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Finish citations for all toplevel concepts

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concepts/art.md
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@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ Art's value is often tied to its provenance and [sign value](sign-value.md).
Art may be [artificial scarce](artificial-scarcity.md) if created as part of a collection.
The art market has a great amount of [asymmetric-information](asymmetric-information.md) and [market manipulation](market-manipulation.md).
The art market has a great amount of [asymmetric information](asymmetric-information.md) and [market manipulation](market-manipulation.md) and is often used a vehicle for [money laundering](money-laundering.md).
## References
## References
1. Solimano, Andrés. 2021. ‘The Evolution of Contemporary Arts Markets’. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003215127.

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concepts/cbdc.md
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@ -9,9 +9,13 @@ CBDCs have been critized as being an extension of the surveillance state that co
* Chinese Digital Yuan
* Bahama Sand Dollar
* Project Hamilton
## References
* [@kiff_survey_2020]
* [@bilotta_cbdcs_nodate]
* [@nabilou_central_2019]
* Hockett, Robert C. 2019. ‘Money’s Past Is Fintech’s Future: Wildcat Crypto, the Digital Dollar, and Citizen Central Banking’.
* Bilotta, Nicola. n.d. CBDCs and Stablecoins: The Scramble for (Controllable) Anonymity. Instituto AffariInternazionali.
* Kiff, John, Jihad Alwazir, Sonja Davidovic, Aquiles Farias, Ashraf Khan, Tanai Khiaonarong, Majid Malaika, et al. 2020. ‘A Survey of Research on Retail Central Bank Digital Currency’. http://ssrn.com/paper=3639760.
* Korhonen, Outi, and Juho Rantala. 2021. ‘Blockchain Governance Challenges: Beyond Libertarianism’. AJIL Unbound 115: 408–12. https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2021.65.
* Nabilou, Hossein. 2019. ‘Central Bank Digital Currencies: Preliminary Legal Observations’. Journal of Banking Regulation.
* Steele, Graham. 2021. ‘The Miner of Last Resort: Digital Currency, Shadow Money and the Role of the Central Bank’. Technology and Government, Emerald Studies in Media and Communications, Forthcoming.

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concepts/cds.md Normal file
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# Credit Default Swaps

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concepts/crypto-exchange.md
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@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ Crypto exchanges are commonly set up in jurisdictions with loose or corrupt fina
* Ivaniuk, Viktoria. 2020. ‘Cryptocurrency Exchange Regulation – An International Review’. Magda Dziembowska, Robert Dziembowski, Apelacja w Postępowaniu, 67.
* White, Molly. 2022. ‘Cryptocurrency Off-Ramps, and the Shift towards Centralization’. Molly White. 12 February 2022. https://blog.mollywhite.net/off-ramps/.
* Lefevre, Edwin. 2004. Reminiscences of a Stock Operator. Vol. 175. John Wiley & Sons.
* Cumming, Douglas J., Sofia Johan, and Anshum Pant. 2019. ‘Regulation of the Crypto-Economy: Managing Risks, Challenges, and Regulatory Uncertainty’. Journal of Risk and Financial Management 12 (3): 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12030126.
* Canning, Tonya. 2018. ‘"We Don’t Want Hippy Money”: Contradiction and Exchange in a Local Currency System’. PhD Thesis. https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/handle/10222/74190.
* Johnson, Kristin N. 2021. ‘Decentralized Finance: Regulating Cryptocurrency Exchanges’. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3831439.
* Lefevre, Edwin. 2004. Reminiscences of a Stock Operator. Vol. 175. John Wiley & Sons.
* Mizrach, Bruce. 2021. ‘Stablecoins: Survivorship, Transactions Costs and Exchange Microstructure’. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3835219.
* Roubini, Nouriel. 2019. ‘The Great Crypto Heist’. Project Syndicate 16. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/cryptocurrency-exchanges-are-financial-scams-by-nouriel-roubini-2019-07.

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concepts/defi.md
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@ -3,11 +3,25 @@ Defi is a broad category of [smart-contracts](smart-contracts.md) which loosely
DeFi generally refers to a collection of services which offer lending products offered by non-banks and which exist outside the regulatory perimeter as a form [regulatory-arbitrage](regulatory-arbitrage.md) and to fund margin trading activities to [speculaate](speculation.md) on [crypto assets](cryptoasset.md).
See also [yield farming](yield-farming.md), [AMM](amm.md), [DEX](dex.md).
See also [yield farming](yield-farming.md), [AMM](amm.md), [DEX](dex.md) and [shadow bank](shadow-bank.md).
## References
* [@allen_defi_2022]
* [@carter_defi_2021]
* [@aramonte_defi_2021]
* [@saengchote_defi_2021]
* [@barbereau_defi_2022]
1. Allen, Hilary J. 2022. ‘DeFi: Shadow Banking 2.0?’ William & Mary Law Review, Forthcoming.
1. Anker-Sørensen, Linn, and Dirk A Zetzsche. 2021. ‘From Centralized to Decentralized Finance: The Issue Of’. Available at SSRN 3978815. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3978815.
1. Aramonte, Sirio, Wenqian Huang, and Andreas Schrimpf. 2021. ‘DeFi Risks and the Decentralisation Illusion’, 16.
1. Barbereau, Tom, Reilly Smethurst, Orestis Papageorgiou, Alexander Rieger, and Gilbert Fridgen. 2022. ‘DeFi, Not So Decentralized: The Measured Distribution of Voting Rights’. In Proceedings of the 55th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/80074.
1. Barbereau, Tom, Reilly Smethurst, Orestis Papageorgiou, Johannes Sedlmeir, and Gilbert Fridgen. 2022. ‘Decentralised Finance’s Unregulated Governance: Minority Rule in the Digital Wild West’. Available at SSRN. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4001891.
1. Brennecke, Martin, Benjamin Schellinger, Nils Urbach, and Tobias Guggenberger. 2022. ‘The De-Central Bank in Decentralized Finance: A Case Study of MakerDAO’. In 55th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (2022). https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2022.737.
1. Carter, Nic, and Linda Jeng. 2021. ‘DeFi Protocol Risks: The Paradox of DeFi’. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1–35. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3866699.
1. Chen, Yan, and Cristiano Bellavitis. 2020. ‘Blockchain Disruption and Decentralized Finance: The Rise of Decentralized Business Models’. Journal of Business Venturing Insights 13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2019.e00151.
1. Ciriello, Raffaele Fabio. 2021. ‘Tokenized Index Funds: A Blockchain-Based Concept and a Multidisciplinary Research Framework’. International Journal of Information Management 61: 102400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102400.
1. Eikmanns, Benedikt C., Pascal Mehrwald, Isabell M. Welpe, and Philipp G. Sandner. n.d. ‘Is Ethereum the New IOS? Exploring the Platform Economy of Decentralized Finance’. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3992625.
1. Harwick, Cameron, and James Caton. 2020. ‘What’s Holding Back Blockchain Finance? On the Possibility of Decentralized Autonomous Finance’. Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, October. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2020.09.006.
1. Johnson, Kristin N. 2021. ‘Decentralized Finance: Regulating Cryptocurrency Exchanges’. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3831439.
1. Maia, Guilherme, and João Vieira dos Santos. 2021. ‘MiCA and DeFi (“Proposal for a Regulation on Market in Crypto-Assets” and ’Decentralised Finance’)’. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3875355.
1. Nedashkovskiy, Alexander. 2021. ‘Understanding DeFi Ecosystem and How Can It Change or Transform Existing Financial System’. https://lutpub.lut.fi/handle/10024/162989.
1. Qin, Kaihua, Liyi Zhou, Yaroslav Afonin, Ludovico Lazzaretti, and Arthur Gervais. 2021. ‘CeFi vs. DeFi – Comparing Centralized to Decentralized Finance’. ArXiv Preprint ArXiv:2106.08157. http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.08157.
1. Saengchote, Kanis. 2021. ‘A DeFi Bank Run: Iron Finance, IRON Stablecoin, and the Fall of TITAN’. IRON Stablecoin, and the Fall of TITAN (July 16, 2021).
1. Schär, Fabian. 2021. ‘Decentralized Finance: On Blockchain-and Smart Contract-Based Financial Markets’. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review 103 (2): 153–74. https://doi.org/10.20955/r.103.153-74.
1. Sun, Xiaotong. 2021. ‘Centralized Governance in Decentralized Finance (DeFi): A Case Study of MakerDAO’. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3971791.
1. Zetzsche, Dirk A., Douglas W. Arner, and Ross P. Buckley. 2020. ‘Decentralized Finance’. Journal of Financial Regulation 6 (2): 172–203. https://doi.org/10.1093/jfr/fjaa010.

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concepts/howey-test.md
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@ -4,4 +4,11 @@ A legal test which defines whether an investment contract is designed as a [secu
1. Investment of money
2. In a common enterprise
3. With the expectation of profit
4. To be derived from the efforts of others
4. To be derived from the efforts of others
## References
1. ‘SEC v. WJ Howey Co.’ 1946. US. Supreme Court.
1. Burilov, Vlad. 2019. ‘Regulation of Crypto Tokens and Initial Coin Offerings in the EU: De Lege Lata and de Lege Ferenda’. European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance 6 (2): 146–86. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134514-00602003.
1. Cornish, Chloe, and Richard Waters. 2018. ‘Silicon Valley Investors Line up to Back Telegram ICO’. Financial Times, January. https://www.ft.com/content/790d9506-0175-11e8-9650-9c0ad2d7c5b5.
1. Hacker, Philipp, and Chris Thomale. 2018. ‘Crypto-Securities Regulation: ICOs, Token Sales and Cryptocurrencies under EU Financial Law’. European Company and Financial Law Review 15 (4): 645–96.
1. Zetzsche, Dirk A, Ross P Buckley, Douglas W Arner, and Linus Föhr. 2017. ‘The ICO Gold Rush: It’s a Scam, It’s a Bubble, It’s a Super Challenge for Regulators’. University of Luxembourg Law Working Paper, no. 11: 17–83.

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concepts/market-manipulation.md
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# Market Manipulation
Manipulation of [price-formation](price-formation.md) and the natural operation of a [market](market.md). Can be performed by both [market makers](market-maker.md) and [cartels](cartel.md).
## Insider Trading
@ -23,3 +22,13 @@ Discretionary halting of the [market](market.md) in order to prevent price movem
Discretionary restriction of the sale of assets for [currency](currency.md).
## References
* Lefevre, Edwin. 2004. Reminiscences of a Stock Operator. Vol. 175. John Wiley & Sons.
1. Dhawan, Anirudh, and Talis J. Putnins. 2020. ‘A New Wolf in Town? Pump-and-Dump Manipulation in Cryptocurrency Markets’. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3670714.
1. Hamrick, JT, Farhang Rouhi, Arghya Mukherjee, Amir Feder, Neil Gandal, Tyler Moore, and Marie Vasek. 2018a. ‘An Examination of the Cryptocurrency Pump and Dump Ecosystem’. http://ssrn.com/paper=3303365.
1. *———. 2018b. ‘The Economics of Cryptocurrency Pump and Dump Schemes’.
1. Kamps, Josh, and Bennett Kleinberg. 2018. ‘To the Moon: Defining and Detecting Cryptocurrency Pump-and-Dumps’. Crime Science 7 (1): 18.
1. Lefevre, Edwin. 2004. Reminiscences of a Stock Operator. Vol. 175. John Wiley & Sons.
1. Li, Tao, Donghwa Shin, and Baolian Wang. 2019. ‘Cryptocurrency Pump-and-Dump Schemes’. Available at SSRN 3267041.
1. Xu, Jiahua, and Benjamin Livshits. 2019. ‘The Anatomy of a Cryptocurrency Pump-and-Dump Scheme’. In 28th USENIX Security Symposium, 1609–25.

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concepts/ponzi-scheme.md
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@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Some participants can make money investing in Ponzi schemes, but the basic fact
* Krugman, Paul. 2018. ‘Bitcoin Is Basically a Ponzi Scheme’. The Seattle Times 30. https://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/bitcoin-is-basically-a-ponzi-scheme/.
* Stolfi, Jorge. n.d. ‘Bitcoin Is a Ponzi’. Accessed 19 March 2022. https://ic.unicamp.br/~stolfi/bitcoin/2020-12-31-bitcoin-ponzi.html.
* Sohale Andrus Mortazvi. n.d. ‘Cryptocurrency Is a Giant Ponzi Scheme’. Jacobin. Accessed 20 March 2022. https://jacobinmag.com/2022/01/cryptocurrency-scam-blockchain-bitcoin-economy-decentralization.
* *‘Why Bitcoin Is Worse than a Madoff-Style Ponzi Scheme | Financial Times’. n.d. Accessed 20 March 2022. https://www.ft.com/content/83a14261-598d-4601-87fc-5dde528b33d0.
* ‘Why Bitcoin Is Worse than a Madoff-Style Ponzi Scheme | Financial Times’. n.d. Accessed 20 March 2022. https://www.ft.com/content/83a14261-598d-4601-87fc-5dde528b33d0.
* ‘Bitcoin Pyramid Schemes Wreak Havoc on Brazil’s “New Egypt”’. 2022. AP NEWS. 22 January 2022. https://apnews.com/article/cryptocurrency-technology-business-brazil-bitcoin-2dc801e5e3aa477ce7983d84dc8a64bb.
* Shri T Rabi Sankar. n.d. ‘Cryptocurrencies – An Assessment’. Reserve Bank of India. Accessed 2 March 2022. https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_SpeechesView.aspx?Id=1196.
* Bartoletti, Massimo, Salvatore Carta, Tiziana Cimoli, and Roberto Saia. 2020. ‘Dissecting Ponzi Schemes on Ethereum: Identification, Analysis, and Impact’. Future Generation Computer Systems 102: 259–77.

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guide/index.md
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@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ Understand the terminology used to describe crypto and web3.
* [Assets](/concepts/assets.md)
* [Speculative asset](/concepts/speculation.md)
* [Market manipulation](../concepts/market-manipulation.md)
* [DeFi](../concepts/defi.md)
* [DAO](/concepts/dao.md)
* [Stablecoin](../concepts/stablecoin.md)
* [Regulatory arbitrage](../concepts/regulatory-arbitrage.md)
@ -192,6 +193,7 @@ Understand the deeper theoretical concepts behind the technical and economic cla
**Regulation**
* [Howey test](../concepts/howey-test.md)
* [Securities framework](/concepts/security.md)
* [Anti-money laundering law](/concepts/aml.md)
* [Know Your Customer Law](/concepts/kyc.md)