purchasing power within a certain geographic area, or within a -certain community. According to their proponents, these restrictions may - contribute to building sustainable local economies, supporting local -businesses and creating “warmer” social relations. This article inquires - whether the overall enthusiasm that surrounds alternative currencies is - justified. It argues that the potential benefits of these currencies -are not sufficient to justify the restrictions they impose on money's -purchasing power. Turning these currencies into effective channels of -change, by increasing their scope and their strength, could severely -hinder the pursuit of social justice, in a way that is probably not even - necessary for achieving their objectives. The paper concludes that -large-scale limitations of money's purchasing power are, therefore, -undesirable. | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1177/1470594X211065784 | -
| Volume | -0 | -
| Pages | -1470594X211065784 | -
| Publication | -Politics, Philosophy & Economics | -
| DOI | -10.1177/1470594X211065784 | -
| Issue | -0 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Stephen Diehl | -
| URL | -https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/against-crypto.html | -
| Accessed | -17/02/2022, 17:04:02 | -
| Date Added | -17/02/2022, 17:04:02 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 09:49:16 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Martin O'Leary | -
| Abstract | -In this article Martin O'Leary, Watershed's -Creative Technologist, sets out the case against using cryptocurrency -and NFTs. | -
| Date | -Fri 3 Dec 2021 | -
| Language | -en | -
| URL | -http://www.watershed.co.uk/studio/news/2021/12/03/case-against-crypto | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 11:25:38 | -
| Website Title | -Watershed | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 11:25:38 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:36:00 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Wences Casares | -
| Abstract | -“The case for a small allocation to Bitcoin” by Wences -Casares, CEO of Xapo. Why most portfolios should allocate up to 1% to -Bitcoin. | -
| Date | -2019-03-01 | -
| Language | -en-US | -
| URL | -https://www.kanaandkatana.com/valuation-depot-contents/2019/4/11/the-case-for-a-small-allocation-to-bitcoin | -
| Accessed | -28/02/2022, 17:00:41 | -
| Website Title | -Kana and Katana | -
| Date Added | -28/02/2022, 17:00:41 | -
| Modified | -28/02/2022, 17:02:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Sam Dallyn | -
| Author | -Fabian Frenzel | -
| Abstract | -Postcapitalist commons are a growing area of interest in the -efforts to generate alternatives to capitalism in the present. Commons -are understood as self-organised collectives based around shared -resources; yet postcapitalist commons have an additional element, in -operating within while projecting an “after” capitalism. This can give -rise to tensions since commons striving for postcapitalism also require a - certain amount of capital to survive and function within capitalism. -FairCoop is a radical postcapitalist commons that adopted the -cryptocurrency FairCoin in 2014. FairCoop, through FairCoin, was able to - generate some trans-local connections through its use of peer2peer -technologies and was thus able to scale-up. Its design, however, was -ultimately unsustainable due to insufficiently clear boundaries from -capital. After highlighting the lack of commons boundaries around -FairCoop, we identify some additional commons-capital boundary design -principles which could contribute to the sustainability of future -postcapitalist commons experiments that are seeking to scale. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Volume | -53 | -
| Pages | -859–883 | -
| Publication | -Antipode | -
| DOI | -10.1111/anti.12705 | -
| Issue | -3 | -
| ISSN | -14678330 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | -
| Type | -Magazine Article | -
|---|---|
| Abstract | -White power, dark money | -
| Date | -2022-02-05T00:00:00Z | -
| Library Catalog | -The Economist | -
| URL | -https://www.economist.com/united-states/2022/02/05/the-charm-of-cryptocurrencies-for-white-supremacists | -
| Accessed | -03/03/2022, 13:14:19 | -
| Publication | -The Economist | -
| ISSN | -0013-0613 | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 13:14:19 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 13:14:19 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Nathaniel Popper | -
| Date | -2020-03 | -
| URL | -https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/20/technology/venezuela-petro-cryptocurrency.html | -
| Publication | -New York Times | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Balázs Bodó | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Volume | -1 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.3843707 | -
| ISSN | -1556-5068 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:08 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:08 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Timothy May | -
| Date | -1992 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: MIT Press Cambridge, MA | -
| Publication | -High Noon on the Electronic Frontier: Conceptual Issues in Cyberspace | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 12:31:16 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 12:31:16 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Kaitlyn Tiffany | -
| Abstract | -Web3 is making some people very rich. It’s making other people very angry. | -
| Date | -2022-02-04T16:19:54Z | -
| Language | -en | -
| URL | -https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2022/02/crypto-nft-web3-internet-future/621479/ | -
| Accessed | -03/03/2022, 13:07:11 | -
| Extra | -Section: Technology | -
| Website Title | -The Atlantic | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 13:07:11 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 13:07:11 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Stephen Diehl | -
| Date | -2021-02-10 | -
| URL | -https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/chernobyl.html | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 10:58:06 | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 10:58:06 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:41:50 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Enrico Beltramini | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Lawrence and Wishart | -
| Volume | -29 | -
| Pages | -75–99 | -
| Publication | -Anarchist Studies | -
| DOI | -10.3898/AS.29.2.03 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:27 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:27 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Lei Yan | -
| Author | -Nawazish Mirza | -
| Author | -Muhammad Umar | -
| Abstract | -Due to the investment and diversification potential, -cryptocurrencies are considered to be attractive for both sophisticated -and amateur investors. However, the high levels of electricity -consumption of the hashing is a significant environmental concern, -specifically in China, with dominant coal-based electricity production. -This paper assesses the impact of price and policy uncertainties of the -cryptocurrencies on the investment flows of the funds that have been -sorted as per their exposure towards coal and natural gas firms. -Therefore, we have employed the data for 1920 funds, between the time -span pertaining to the years 2014 and 2021. Our findings show that both -policy and price uncertainty tend to have an impact on the investment -flows in high carbon funds, while these uncertainties have no -relationship with the low emission funds. The results also indicate that - the impact tends to be more profound for the younger funds. The -performance of cryptos and their link with investment flows can limit -the transition to low carbon sustainable options. We therefore propose -that policymakers further ensure a swift adoption of renewable resources - for electricity production, in order to successfully mitigate the -climate impact. This could ultimately aid in promoting green investment -flows. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Pages | -121326 | -
| Publication | -Technological Forecasting and Social Change | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121326 | -
| ISSN | -00401625 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Agata Ferreira | -
| Abstract | -Stablecoins is a blockchain-driven innovation and a new subset - of crypto assets. Even though they could transform how payments are -made, regulators paid little attention to them until recently. The -announcement of the Libra project in 2019 elevated stablecoins to the -top of the regulatory agenda. Libra's global scale and its capacity to -reach billions of potential users through a user-centric social network -platform that is already seamlessly integrated within the lives of the -global population and the potential impact of a global yet fast and -cheap payment solution raised many issues and concerns among authorities - related to not only financial stability, monetary policy, and -competition, but also money laundering, financing of terrorism, and -others. Addressing stablecoins has proven challenging for many -regulators as they face a difficult task of balancing financial -stability, with innovation. This paper analyzes how the official -perception of stablecoins has evolved, from dismissiveness and -underestimation to serious concern. It evaluates existing regulatory -responses, highlights regulatory dilemmas, and makes recommendations -regarding future regulatory approaches. To reap the benefits of -stablecoin innovation, regulators need to take a broader long-term view -of stablecoins beyond the perceived risks and embrace their advantages. -Regulations should not stifle this innovation but support a diverse -ecosystem of stablecoins and foster competition. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Oxford University Press UK | -
| Volume | -24 | -
| Pages | -755–778 | -
| Publication | -Journal of International Economic Law | -
| DOI | -10.1093/jiel/jgab036 | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| ISSN | -1369-3034 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:18:48 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:18:48 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Amy Castor | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://amycastor.com/2019/01/17/the-curious-case-of-tether-a-complete-timeline-of-events/ | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Robbie Morrison | -
| Author | -Natasha C. H. L. Mazey | -
| Author | -Stephen C. Wingreen | -
| Abstract | -This paper reviews the recent case of The DAO “hack” in June -2016 and analyzes The DAO's response in its time of crisis, and its -implications for corporate and IT governance. There was no human-led -governance in The DAO. Instead, The DAO placed its trust in the smart -contract they had built together on the blockchain, which became its -governance mechanism. The events that follow allow us to see hitherto -unobservable organizational behaviors that are unique to trustless -organizations, and hence The DAO gives us a glimpse at a new species of -corporate governance. This paper explores the implications of these -ideas: we propose the emergence of a spectrum of organizations based on -the alienation of trust, we consider the economic impact and legality of - decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), smart contracts, work -and job design, and what happens when corporate governance is managed -solely by IT governance. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Volume | -3 | -
| Publication | -Frontiers in Blockchain | -
| DOI | -10.3389/fbloc.2020.00025 | -
| Issue | -May | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Rupert Goodwins | -
| Abstract | -Put crypto back in the crypt | -
| Date | -2021-12-06 | -
| Language | -en | -
| URL | -https://www.theregister.com/2021/12/06/the_dark_equation_of_harm/ | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 12:12:31 | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 12:12:31 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 12:13:32 | -
| Type | -Conference Paper | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Martin Brennecke | -
| Author | -Benjamin Schellinger | -
| Author | -Nils Urbach | -
| Author | -Tobias Guggenberger | -
| Abstract | -Countless decentralized finance (DeFi) applications of the -past years have suffered from the high volatility and speculative -behavior surrounding their underlying crypto assets. While the academic -debate has been flourishing in these areas, Decentralized Autonomous -Organizations (DAOs) have not received as much attention. This is the -case even though they could offer an opportunity to solve some of the -underlying problems of existing cryptocurrencies and ecosystems, for -example, by providing lower volatility and, thus, exchange rate -stability. This paper presents an economic analysis of the MakerDAO, a -DAO in DeFi. In doing so, we use a single case study methodology based -on existing resources and expert interviews. It also uses monetary -theory instruments to provide researchers and developers with insights -into how DAOs are governed. Further, it serves to illustrate how IS -research may support the development of future IT artifacts aimed at -offering the infrastructure for DeFi applications. | -
| Date | -2022 | -
| URL | -https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354736149_The_De-Central_Bank_in_Decentralized_Finance_A_Case_Study_of_MakerDAO | -
| Proceedings Title | -55th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (2022) | -
| DOI | -10.24251/HICSS.2022.737 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Martin Brennecke | -
| Author | -Benjamin Schellinger | -
| Author | -Nils Urbach | -
| Author | -Tobias Guggenberger | -
| Date | -2022 | -
| URL | -https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354736149_The_De-Central_Bank_in_Decentralized_Finance_A_Case_Study_of_MakerDAO | -
| DOI | -10.24251/HICSS.2022.737 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Timothy Endicott | -
| Author | -Karen Yeung | -
| Abstract | -The emergent power of big data analytics makes it possible to -replace impersonal general legal rules with personalized, particular -norms. We consider arguments that such a move would be generally -beneficial, replacing crude, general laws with more efficiently targeted - ways of meeting public policy goals and satisfying personal -preferences. Those proposals pose a radical, new challenge to the rule -of law. Data-driven legal personalization offers some benefits that are -worth pursuing, but we argue that the benefits can only legitimately be -pursued where doing so is consistent with the agency that the law ought -to accord to individuals and with the agency that the law ought to -accord to public bodies. The principle of public agency is a -prerequisite for the rule of law. The principle of private agency -depends on the rule of law. Each is incompatible with the unrestrained -computational personalization of law. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: University of Toronto Press | -
| Pages | -e20210011 | -
| Publication | -University of Toronto Law Journal | -
| DOI | -10.3138/utlj-2021-0011 | -
| ISSN | -0042-0220 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Anton Klarin | -
| Abstract | -Recent advances in science mapping allowed to analyze the -entire intellectual structure of blockchain and cryptocurrencies in -business-related disciplines to identify 174 academic articles as well -as 1482 practitioner-oriented articles published since the inception of -cryptocurrencies in 2008 to highlight key trends of the published -outputs. The results demonstrate academic research done by 389 authors -in 296 organizations based in 50 countries that only just initiated the -conversation on four major streams of the literature—Bitcoin and -cryptocurrencies; blockchain adoption; cryptocurrency and blockchain -environment; and business model innovations. When comparing academic -scholarship to practitioner-oriented literature, the results demonstrate - that practitioners discussed investor-related themes, cryptocurrency -intrinsic value, political-economic sphere, and the impact of -cryptocurrency and blockchain technologies on the wider society in -greater detail. As a result, a number of themes are identified and -discussed that could align academic and practitioner interests and -provide guidance for further research in this important field. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Volume | -51 | -
| Publication | -Research in International Business and Finance | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.ribaf.2019.101067 | -
| Issue | -March | -
| ISSN | -02755319 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | -
| Type | -Book | -
|---|---|
| Author | -William J Bernstein | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Publisher | -Grove Press | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 09:02:58 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 09:02:58 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Shaen Corbet | -
| Author | -Douglas J Cumming | -
| Author | -Brian M Lucey | -
| Author | -Maurice Peat | -
| Author | -Samuel A Vigne | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -191 | -
| Pages | -108741 | -
| Publication | -Economics Letters | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -B. Dindar | -
| Author | -Ö. Gül | -
| Abstract | -Illegal use of electricity is very common in cryptocurrency -mining farms, as energy bills are the most important component of the -cost of cryptocurrency production. In this case, it raises the issue of -how to detect illegal cryptocurrency mining. Innovative approaches are -needed to identify data centers that illegally mine cryptocurrencies. -This study proposes the use of unique noise and/or harmonic features of -cryptocurrency generating machines to detect illegal cryptocurrency -mining farms. Within the scope of this study, the characteristic -harmonics originating from the data centers were determined by -performing field tests on the neutral line of the electrical grid. In -this study, it has been shown that electricity distribution companies -can detect illegal cryptocurrency data centers using potential illegal -electricity by monitoring energy quality data. Legal permissions can be -obtained easily for detailed examination and detection in cryptocurrency - data centers of using illegal electricity. With the proposed innovative - approach, the time taken to detect illegal cryptocurrency mining farms -using illegal electricity is reduced. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England | -
| Pages | -0958305X211045066 | -
| Publication | -Energy & Environment | -
| DOI | -10.1177/0958305x211045066 | -
| Issue | -April | -
| ISSN | -0958-305X | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Shuai Zhu | -
| Author | -Malin Song | -
| Author | -Ming Kim Lim | -
| Author | -Jianlin Wang | -
| Author | -Jiajia Zhao | -
| Abstract | -With technology progressing and the decreasing cost of -renewable energy, consumers require energy supply to be smarter, -cleaner, and more sustainable than before. By providing a decentralized -trading mechanism, blockchain technology can facilitate sustainable -energy consumption and achieve a circular economy. This study analyzes -how China can employ blockchain technology to reform its energy sector. -We survey the progress of blockchain technology in the energy sector and - explore typical cases of energy blockchains in the world. We discuss -the advantages and disadvantages of applying blockchain to China's -energy sector. China's monopoly market structure in energy supply -impedes the application of blockchain technology, but the expansion of -clean energy provides a huge opportunity for it. Although China's -technological level is lagging, the biggest obstacle is not technology -but rather policy. We conclude that China should loosen its regulatory -environment, amend the relevant laws, and balance the conflict between -management and innovation. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -66 | -
| Pages | -101595 | -
| Publication | -Resources Policy | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101595 | -
| ISSN | -03014207 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Alberto Cossu | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Cossu, A.(2022). The Digital Traces of Crypto-Finance, in E. Armano, M$\sim$\ldots | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Fiammetta Corradi | -
| Author | -Philipp Höfner | -
| Abstract | -Bitcoin and its peculiar, decentralized transaction system, -have already ignited interest by professional and retail traders in -search for profits and by economists and legal experts, looking for -possible regulation to contain illegal uses. We instead examine the -unexpected and ongoing success of Bitcoin from a sociological -perspective, first questioning its unusual legitimation system, backed -by the so called ‘blockchain technology', instead of by governmental -authorities. Then we collect data and elements to reconstruct Bitcoin's -history as a cryptocurrency, starting from the mysterious story -surrounding its birth. We then follow its spread and development through - social networks and words of mouth, together with its sudden booms and -bursts, finally to suggest that both users and institutional regulators -should be aware of the risks of Bitcoin and of its alleged power to -challenge our very notion of money. | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Volume | -28 | -
| Pages | -193–207 | -
| Publication | -International Review of Sociology | -
| DOI | -10.1080/03906701.2018.1430067 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -14699273 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Jaya Klara Brekke | -
| Author | -Kate Beecroft | -
| Author | -Francesca Pick | -
| Abstract | -Peer-to-peer networks and protocols have inspired new ideas -and ideologies about governance, with the aim of using technology to -enable horizontal and decentralized decision-making at scale. This -article introduces the concept of “dissensus” from political theory to -debates about peer governance in online communities. Dissensus describes - the emergence of incompatible differences. Among peer-to-peer -technologies, blockchain stands out as a set of ideas that explicitly -seek to resolve dissensus through consensus protocols. In this article, -we propose dissensus as a “protocol” for foregrounding the often -sidelined yet productive aspects of incompatible differences. The -concept highlights that there might not always be consensus about a -consensus algorithm, and that indeed, dissensus is the precondition for -new possibilities and perspectives to emerge. We discuss the concept in -relation to the histories of governance ideas in blockchain, namely, a -“materialist,” “design,” and “emergent” approach. We then describe -moments of dissensus in practice through two cases of online -communities, Genesis DAO and Ouishare, discussing their different ways -of recognizing and navigating dissensus. Finally, we give a critical -overview of consensus algorithms, voting, staking, and forking as the -mechanisms that make out blockchain governance ideologies. In -conclusion, we argue that dissensus can serve as a useful concept for -pointing attention to governance as it is conducted in practice, as -historically and culturally specific practices, rather than as a problem - to be solved through supposedly universal mechanisms. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Volume | -3 | -
| Pages | -1–15 | -
| Publication | -Frontiers in Human Dynamics | -
| DOI | -10.3389/fhumd.2021.641731 | -
| Issue | -May | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Fiammetta Corradi | -
| Abstract | -Revisiting analytically the notion of embeddedness and its -connections with the concept of trust, this paper shows that contrary to - Bitcoin's premises and promises to be a trust-low or even trust-less -currency, trust enters the system at many various levels and with -different nuances. Applying a conceptual framework that conceives -embeddedness as both the possible source and outcome of trust, it is -pointed out that Bitcoin should better be regarded as doubly embedded: -in technology and in its peculiar social structure. Due to the existence - of computational and cognitive asymmetries within the system, in fact, -trust is necessary for the very functioning of this new form of money, -as well as for its future prospects. | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: HeinOnline | -
| Volume | -6 | -
| Pages | -33 | -
| Publication | -International Journal of Social Science Studies | -
| DOI | -10.11114/ijsss.v6i6.3289 | -
| Issue | -6 | -
| ISSN | -2324-8033 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Galit Ailon | -
| Abstract | -How does monetization affect interpersonal relationships? -Drawing on social phenomenology, I argue that an answer must account for - money's symbolic dualism: On the one hand, as Zelizer has shown, money -is differentially earmarked according to the interpersonal relationships - it flows through. On the other hand, in everyday life, people tend to -associate money with cold impersonality. Money's dual association with -both the interpersonal and the impersonal imbues the relationships it -flows through with a sense of risk, which I call “the risk of lost -meanings.” Analyzing the implications of this sense of risk, I argue -that it turns trust into a relational preoccupation and constrains -intersubjective experience. The risk of lost meanings may motivate -risk-avoidance strategies, but these strategies are largely -counterproductive. Shedding new light on a long-standing debate in the -sociology of money, I discuss the implications of this argument for -analyses of monetary developments and local currencies. | -
| Date | -2022 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA | -
| Pages | -073527512110711 | -
| Publication | -Sociological Theory | -
| DOI | -10.1177/07352751211071121 | -
| ISSN | -0735-2751 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | -
| Type | -Newspaper Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Ephrat Livni | -
| Author | -Andrew Ross Sorkin | -
| Abstract | -Just last month, the ICP crypto token, tied to a project -backed by prestigious venture capitalists, was worth tens of billions of - dollars. Then, its value collapsed. | -
| Date | -2021-06-28 | -
| Language | -en-US | -
| Library Catalog | -NYTimes.com | -
| URL | -https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/28/business/dealbook/icp-cryptocurrency-crash.html | -
| Accessed | -22/02/2022, 18:18:32 | -
| Section | -Business | -
| Publication | -The New York Times | -
| ISSN | -0362-4331 | -
| Date Added | -22/02/2022, 18:18:32 | -
| Modified | -22/02/2022, 18:18:32 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Liana Badea | -
| Author | -Mariana Claudia Mungiu-Pupazan | -
| Abstract | -The controversies surrounding Bitcoin, one of the most -frequently used and advertised cryptocurrency, are focused on -identifying its qualities, the advantages and disadvantages of using it -and, last but not least, its ability to survive over time and become a -viable alternative to the traditional currency, taking into account the -effects on the environment of the technology used to extract and trade -it. Based on such considerations, this article aims to provide an -overview of this cryptocurrency, from the perspective of conducting a -systematic review of the literature dedicated to the economic and -environmental impact of Bitcoin. Using peer-reviewed articles collected -from academic databases, we aimed at synthesizing and critically -evaluating the points of view in the scientific literature regarding the - doctrinal source of the emergence of Bitcoin, the identity of this -cryptocurrency from an economic point of view, following its -implications on the economic and social environment. Subsequently, this -research offers the opportunity of evaluating the level of knowledge -considering the impact of Bitcoin mining process on the environment from - the perspective of the energy consumption and CO2 emissions, in order -to finally analyze Bitcoin regulation and identify possible solutions to - reduce the negative impact on the environment and beyond. The findings -suggest that, despite high energy consumption and adverse environmental -impact, Bitcoin continues to be an instrument used in the economic -environment for a variety of purposes. Moreover, the trend of regulating - it in various countries shows that the use of Bitcoin is beginning to -gain some legitimacy, despite criticism against this cryptocurrency. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Volume | -9 | -
| Pages | -48091–48104 | -
| Publication | -IEEE Access | -
| DOI | -10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3068636 | -
| ISSN | -21693536 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | -
| Type | -Report | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Eric Budish | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Institution | -National Bureau of Economic Research | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -JT Hamrick | -
| Author | -Farhang Rouhi | -
| Author | -Arghya Mukherjee | -
| Author | -Amir Feder | -
| Author | -Neil Gandal | -
| Author | -Tyler Moore | -
| Author | -Marie Vasek | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP13404 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Kelvin F K Low | -
| Abstract | -The latest wave of cryptomania has brought us yet another -acronym after ICOs (initial coin offerings) – NFTs (non-fungible -tokens). Touted as a means to render readily replicable digital art (and - possibly other objects) rare and scarce, NFT-mania reached its apogee -with the auction of Beeple's Everydays: the First 5,000 Days for US$69m. - But did the buyer actually acquire, through the NFT, any art? What is -art abstracted from the medium upon which it is embedded and dissociated - from its copyright? | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3978241 | -
| Publication | -Art & Property | -
| DOI | -https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3978241 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:17:16 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:17:16 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Ulrich Bindseil | -
| Author | -Patrick Papsdorf | -
| Author | -Jürgen Schaaf | -
| Date | -2022-01-07 | -
| URL | -https://web.archive.org/web/20220107084533/https://www.suerf.org/docx/f_88b3febc5798a734026c82c1012408f5_38771_suerf.pdf | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 11:26:46 | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 11:27:33 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:32:49 | -
A comprehensive study by SUERF - The European Money and Finance -Forum that details the net negative effects of bitcoin to society.
-
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Ulrich Bindseil | -
| Author | -Patrick Papsdorf | -
| Author | -Jü rgen Schaaf | -
| Date | -2022 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 09:59:15 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 09:59:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Jacob Huston | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -ISBN: 2017121010 -Publisher: HeinOnline | -
| Volume | -11 | -
| Pages | -32–41 | -
| Publication | -George Washington Journal of Energy and Environmental Law | -
| DOI | -https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/gwjeel11§ion=6 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Johannes Sedlmeir | -
| Author | -Hans Ulrich | -
| Author | -Buhl Gilbert | -
| Author | -Robert Keller | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-020-00656-x | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden | -
| Volume | -62 | -
| Pages | -599–608 | -
| Publication | -Business & Information Systems Engineering | -
| DOI | -10.1007/s12599-020-00656-x | -
| Issue | -6 | -
| ISSN | -1867-0202 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | -
| Type | -Magazine Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Gilad Edelman | -
| Abstract | -Gavin Wood, who coined the term Web3 in 2014, believes -decentralized technologies are the only hope of preserving liberal -democracy. | -
| Date | -2021-11-29 | -
| Language | -en-US | -
| Library Catalog | -www.wired.com | -
| URL | -https://www.wired.com/story/web3-gavin-wood-interview/ | -
| Accessed | -28/02/2022, 11:13:17 | -
| Extra | -Gavin Wood, who coined the term Web3 in 2014, believes -decentralized technologies are the only hope of preserving liberal -democracy. | -
| Publication | -Wired | -
| ISSN | -1059-1028 | -
| Date Added | -28/02/2022, 11:13:17 | -
| Modified | -28/02/2022, 11:15:39 | -
Read/Eilidh
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Joseph Vogl | -
| Abstract | -Starting from the premise that the financial regime has become - a power in and of itself-a fourth, 'monetative' power as it were-this -essay gives an account of the ascendancy of finance and the shift from -geopolitical to geo-economical order, within which there is no -democratic legitimacy and no legal accountability and within which a new - class conflict also emerges. It goes on to advance five theses on this -new financial sovereignty, concluding that sovereign is he, who can -transform his risks into other's dangers and position himself as the -creditor of last resort. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -https://tidsskrift.dk/nja/article/view/122847 | -
| Volume | -29 | -
| Pages | -175–182 | -
| Publication | -Nordic Journal of Aesthetics | -
| DOI | -10.7146/nja.v29i60.122847 | -
| Issue | -60 | -
| ISSN | -20009607 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:45 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:45 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Christophe Schinckus | -
| Abstract | -Blockchain is a buzzword describing the current excitement for - an innovative technology that could change and disrupt major industries - and economic sectors. Blockchain technology has the promise to change -all existing business models and make financial services cheaper -contributing therefore to a better financial inclusion and, even a -better economic wealth distribution. Numerous studies optimistically -praise such potential societal benefits by listing all processes that -could be optimized through this technology. However, the picture is not -necessary all bright. Blockchain can indeed disrupt and significantly -improve our societies but there still exist some societal costs in the -way this technology is implemented. This paper provides a perspective -overviewing of the current trends related to the development of the most - widely used implementation of blockchain technology based on the -proof-of-work consensus algorithm. These trends will be discussed in -three steps: the ‘Good Blockchain' overviews how this technology can -improve our societies; the ‘Bad blockchain' offers a more nuanced -perspective by discussing the potential polluting activities generated -by some mining activities. Finally, the ‘Ugly blockchain' investigates -how this technology might generate a risk of concentration in the mining - industry affecting therefore the nature and even the existence of the -blockchain technology. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101614 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -69 | -
| Pages | -101614 | -
| Publication | -Energy Research and Social Science | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.erss.2020.101614 | -
| Issue | -May | -
| ISSN | -22146296 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Nouriel Roubini | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/cryptocurrency-exchanges-are-financial-scams-by-nouriel-roubini-2019-07 | -
| Volume | -16 | -
| Publication | -Project Syndicate | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Stephen Diehl | -
| Date | -2021-11-24 | -
| URL | -https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/nothing-burger.html | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 10:55:38 | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 10:55:38 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:44:17 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Dirk A Zetzsche | -
| Author | -Ross P Buckley | -
| Author | -Douglas W Arner | -
| Author | -Linus Föhr | -
| Date | -2017 | -
| Pages | -17–83 | -
| Publication | -University of Luxembourg Law Working Paper | -
| Issue | -11 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Jemima Kelly | -
| Date | -2019-09 | -
| URL | -https://www.ft.com/content/57805b32-0bbe-34cb-940c-66cdd1aec5e2 | -
| Extra | -Publication Title: Financial Times | -
| Publisher | -Financial Times | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Brian D Feinstein | -
| Author | -Kevin Werbach | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -http://ssrn.com/paper=3649475 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Brian D. Feinstein | -
| Author | -Kevin Werbach | -
| Abstract | -The meteoric growth of global cryptocurrency markets presents -novel challenges to regulators. Some policymakers and scholars view -cryptocurrencies as conduits of illegality and fraud and call for their -strict regulation, even outright bans. Others warn that regulation will -cause trading activity to cross borders into less-regulated -jurisdictions-or even smother a promising new financial asset class. Yet - this debate has, to date, been conducted almost entirely without data. -To assess the claims of both sides, we assemble original data on -cryptocurrency regulations worldwide and use them to empirically examine - global movement in trading activity following key regulatory -announcements. Our findings are surprising. A wide variety of models -yields almost entirely null results. From the creation of bespoke -licensing regimes to more targeted anti-money-laundering and anti-fraud -enforcement actions, as well as many other categories of government -activities, we find no systemic evidence that regulatory measures cause -traders to flee, or enter into, the affected jurisdictions. These -findings at last provide an empirical basis for regulatory decisions -concerning cryptocurrency trading. Among other things, they call into -question the notion that capital flight should be a first-order concern. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Oxford University Press | -
| Volume | -7 | -
| Pages | -48–99 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.3649475 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Olivier Rikken | -
| Author | -Marijn Janssen | -
| Author | -Zenlin Kwee | -
| Publication | -Available at SSRN 3989559 | -
| DOI | -https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3989559 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Stephen Diehl | -
| Date | -2021-11-7 | -
| URL | -https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/crypto-absurd.html | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 10:56:11 | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 10:56:11 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:43:57 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Stephen Diehl | -
| Date | -2021-12-01 | -
| URL | -https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/casino-boats.html | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 10:55:13 | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 10:55:13 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:44:34 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Primavera De Filippi | -
| Author | -Benjamin Loveluck | -
| Abstract | -Bitcoin is a decentralised currency and payment system that -seeks to eliminate the need for trusted authorities. It relies on a -peer-to-peer network and cryptographic protocols to perform the -functions of traditional financial intermediaries, such as verifying -transactions and preserving the integrity of the system. This article -examines the political economy of Bitcoin, in light of a recent dispute -that divided the Bitcoin community with regard to a seemingly simple -technical issue: Whether or not to increase the block size of the -Bitcoin blockchain. By looking at the socio-technical constructs of -Bitcoin, the article distinguishes between two distinct coordination -mechanisms: Governance by the infrastructure (achieved via the Bitcoin -protocol) and governance of the infrastructure (managed by the community - of developers and other stakeholders). It then analyses the invisible -politics inherent in these two mechanisms, which together display a -highly technocratic power structure. On the one hand, as an attempt to -be self-governing and self-sustaining, the Bitcoin network exhibits a -strong market-driven approach to social trust and coordination, which -has been embedded directly into the technical protocol. On the other -hand, despite being an open source project, the development and -maintenance of the Bitcoin code ultimately relies on a small core of -highly skilled developers who play a key role in the design of the -platform. | -
| Date | -2016 | -
| Volume | -5 | -
| Publication | -Internet Policy Review | -
| DOI | -10.14763/2016.3.427 | -
| Issue | -3 | -
| ISSN | -21976775 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Georgios Dimitropoulos | -
| Abstract | -Blockchain technology is a new general-purpose technology that - poses significant challenges to the existing state of law, economy, and - society. Blockchain has one feature that makes it even more distinctive - than other disruptive technologies: It is, by nature and design, global - and transnational. Moreover, blockchain operates based on its own rules - and principles that have a law-like quality. What may be called the lex - cryptographia of blockchain has been designed based on a rational -choice vision of human behavior. Blockchain adopts a framing derived -from neoclassical economics, and instantiates it in a new machinery that - implements rational choice paradigms using blockchain in a -semi-automatic way, across all spheres of life, and without regard to -borders. Accordingly, a global law and cryptoeconomics movement is now -emerging owing to the spread of blockchain. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: HeinOnline | -
| Volume | -95 | -
| Pages | -1117–1192 | -
| Publication | -Washington Law Review | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.3559970 | -
| Issue | -3 | -
| ISSN | -00430617 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Martin Wolf | -
| Date | -2019-02 | -
| URL | -https://www.ft.com/content/eeeacd7c-2e0e-11e9-ba00-0251022932c8 | -
| Publication | -Financial Times | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Yoan Hermstrüwer | -
| Abstract | -Should political elections be implemented on the blockchain? -Blockchain evangelists have argued that they should. This article sheds -light on the potential of blockchain voting procedures and the legal -constraints they need to accommodate. In a first step, I discuss -potential “democracy benefits” of distributed ledger technology and the -legal framework ordering the use of electronic voting systems in -general. Comparing U.S. and German constitutional law, I then distill -specific normative principles guiding the use of blockchain voting -systems. In a second step, I analyze the technical, economic, and -normative limitations of blockchain voting procedures. I show that major - limitations result from the rules and incentives set by different -consensus mechanisms. Moreover, it is not clear whether blockchain -technology provides sufficient safeguards to ensure identity -verification, the secrecy of ballots, and the verification that ballots -are cast as intended, recorded as cast, and counted as recorded. -Building on principles from constitutional law, I contend that -blockchain technology does not provide sufficient safeguards to satisfy -the requirements of democratic voting procedures – at least not in the -near future. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://www.nyujll.com/volume-14/blog-post-title-one-n275l-tsgjf-ydptd | -
| Extra | -Publisher: HeinOnline | -
| Volume | -14 | -
| Publication | -New York University Journal of Law & Liberity | -
| DOI | -https://www.nyujll.com/volume-14/blog-post-title-one-n275l-tsgjf-ydptd | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -1432-122X | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Ben Kaiser | -
| Author | -Mireya Jurado | -
| Author | -Alex Ledger | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Publication | -arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.02466 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Report | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Michael Cembalest | -
| Date | -2022-02-03 | -
| Language | -en | -
| Library Catalog | -Zotero | -
| Pages | -31 | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 11:08:07 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:40:48 | -
Critique of bitcoin and financial properties of crypto assets from the CIO of JP Morgan bank
| Type | -Book Section | -
|---|---|
| Author | -George A Akerlof | -
| Date | -1978 | -
| Publisher | -Elsevier | -
| Pages | -235–251 | -
| Book Title | -Uncertainty in economics | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 09:19:38 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 09:19:38 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Inês Faria | -
| Abstract | -This article presents a socio-anthropological analysis of the -formation of a business ecosystem around blockchain technology in the -Netherlands, within the broader context of the European Union and the -digital single market. I argue that while reproducing widespread global -models of business group and network formation, the relations created by - these networks also reveal particularities of local business and -governance cultures. Such particularities emerge from the pragmatics of -collaboration and competitive market relationships, as well as legal -heterogeneity and plans for legal harmonisation in digital innovation -and governance in Europe. They also emerge from the challenges and -transformations that current experimentation cultures for digital -innovation bring to the interactions between market players, regulators, - and government. These challenges and transformations materialise in -increasingly informal connections and strategies for experimental -legitimisation, which occur in parallel to more formal and traditional -forms of regulatory and governmental interaction. The article is based -on ethnographic fieldwork in the Netherlands and in online terrains, -including observation periods and 32 interviews with entrepreneurial -project teams, as well as with individuals involved in financial -incumbents' innovation labs. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Volume | -7 | -
| Pages | -40–56 | -
| Publication | -Finance and Society | -
| DOI | -10.2218/finsoc.v7i1.5590 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -2059-5999 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Dirk A. Zetzsche | -
| Author | -Filippo Annunziata | -
| Author | -Douglas W. Arner | -
| Author | -Ross P. Buckley | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: European Banking Institute Working Paper Series | -
| Volume | -16 | -
| Pages | -203–225 | -
| Publication | -Capital Markets Law Journal | -
| DOI | -10.1093/cmlj/kmab005 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -17507227 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:22:23 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:22:23 | -
| Type | -Blog Post | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Vitalik Buterin | -
| Abstract | -“Decentralization” is one of the words that is used in the -cryptoeconomics space the most frequently, and is often even viewed as -a… | -
| Date | -2017-02-06T14:11:28.253Z | -
| Language | -en | -
| URL | -https://medium.com/@VitalikButerin/the-meaning-of-decentralization-a0c92b76a274 | -
| Accessed | -28/02/2022, 11:28:01 | -
| Blog Title | -Medium | -
| Date Added | -28/02/2022, 11:28:01 | -
| Modified | -28/02/2022, 11:28:01 | -
Eilidh/Read
| Type | -Thesis | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Lynette Shaw | -
| Abstract | -In the wake of the Great Recession, a novel monetary object -was introduced to the world: Bitcoin. As its collective valuation has -risen into the billions (USD), it has brought with it a sustained -disruption to some of the most deeply taken-for-granted aspects of -modern life: money and value. This dissertation undertakes a set of -interrelated investigations into the collective processes of social -construction and valuation that have been part of this ascent. The first - study begins by considering the challenge that digital currencies pose -to established economic models of the origins of money and value. Using a - series of agent-based models (ABM) based on Bayesian updating agents, -it shows how sociological models of value construction may be able to -help solve this theoretical problem. Specifically, it shows how treating - valuation as a process of learning under uncertainty clarifies how -“something” can legitimately come from “nothing” in social valuation -processes. It also shows how this model can be used to systematically -explore the differences between social versus non-social valuation -processes, the dependency of social valuation processes on time, initial - states, and early actors, and how a mix of non-social and social -feedbacks can impede a system's ability to arrive at the “correct” -assessment of an object's underlying value. The second study uses text -gathered from 100,000s of messages posted by individuals in the main -communities surrounding Bitcoin and a combination of automated and -traditional content analysis to explore the “talks” (Swidler 2001) of -money and value that individuals have employed to make sense of this new - monetary object. The resulting analysis traces the manner in which the -initial metallist views that first inspired Bitcoin's creation continue -to influence the discourses surrounding it, and then goes further to -unpack the ways in which members have had to go beyond those founding -ideas in order to account for how the new digital currency has come to -hold value. In exploring these variegated, sometimes contradictory, -discussions of the economic, political, and social origins of money and -value, this analysis sheds light on the ways the individuals at the -advent of digital currency are making sense of this new arena of -economic activity and how they are creatively reworking established -notions of money and value in order to understand what Bitcoin is and -where its worth comes from. The final study takes on the puzzle of how -Bitcoin has gone from being an obscure monetary experiment of a small -group of “techno-Libertarians” to becoming the basis of a new -multi-billion dollar financial technology industry – an industry -dominated by the very same actors it was initially intended to subvert. -Using the documented history of Bitcoin's evolution, the application of -automated content analysis and topic modeling methods to thousands of -news reports, and analyses of trends in quantitative measures of Bitcoin - related Google searches, venture capital funding, and price and market -transaction volumes, this chapter shows how Bitcoin's multivalent -identity has facilitated its adoption by a multiplicity of groups, but -also, ultimately left it vulnerable to being preferentially defined in -ways that benefit powerful actors. In charting the rise of Bitcoin and -linking it to the collective definitional processes that have surrounded - it, this study chapter examines the social dynamics that surround -“robust objects” and the role that these processes play in the -reproduction of power structures in new social and economic fields. | -
| Date | -2016 | -
| URL | -https://search.proquest.com/docview/1844057890?accountid=17242 | -
| Extra | -ISBN: 9781369171426 -Publication Title: ProQuest Dissertations and Theses | -
| # of Pages | -173 | -
| Type | -PhD Thesis | -
| University | -University of Washington | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Graham Steele | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Publication | -Technology and Government, Emerald Studies in Media and Communications, Forthcoming | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Sandra Faustino | -
| Author | -Inês Faria | -
| Author | -Rafael Marques | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Pages | -1–14 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Cultural Economy | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Sandra Faustino | -
| Author | -Inês Faria | -
| Author | -Rafael Marques | -
| Abstract | -In this paper, we present an ethnographic account of the -quasi-religious romanticism of the crypto-community towards blockchain -technologies. To do so, we explore the cultural significance of -phenomena such as myth, faith, and ritual, without excluding both the -realms of technological practices and techno-scientific narrative. -Drawing on a comparison with the legend of King Arthur, we analyse how -the legendary creator of Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto, translates -contemporary anxieties resulting from the financial crisis and the -centralisation of power. By analysing white papers, we further explore -the persuasive narratives which convey how ethics and virtue can be -encoded into software, and, finally, we describe the secular rituals -that reinforce cohesion among the community–in moments which are often -guided by charismatic preachers and specialists. We argue that -blockchain technologies have had a symbolic impact in re-invigorating -enchantment and material romanticism towards finance and technology, -which has had a wider impact on the social perception and acceptance of -the transition to a digital society. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2021.1921830 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Volume | -0 | -
| Pages | -1–14 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Cultural Economy | -
| DOI | -10.1080/17530350.2021.1921830 | -
| Issue | -0 | -
| ISSN | -17530369 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:27 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:27 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Stephen Diehl | -
| Date | -2021-07-7 | -
| URL | -https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/non-innovation.html | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 10:57:10 | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 10:57:10 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:42:45 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Stephen Diehl | -
| Date | -2021-05-11 | -
| URL | -https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/ransomware.html | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 10:57:19 | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 10:57:19 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:42:26 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Stephen Diehl | -
| Date | -2021-03-30 | -
| URL | -https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/banbitcoin.html | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 10:57:38 | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 10:57:38 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:42:01 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Syed Omer Husain | -
| Author | -Alex Franklin | -
| Author | -Dirk Roep | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Springer | -
| Pages | -1–16 | -
| Publication | -Sustainability Science | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:10 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:10 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Syed Omer Husain | -
| Author | -Alex Franklin | -
| Author | -Dirk Roep | -
| Abstract | -There is a wealth of information, hype around, and research -into blockchain's ‘disruptive' and ‘transformative' potential concerning - every industry. However, there is an absence of scholarly attention -given to identifying and analyzing the political premises and -consequences of blockchain projects. Through digital ethnography and -participatory action research, this article shows how blockchain -experiments personify ‘prefigurative politics' by design: they embody -the politics and power structures which they want to enable in society. -By showing how these prefigurative embodiments are informed and -determined by the underlying political imaginaries, the article proposes - a basic typology of blockchain projects. Furthermore, it outlines a -frame to question, cluster, and analyze the expressions of political -imaginaries intrinsic to the design and operationalization of blockchain - projects on three analytic levels: users, intermediaries, and -institutions. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -ISBN: 1162502000786 | -
| Volume | -15 | -
| Pages | -379–394 | -
| Publication | -Sustainability Science | -
| DOI | -10.1007/s11625-020-00786-x | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -18624057 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:27 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:27 | -
| Type | -Book | -
|---|---|
| Author | -David Golumbia | -
| Date | -2016 | -
| Publisher | -U of Minnesota Press | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Quinn DuPont | -
| Date | -2016 | -
| URL | -http://peerproduction.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/DuPont_draft_submission.pdf | -
| Volume | -1 | -
| Pages | -1–23 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Peer Production | -
| DOI | -http://peerproduction.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/DuPont_draft_submission.pdf | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:01 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:01 | -
| Type | -Book Section | -
|---|---|
| Series Editor | -David Hutchison | -
| Series Editor | -Takeo Kanade | -
| Series Editor | -Josef Kittler | -
| Series Editor | -Jon M. Kleinberg | -
| Series Editor | -Friedemann Mattern | -
| Series Editor | -John C. Mitchell | -
| Series Editor | -Moni Naor | -
| Series Editor | -Oscar Nierstrasz | -
| Series Editor | -C. Pandu Rangan | -
| Series Editor | -Bernhard Steffen | -
| Series Editor | -Madhu Sudan | -
| Series Editor | -Demetri Terzopoulos | -
| Series Editor | -Doug Tygar | -
| Series Editor | -Moshe Y. Vardi | -
| Series Editor | -Gerhard Weikum | -
| Editor | -Angelos D. Keromytis | -
| Author | -Tyler Moore | -
| Author | -Jie Han | -
| Author | -Richard Clayton | -
| Date | -2012 | -
| Short Title | -The Postmodern Ponzi Scheme | -
| Library Catalog | -DOI.org (Crossref) | -
| URL | -http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-32946-3_4 | -
| Accessed | -18/02/2022, 16:43:07 | -
| Extra | -Series Title: Lecture Notes in Computer Science -DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-32946-3_4 | -
| Volume | -7397 | -
| Place | -Berlin, Heidelberg | -
| Publisher | -Springer Berlin Heidelberg | -
| ISBN | -978-3-642-32945-6 978-3-642-32946-3 | -
| Pages | -41-56 | -
| Book Title | -Financial Cryptography and Data Security | -
| Date Added | -18/02/2022, 16:43:07 | -
| Modified | -18/02/2022, 16:43:07 | -
| Type | -Conference Paper | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Tyler Moore | -
| Author | -Jie Han | -
| Author | -Richard Clayton | -
| Date | -2012 | -
| Publisher | -Springer | -
| Pages | -41–56 | -
| Proceedings Title | -International Conference on financial cryptography and data security | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Video Recording | -
|---|---|
| Director | -Dan Olson | -
| Abstract | -If someone pitches you on a "great" Web3 project, ask them if -it requires buying or selling crypto to do what they say it does.Sources - and Further Readinghtt... | -
| Date | -2022-01-21 | -
| Language | -en | -
| Library Catalog | -www.youtube.com | -
| URL | -https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQ_xWvX1n9g | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 12:23:43 | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 12:23:43 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 12:27:09 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -M C (Annemarie) Buth | -
| Author | -A J (Anna) Wieczorek | -
| Author | -G P J (Geert) Verbong | -
| Abstract | -This paper considers the potential of blockchain technology to - empower distributed and decentralized local electricity markets. -Although blockchain has gained considerable attention in the last few -years as a facilitator for new electricity markets, no attention has yet - been given to its potential influence on the configuration of the -actors in the electricity system and its ability to transform the -existing system. Based on a social network analysis, this paper -investigates how blockchain can influence the actor configuration of the - electricity system in the Netherlands. After describing the Dutch -system, we compare the existing with the potential future system' actor -configuration and the corresponding expected shifts in functions and -network position of the actors. We conclude that although many functions - are likely to remain and new central authorities may be formed, the -impact of blockchain does not seem to be as disruptive and -decentralizing as may be expected. This study provides first -contributions to the ongoing discussion about the potential of -blockchain to disrupt and reshape the electricity system. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629618308296 | -
| Volume | -53 | -
| Pages | -194–205 | -
| Publication | -Energy Research & Social Science | -
| DOI | -https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.02.021 | -
| ISSN | -2214-6296 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -J. Z. Garrod | -
| Abstract | -Many commentators have been quick to note the revolutionary -potential of Bitcoin 2.0 technology, with some even believing that it -represents the coming of a decentralized autonomous society in which -humans are freed from centralized forms of power and control. Influenced - by neoliberal theory, these individuals are implicitly working on the -assumption that ‘freedom' means freedom from the state. This neglects -that the state can also provide freedom from the vagaries of the market -by protecting certain things from commodification. Through an analysis -of (1) class and the role of the state; (2) the concentration and -centralization of capital; and (3) automation, I argue that the vision -of freedom that underpins Bitcoin 2.0 tech is one that neglects the -power that capital holds over us. In neglecting this power, I claim that - this technology might be far more dystopian than we comprehend, making -possible societies that are commodities all the way down. | -
| Date | -2016 | -
| Volume | -14 | -
| Pages | -62–77 | -
| Publication | -TripleC | -
| DOI | -10.31269/triplec.v14i1.692 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -1726670X | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:40 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:40 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Valeria Ferrari | -
| Abstract | -Based on the guidelines issued by the European Securities and -Market Authority and by the European Banking Authority, the article -deals with the legal qualification of blockchain-based crypto-assets -under EU law. Focusing on crypto-assets that function as a) investment -instruments (that is, investment tokens) and as b) electronic money -(that is, payment tokens), the work outlines shortages and drawbacks in -the applicability and enforcement of existing EU legal frameworks -regulating investment activities and payment services. With such -analysis, the article seeks to inform the ongoing debate within European - institutions on the need of regulatory intervention in this area, and -it points out pressing questions to be tackled by further research. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Volume | -27 | -
| Pages | -325–342 | -
| Publication | -Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law | -
| DOI | -10.1177/1023263X20911538 | -
| Issue | -3 | -
| ISSN | -23995548 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:22:23 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:22:23 | -
| Type | -Thesis | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Matthew Bellinger | -
| Abstract | -The rise of Bitcoin and related digital currencies has been -accompanied by a proliferation of discourse about these technologies, -including debates about their value and status as forms of money. This -dissertation examines digital currency discourse from a rhetorical -perspective, and traces the development and impact of a key trope of -early Bitcoin discourse—the application of commodity money rhetoric to -Bitcoin—to understand the rhetorical construction of Bitcoin. It argues -that early attempts to establish Bitcoin as a form of money, which -figured Bitcoin as a "natural" entity beyond the reach of community -politics, produced an unanticipated rhetorical fallout: the displacement - of the politics of the Bitcoin community onto the development of -Bitcoin as a technology. It further argues that this early displacement -continues to influence the rhetorical dynamics of Bitcoin and its heirs -by shaping subsequent debates over digital currency governance and -valuation. | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| URL | -https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/43342 | -
| Extra | -DOI: https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/43342 -ISBN: 978-0-438-86971-4 -Publication Title: ResearchWorks Archive -PMID: 2186898171 | -
| # of Pages | -223 | -
| Type | -PhD Thesis | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:27 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:27 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Christopher J Jarvis | -
| Date | -2000 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: International Monetary Fund | -
| Volume | -37 | -
| Publication | -Finance & Development | -
| Issue | -001 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Christopher J Jarvis | -
| Date | -2000 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: International Monetary Fund | -
| Volume | -37 | -
| Publication | -Finance & Development | -
| Issue | -001 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Balázs Bodó | -
| Author | -Alexandra Giannopoulou | -
| Author | -João Quintais | -
| Author | -Péter Mezei | -
| Date | -2022 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: These aren't the droids you're looking for (January 4, 2022). European$\sim$\ldots | -
| DOI | -https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4000423 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:17:17 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:17:17 | -
| Type | -Book | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Friedrich August Hayek | -
| Author | -Bruce Caldwell | -
| Date | -2014 | -
| Publisher | -Routledge | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 09:17:56 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 13:08:10 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Jack Parkin | -
| Abstract | -In recent years the development of cryptocurrencies and wider -implementations of blockchain technology have been valourized as -digitally decentralized networks that dissipate control evenly among -their peers. With Bitcoin, the first blockchain-based cryptocurrency, -monetary policy is enacted via software built through an open source -consensus model. This promotes a techno-decentralist ideology that -promises to democratize societies by eradicating centralized points of -control in economic systems. Contrastingly, this paper demonstrates how -Bitcoin's production process operates through strict authoritative -channels. The overall political framework for altering the Bitcoin code -is described as senatorial governance: a (de)centralized model of -bureaucratic parties who compete to change the monetary policy (codified - rules) of the protocol. This model shows how Bitcoin is not an -autonomous system but is assembled and maintained via human discretion. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Volume | -48 | -
| Pages | -463–487 | -
| Publication | -Economy and Society | -
| DOI | -10.1080/03085147.2019.1678262 | -
| Issue | -4 | -
| ISSN | -14695766 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Nigel Dodd | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Sage Publications Sage UK: London, England | -
| Volume | -35 | -
| Pages | -35–56 | -
| Publication | -Theory, culture & society | -
| Issue | -3 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Laura Sartori | -
| Abstract | -We offer the first informed comparison of two regional mutual -credit systems-Sardex and Liberex-aimed at sustaining the local economy. - Building on previous research on Sardex, we develop an equivalent -qualitative research investigating both organizers and members of the -local circuit in Emilia Romagna. Within a theoretical framework that -considers money as a social institution, socially and politically -con-structed, we first give an overview of the plurality of existing -money pointing out a heated debate over the nature of money itself. -Then, we move to evaluate whether the same monetary architecture-adopted - by the two mutual credit systems-concretely comes with a similar social - life. We confirm how social life of money is strictly intertwined with -its monetary architecture by design, and discover how deeply it is also -rooted in the institutional and relational contexts where it concretely -operates. Money differs not only by nature and design, but also by -context. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Volume | -13 | -
| Pages | -487–513 | -
| Publication | -Partecipazione e Conflitto | -
| DOI | -10.1285/i20356609v13i1p487 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -20356609 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Moritz Hütten | -
| Abstract | -The emerging blockchain technology is expected to contribute -to the transformation of ownership, government services and global -supply chains. By analysing a crisis that occurred with one of its -frontrunners, Ethereum, in this article I explore the discrepancies -between the purported governance of blockchains and the de facto control - of them through expertise and reputation. Ethereum is also thought to -exemplify libertarian techno-utopianism. When ‘The DAO', a highly -publicized but faulty crowd-funded venture fund was deployed on the -Ethereum blockchain, the techno-utopianism was suspended, and developers - fell back on strong network ties. Now that the blockchain technology is - seeing an increasing uptake, I shall also seek to unearth broader -implications of the blockchain for the proliferation or blockage of -global finance and beyond. Contrasting claims about the disruptive -nature of the technology, in this article I show that, by redeeming the -positive utopia of ontic, individualized debt, blockchains reinforce our - belief in a crisis-ridden, financialized capitalism. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Volume | -19 | -
| Pages | -329–348 | -
| Publication | -Global Networks | -
| DOI | -10.1111/glob.12217 | -
| Issue | -3 | -
| ISSN | -14710374 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | -
| Type | -Newspaper Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Paul Krugman | -
| Abstract | -Crusading for God, family … and Bitcoin? | -
| Date | -2022-01-11 | -
| Language | -en-US | -
| Library Catalog | -NYTimes.com | -
| URL | -https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/10/opinion/crypto-cryptocurrency-money-conspiracy.html | -
| Accessed | -03/03/2022, 13:17:33 | -
| Section | -Opinion | -
| Publication | -The New York Times | -
| ISSN | -0362-4331 | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 13:17:33 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 13:18:21 | -
| Type | -Blog Post | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Tante | -
| Abstract | -(This text is very long. Maybe too long. You can find a PDF -and an EPUB of it below.The current version of this text will always -live at https://web3.tante.ccSatya has created an audio version of this -essay. Eine deutsche Version findet sich hier. Una versione italiana di -questo testo è qui – grazie Nebbia! En […] | -
| Date | -2021-12-17T00:28:12+00:00 | -
| Language | -en-US | -
| URL | -https://tante.cc/2021/12/17/the-third-web/ | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 11:52:10 | -
| Extra | -long critical essay including detailed history by Tante | -
| Blog Title | -Nodes in a social network | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 11:52:10 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:52:48 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Johanna Gibson | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd | -
| Volume | -11 | -
| Pages | -249–269 | -
| Publication | -Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property | -
| DOI | -10.4337/qmjip.2021.03.00 | -
| Issue | -3 | -
| ISSN | -20459815 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:17:17 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:17:17 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Stephen Diehl | -
| Date | -2021-11-19 | -
| URL | -https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/tinkerbell.html | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 10:55:57 | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 10:55:57 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:44:04 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Stephen Diehl | -
| Date | -2021-11-27 | -
| URL | -https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/disconnect.html | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 10:55:29 | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 10:55:29 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:44:27 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Hoobin Lee | -
| Author | -Dasom Hong | -
| Abstract | -This paper analyzes two cases of space tokenization, Meridio -and QuantmRE, to explore the potential of tokenization as a new means of - space financialization. Space tokenization is based on blockchain -technology and security token offering (STO). Although some financial -geographers noted the possible impact of blockchain technology on space -financialization, it has not been examined in depth. Therefore, this -paper demonstrates space tokenization cases in detail. Meridio and -QuantmRE suggest financial structures that convert space into tokens -based on fractional ownership transactions. QuantmRE, specifically, -allows a homeowner to secure cash without either debt or ownership -relinquishment through sales of tokenized home equity. As this method -takes a form of sale transaction rather than a loan, it enables -financial institutions to circumvent strengthened regulation on loans -after the 2008 global financial crisis. Moreover, even "house poor" -households, who own houses but lack cash due to excessive loans, can -cash out from their properties through QuantmRE. As such, space -tokenization enables financial institutions to overcome constrained -conditions after the global financial crisis, thereby reproducing space -financialization. Space tokenization also has the potential to -geographically expand space financialization through stimulating -investment in the depressed housing market. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO202113259286501.page | -
| Volume | -24 | -
| Pages | -76–101 | -
| Publication | -Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Andres Guadamuz | -
| Abstract | -This paper examines Bitcoin from a legal and regulatory -perspective, answering several important questions. We begin by -explaining what Bitcoin is, and why it matters. We describe problems -with Bitcoin as a method of implementing a cryptocurrency. This -introduction to cryptocurrencies allows us eventually to ask the -inevitable question: Is it legal? What are the regulatory responses to -the currency? Can it be regulated? We make clear why virtual currencies -are of interest, how self-regulation has failed, and what useful lessons - can be learned. Finally, we produce useful and semi-permanent findings -into the usefulness of virtual currencies in general, blockchains as a -means of mining currency, and the profundity of Bitcoin as compared with - the development of block chain technologies. We conclude that though -Bitcoin may be the equivalent of Second Life a decade later, so -blockchains may be the equivalent of Web 2.0 social networks, a truly -transformative social technology. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Oxford University Press UK | -
| Volume | -16 | -
| Pages | -1367–1385 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.3905452 | -
| Issue | -12 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:17:17 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:17:17 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Marco Iansiti | -
| Author | -Karim R Lakhani | -
| Date | -2017 | -
| Volume | -2 | -
| Pages | -2019 | -
| Publication | -Harvard University, hbr. org/2017/01/the-truth-about-blockchain, accessed date: February | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Type | -Book | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Nathaniel Popper | -
| Date | -2015 | -
| Publisher | -Allen Lane | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Author | -MIKE McQuade | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Publisher | -Wired | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Blog Post | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Bill Miller | -
| Abstract | -Our thought process on Bitcoin is a representative example of -our probabilistic value approach, even though the asset may not hit the -radar screens of more traditional value investors. | -
| Date | -2015-09-08 | -
| Language | -en-US | -
| Short Title | -The Value Investor's Case for... Bitcoin? | -
| URL | -https://millervalue.com/a-value-investors-case-for-bitcoin/ | -
| Accessed | -28/02/2022, 17:15:24 | -
| Blog Title | -Miller Value Partners | -
| Date Added | -28/02/2022, 17:15:24 | -
| Modified | -28/02/2022, 17:16:06 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Christian Papillouda | -
| Author | -Aldo Haeslerb | -
| Abstract | -Electronic money is a compound of currency and technology -which takes its rise around 1970 while benefiting at the same time from -the miniaturization in electronics and the democratization of -informatics. Electronic money covers the payment cards with magnetic -tape, chip cards, the contact-less payments by card, mobile phone, or -tablet PC, and the logical moneys (often called ‘virtual moneys' such as - the Bitcoin, the Litecoin, the PPCoin, the Ven, the Linden dollar, the -‘gold' as in the digital game World of Warcraft). These forms of -electronic moneys have three common properties: the cryptography, the -network, and the privileges. Cryptography conditions the ways to access -the money. The network represents the kind of regulation of electronic -moneys. The privileges differentiate the use of electronic moneys. Each -form of electronic money does not match these three conditions -identically because all are not equipped with the same technologies and -the same related services. Nevertheless, the presence of these three -properties within all forms of electronic money leads to a better -understanding of how such functionalized money deeply changes our view -on modern society. Indeed, whereas the economic standard model considers - money as a veil hiding economic reality, the case of electronic money -lets us think, on the contrary, since the swell period of the early -1970s, of the real economy as veiling socio-economic reality, which has -to be considered as a kind of a Ponzi scheme. While this scheme becomes -the core of societal reality, the economic laws and their sociological -as well as political equivalents, functional differentiation, and -democracy are no longer the pillars of modernity. They hide this reality - as fetishes enabling its order. | -
| Date | -2014 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Volume | -15 | -
| Pages | -54–68 | -
| Publication | -Distinktion | -
| DOI | -10.1080/1600910X.2014.882853 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -21599149 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Dirk G. Baur | -
| Author | -Thomas Dimpfl | -
| Abstract | -Bitcoin is designed as a peer-to-peer cash system. To work as a - currency, it must be stable or be backed by a government. In this -paper, we show that the volatility of Bitcoin prices is extreme and -almost 10 times higher than the volatility of major exchange rates (US -dollar against the euro and the yen). The excess volatility even -adversely affects its potential role in portfolios. Our analysis implies - that Bitcoin cannot function as a medium of exchange and has only -limited use as a risk-diversifier. In contrast, we use the deflationary -design of Bitcoin as a theoretical basis and demonstrate that Bitcoin -displays store of value characteristics over long horizons. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Springer | -
| Volume | -61 | -
| Pages | -2663–2683 | -
| Publication | -Empirical Economics | -
| DOI | -10.1007/s00181-020-01990-5 | -
| Issue | -5 | -
| ISSN | -14358921 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Nicholas Weaver | -
| Date | -2021-12-16T13:35:57-08:00 | -
| Language | -en | -
| URL | -https://www.usenix.org/publications/loginonline/web3-fraud | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 11:54:58 | -
| Website Title | -USENIX | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 11:54:58 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:55:16 | -
| Type | -Book | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Helmut Frisch | -
| Date | -1983 | -
| Publisher | -Cambridge University Press | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Alex Vasquez | -
| Date | -2019-12 | -
| URL | -https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-12-03/there-are-more-dollars-in-venezuela-now-than-there-are-bolivars | -
| Extra | -Publication Title: Bloomberg.com | -
| Publisher | -Bloomberg | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Sabine Dörry | -
| Author | -Gary Robinson | -
| Author | -Ben Derudder | -
| Abstract | -This article explores the changing infrastructural -architecture of global finance through the lens of Global Production -Networks (GPNs). Financial markets infrastructure (FMI) for -international payments and securities trading form the backbone of -global finance. However, this FMI is typically hidden from observation, -debate, and analysis, partly because international payments have -functioned in broadly the same way for almost 50 years, governed by -large global banks and the co-operative Society for Worldwide Interbank -Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT). A global monopoly sensitive to -geo-political upheavals, SWIFT is increasingly influential in acting to -the benefit of the world's most powerful financial and political -players. Thus, more than a mere passive facilitator of global economic -activity, we argue in this paper that FMI forms a carefully crafted -socio-economic system of geo-political relevance, whose core components -‘power' and ‘embeddedness' we seek to comprehend with the GPN framework. - We introduce SWIFT as a key player in global FMI and establish a -conceptual dialogue between the recently introduced notion of the GPNs -of finance and the newly developed idea of the GPNs of financial -infrastructure. Incorporating Allen's (1997) power dimensions, we -demonstrate their coexistence and complementarity in their carefully -orchestrated, tightly intertwined global organizational arrangements. We - show that SWIFT's proneness to technological and organizational change -threatens to reconfigure long-established actors, processes and -relationships in and beyond finance, and argue that this makes an -in-depth understanding of FMI vital. | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Extra | -ISBN: 22 | -
| Publication | -Financial Geography Working Paper Series | -
| Issue | -December | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:23:45 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:23:45 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Bruce Schneier | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -https://www.wired.com/story/theres-no-good-reason-to-trust-blockchain-technology/ | -
| Extra | -Publication Title: Wired Magazine | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Mike Orcutt | -
| Date | -2020-04 | -
| URL | -http://www.technologyreview.com/2020/03/05/916688/north-korean-hackers-cryptocurrency-money-laundering/ | -
| Extra | -Publication Title: MIT Technology Review | -
| Publisher | -MIT Technology Review | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Type | -Report | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Carmen M Reinhart | -
| Author | -Kenneth S Rogoff | -
| Date | -2008 | -
| Institution | -National Bureau of Economic Research | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Robin Renwick | -
| Author | -Rob Gleasure | -
| Abstract | -Blockchain systems afford new privacy capabilities. This -threatens to create conflict, as different social groups involved in -blockchain development often disagree on which capabilities specific -systems should enact. This article adopts a boundary object perspective -to make sense of disagreements between collaborating social worlds. We -perform a case study of privacy attitudes among collaborating actors in -Monero, a cryptocurrency community that emphasises privacy and -decentralisation alongside a set of values sometimes described as -anti-establishment, crypto-anarchist, and/or cypherpunk. The case study -performs a series of interviews with users, developers, cryptographic -researchers, corporate architects, and government regulators. Three -novel and important findings emerge. The first is that none of the -social worlds express a desire to monitor routine transactions, despite -the obvious business and tax-collection value of such data. The second -is that regulators are happy to postpone active involvement, based on -the flawed assumption they can impose privacy-related regulation later, -once risks have become clear. Such regulation may not be possible as -protocols and rulesets currently being coded into the system may be -impossible to amend in the future (unless they can obtain either -developer or network consensus). The third is that regulators assume -methods for overseeing extraordinary transaction are necessary to avoid -widespread, near-effortless money laundering. Yet, each of the other -social worlds is operating under the assumption that this trade-off has -already been accepted. These findings demonstrate subtle power -transitions and changes in privacy attitudes that have implications for -research on blockchain, management, and boundary objects in general. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1177/0268396220944406 | -
| Volume | -36 | -
| Pages | -16–38 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Information Technology | -
| DOI | -10.1177/0268396220944406 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -14664437 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:48 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:48 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Casey Newton | -
| Abstract | -"The Problem With NFTs" can’t be dismissed. | -
| Date | -2022-01-28T12:00:00-05:00 | -
| Language | -en | -
| URL | -https://www.theverge.com/2022/1/28/22906010/web3-nft-internet-history-video-platformer | -
| Accessed | -18/02/2022, 16:35:35 | -
| Website Title | -The Verge | -
| Date Added | -18/02/2022, 16:35:35 | -
| Modified | -18/02/2022, 16:35:35 | -
a response to The Problem with NFTs - 28 Jan 2022
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Frida Erlandsson | -
| Author | -Gabriela Guibourg | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Publication | -Economic Commentaries | -
| Issue | -6 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Josh Kamps | -
| Author | -Bennett Kleinberg | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Springer | -
| Volume | -7 | -
| Pages | -18 | -
| Publication | -Crime Science | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Jamie Zawinski | -
| Abstract | -Or, the through-line from Assassination Politics to monkey -JPEGs. The joke goes, "Stop saying you were promised flying cars. Unless - you were born in 1935, you weren't promised flying cars, you were -promised a cyberpunk corporate dystopia. You're welcome." Or, in the -immortal words of Blank Reg, "You know how we said 'No Future'? Well. -This is it." In the 80s and 90s, hacker culture was flush ... | -
| Date | -2022-01-04T15:01:51-08:00 | -
| Language | -en-US | -
| Short Title | -Today on Sick Sad World | -
| URL | -https://www.jwz.org/blog/2022/01/today-on-sick-sad-world-how-the-cryptobros-have-fallen/ | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 11:21:38 | -
| Extra | -Jamie Zawinski is a legendary coder and co-founder of Mozilla | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 11:21:38 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:41:00 | -
| Type | -Conference Paper | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Nina-Birte Schirrmacher | -
| Author | -Johannes Rude Jensen | -
| Author | -Michel Avital | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2021 | -
| Proceedings Title | -The 42nd International Conference on Information Systems: ICIS - 2021: Building Sustainability and Resilience With is: A Call for Action | -
| DOI | -https://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2021/is_future_work/is_future_work/17/ | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Raffaele Fabio Ciriello | -
| Abstract | -In response to the bleak prospects of today's financial -markets, a wave of financial and technological innovations emerges, -bringing about potential benefits but also new challenges. For instance, - tokenized securities are a new kind of blockchain-based asset enabling -price stability, programmability, pseudonymity, and transaction -efficiency, while also introducing new regulatory challenges and -uncertainties. Conversely, index funds are an established investment -device enabling broad diversification in a cost-effective, -tax-efficient, and transparent way, while potentially also contributing -to concentration of market power, intermediation cost, access barriers -for underbanked or impoverished investors, increased market volatility, -and human behavioral challenges. This paper conceptually develops -Tokenized Index Funds as a hybrid approach that combines the benefits of - tokenized securities and index funds while alleviating some of their -drawbacks. Based thereupon, a corresponding multidisciplinary research -framework is presented, with sample research questions along the -activities of design and features, business and economics, management -and organization, and law and regulation. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -61 | -
| Pages | -102400 | -
| Publication | -International Journal of Information Management | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102400 | -
| ISSN | -02684012 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:18:01 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:18:01 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Joshua Fairfield | -
| Abstract | -Markets for unique digital property-digital equivalents of -rare artworks, collectible trading cards, and other assets that gain -value from scarcity-have exploded in the past several months. At root is - the next iteration of blockchain technology, unique digital assets -called non-fungible tokens. Unlike Bitcoin, where one coin is the same -as another, NFTs are unique, each with different attributes. An NFT that - represented ownership of Boardwalk would be quite different from one -that represented Baltic Avenue. NFTs have grown from a few early -breakout successes to a rapidly developing market for unique digital -treasures. The attraction to buyers is that unlike digital assets like -e-books or licensed movies, NFTs can be bought, sold, displayed, gifted, - or even destroyed just like personal property. Yet law has not kept -pace with demand for unique digital property. In particular, the rules -designed for the 2000s internet focused on expanding intellectual -property licenses and online contracts to the point that we are mere -users, not owners, of digital assets. This article proposes a clear path - for the evolution of the legal underpinnings of NFTs. It argues that -NFTs are personal property, not contracts (despite the "smart contracts" - popular nomenclature) or pure intellectual property licenses (despite -the currently governing law of digital assets like e-books). Because -transactions in NFTs are in the form of a sale, the law of sales of -personal property should apply. And finally, the article notes | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3821102 | -
| Pages | -1–99 | -
| Publication | -Indiana Law Journal | -
| DOI | -https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3821102 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:17:17 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:17:17 | -
| Type | -Thesis | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Kristopher Anders Jones | -
| Abstract | -This thesis project was intended to take an exploratory look -at blockchain technology using an interdisciplinary social lens. Drawing - on a variety of sources, including Actor-Network Theory, multiplicity, -prefigurative politics, Marx's early writings on technology, and -ideological aspects of both hacker culture and free and open source -software development, a complex but useful theoretical framework is -proposed. Using a multiple methodological approach combining digital -ethnography, semi-structured interviews, and content analysis, social -aspects of the blockchain space are explored and an initial first -description of demographics and characteristics of the blockchain -community is proposed. The thesis finds that the utilization of -blockchain technology is playing out in many ways, and there are widely -varying positions taken from different groups on development and -essential technological characteristics as well as potential -motivations. The blockchain area is rapidly evolving, and interest from -institutions has been growing. Given the potential prefigurative -attributes of the space, there is the potential for institutional and -capitalist interests to co-opt and integrate within the space, but this -could stand to fundamentally change the uses of the technology. The -thesis concludes that it is absolutely imperative that social scientists - begin to think seriously about this technological development and its -social characteristics and implications prior to widespread and -institutional adoption. | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| URL | -https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/24924 | -
| Extra | -DOI: https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/24924 | -
| Type | -PhD Thesis | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Marvin Landwehr | -
| Author | -Volker Wulf | -
| Abstract | -Money underpins everyone's daily life. Possible solutions for -the global problems fail if there is not enough money. Yet changes to -our monetary system are rarely included in the discussion. Against this -backdrop, cryptocurrencies create important new precedents regarding how - money can be created. Libra is a recent cryptocurrency project launched - by one of the dominant social media companies, which has been the -subject of intense international discussion. Because the details of -Libra are not yet fully specified, we present different scenarios of how - a successful Libra currency might play out and some of the problems -that might follow. These scenarios include the monetization of the -payment infrastructure, (ab)use of sanctioning power, a reduction of the - reserve ratio, and an abandonment of reconvertability. These problems -suggest a number regulatory strategies in response. Finally, we describe - values and design requirements that might help guide future -cryptocurrency innovation and provide ways of evaluating their success -or failure. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -ISBN: 9781450375955 | -
| Pages | -236–246 | -
| Publication | -PervasiveHealth: Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare | -
| DOI | -10.1145/3401335.3401365 | -
| ISSN | -21531633 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:18:48 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:18:48 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Ashish Rajendra Sai | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: University of Limerick | -
| DOI | -https://ulir.ul.ie/handle/10344/10766 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:40 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:40 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Enrico Rossi | -
| Author | -Carsten Sorensen | -
| Abstract | -Global digital platforms are conquering the world and rely -critically on digital infrastructures to function, yet little research -has explored the fundamental interrelationship between the two. This -working paper argues that understanding centralization and -decentralization in digital networks as asymmetry and symmetry in mutual - interdependencies between the constitutive elements of a digital -network can help us understand the platform-infrastructure relationship -more fundamentally (and vice versa). To this end, the paper proposes, as - a starting point, the in-depth analytical and literature study of -blockchain networks as a particularly revealing type of digital -platform/infrastructure duality. The paper proposes an analytical model -for characterizing de/centralization in digital networks and maps this -onto blockchain networks. Based on this, the paper explores the -de/centralization of blockchain, arguing that the extant blockchain -literature largely has failed in providing a comprehensive understanding - of de/centralization by not considering the complex second-order -interdependencies between the different constitutive dimensions of a -blockchain: the symbolic, technological and political dimension. Based -on this, the paper provides an analysis of the meaning of -de/centralization in blockchain networks by studying the -interdependencies between its constitutive elements of coin, network -technology, and social community. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Pages | -1–119 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.3503609 | -
| ISSN | -1556-5068 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:48 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:48 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Igor Makarov | -
| Author | -Antoinette Schoar | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Elsevier | -
| Volume | -135 | -
| Pages | -293–319 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Financial Economics | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Paul Krugman | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Volume | -21 | -
| Publication | -The New York Times | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Balázs Bodó | -
| Abstract | -Many public institutions, government bodies, municipalities -are experimenting with blockchain based systems, decentralized ledgers, -smart contracts to deliver new innovative services to citizens, or -improve the speed, efficiency, accuracy of existing ones. This short -policy analysis looks at the potential mismatch between usually -high-trust public institutions, and trust-minimizing technological -infrastructures. We warn that, in general, we should avoid replacing a -high-trust environment with a trust-minimizing technology. Pre-existing -trust is very valuable, and no new technology should endanger trust -which is extremely hard to build but very easy to destroy. Of course, -not all institutions enjoy the trust of the citizenry. In low-trust -environments the implementation of trust minimizing technologies need to - consider the relative benefits and harms of the different approaches to - dealing with low-trust environments. One can decide to implement a -technology that is able to operate in such low-trust settings. The -alternative to this is to try to implement technologies and policies -that foster the emergence of trust. What is the preferable way forward: -replacing distrusted public entities with trust-minimizing technologies, - or improving their trustworthiness? Should we implement a -trust-minimizing architecture, or a trust-maximizing one? Our -institutions may be imperfect, and often produce arbitrary outcomes; -sometimes they are downright oppressive. But at least there are clear -lines of social, public, institutional, political and economic -accountability and oversight. Such mechanisms of trust are yet to mature - with regard to blockchain technologies. Unless these technologies can -be brought into the fold, they remain largely unaccountable, thus -fundamentally untrustworthy. And even if they are, we still don't know -which is preferable: a polycentric system of power of checks and -balances, which involves democratic oversight, or an ideally -decentralized and disintermediated one, where power concentration is -prevented? This should be a warning to well-intentioned public servants, - institutions and private actors who are looking at implementing -blockchain systems in order to better their domain or be seen as -innovative, or simply because they fear missing out on a technology -development sold to them as a revolution. It may be worth their while -not to rush. It is OK to be slow and cautious. Disruptive digital -innovation that targets trust should be treated with extreme caution. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.3641501 | -
| ISSN | -1556-5068 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:08 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:08 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Kevin D. Werbach | -
| Abstract | -The blockchain could be the most consequential development in -information technology since the internet. Created to support the -Bitcoin digital currency, the blockchain is actually something deeper: A - novel solution to the age-old human problem of trust. Its potential is -extraordinary. Yet without effective governance, this approach may not -promote trust at all. Wholly divorced from legal enforcement, -blockchain-based systems may be counterproductive or even dangerous. And - they are less insulated from the law's reach than it seems. The central - question is not how to regulate blockchains, but how blockchains -regulate. They may supplement, complement, or substitute for legal -enforcement. Excessive or premature application of rigid legal -obligations will stymie innovation and forego opportunities to leverage -technology to achieve public policy objectives. Blockchain developers -and legal institutions can work together. Each must recognize the unique - affordances of the other system. | -
| Date | -2016 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.2844409 | -
| ISSN | -1086-3818 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | -
| Type | -Book Section | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Enrico Beltramini | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -DOI: 10.4324/9781315172606-19 | -
| Publisher | -Routledge | -
| Pages | -184–195 | -
| Book Title | -Anarchism, Organization and Management | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:01 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:01 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Inês Faria | -
| Abstract | -This article departs from the post 2008 financial crisis -context, from its intersection with technological developments, and from - the socio-technical arrangements configured by this conjuncture. It -explores plans and actions – of mainstream financial institutions, and -of a community seeking for alternatives to centralised economy and -governance – for the use of digital platforms supported by blockchain -infrastructure. In particular, it explores how such plans and actions -relate to conceptions of public and peer trust and how they appear to -produce, or reinforce, reputational imaginaries and quantification -practices within added value philosophies. By illuminating a tension -between the two identified case examples, I seek to render alternative -communities' and financial institutions' conceptions, imaginaries and -practices (more) visible and to analyse their organisational marketing -strategies – where there is a pragmatic and discursive -operationalisation of technology as well as of trust as means to gain -more self-sovereignty in action, while navigating markets and regulated -actual world contexts. | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2018.1547986 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Volume | -12 | -
| Pages | -119–132 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Cultural Economy | -
| DOI | -10.1080/17530350.2018.1547986 | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -17530369 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:08 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:08 | -
| Type | -Manuscript | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Laizeau T Boon-Falleur M | -
| Abstract | -Blockchain technology emerged in 2008 in the midst of the -financial crisis to provide a decentralized alternative to financial -institutions. Members of the blockchain community, including the -pseudonymous inventor of the technology Satoshi Nokamoto, have often -expressed low levels of trust toward traditional institutions such as -central banks. In contrast, they argue that blockchain technology -applications such as cryptocurrencies or decentralized autonomous -organisations do not require the intervention of a third party and are -therefore more trustworthy while also allowing for more freedom. In this - context, members of the blockchain community are often described as -trustless and libertarian. In this study, we tested whether members of -the blockchain community indeed are different from the general -population in terms of their attitudes toward trust, politics, science -and the environment. We found that the blockchain community is less -trusting of people and institutions, favors more private poverty, and is - less pro-environmental than the general population. Given that trust in - institutions has been decreasing in recent years, decentralized systems - powered by blockchain technology may become appealing to a growing -number of people around the world. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://psyarxiv.com/ka7st | -
| Extra | -DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/ka7st | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:27 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:27 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Kartikay Mehrotra | -
| Date | -2020-08 | -
| URL | -https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-08-19/ucsf-hack-shows-evolving-risks-of-ransomware-in-the-covid-era | -
| Extra | -Publication Title: Bloomberg.com | -
| Publisher | -Bloomberg | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Alexander Nedashkovskiy | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| DOI | -https://lutpub.lut.fi/handle/10024/162989 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:18:01 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:18:01 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Giulio Caldarelli | -
| Abstract | -Scarce and niche in the literature just a few years ago, the -blockchain topic is now the main subject in conference papers and books. - However, the hype generated by the technology and its potential -implications for real-world applications is flawed by many -misconceptions about how it works and how it is implemented, creating -faulty thinking or overly optimistic expectations. Too often, -characteristics such as immutability, transparency, and censorship -resistance, which mainly belong to the bitcoin blockchain, are sought in - regular blockchains, whose potential is barely comparable. Furthermore, - critical aspects such as oracles and their role in smart contracts -receive few literature contributions, leaving results and theoretical -implications highly questionable. This literature review of the latest -papers in the field aims to give clarity to the blockchain oracle -problem by discussing its effects in some of the most promising -real-world applications. The analysis supports the view that the more -trusted a system is, the less the oracle problem impacts. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute | -
| Volume | -11 | -
| Pages | -1–19 | -
| Publication | -Information (Switzerland) | -
| DOI | -10.3390/info11110509 | -
| Issue | -11 | -
| ISSN | -20782489 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Cullen O Roche | -
| Date | -2011 | -
| URL | -http://ssrn.com/paper=1905625 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Abstract | -UNICEF Venture Fund and Giga Call for Blockchain-based Software Solutions to Build Capacity and Empower Communities | -
| Language | -en | -
| URL | -https://www.unicef.org/innovation/venturefund/funding-opportunity-blockchain-capacity-building | -
| Accessed | -22/02/2022, 21:24:20 | -
| Date Added | -22/02/2022, 21:24:20 | -
| Modified | -22/02/2022, 21:28:51 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Date | -2011 | -
| Publisher | -Court of Appeals, 2nd Circuit | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Florian Moslein | -
| Author | -Christopher Rennig | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Società editrice il Mulino | -
| Volume | -20 | -
| Pages | -135–148 | -
| Publication | -Analisi Giuridica dell'Economia | -
| Issue | -1-2 | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 09:08:59 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 09:08:59 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -https://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/recommendations/RBA-VA-VASPs.pdf | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Financial Action Task Force | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Corin Faife | -
| Date | -2018-12 | -
| URL | -https://breakermag.com/we-asked-crypto-news-outlets-if-theyd-take-money-to-cover-a-project-more-than-half-said-yes/ | -
| Extra | -Publication Title: BREAKERMAG | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Thesis | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Tonya Canning | -
| Abstract | -Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Dalhousie University. | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| URL | -https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/handle/10222/74190 | -
| Extra | -DOI: https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/handle/10222/74190 -Issue: August | -
| # of Pages | -415 | -
| Type | -PhD Thesis | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:28:35 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:28:35 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Stephen Diehl | -
| Date | -2021-12-04 | -
| URL | -https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/web3-bullshit.html | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 10:45:14 | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 10:45:14 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:45:12 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Matt Levine | -
| Date | -2022-01-10 | -
| URL | -https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2022-01-10/web3-takes-trust-too | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 10:51:54 | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 10:51:54 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:49:26 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Evgeny Morozov | -
| Abstract | -Web3 is self-referential in the extreme. The value of the -tokens is expected to grow as everything is to become more liquid and -interconnected: tokens from one DAO will be valuable in another; more -activities will be fractionalized; more institutions will turn into -DAOs; more objects into NFTs... | -
| Date | -2022-01-13T17:32:00.000Z | -
| Language | -en | -
| Short Title | -Web3 | -
| URL | -https://the-crypto-syllabus.com/web3-a-map-in-search-of-territory/ | -
| Accessed | -03/03/2022, 16:27:25 | -
| Website Title | -The Crypto Syllabus | -
| Date Added | -03/03/2022, 16:27:24 | -
| Modified | -03/03/2022, 16:28:54 | -
| Type | -Manuscript | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Alexander Bogensperger | -
| Author | -Andreas Zeiselmair | -
| Author | -Michael Hinterstocker | -
| Author | -Patrick Dossow | -
| Author | -Johannes Hilpert | -
| Author | -Maximilian Wimmer | -
| Author | -Carsten von Gneisenau | -
| Author | -Nikolas Klausmann | -
| Author | -Jens Strüker | -
| Author | -Nils Urbach | -
| Author | -Benjamin Schellinger | -
| Author | -Johannes Sedlmeir | -
| Author | -Fabiane Völter | -
| Abstract | -Die Blockchain-Technologie erfuhr die Spitze ihres ersten -großen Hypes im Jahr 2017. Bei der Blockchain-Technologie handelt es -sich um ein dezentrales elektronisches Register für digitale -Transaktionen. Zu den Eigenschaften der Technologie zählen u. a. eine -hohe Manipulationsresistenz, welche Vertrauen in digitale Daten erzeugen - kann, sowie die Möglichkeit, Prozesse und Transaktionen, ohne -Intermediär abzuwickeln. Diese besonderen Eigenschaften ermöglichen die -Entstehung eines "Internets der Werte". Während Kryptowährungen den -bekanntesten Anwendungsfall darstellen (oft auch "digitale Währungen" -oder "Krypto-Token" genannt), sind seit der Einführung der Technologie -im Jahr 2008 viele weitere Anwendungsfälle diskutiert worden. Dabei -bietet sich die Technologie nicht als Universallösung für jegliche -Problemstellungen an. Das nachfolgende Diskussionspapier soll aufzeigen, - in welchen Branchen sich die Technologie bereits etabliert hat, welche -allgemeinen Missverständnisse die Technologie umgeben und wo ihre -energiewirtschaftlichen Einsatzmöglichkeiten liegen. Zudem soll -aufgezeigt werden, welche technologieunabhängigen Hürden den Einsatz der - Technologie erschweren. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Extra | -DOI: https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/237670 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Abe De Jong | -
| Author | -Peter Roosenboom | -
| Author | -Tom van der Kolk | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| URL | -http://ssrn.com/paper=3250035 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Arvind Narayanan | -
| Date | -2013 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: IEEE | -
| Volume | -11 | -
| Pages | -75–76 | -
| Publication | -IEEE security & privacy | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | -
| Type | -Podcast | -
|---|---|
| Podcaster | -Future Thinkers | -
| Abstract | -Vitalik Buterin talks about Ethereum, decentralized platforms, - crypto currency, smart contracts, and why those things matter for the -future of the economy | -
| Language | -en-US | -
| URL | -https://futurethinkers.org/vitalik-buterin-ethereum-decentralized-future/ | -
| Accessed | -28/02/2022, 11:21:39 | -
| Extra | -Section: Podcast | -
| Date Added | -28/02/2022, 11:21:39 | -
| Modified | -28/02/2022, 11:23:35 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Hannah Arendt | -
| Date | -1993 | -
| Publisher | -New York: Penguin | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Florian Knauer | -
| Author | -Andreas Mann | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: The British Blockchain Association | -
| Pages | -10484 | -
| Publication | -The Journal of the British Blockchain Association | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | -
| Type | -Blog Post | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Yanis Varoufakis | -
| Abstract | -Recently, I argued that a central bank cryptocurrency can be a - useful tool in the struggle to democratise money. Such a tool is, of -course, not enough. The main task in democratising money is first to -democratise the central bank – before deploying useful instruments like a - central bank cryptocurrency. As many readers (correctly) pointed […] | -
| Date | -2021-08-02T10:47:46+00:00 | -
| Language | -en-GB | -
| Short Title | -What is money, really? | -
| URL | -https://www.yanisvaroufakis.eu/2021/08/02/what-is-money/ | -
| Accessed | -02/03/2022, 10:56:47 | -
| Blog Title | -Yanis Varoufakis | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 10:56:47 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 10:57:48 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Cameron Harwick | -
| Author | -James Caton | -
| Abstract | -Despite the past decade's rapid innovation in adapting -blockchain technology to new uses, financial intermediation remains -elusive except in basic and highly collateralized forms. We introduce -the concept of the technical frontier to delimit the kinds of -interactions that can feasibly be structured algorithmically among -pseudonymous agents, as on a blockchain, and show that lending and -financial intermediation – unlike monetary exchange – lie outside it, -even in simple forms. The path forward for truly blockchain-native -financial applications, therefore, must involve the integration of -real-world identity information in order to disincentivize defection. We - discuss several potential technologies for doing so, and conclude that -such integration is possible without compromising pseudonymity, provided - real-world identity is available in the breach. | -
| Date | -2020-10 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: North-Holland | -
| Publication | -Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance | -
| DOI | -10.1016/j.qref.2020.09.006 | -
| ISSN | -10629769 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:18:01 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:18:01 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Matteo Benetton | -
| Author | -Giovanni Compiani | -
| Author | -Adair Morse | -
| Abstract | -Cryptomining, the clearing of cryptocurrency transactions, -uses large quantities of electricity. We document that cryptominers' use - of local electricity implies higher prices for existing small -businesses and households. Studying the electricity market in Upstate NY - and using the Bitcoin price as an exogenous shifter of the supply curve - faced by the community, we estimate the electricity demand functions -for small businesses and households, and find price elasticities of --0.17 and -0.07 respectively. Based on our estimates, we calculate -counterfactual electricity bills, finding that small businesses and -households paid $79 million and $165 million extra annually in Upstate -NY because of increased electricity consumption from cryptominers. Using - data on China, where prices are fixed, we find that rationing of -electricity in cities with cryptomining entrants deteriorates wages and -investments, consistent with crowding-out effects on the local economy. -Local governments in both Upstate NY and China, however, realize more -business taxes, but only offsetting a small portion of the costs from -higher community electricity bills. Our results point to a yet-unstudied - negative spillover from technology processing to local communities, -which would need to be considered against welfare benefits | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Publication | -SSRN Electronic Journal | -
| DOI | -10.2139/ssrn.3779720 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Marcus Petz | -
| Abstract | -The article is a case study of several digitally based schemes - recently operating in Finland where some functions and properties of -money are evident. While working effectively as designed, they do not -fully meet the criteria of a well-functioning community currency. The -schemes include: sysmä, a digitally based hyperlocal system of account -introduced by the rural Sysmä municipality; Pisteet kotiin®, a housing -association points system in the city of Tampere, copied from a working -Dutch model; BookMooch, a global book-swapping site that has extended -its operations throughout Fin-land. Explored in the article are the -institutional enabling and inhibitory factors and implications for and -from other community currency projects. Data was collected by -participant observation and semi-structured interviews in all schemes. -Additional media surveying, internet webscrapes and online surveying -supplemented this data. Along with the demarcation problem between -currency and money, the technical issues about scale and purpose, if -such schemes are to develop their offerings to become fully fledged -currencies, are considered. The concept of "current-see" proposed by the - MetaCurrency Project, is used as a lens to evaluate if the schemes -achieve their purpose and whether further development is desirable or -possible. The concept of a proto-community currency is developed. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| URL | -http://dx.doi.org/10.15133/j.ijccr.2020.0010 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: University of Leicester | -
| Volume | -24 | -
| Pages | -30–53 | -
| Publication | -International Journal of Community Currency Research | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -David Rozas | -
| Author | -Antonio Tenorio-Fornés | -
| Author | -Silvia Díaz-Molina | -
| Author | -Samer Hassan | -
| Abstract | -Blockchain technologies have generated enthusiasm, yet their -potential to enable new forms of governance remains largely unexplored. -Two confronting standpoints dominate the emergent debate around -blockchain-based governance: discourses characterized by the presence of - techno-determinist and market-driven values, which tend to ignore the -complexity of social organization; and critical accounts of such -discourses which, while contributing to identifying limitations, -consider the role of traditional centralized institutions as inherently -necessary to enable democratic forms of governance. In this article, we -draw on Ostrom's principles for self-governance of communities to -explore the transformative potential of blockchain beyond such -standpoints. We approach blockchain through the identification and -conceptualization of six affordances that this technology may provide to - communities: tokenization, self-enforcement and formalization of rules, - autonomous automatization, decentralization of power over the -infrastructure, increasing transparency, and codification of trust. For -each affordance, we carry out a detailed analysis situating each in the -context of Ostrom's principles, considering both the potentials of -algorithmic governance and the importance of incorporating communities' -social practices into blockchain-based tools to foster forms of -self-governance. The relationships found between these affordances and -Ostrom's principles allow us to provide a perspective focused on -blockchain-based commons governance. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| Volume | -11 | -
| Publication | -SAGE Open | -
| DOI | -10.1177/21582440211002526 | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -21582440 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:48 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:48 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Inês Faria | -
| Abstract | -This paper is based on research among blockchain communities -in the Netherlands and online terrains. Through an empirical example, it - explores tales produced by projects based on the blockchain protocol -and on the premise that cryptocurrencies are money and that money has -generative potential for social and economic change. By unpacking the -pragmatics of a particular project–Bitnation and Pangea – I argue that -despite tales of decentralisation through the moneyness of -cryptocurrencies, and the distributed and automated character of the -blockchain protocol, these currencies, and projects, are deeply -entangled with fiat and mainstream economies and markets. This is -visible by looking at the ups and downs of cryptocurrency pricing and on - the effects this volatility has on (certain) projects. The lack of a -sustainable community of trust in cryptocurrencies as money – -particularly visible in initiatives following more libertarian and -utopian tales, detached from everyday life realities – and the way these - retain attention mainly due to speculation, have very real effects for -blockchain based projects. No matter how radical their tales for -decentralisation and socioeconomic revolution are, utterances for these -tales to become real have to be there, and seem absent. | -
| Date | -2021 | -
| URL | -https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2021.1974070 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Volume | -0 | -
| Pages | -1–12 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Cultural Economy | -
| DOI | -10.1080/17530350.2021.1974070 | -
| Issue | -0 | -
| ISSN | -17530369 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:20:08 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:20:08 | -
| Type | -Blog Post | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Dirty Bubble Media | -
| Abstract | -The money traces back to a resurrected blockchain company, a sketchy token, and an obscure crypto exchange | -
| Date | -2022-02-14 | -
| Short Title | -Who spends $24 million on an NFT? | -
| URL | -https://dirtybubblemedia.substack.com/p/who-spends-24-million-on-an-nft-meet | -
| Accessed | -18/02/2022, 11:12:51 | -
| Blog Title | -Dirty Bubble Media | -
| Website Type | -Substack newsletter | -
| Date Added | -18/02/2022, 11:12:51 | -
| Modified | -18/02/2022, 11:12:51 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Elizabeth M. Renieris | -
| Abstract | -There is already evidence of identity information being used -to target populations in the Tigray conflict. Imagine the implications -of a national ID scheme built on an immutable ledger, driven by -commercial incentives and operated from offshore. | -
| Language | -en | -
| URL | -https://www.cigionline.org/articles/why-a-little-known-blockchain-based-identity-project-in-ethiopia-should-concern-us-all/ | -
| Accessed | -22/02/2022, 21:25:31 | -
| Website Title | -Centre for International Governance Innovation | -
| Date Added | -22/02/2022, 21:25:31 | -
| Modified | -22/02/2022, 21:28:28 | -
| Type | -Video Recording | -
|---|---|
| Director | -Computerphile | -
| Abstract | -Bitcoin shouldn't be regulated because it works like cash. -Professor Ross Anderson of University of Cambridge on why Bitcoin isn't -cash. Tracing Stolen Bitco... | -
| Date | -2018-04-10 | -
| Language | -en | -
| Library Catalog | -www.youtube.com | -
| URL | -https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9HH_dFcoLc | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 12:19:42 | -
| Extra | -walks through why bitcoin is not cash and the complex legal questions it would need to deal with if it wanted to be. | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 12:19:42 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 12:20:59 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Rain Xie | -
| Abstract | -The cryptocurrency market grew from a $1.5 billion market -capitalization in early 2013 to over $795 billion in January -2018.'Bitcoin, an exemplar cryptocurrency, gained value from $0.08 -before 2010 to over $17,000 per bitcoin in December 2017.2 While -cryptocurrencies \ldots | -
| Date | -2019 | -
| URL | -https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1684&context=law_globalstudies | -
| Extra | -ISBN: 9781137382559 -Publisher: HeinOnline | -
| Volume | -18 | -
| Pages | -457– 489 | -
| Publication | -Wash. U. Global Stud. L. Rev. | -
| DOI | -https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1684&context=law_globalstudies | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -1546-6981 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:22:23 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:22:23 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -John Harvey | -
| Author | -Ines Branco-Illodo | -
| Abstract | -New currencies designed for user anonymity and privacy–widely -referred to as “privacy coins”–have forced governments to listen and -legislate, but the political motivations of these currencies are not -well understood. Following the growing interest of political brands in -different contexts, we provide the first systematic review of political -motivations expressed in cryptocurrency whitepapers whose explicit goal -is “privacy.” Many privacy coins deliberately position themselves as -alternative political brands. Although cryptocurrencies are often -closely associated with political philosophies that aim to diminish or -subvert the power of governments and banks, advocates of privacy occupy -much broader ideological ground. We present thematic trends within the -privacy coin literature and identify epistemic and ethical tensions -present within the communities of people calling for the adoption of -entirely private currencies. | -
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Taylor & Francis | -
| Volume | -19 | -
| Pages | -107–136 | -
| Publication | -Journal of Political Marketing | -
| DOI | -10.1080/15377857.2019.1652223 | -
| Issue | -1-2 | -
| ISSN | -15377865 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:26:27 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:26:27 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Chris Dixon | -
| Abstract | -Chris Dixon's blog. | -
| Language | -en | -
| URL | -https://cdixon.org/2018/02/18/why-decentralization-matters | -
| Accessed | -28/02/2022, 16:35:01 | -
| Date Added | -28/02/2022, 16:35:01 | -
| Modified | -28/02/2022, 16:36:10 | -
Read/Eilidh
| Type | -Blog Post | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Charlie Stross | -
| Date | -2013-12-18 | -
| URL | -https://www.antipope.org/charlie/blog-static/2013/12/why-i-want-bitcoin-to-die-in-a.html | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 11:20:10 | -
| Blog Title | -Charlie's Diary | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 11:20:10 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 11:52:40 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Tim O’Reilly | -
| Date | -2021-12-13 | -
| Language | -en-US | -
| URL | -https://www.oreilly.com/radar/why-its-too-early-to-get-excited-about-web3/ | -
| Accessed | -25/02/2022, 11:27:10 | -
| Website Title | -O’Reilly Media | -
| Date Added | -25/02/2022, 11:27:10 | -
| Modified | -25/02/2022, 12:15:54 | -
Tim O'Reilly is an internet pioneer/Silicon Valley legend
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Essentia 1 | -
| Abstract | -There’s plenty of buzz around the web 3.0 and the sweeping -changes it will bring to the industry, but few people actually know why -it… | -
| Date | -2021-06-03T09:21:01.713Z | -
| Language | -en | -
| URL | -https://medium.com/@essentia1/why-the-web-3-0-matters-and-you-should-know-about-it-a5851d63c949 | -
| Accessed | -01/03/2022, 10:49:27 | -
| Website Title | -Medium | -
| Date Added | -01/03/2022, 10:49:27 | -
| Modified | -01/03/2022, 10:49:27 | -
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Gavin Wood | -
| Abstract | -Ethereum co-founder Gavin Wood on why today’s internet is broken — and how we can do better next time around | -
| Date | -2018-09-12T16:03:45.469Z | -
| Language | -en | -
| URL | -https://gavofyork.medium.com/why-we-need-web-3-0-5da4f2bf95ab | -
| Accessed | -01/03/2022, 08:39:48 | -
| Website Title | -Medium | -
| Date Added | -01/03/2022, 08:39:48 | -
| Modified | -01/03/2022, 08:39:56 | -
Read/Eilidh
| Type | -Web Page | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Chris Dixon | -
| Abstract | -We are now at the beginning of the web3 era, which combines -the decentralized, community-governed ethos of web1 with the advanced, -modern functionality of web2. | -
| Date | -2021-10-07T13:00:46+00:00 | -
| Language | -en | -
| URL | -https://future.a16z.com/why-web3-matters/ | -
| Accessed | -28/02/2022, 16:35:16 | -
| Website Title | -Future | -
| Date Added | -28/02/2022, 16:35:16 | -
| Modified | -28/02/2022, 16:36:21 | -
Read/Eilidh
| Type | -Newspaper Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Claer Barrett | -
| Abstract | -The racy, high-risk asset class has filled a void of investment advice for the average young person | -
| Date | -2021-05-28 | -
| URL | -https://www.ft.com/content/162839aa-0437-478b-a4d4-4a8d7ab71458 | -
| Accessed | -18/02/2022, 13:31:31 | -
| Publication | -Financial Times | -
| Date Added | -18/02/2022, 13:31:31 | -
| Modified | -18/02/2022, 13:31:31 | -
| Type | -Newspaper Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Claer Barrett | -
| Abstract | -The racy, high-risk asset class has filled a void of investment advice for the average young person | -
| Date | -2021-05-28 | -
| URL | -https://www.ft.com/content/162839aa-0437-478b-a4d4-4a8d7ab71458 | -
| Accessed | -02/03/2022, 10:51:12 | -
| Publication | -Financial Times | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 10:51:12 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 10:51:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Giorel Curran | -
| Author | -Morgan Gibson | -
| Abstract | -WikiLeaks is a controversial organisation that attracts -polarised responses. This is not unexpected given its key objective of -exposing the secrets and social control ambitions of the powerful. While - its supporters laud its pursuit of an informational commons, its -detractors condemn its antisocial character, its megalomania-and its -anarchism. It is the latter that particularly interests us here. This -paper treats the "charge" of anarchism seriously, however, giving it the - analytical attention it warrants. It does this by first identifying -those characteristics of the organisation that would render it -anarchist, and then to conceptualise what this anarchism means. It -highlights two important elements of the WikiLeaks story: the anarchical - character of the technologies it utilises to foment its dissent; and -the anarchical ethos of the organisation's radical politics. We conclude - by also considering the tensions and contradictions in WikiLeaks that -temper both its anarchism and its social change objectives. © 2012 The -Author. Antipode. © 2012 Antipode Foundation Ltd. | -
| Date | -2013 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: Wiley Online Library | -
| Volume | -45 | -
| Pages | -294–314 | -
| Publication | -Antipode | -
| DOI | -10.1111/j.1467-8330.2012.01009.x | -
| Issue | -2 | -
| ISSN | -00664812 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:01 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:01 | -
| Type | -Document | -
|---|---|
| Date | -2020 | -
| Extra | -Issue: No. 20-cv-2809 (LAK) | -
| Publisher | -Dist. Court, SD New York | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -Jessica L. Beyer | -
| Author | -Fenwick Mckelvey | -
| Abstract | -In a historical review focused on digital piracy, we explore -the relationship between hacker politics and the state. We distinguish -between two core aspects of piracy-the challenge to property rights and -the challenge to state power-and argue that digital piracy should be -considered more broadly as a challenge to the authority of the state. We - trace generations of peer-to-peer networking, showing that digital -piracy is a key component in the development of a political platform -that advocates for a set of ideals grounded in collaborative culture, -nonhierarchical organization, and a reliance on the network. We assert -that this politics expresses itself in a philosophy that was formed -together with the development of the state-evading forms of -communication that perpetuate unmanageable networks. | -
| Date | -2015 | -
| Volume | -9 | -
| Pages | -890–908 | -
| Publication | -International Journal of Communication | -
| Issue | -1 | -
| ISSN | -19328036 | -
| Date Added | -02/03/2022, 08:29:01 | -
| Modified | -02/03/2022, 08:29:01 | -
| Type | -Journal Article | -
|---|---|
| Author | -David Golumbia | -
| Date | -2018 | -
| Extra | -Publisher: JSTOR | -
| Pages | -102–111 | -
| Publication | -The Baffler | -
| Issue | -38 | -
| Date Added | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -
| Modified | -21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | -