| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +David Gerard | +
| URL | +https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/03/19/nft-beeple-69-million-art-crypto-nonfungible-token/ | +
| Accessed | +03/03/2022, 13:05:08 | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 13:05:08 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 13:09:35 | +
| Type | +Blog Post | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Ruchira Sharma | +
| Abstract | +The stress and anxiety that goes with funneling your life savings into a volatile market is no joke. | +
| Date | +2022-02-16T09:00:00.000Z | +
| Language | +en | +
| Short Title | +‘Crypto Ruined My Life’ | +
| URL | +https://www.vice.com/en/article/akvn8z/crypto-bad-for-mental-health | +
| Accessed | +23/02/2022, 16:14:41 | +
| Blog Title | +Vice | +
| Date Added | +23/02/2022, 16:14:42 | +
| Modified | +23/02/2022, 16:14:42 | +
| Type | +Blog Post | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Bill Miller | +
| Abstract | +No one can be certain of the future of Bitcoin, but here are some reasons we find it compelling. | +
| Date | +2017-11-02 | +
| Language | +en-US | +
| URL | +https://millervalue.com/certitude-not-test-certainty/ | +
| Accessed | +28/02/2022, 17:24:52 | +
| Blog Title | +Miller Value Partners | +
| Date Added | +28/02/2022, 17:24:52 | +
| Modified | +28/02/2022, 17:26:10 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Refk Selmi | +
| Author | +Jamal Bouoiyour | +
| Author | +Mark E. Wohar | +
| Abstract | +There is a growing empirical literature on Bitcoin and gold +safe haven properties with respect to financial risks and macroeconomic +news but very scarce literature regarding geopolitical risks. This paper + provides a fresh insight into the Bitcoin safe haven status, in +comparison to gold. We, first, propose a geopolitical risk composite +indicator based on various sources of geopolitical risks. A Principal +Component Analysis is conducted to group the information on these +indicators. Second, a dynamic Markov-switching copula model (which +accommodates a dynamic link between the developed geopolitical risk +index and Bitcoin and gold price dynamics within low and high risk +regimes) is used. We show that both Bitcoin and gold respond positively +to the composite geopolitical risk indicator when risk is high. This +underscores that both Bitcoin and gold have the ability to act as safe +havens for assets whose valuations plummet during times of violent +geopolitical conflicts. But such properties seem to be conditional upon +different categories of geopolitical risks. | +
| Date | +2022 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +59 | +
| Pages | +101512 | +
| Publication | +Research in International Business and Finance | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.ribaf.2021.101512 | +
| ISSN | +02755319 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:22 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:22 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Paul Butler | +
| URL | +https://paulbutler.org/2021/play-to-earn-and-bullshit-jobs/ | +
| Accessed | +02/03/2022, 09:15:24 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 09:15:24 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 09:15:58 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Megan Knittel | +
| Author | +Shelby Pitts | +
| Author | +Rick Wash | +
| Abstract | +Bitcoin is an innovative technological network, a new, +non-governmental currency, and a worldwide group of users. In other +words, Bitcoin is a complex sociotechnical system with a complex set of +risks and challenges for anyone using it. We investigated how everyday +users of Bitcoin develop trust in Bitcoin on one of the largest online +communities devoted to Bitcoin: the Reddit.com r/bitcoin forum. Using +qualitative content analysis, we examined how trust in Bitcoin develops +based on contributions to this community. On r/bitcoin, trust in Bitcoin + is driven by a pervasive ideology we call the “True Bitcoiner” +ideology. This ideological viewpoint in centered on the interpretation +of Bitcoin as functionally “trustless” and risk-free. Despite widespread + evidence of emerging individual and system-level risks with using +Bitcoin, participants continue to maintain this ideological perspective. + This ideology consists of three primary beliefs: viewing Bitcoin's +technology as more trustworthy than its people; rejecting ‘corrupt' +social hierarchies related to money; and the importance of accumulating +or ‘HODLing' quantities of Bitcoin as a strategy to create an ideal +future. We conclude that this “True Bitcoiner” ideology is maintained +despite contradictory evidence in the world because it allows +participants to more easily interpret Bitcoin and make decisions by +reducing perceived risk and uncertainty in the system. The role of this +ideology on r/bitcoin demonstrates an expanded conceptualization of how +trust is created and socially-mediated in socio-technical contexts. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: ACM New York, NY, USA | +
| Volume | +3 | +
| Pages | +1–23 | +
| Publication | +Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction | +
| DOI | +10.1145/3359138 | +
| Issue | +CSCW | +
| ISSN | +25730142 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Seth Frey | +
| Author | +P. M. Krafft | +
| Author | +Brian C. Keegan | +
| Abstract | +Whether we recognize it or not, the Internet is rife with +exciting and original institutional forms that are transforming social +organization on and offline. Governing these Internet platforms and +other digital institutions has posed a challenge for engineers and +managers, many of whom have little exposure to the relevant history or +theory of institutional design. The dominant guiding practices for the +design of digital institutions to date in human-computer interaction, +computer-supported cooperative work, and the tech industry at large have + been an incentive-focused behavioral engineering paradigm encompassing +atheoretical approaches such as emulation, A/B-testing, engagement +maximization, and piecemeal issue-driven engineering. One institutional +analysis framework that has been useful in the study of traditional +institutions comes from scholars of natural resource management, +particularly that community of economists, anthropologists, and +environmental and political scientists focused around the work of Elinor + Ostrom, known collectively as the “Ostrom Workshop.” A key finding from + this community that has yet to be broadly incorporated into the design +of many digital institutions is the importance of including +participatory change mechanisms in what is called a “constitutional +layer” of institutional design. The institutional rules that compose a +constitutional layer facilitate stakeholder participation in the ongoing + process of institutional design change. We explore to what extent +consideration of constitutional layers is met or could be better met in +three varied cases of digital institutions: cryptocurrencies, cannabis +informatics, and amateur Minecraft server governance. Examining such +highly varied cases allows us to demonstrate the broad relevance of +constitutional layers in many different types of digital institutions. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: ACM New York, NY, USA | +
| Volume | +3 | +
| Pages | +1–31 | +
| Publication | +Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction | +
| DOI | +10.1145/3359134 | +
| Issue | +CSCW | +
| ISSN | +25730142 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:21:22 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:21:22 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Michel Rauchs | +
| Author | +Apolline Blandin | +
| Author | +Keith Bear | +
| Author | +Stephen B McKeon | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +http://ssrn.com/paper=3461765 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Matt Huang | +
| Abstract | +After some quiet years, Bitcoin is top of mind again. We +recently published a paper ("Bitcoin for the Open-Minded Skeptic") to +help demystify Bitcoin for a new cohort of investors. Many | +
| Date | +2020-05-01 | +
| Language | +en | +
| URL | +https://www.paradigm.xyz/2020/05/7-things-to-read-about-bitcoin-for-institutional-investors | +
| Accessed | +28/02/2022, 11:18:15 | +
| Website Title | +Paradigm | +
| Date Added | +28/02/2022, 11:18:15 | +
| Modified | +28/02/2022, 11:19:21 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Youssef Faqir-Rhazoui | +
| Author | +Javier Arroyo | +
| Author | +Samer Hassan | +
| Abstract | +Blockchain technology has enabled a new kind of distributed +systems. Beyond its early applications in Finance, it has also allowed +the emergence of novel new ways of governance and coordination. The most + relevant of these are the so-called Decentralized Autonomous +Organizations (DAOs). DAOs typically implement decision-making systems +to make it possible for their online community to reach agreements. As a + result of these agreements, the DAO operates automatically by executing + the appropriate portion of code on the blockchain network (e.g., hire +people, delivers payments, invests in financial products, etc). In the +last few years, several platforms such as Aragon, DAOstack and DAOhaus, +have emerged to facilitate the creation of DAOs. As a result, hundreds +of these new organizations have appeared, with their communities +interacting mediated by blockchain. However, the literature has yet to +appropriately explore empirically this phenomena. In this paper, we aim +to shed light on the current state of the DAO ecosystem. We review the +three main platforms nowadays (Aragon, DAOstack, DAOhaus) which +facilitate the creation and management of DAOs. Thus, we introduce their + main differences, and compare them using quantitative metrics. For such + comparison, we retrieve data from both the main Ethereum network +(mainnet) and a parallel Ethereum network (xDai). We analyze data from +72,320 users and 2,353 DAO communities in order to study the three +ecosystems across four dimensions: growth, activity, voting system and +funds. Our results show that there are notable differences among the DAO + platforms in terms of growth and activity, and also in terms of voting +results. Still, we consider that our work is only a first step and that +further research is needed to better understand these communities, and +evaluate their level of accomplishment in reaching decentralized +governance. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +ISBN: 1317402100139 +Publisher: Journal of Internet Services and Applications | +
| Volume | +12 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Internet Services and Applications | +
| DOI | +10.1186/s13174-021-00139-6 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +18690238 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:21:22 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:21:22 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Fei Teng | +
| Author | +Qi Zhang | +
| Author | +Ge Wang | +
| Author | +Jiangfeng Liu | +
| Author | +Hailong Li | +
| Abstract | +Summary The disruptive nature of blockchain technology has +drawn considerable interest from different types of stakeholders. It is +adopted in numerous sectors with the ability to openly and securely +verify, track, and exchange data. The energy blockchain, a term used +when blockchain technology is applied in the energy sector, is +considered as having the potential to develop a decentralized, +digitized, and decarbonized energy management system. The article +presents an overview of the development progress from three +perspectives, including academic research, the deployment of companies +and pilot projects, and government support policies. Then a different +taxonomy is developed to demonstrate and highlighted the different +applications. Finally, the future trends and challenges hindering the +effective implementation of energy blockchain are discussed. The results + show that energy blockchain is an effective innovation technology to +accelerate the transformation of global energy structure. Multinational +cooperation and government-leading are the basis of large-scale +deployment of energy blockchain. The improvement of regulatory +mechanisms and standards is the key to the commercial application of +energy blockchain. This study is a comprehensive analysis of energy +blockchain applications, which is expected to support decision making +for its future development. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/er.7109 | +
| Volume | +45 | +
| Pages | +17515–17531 | +
| Publication | +International Journal of Energy Research | +
| DOI | +https://doi.org/10.1002/er.7109 | +
| Issue | +12 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:28 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:28 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Louis Larue | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +PMID: 4495394 | +
| Volume | +24 | +
| Pages | +45–60 | +
| Publication | +International Journal of Community Currency Research | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +00487112 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:28:35 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:28:35 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +John Perry Barlow | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Volume | +18 | +
| Pages | +5–7 | +
| Publication | +Duke Law & Technology Review | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Kanis Saengchote | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Publication | +IRON Stablecoin, and the Fall of TITAN (July 16, 2021) | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Matthew Lovett | +
| Author | +Lee Thomas | +
| Abstract | +A digital institution is a set of computer-based rules that +perform intermediating roles upon which one or more person's well-being +depends. This article argues that governance, the processes and customs +by which rules are agreed, is critical to the sustainability of the +digital institution and therefore of society more broadly. The objective + of this work was to interrogate whether emerging decentralised +architectures (blockchain) can offer new perspectives on digital +sustainability in the form of decentralised governance. Firstly, the +literature on decentralised modes of governance was synthesised. Then, +existing digital institutions were reviewed, categorised and mapped onto + a multi-domain layered conceptual framework that draws out three +distinct modes for enactment of changes to digital institution rules; +direct, integrated, and fork-based. We concluded that the coupling of +decentralised governance approaches with fork-based or integrated +enactment stands to enhance digital sustainability through increased +perception of trustworthiness afforded through independently verifiable +and cryptographically secure audit trails. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Public Knowledge Project | +
| Volume | +26 | +
| Publication | +First Monday | +
| DOI | +10.5210/fm.v26i11.12357 | +
| Issue | +11 | +
| ISSN | +1396-0466 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:21:22 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:21:22 | +
| Type | +Newspaper Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Milton Friedman | +
| Abstract | +Illus | +
| Date | +1970-09-13 | +
| Language | +en-US | +
| Library Catalog | +NYTimes.com | +
| URL | +https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/13/archives/a-friedman-doctrine-the-social-responsibility-of-business-is-to.html | +
| Accessed | +03/03/2022, 12:32:07 | +
| Section | +Archives | +
| Publication | +The New York Times | +
| ISSN | +0362-4331 | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 12:32:07 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 12:32:07 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Z. Isadora Hellegren | +
| Abstract | +This paper explores a history of “crypto” as a battlefield in a + larger discursive struggle to define the meaning of Internet freedom. +The term crypto is short for cryptography, which refers to the practice +of encrypting, i.e. rendering information illegible to anyone but its +intended recipient(s). Drawing on Laclau and Mouffe's theory of +discourse, this study investigates how public-key cryptography +advocates, and in particular Cypherpunks and technology journalists, +have articulated “crypto-discourse”: a partially fixed construction of +meaning that establishes a relationship between encryption software and a + negative conception of Internet freedom, in relation to the state. I +map events pertaining to the articulation of the empty signifier +“crypto” among interrelated discourse communities of cryptographers, +hackers, online rights activists, and technology journalists during a +period of forty years (1975–2015). I present the Crypto-Discourse +Timeline as comprised of three periods: the origins (1975–1990), +crystallisation (1990–2000), and revitalisation of crypto-discourse +(2000–2015). The timeline provides an overview of the complexity and +contingency of crypto-discourse as a practice that shapes public policy +over time. Crypto-discourse excludes other possible, positive meanings +of Internet freedom, removing responsibility from democratic states to +uphold privacy rights and freedom of speech online. | +
| Date | +2017 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Volume | +1 | +
| Pages | +285–311 | +
| Publication | +Internet Histories | +
| DOI | +10.1080/24701475.2017.1387466 | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| ISSN | +24701483 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:28:59 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:28:59 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Andrea Pinna | +
| Author | +Simona Ibba | +
| Author | +Gavina Baralla | +
| Author | +Roberto Tonelli | +
| Author | +Michele Marchesi | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: IEEE | +
| Volume | +7 | +
| Pages | +78194–78213 | +
| Publication | +IEEE Access | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +David I. Okorie | +
| Abstract | +This article examines the connectedness and information +spillover in the Electricity-Crypto Network (ECN) system. The Bitcoin +and Ethereum markets are studied due to the level of electricity demand +for active trading and mining in the three leading crypto mining +economies (United States, China, and Japan). Among other findings, the +leading net transmitter of information is the return of the Bitcoin +market while the demand for electricity in the U.S. and Japan are the +leading net information receivers in the ECN system. In a nutshell, the +return and trading volumes of the cryptocurrency markets are net +information transmitters while the markets' volatility and the demand +for electricity in the U.S., China, and Japan are net information +receivers in the system. As a policy relevance, given the favourable +developments in these crypto markets, greener sources of electrical +energy are expedient to mitigate emissions while mining these coins. +This will reduce the impact of human activities on the climate. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Volume | +26 | +
| Pages | +3093–3108 | +
| Publication | +International Journal of Finance and Economics | +
| DOI | +10.1002/ijfe.1952 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +10991158 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:28 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:28 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Anirudh Dhawan | +
| Author | +Tālis J Putniņš | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Publication | +Pump-and-dump manipulation in cryptocurrency markets (August 10, 2020) | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Anirudh Dhawan | +
| Author | +Talis J. Putnins | +
| Abstract | +We show that cryptocurrency markets are plagued by +pump-and-dump manipulation, with at least 355 cases in seven months. +Unlike stock market manipulators, cryptocurrency manipulators openly +declare their intentions to pump specific coins, rather than trying to +deceive investors. Puzzlingly, people join in despite negative expected +returns. In a simple framework, we demonstrate how overconfidence and +gambling preferences can explain participation in these schemes and find + strong empirical support for both mechanisms. Pumps generate extreme +price distortions of 65% on average, abnormal trading volumes in the +millions of dollars, and large wealth transfers between participants. +These manipulation schemes are likely to persist as long as regulators +and exchanges turn a blind eye. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Language | +en | +
| Short Title | +A New Wolf in Town? | +
| Library Catalog | +DOI.org (Crossref) | +
| URL | +https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3670714 | +
| Accessed | +22/02/2022, 15:05:27 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.3670714 | +
| Journal Abbr | +SSRN Journal | +
| ISSN | +1556-5068 | +
| Date Added | +22/02/2022, 15:05:27 | +
| Modified | +22/02/2022, 15:05:27 | +
Unlike stock market manipulators, cryptocurrency manipulators openly declare their intentions to pump specific coins, rather than trying to deceive investors. Puzzlingly, people join in despite negative expected returns. [..] Analyzing a sample of 355 cases in six months, we find strong empirical support for both mechanisms. Pumps generate extreme price distortions of 65% on average, abnormal trading volumes in the millions of dollars, and large wealth transfers between participants.
++
A total of 197 distinct cryptocurrencies or “coins” are manipulated, which means about 15% of all coins in our sample of exchanges are targeted by manipulators at least once in the seven-month period. There are two pumps per day on average. Such a high rate of manipulation is unprecedented in modern markets.
| Type | +Conference Paper | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Roman Matzutt | +
| Author | +Jens Hiller | +
| Author | +Martin Henze | +
| Author | +Jan Henrik Ziegeldorf | +
| Author | +Dirk Müllmann | +
| Author | +Oliver Hohlfeld | +
| Author | +Klaus Wehrle | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Publisher | +Springer | +
| Pages | +420–438 | +
| Proceedings Title | +International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Blog Post | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Simon Wardley | +
| Date | +2013-11-27 | +
| Language | +en-GB | +
| URL | +https://blog.gardeviance.org/2013/11/a-spoiler-for-future-bitcoin.html | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 12:20:49 | +
| Blog Title | +Bits or Pieces? | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 12:20:49 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 12:22:02 | +
"As you can guess, I'm not a fan of bitcoin. If left unchecked +then I find it has the potential to undermine the importance of +Government which is actually not good for competition and not good for +the market. I hope none of the above happens and would rather see +bitcoin disappear in a puff of history." (NB: he predicts massive +appreciation in bitcoin and is concerned how it can undermine government + and tax revenue.)
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +John Kiff | +
| Author | +Jihad Alwazir | +
| Author | +Sonja Davidovic | +
| Author | +Aquiles Farias | +
| Author | +Ashraf Khan | +
| Author | +Tanai Khiaonarong | +
| Author | +Majid Malaika | +
| Author | +Hunter Monroe | +
| Author | +Nobu Sugimoto | +
| Author | +Hervé Tourpe | +
| Author | +others | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +http://ssrn.com/paper=3639760 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:10 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:10 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Guizhou Wang | +
| Author | +Si Zhang | +
| Author | +Tao Yu | +
| Author | +Yu Ning | +
| Abstract | +Blockchain has been receiving growing attention from both +academia and practices. This paper aims to investigate the research +status of blockchain-related studies and to analyze the development and +evolution of this latest hot area via bibliometric analysis. We selected + and explored 2451 papers published between 2013 and 2019 from the Web +of Science Core Collection database. The analysis considers different +dimensions, including annual publications and citation trends, author +distribution, popular research themes, collaboration of countries +(regions) and institutions, top papers, major publication journals +(conferences), supportive funding agencies, and emerging research +trends. The results show that the number of blockchain literature is +still increasing, and the research priorities in blockchain-related +research shift during the observation period from bitcoin, +cryptocurrency, blockchain, smart contract, internet of thing, to the +distributed ledger, and challenge and the inefficiency of blockchain. +The findings of this research deliver a holistic picture of blockchain +research, which illuminates the future direction of research, and +provides implications for both academic research and enterprise +practice. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: De Gruyter | +
| Volume | +9 | +
| Pages | +205–238 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Systems Science and Information | +
| DOI | +10.21078/JSSI-2021-205-34 | +
| Issue | +3 | +
| ISSN | +25126660 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:43 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:43 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Benjamin W Akins | +
| Author | +Jennifer L Chapman | +
| Author | +Jason M Gordon | +
| Date | +2014 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: HeinOnline | +
| Volume | +12 | +
| Pages | +25 | +
| Publication | +Pitt. Tax Rev. | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 09:07:19 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 09:07:19 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Abstract | +Our founders have spent the past five years as full-time +cryptoasset researchers and investors, and have strong track records as +co-founders of several of the industry's top brands. | +
| Language | +en | +
| URL | +https://messari.io/about | +
| Accessed | +22/02/2022, 17:41:14 | +
| Date Added | +22/02/2022, 17:41:14 | +
| Modified | +22/02/2022, 17:41:56 | +
From about page:
+> We believe that crypto will democratize access to information, +break down data silos, and ultimately give everyone the tools to build +wealth.
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Molly White | +
| Date | +2022-01-22 | +
| Language | +en-us | +
| URL | +https://blog.mollywhite.net/abuse-and-harassment-on-the-blockchain/ | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 11:56:36 | +
| Website Title | +Molly White | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 11:56:36 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 13:24:15 | +
| Type | +Manuscript | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Ulrich Gallersdörfer | +
| Author | +Lena Klaaßen | +
| Author | +Christian Stoll | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.06477 | +
| Extra | +Issue: November | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:28 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:28 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Brian L. Frye | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.3971240 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:17:14 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:17:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Enrico Beltramini | +
| Abstract | +This essay aims to correct the established idea that the +cypherpunk movement was organically embracing libertarianism. By +addressing the cypherpunk movement, the intellectual roots of many of +the concerns about freedom and about a surveillance society that +dominate this internet age come to light. The cypherpunks, a heterogenic + group of entrepreneurs, engineers, and activists in the San Francisco +Bay Area, argued in the nineties that the Internet would make more +pervasive the phenomenon of surveillance of individuals. In the context +of this increasing process of surveillance, individual autonomy would be + dismissed as an obsolete fiction and social engineering would be +elevated to totalitarianism. This article frames the cypherpunks as a +movement in opposition to an emerging technocratic authoritarian order. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Volume | +5 | +
| Pages | +101–118 | +
| Publication | +Internet Histories | +
| DOI | +10.1080/24701475.2020.1731249 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +24701483 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:28:59 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:28:59 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Soatok | +
| Abstract | +Despite the hype, Web3 offers fake decentralization and builds upon technology you could build without cryptocurrency. | +
| Date | +2021-10-19 | +
| Language | +en-US | +
| URL | +https://soatok.blog/2021/10/19/against-web3-and-faux-decentralization/ | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 12:11:52 | +
| Website Title | +Dhole Moments | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 12:11:52 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 13:24:59 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Robin Wigglesworth | +
| Date | +2021-07 | +
| URL | +https://www.ft.com/content/810367e5-e0b1-4221-b303-f3012a177437 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Financial Times | +
| Publication | +Financial Times | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Type | +Newspaper Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Robin Wigglesworth | +
| Abstract | +Albania’s 1990s pyramid scheme debacle highlights risks of regulatory paralysis on the cryptocurrency explosion | +
| Date | +2021-07-05 | +
| URL | +https://www.ft.com/content/810367e5-e0b1-4221-b303-f3012a177437 | +
| Accessed | +02/03/2022, 13:02:20 | +
| Publication | +Financial Times | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 13:02:21 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 13:02:21 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Rob Aitken | +
| Abstract | +Global financial and data capitalism has constituted new forms + of knowledge, novel inscriptions which make that knowledge tangible and + new ways of visualizing sources of value and profit. This paper +examines a cluster of new practices designed to make visible - and +extract value from - those without formal credit scores in contemporary +financial markets. Many 'financial inclusion' projects now attempt to +score the 'credit invisible' by drawing on a range of alternative data - + non-financial payment streams, academic records, behavioural signals +gleaned from online or social media footprints and results generated via + digitized psychometric testing - and by assessing that data in relation + to models of risk assessment based on the analysis of big data. I argue + in this paper that these experiments in alternative credit scoring +constitute the unbanked as an important, and dubious, category of +knowledge and intervention. I also argue that attempts to score the +unbanked offer a revealing glimpse of many of the social and political +limitations associated with projects of 'inclusion'. Although often +imagined as forms of pristine incorporation, inclusion projects often +constitute troubling new kinds of social sorting and segmentation. | +
| Date | +2017 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England | +
| Volume | +21 | +
| Pages | +274–300 | +
| Publication | +Competition and Change | +
| DOI | +10.1177/1024529417712830 | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| ISSN | +14772221 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:43 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:43 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Andres Guadamuz | +
| Abstract | +Smart contracts are coded parameters written into an immutable + distributed ledger called a blockchain. There has been increasing legal + interest in the application of these self-executing programs to conduct + transactions. Most of the scholarly and practical analysis so far has +been taken the claims of this technology being akin to a contract at +face value, with legal analysis of contract formation, performance, and +enforcement at the forefront of the debate. This article discusses that +while smart contracts may pose some interesting legal questions, most of + these are irrelevant, and smart contracts should be understood almost +strictly from a technical perspective, and that any legal response is +entirely dependent on the technical capabilities of the smart contract. +The article proposes that smart contracts are not contracts for all +practical purposes. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +35 | +
| Pages | +105338 | +
| Publication | +Computer Law and Security Review | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.clsr.2019.105338 | +
| Issue | +6 | +
| ISSN | +02673649 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:09 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:09 | +
| Type | +Manuscript | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Garrick Hileman | +
| Abstract | +Alternative currencies have appeared regularly for at least +the last half-millennia, often arising out of similar socio-economic +circumstances and ceasing to circulate within a relatively short time +period. While regulatory shifts and technology shocks account for some +of the challenges alternative currencies have faced in gaining wider +adoption, the most common observed explanation for why alternative +currencies decline is insufficient demand due to relatively high +transaction costs, low institutional support, inconsistent social +motivation, and other factors. Present-day alternative currencies, such +as the Brixton pound, are similar to past alternative currencies, while +bitcoin features several radical differences. | +
| Date | +2017 | +
| Extra | +ISSN: 1556-5068 +Publication Title: SSRN Electronic Journal +DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2747975 | +
| # of Pages | +1–37 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:28:35 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:28:35 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +De-Rong Kong | +
| Author | +Tse-Chun Lin | +
| Abstract | +We utilize one of the earliest and largest NFT collections to +investigate the pricing and the risk-return profile of NFTs. In general, + we find that NFTs have higher returns than traditional financial +assets. Yet, investing in NFTs comes along with extremely high +volatility. The average monthly returns on NFTs range from 6.10% to +44.11%. But their standard deviations fluctuate between 44.35% and +74.57%, leading to a Sharpe ratio comparable to the NASDAQ index. NFT +prices surge when there is a drastic increase in demand for alternative +investments and a search for yield, especially in a low interest rate +environment. We also find that the pricing of NFT largely depends on a +token's scarceness and an investor's aesthetic preference. Hence, +conventional asset-pricing models are unlikely to explain NFT returns. +Overall, we provide the first comprehensive analysis that NFTs serve as a + novel investment vessel in this Fintech era. JEL Classifications: C43, +D44, G11, G12, Z11 | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.3914085 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:17:14 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:17:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Tamara Lothian | +
| Abstract | +This article reconsiders the financial and economic crisis of +2007-2009 and the present debate about the regulation of finance in the +light of a vision of how finance can better serve the American economy +and American democracy. The central claim is that regulation as +conventionally understood cannot adequately redress the problems, and +seize the opportunities, revealed by the crisis. We should approach +financial regulation as the first step in a series of institutional +innovations designed to put finance more effectively at the service of +the real economy (financial deepening) while broadening economic +opportunity in the country (financial democratization). I develop and +defend this thesis by arguing for four subsidiary claims. A first +subsidiary claim is that a major part of the causal background to the +crisis was an inconclusive hollowing out of the New Deal regime for the +governance of finance. That regime failed to be replaced by an +alternative coherent scheme. Instead, it gave way to a ramshackle +compromise – powerful, opaque, recalcitrant, and damaging. Such a +situation – I argue – represents the rule rather than the exception in +the history of law and institutions. The outcome of the hollowing out in + the United States was a weakening of the links of finance to the real +economy, paradoxically accompanied by the hypertrophy of the financial +sector. A second subsidiary claim is that the New Deal critics and +reformers of finance, such as Louis Brandeis and William Douglas, were +right in their intuition that a strong link exists between the legal and + institutional requirements of financial deepening and of financial +democratization. A third subsidiary claim is that to make good on this +intuition in today's circumstances we need a new agenda of reform with +an explicit and ambitious institutional content. Such an agenda includes + the transfer of sophisticated financial capabilities to the country's +remarkable network of local banks as well as a vast expansion and +popularization of financial services, channeling long-term saving into +long-term productive investment. A fourth subsidiary claim is that law +and legal thought provide the chief storehouse of the ideas and methods +needed to conceive and to implement such innovations. Prevailing styles +of economic theory, including those underlying the dominant practice of +“law and economics,” remain largely bereft of institutional imagination. + This article illustrates how a revised practice of legal and +institutional analysis can help fill this lacuna. In so doing, this +piece takes "law and economics" in another direction. | +
| Date | +2012 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.1996653 | +
| ISSN | +1556-5068 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:43 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:43 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Tomicah Tillemann | +
| Author | +James Rathmell | +
| Abstract | +Today, we’re excited to announce the release of How to Win the + Future, a policy agenda for the third generation of the internet. It +will be a living document housed in our new web3 policy hub alongside a +growing … | +
| Date | +2021-10-13T10:00:56-07:00 | +
| Language | +en-US | +
| URL | +https://a16z.com/2021/10/13/an-agenda-for-the-future-of-the-internet/ | +
| Accessed | +01/03/2022, 11:30:20 | +
| Extra | +Section: cryptocurrencies & blockchains | +
| Website Title | +Andreessen Horowitz | +
| Date Added | +01/03/2022, 11:30:20 | +
| Modified | +01/03/2022, 11:30:20 | +
| Type | +Thesis | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Isaac Quinn DuPont | +
| Abstract | +This dissertation is an archeological study of cryptography. +It questions the validity of thinking about cryptography in familiar, +instrumentalist terms, and instead reveals the ways that cryptography +can been understood as writing, media, and computation. In this +dissertation, I offer a critique of the prevailing views of cryptography + by tracing a number of long overlooked themes in its history, including + the development of artificial languages, machine translation, media, +code, notation, silence, and order. Using an archeological method, I +detail historical conditions of possibility and the technical a priori +of cryptography. The conditions of possibility are explored in three +parts, where I rhetorically rewrite the conventional terms of art, +namely, plaintext, encryption, and ciphertext. I argue that plaintext +has historically been understood as kind of inscription or form of +writing, and has been associated with the development of artificial +languages, and used to analyze and investigate the natural world. I +argue that the technical a priori of plaintext, encryption, and +ciphertext is constitutive of the syntactic and semantic properties +detailed in Nelson Goodman's theory of notation, as described in his +Languages of Art. I argue that encryption (and its reverse, decryption) +are deterministic modes of transcription, which have historically been +thought of as the medium between plaintext and ciphertext. By developing + a new understanding of encryption as standing between two agents, I +characterize the process in terms of media. As media, encryption +technologies participate in historical desires for commodious and even +“angelic” transmission, popular until the twentieth century. I identify +how cryptanalysis, or “code-breaking,” is distinct from cryptography, +and instead relates to language, being associated with the history of +machine translation. Finally, I argue that ciphertext is the +perspectival, ordered result of encryption—similar to computation—and +resists attempts to be spoken. Since ciphertext resists being spoken, +its application problematizes the category of language, and has, at +least once in antiquity, been considered a means of creating silence. +This dissertation is the first of its kind to offer a historically-rich, + ontological analysis of cryptography, which therefore opens the topic +to new fields of scholarship and humanistic forms of inquiry. | +
| Date | +2017 | +
| URL | +https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/78958 | +
| Extra | +DOI: https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/78958 +ISBN: 978-0-355-44101-7 +Publication Title: ProQuest Dissertations and Theses | +
| # of Pages | +333 | +
| Type | +PhD Thesis | +
| University | +University of Toronto (Canada) | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Pieter Hartel | +
| Author | +Ivan Homoliak | +
| Author | +Daniël Reijsbergen | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: IEEE | +
| Volume | +7 | +
| Pages | +177539–177555 | +
| Publication | +IEEE Access | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +JT Hamrick | +
| Author | +Farhang Rouhi | +
| Author | +Arghya Mukherjee | +
| Author | +Amir Feder | +
| Author | +Neil Gandal | +
| Author | +Tyler Moore | +
| Author | +Marie Vasek | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| URL | +http://ssrn.com/paper=3303365 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Abstract | +Dfinity is one of the most tenured and well-funded platforms +in crypto. Yet it is also one of the least understood. Most of Dfinity’s + obscurity is due to its technical complexity and grand vision. Its +platform, the Internet Computer, is a reimagining of the IT stack where +developers can host software free from big tech monopolies. | +
| Language | +en | +
| URL | +https://messari.io | +
| Accessed | +22/02/2022, 17:57:37 | +
| Date Added | +22/02/2022, 17:57:37 | +
| Modified | +22/02/2022, 17:57:37 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Youssef El Faqir | +
| Author | +Javier Arroyo | +
| Author | +Samer Hassan | +
| Abstract | +Blockchain technology has emerged as a new paradigm to build +decentralized systems which do not require a central authority. It is +most popular for enabling Bitcoin and other crypto-currencies. However, +blockchain applications span beyond Finance, and recently it has been +applied to decentralized governance. Blockchain-enabled "Decentralized +Autonomous Organizations"(DAOs) have emerged as a new form of collective + governance, in which communities may organize themselves relying on +decentralized infrastructure. In this article, we introduce the concept +of DAO and review the main software platforms that offer DAO creation as + a service, which simplifies the use of DAOs to non-blockchain experts; +namely: Aragon, DAOstack, DAOhaus and Colony. These platforms will be +compared by showing their key features. Finally, we will review the +available visualisation tools for DAOs, and we will introduce our +open-source tool to plot DAOs activity, DAO-Analyzer. We will illustrate + its potential with the case of the DAO Genesis Alpha, which is the main + DAO of the DAOstack project. | +
| Date | +2020-08 | +
| Extra | +ISBN: 9781450387798 +Publisher: ICST | +
| Publication | +PervasiveHealth: Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare | +
| DOI | +10.1145/3412569.3412579 | +
| ISSN | +21531633 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:21:22 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:21:22 | +
| Type | +Blog Post | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Molly White | +
| Abstract | +How straightforward is it really to transact anonymously with today's popular cryptocurrencies? | +
| Date | +2022-02-12 | +
| Language | +en-us | +
| URL | +https://blog.mollywhite.net/anonymous-crypto-wallets/ | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 11:56:51 | +
| Blog Title | +Molly White | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 11:56:51 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 13:25:36 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Artyom Kosmarski | +
| Author | +Nikolay Gordiychuk | +
| Abstract | +Blockchain and its related technologies break away from the +contemporary dystopian imaginaries of control and exploitation endemic +in IT. This editorial considers the relevance of blockchain for +anthropologists, why they should care, and what the technology brings. +After sketching the evolution of blockchain, we draw attention to its +potential as a playground – a plethora of projects reimagining and +remaking the basic stuff of political economy, including the meaning of +money, collectivities, exchange and voting. Blockchain's utility for +rethinking the basic rules of the game in academia also deserves +attention. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +ISSN: 14678322 +Issue: 6 +Pages: 1–3 +Publication Title: Anthropology Today +Volume: 37 +DOI: 10.1111/1467-8322.12683 | +
| Publisher | +Wiley Online Library | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:14 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Christopher P. Buttigieg | +
| Author | +Christos Efthymiopoulos | +
| Author | +Abigail Attard | +
| Author | +Samantha Cuyle | +
| Abstract | +The paper critically examines the framework for the regulation + of crypto assets in Malta, with a particular focus on anti-money +laundering and funding of terrorism. It identifies the risks relating to + crypto assets, and how these are addressed through Malta's Virtual +Financial Assets Framework. To this end, the paper argues that the +Maltese framework goes beyond the EU's fifth Anti-Money Laundering +Directive. In this connection, the paper also argues that the Maltese +framework could possibly be a model for a more extensive EU regime in +this context. Finally, the paper sets forth recommendations towards +action which may be taken at an EU level in order to address the money +laundering and terrorism financing threats associated with crypto +assets. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Volume | +13 | +
| Pages | +211–227 | +
| Publication | +Law and Financial Markets Review | +
| DOI | +10.1080/17521440.2019.1663996 | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| ISSN | +17521459 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:22:21 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:22:21 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Emanuel Wanat | +
| Abstract | +In 2019 European Commission announced “The European Green +Deal” a “a new growth strategy that aims to transform the EU into a fair + and prosperous society, with a modern, resource-efficient and +competitive economy where there are no net emissions of greenhouse gases + in 2050 and where economic growth is decoupled from resource use”. The +digital sector must also participate in the Green Deal effort. This +articles analyzes questions of sustainability in the context of crypto +assets, with particular emphasis on the question of whether Bitcon +acutally represent a crypto asset, energy consumption, energy drain, the + proof-of-work consensus protocol, the environmental footprint of crypto + assets. The article concludes that Bitcoin's current effect on +environment remains controversial at best. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG | +
| Volume | +67 | +
| Pages | +237–250 | +
| Publication | +Osteuropa Recht | +
| DOI | +10.5771/0030-6444-2021-2-237 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +0030-6444 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:22:21 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:22:21 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Daniel Traian Pele | +
| Author | +Niels Wesselhöfft | +
| Author | +Wolfgang Karl Härdle | +
| Author | +Michalis Kolossiatis | +
| Author | +Yannis G. Yatracos | +
| Abstract | +This research provides insights for the separation of +cryptocurrencies from other assets. Using dimensionality reduction +techniques, we show that most of the variation among cryptocurrencies, +stocks, exchange rates, commodities, bonds, and real estate indexes can +be explained by the tail, memory and moment factors of their +log-returns. By applying various classification methods, +cryptocurrencies are categorized as a separate asset class, mainly due +to the tail factor. The main result is the complete separation of +cryptocurrencies from the other asset types, using the Maximum Variance +Components Split method. Additionally, we show that cryptocurrencies +tend to exhibit similar characteristics over time and become more +distinguished from other asset classes (synchronic evolution). | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Pages | +1–42 | +
| Publication | +European Journal of Finance | +
| DOI | +10.1080/1351847X.2021.1960403 | +
| ISSN | +14664364 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:22 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:22 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Paul Langley | +
| Abstract | +In the wake of the global financial crisis of 2007–09, +political economists have typically identified and interrogated +speculative logics and credit-debt relations as the markers of +financialized capitalism. This paper argues that assets, and the +contingent processes which turn all manner of things into assets (i.e. +‘assetization'), can also be usefully foregrounded to understand the +character and movement of financialized capitalism in the contemporary +conjuncture, particularly in its Anglo-American heartlands. Centred on +assets and assetization, research is refocused on the constitution of +political economies of rent and investment, especially as the frontiers +of financialized capitalism are extended to further incorporate nature +and society. Research into financialized capitalism is also connected +more explicitly to wider political debates over intensified +inequalities, as the production and distribution of assets is key to +wealth disparities and shapes fundamental stratifications across +society. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2020.1830828 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Routledge | +
| Volume | +28 | +
| Pages | +382–393 | +
| Publication | +Review of International Political Economy | +
| DOI | +10.1080/09692290.2020.1830828 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +14664526 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:43 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:43 | +
| Type | +Book Section | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Diane-Laure Arjaliès | +
| Abstract | +Since the 2008 financial crisis, the number of alternative +currencies aiming at transforming global financial institutions, such as + local and complementary currencies (LCC) and cryptocurrencies, has +exploded. Yet the motivations and workings of such monies are relatively + unknown. This chapter aims to fill this gap by providing a framework +that uncovers the ideals pursued by alternative currencies, and the +effects of those ideals on the production of money. To do so, I present a + comparative analysis of the valuation infrastructure-the processes +through which value(s) is produced-of one LCC, Sol Violette, and three +cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin, Ğ1 "June" and impak Coin. Throughout, I +elaborate on the social meaning of money and the role played by +alternative currencies in contemporary capitalism. I show that 1) +despite targeting the same financial institutions, the utopia pursued by + alternative currencies varies significantly and 2) this utopia is at +least as important as the technology (e.g. blockchain) in shaping the +workings of these monies. Based on these findings, I outline some +implications for the social studies of financial technologies, their +effects on our societies and their regulation. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333755384_AT_THE_VERY_BEGINNING_THERE'S_THIS_DREAM_THE_ROLE_OF_UTOPIA_IN_THE_WORKINGS_OF_LOCAL_AND_CRYPTOCURRENCIES | +
| Extra | +DOI: +https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333755384_AT_THE_VERY_BEGINNING_THERE'S_THIS_DREAM_THE_ROLE_OF_UTOPIA_IN_THE_WORKINGS_OF_LOCAL_AND_CRYPTOCURRENCIES | +
| Series Number | +February | +
| Book Title | +Handbook of Alternative Finance | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | +
| Type | +Book | +
|---|---|
| Author | +David Gerard | +
| Date | +2017 | +
| Publisher | +David Gerard | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:10 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:10 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Silvia Semenzin | +
| Author | +Alessandro Gandini | +
| Abstract | +This article discusses the cultural conceptions of trust +underpinning the experimentation of blockchain startup applications +beyond the financial sector. Based on qualitative research undertaken in + the context of the so-called “Blockchain 2.0” scene, we show how a +peculiar conception of trust, which blends the libertarian views of +blockchain inventors with the neoliberal culture of competition and +meritocracy that is typical of the startup world, underpins these +implementations. As a result, we argue that “Blockchain 2.0” +entrepreneurs ultimately fail to recognize the eminently social nature +of the trust-building process. They emerge from our observation as +unable to comprehend the extent to which the implementation of +blockchain in a societal (i.e., not purely financial) context cannot do +away with considerations about what kind of “social” the technology +intervenes within, and find difficult to effectively conceive of how +this technology embeds in existing social relations and power +structures. | +
| Date | +2021-06 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1525/gp.2021.24912 | +
| Volume | +2 | +
| Pages | +24912 | +
| Publication | +Global Perspectives | +
| DOI | +10.1525/gp.2021.24912 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +2575-7350 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Gustav Peebles | +
| Abstract | +As cash has suddenly gone missing from Swedish life, a growing + range of citizens and institutions have sounded the alarm that cash +enabled a space of egalitarian access now under threat. But because +commercial bank currency is gradually displacing public central bank +currency, cashlessness in Sweden is not only threatening its egalitarian + ethos but also the Swedish Central Bank's capacity to provide a +guaranteed state payment mechanism. The consequences of Sweden's battles + over cash-issuance may presage the future of our global banking system +in a digital age, while also illuminating what is here called currency's + “tethering mechanism.” Because bank-issued currencies represent chains +of credit/debt, exchanging and storing different currencies can tether +and de-tether their users to different institutions, thereby offering +anthropologists the possibility of mapping the waxing and waning of +various dominant social institutions. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Volume | +36 | +
| Pages | +1–24 | +
| Publication | +Cultural Anthropology | +
| DOI | +10.14506/ca36.1.01 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +15481360 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:15 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:15 | +
| Type | +Manuscript | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Asvatha Babu | +
| Abstract | +In recent years, “blockchain” has emerged as an industry +buzzword, a technology that can solve pressing problems in economic +inclusion, democracy, humanitarian aid, sustainability, and supply chain + management among other things. Whether effective or not, this +little-understood technology is championed as a way to change +socio-economic power structures and democratize and decentralize +established institutions like the financial system and government. +However, these claims are often unsupported. The hype generated in the +news and popular discourse about this technology often obscures +questions of whether power relations are actually changing and how. +Understanding the visible media frames as a proxy for the power contests + that went into shaping discourse, this paper critically examines US +news media coverage of blockchain between 2013 - 2018. It examines the +news frames used to talk about blockchain, the sponsors of these frames, + and how these factors have changed over the five-year period. The paper + finds that blockchain-related news coverage is framed in six general +ways: Disruptive, Harnessing, Skepticism, Community, Understanding, +Menace. These frames, especially the disruptive and harnessing frames +are mainly sponsored by big banks (like J.P. Morgan), big technology +(like IBM and Microsoft), and Silicon Valley investors. Using this data, + the paper argues that the narrative of blockchain as a +democratizing/decentralizing technology is mainly pushed by these +established institutions and that it is a smokescreen to prevent a +critical examination of the use of the technology. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publication Title: SSRN Electronic Journal +DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3749482 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:40 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:40 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Christoph F. Breidbach | +
| Author | +Silviana Tana | +
| Abstract | +Market-shaping research assumes that firms are the primary +actor to lead, manage, and respond to the formation of markets. This +viewpoint is increasingly being challenged, but empirical insights +explaining the roles, resources and actions of actors other than firms +shaping markets remain limited. We address this gap in knowledge by +drawing on insights from an in-depth ethnography of market-shaping in +the context of cryptocurrency communities. Our theoretical and empirical + contributions consist of a typology that highlights four distinct roles + performed by individuals shaping cryptocurrency markets. We furthermore + identify six micro-level market actions, and delineate a novel +theoretical model and propositions outlining the pathways with which +these actions impact market size, market offerings, as well as market +functioning. This study thereby establishes an important avenue for +future research, and offers managerial guidelines enabling practitioners + attempting to benefit from cryptocurrencies. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +122 | +
| Pages | +311–320 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Business Research | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.09.017 | +
| ISSN | +01482963 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:15 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Pierluigi Cuccuru | +
| Abstract | +The technology underpinning Bitcoin-the blockchain-is +acknowledged to offer security, stability and efficiency to online +transactions. After a brief introduction to Bitcoin system, I touch upon + the most innovative implementation of blockchain technology: the +so-called smart contracts, ie programmable computer protocols that are +able to self-enforce the terms therein encoded upon certain triggering +conditions. First, I sketch their core functioning and benefits for +digital relationships. Secondly, I stress their structural constraints +and the issues of regulability fully decentralized blockchains pose. The + elements underlined highlight the reasons why the financial and banking + sectors represent smart contracts most immediate testing ground. | +
| Date | +2017 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Oxford University Press | +
| Volume | +25 | +
| Pages | +179–195 | +
| Publication | +International Journal of Law and Information Technology | +
| DOI | +10.1093/ijlit/eax003 | +
| Issue | +3 | +
| ISSN | +14643693 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:09 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:09 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Rolf F. H. Schroeder | +
| Abstract | +This article sheds new light on the development of +complementary currencies. Based on a comprehensive survey of the +literature, the study questions conventional interpretations of these +social innovations. The article challenges the view that money is the +only feature that complementary currencies have in common. The author +argues that in addition to the ways in which connectivity takes place, a + characteristic feature of these systems is that they operate within +boundaries. Territoriality, limits to convertibility and other features +distinguish them from other unofficial currencies such as Bitcoin. Short + case studies illustrate that these boundaries are interdependent. This +theoretical framework offers a tool for the analysis of complementary +currencies and a perspective on the creation of new types of such +systems. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1080/2329194X.2020.1762499 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Routledge | +
| Volume | +46 | +
| Pages | +17–41 | +
| Publication | +The Japanese Political Economy | +
| DOI | +10.1080/2329194x.2020.1762499 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +2329-194X | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:28:35 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:28:35 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Lily Katz | +
| Date | +2017-07 | +
| URL | +https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-12/bitcoin-acceptance-among-retailers-is-low-and-getting-lower | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Bloomberg | +
| Publication | +Bloomberg.com | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Martin Tremčinský | +
| Abstract | +With the recent proliferation of modes of payment, +anthropology must increasingly pay closer attention to innovative +designs and uses of money in Western societies. Money has started to be +perceived as a consumable service with multiple providers from which to +choose. In such an environment, the question of how people consume +money—instead of how they consume with money—grows in importance. This +article is based on ethnographic research of Bitcoin communities in +Prague and Bratislava. It examines how users variously consume Bitcoin +and what consequences these diverse ways of consumption can have for the + Bitcoin economy. The article identifies two discrete spheres of +consumption that closely correlate with “transactional orders” or +spheres of exchange as described in classical works of economic +anthropology, for example, by Parry and Bloch. One of the spheres is +concerned with the reproduction of social order, while the other +considers the personal gain of individual consumers. The article also +examines the tension between these two spheres and how it is +dialectically resolved through strategies of conversion. In the final +discussion, the case of Bitcoin is compared with other anthropological +accounts of spheres of exchange, with special attention oriented to +their dissimilarities. | +
| Date | +2022 | +
| Volume | +9 | +
| Pages | +35–46 | +
| Publication | +Economic Anthropology | +
| DOI | +10.1002/sea2.12189 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +2330-4847 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:15 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Gianluca Miscione | +
| Author | +Donncha Kavanagh | +
| Abstract | +This conference invites us to explore new organisational forms + and practices that might be alternatives to “neoliberal market +managerialism” and “financial capitalism”. Our starting point is that +the latter two phenomena cannot be separated off analytically from +powerful actors — such as the state — that have co-emerged with and +played a key role in the evolutionary process through which capitalism +has come to be (Graeber 2011). Specifically, this paper takes its move +from Hobbes's (1651/2005) idea of the Leviathan, which has provided a +foundational intellectual basis for the nation-state form, which is +today ubiquitous, and on which both neoliberalism and financial +capitalism are reliant. Hobbes rooted his construct in a pessimistic +view of humankind that is naturally inclined towards the ‘war of all +against all'. He argued that people must recognize that such a ‘state of + nature' is destructive, and must accept, on the basis of utilitarian +reasoning, the necessity of a social contract to constitute a supreme +actor whose power is absolute and enforced by a monopoly on violence. +Hence, the Leviathan and the body politic are constituted at once and +are irreversible. No exit is allowed; no ethical, moral or religious +limit can be posed in front of this power. The Leviathan is total +because there is no room for any other rationality, and finite because +all people are tied to the social contract. Hobbes's idea of the +Leviathan has proved to be enduring and alluring, and provides a primary + focus for this paper. What is especially interesting for us is that +cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin have emerged from a similar ‘thought +experiment' beginning with a ‘state of nature' not unlike Hobbes's +depiction. Here, the seminal contribution is by the mysterious +individual or individuals known as Satoshi Nakamoto who, in 2008, +published a paper that set out the basis for the ‘blockchain technology' + on which cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, and other services, are +based (Nakamoto 2008). Not unlike Hobbes's ‘state of nature', Nakamoto +begins with an imaginary world populated by trustless individuals. The +problem he addresses is how to enable trustworthy transactions on the +internet without recourse to a ‘trusted third party', such as a +state-regulated (and state-supported) bank. Indeed, in line with +libertarian ideology, one of Nakamoto's key objectives was to preclude +the possibility of any single and all-encompassing ruling authority +emerging. His elegant solution is Bitcoin, a purely digital +cryptocurrency that is not administered by any constituted organization +and is not circumscribed within any consistent jurisdiction. The +‘blockchain', on which Bitcoin is based, is a public ledger of +transactions maintained by a dispersed and open-ended number of ‘miners' + who provide computing power to maintain and guarantee the integrity of +the ledger. While the Bitcoin economy is tiny compared to official +currencies — but remarkable compared to alternative and local currencies + — it plants the seeds of a currency (intended as a mode of regulating +transactions) that could threaten many of the quasi-monopoly powers that + the state currently exercises through the central bank, viz: surveying +and collecting data on citizens and corporations, setting credit rates +and monetary policy, deciding on and implementing exchange rate +policies, assuring the robustness of the payment infrastructure, +protecting the interests of consumers, controlling money-laundering, and + regulating/supporting existing financial service providers (Murphy +2014). Nakamoto's attempt to create a money system without a central +authority is best seen at the intersection of diachronic and synchronic +issues. Historically, the blockchain is one of a long string of +information technologies that, since the 1960s, have avoided +centralization, partly as a defence against possible Soviet nuclear +attack, and partly in sympathy with the Western open culture of the +1960s and 1970s. In relation to contemporary phenomena, Bitcoin +entangles with the state's power and jurisdiction, which is +simultaenously being challenged by the shadow economy, by individuals +and corporations choosing where they wish to pay tax, by the free flow +of information within trans-national information infrastructures, and by + global internet services and commerce. While Hobbes and Nakamoto start +from similar positions, they end up in quite different destinations, +and, since theory can be performative (Austin 1970), this means that +very different worlds come to be. Analytically, each provides a lens +through which one can examine the other, in theory and in practice. +Together, the lenses provide a framing device for reimagining key +concepts and practices that underpin the contemporary nation-state and, +by extension, financial capitalism. The full paper will report on this +comparative analysis. The Bitcoin phenomenon raises interesting +methodological and theoretical points that we will also explore in the +paper. Methodologically, the actor-network injunction to ‘follow the +actors' — i.e. focus on performance — is practically impossible due to +the sheer scale, technical intricacies, global dispersion and +far-fetched effects of currency-related phenomena. Focusing on visible +performance is also misleading theoretically because it fails to +distinguish between what does not happen, those “influences which +operate behind the back of agents, and which therefore cannot be found +in micro-situations” (Knorr-Cetina 1981: 28), and what is purposefully +avoided (Law and Singleton 2005). Indeed, Bitcoin is a manifestation of a + totem of digital cultures: there is always an elsewhere, beyond the +control of organizations. Creating an elsewhere free from Leviathan's +constraints (which resonates with Foucault's notion of heterotopia) +disrupts the body politic by exceeding or overflowing its framings +(Callon 1998). The peculiarity of Bitcoin is not in any frontal clash +with authority but rather in its strategy of avoidance, which we might +interpret as a form of différance or the playing of an alternative game. + What Bitcoin also illustrates is that the link between the micro and +the macro is neither based on an immutable social contract nor +maintained by an unbounded power. Rather, scalable and publicly +accessible computing resources coordinate trustless macro actions +without necessarily constituting actors and identities (Czarniawska +2008/2014). The paper will further examine the paradox where the +supplement of the age of visibility is action without actors and the +emergence of new boundaries between frontstage and backstage, public and + secret. | +
| Date | +2015 | +
| Pages | +1–27 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.2624922 | +
| Issue | +2006 | +
| ISSN | +1556-5068 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Ying Ying Hsieh | +
| Author | +Jean Philippe Vergne | +
| Author | +Philip Anderson | +
| Author | +Karim Lakhani | +
| Author | +Markus Reitzig | +
| Abstract | +Bitcoin represents the first real-world implementation of a +“decentralized autonomous organization” (DAO) and offers a new paradigm +for organization design. Imagine working for a global business +organization whose routine tasks are powered by a software protocol +instead of being governed by managers and employees. Task assignments +and rewards are randomized by the algorithm. Information is not +channeled through a hierarchy but recorded transparently and securely on + an immutable public ledger called “blockchain.” Further, the +organization decides on design and strategy changes through a democratic + voting process involving a previously unseen class of stakeholders +called “miners.” Agreements need to be reached at the organizational +level for any proposed protocol changes to be approved and activated. +How do DAOs solve the universal problem of organizing with such novel +solutions? What are the implications? We use Bitcoin as an example to +shed light on how a DAO works in the cryptocurrency industry, where it +provides a peer-to-peer, decentralized, and disintermediated payment +system that can compete against traditional financial institutions. We +also invited commentaries from renowned organization scholars to share +their views on this intriguing phenomenon. | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Springer | +
| Volume | +7 | +
| Pages | +1–16 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Organization Design | +
| DOI | +10.1186/s41469-018-0038-1 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +2245408X | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +David Golumbia | +
| Date | +2015 | +
| Publication | +MoneyLab Reader: An Intervention in Digital Economy, Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Tom Redshaw | +
| Abstract | +In the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, Bitcoin emerged + as an alternative monetary system that could circumvent political and +financial authorities. A practice in libertarian prefigurative politics, + Bitcoin demonstrates the capacity for online subgroups to creatively +appropriate internet-based technologies to enact alternative futures. +Andrew Feenberg's critical theory of technology clarifies this capacity +and outlines the significance of agency in technical action. As +technology mediates many social relations, it has a significant role in +the reproduction of social power. Technological agency is therefore a +crucial site of resistance in which users can form alternative, +democratic rationalizations of technology. Yet are such instances of +agency intrinsically democratic? In analysing this aspect of Feenberg's +theory, this article argues that Bitcoin represents a 'popular +rationalization' of technology - a creative appropriation of technology +that empowers some groups while lacking the ethical justification +necessary to be considered democratic. | +
| Date | +2017 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England | +
| Volume | +138 | +
| Pages | +46–64 | +
| Publication | +Thesis Eleven | +
| DOI | +10.1177/0725513616689390 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +14617455 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | +
| Type | +Manuscript | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Stefan Scharnowski | +
| Author | +Yanghua Shi | +
| Abstract | +Electricity constitutes the main input factor for miners of +proof-of-work cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, so they gravitate towards +countries with cheap energy. We analyze risks associated with this +geographical centralization of mining by exploiting an exogenous shock +to electricity supply in a relatively small region with heavy Bitcoin +mining activity. We first document a drop of about 25% in the total +computing power of the Bitcoin network during a blackout that lasts +several days. Compared to a control group consisting of a proof-of-stake + cryptocurrency, we find evidence of blockchain congestion as fees +increase substantially while the number and value of transactions +decrease. We also document an impact on exchange trading activity. +Trading volume and especially exchange rate volatility increase while +liquidity deteriorates during the blackout, even though returns are +mostly unaffected. Additionally, market integration drops as price +differences between exchanges increase considerably. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3936787 | +
| Extra | +Publication Title: SSRN Electronic Journal +DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3936787 | +
| # of Pages | +1–2 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:28 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:28 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Camilo Mora | +
| Author | +Randi L Rollins | +
| Author | +Katie Taladay | +
| Author | +Michael B Kantar | +
| Author | +Mason K Chock | +
| Author | +Mio Shimada | +
| Author | +Erik C Franklin | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Nature Publishing Group | +
| Volume | +8 | +
| Pages | +931–933 | +
| Publication | +Nature Climate Change | +
| Issue | +11 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Author | +J.P. Koning | +
| Date | +2020-09 | +
| URL | +https://www.aier.org/article/bitcoin-financial-literacy-and-crypto-twitter/ | +
| Extra | +Publication Title: American Institute for Economic Research | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Matt Huang | +
| Date | +2020-05 | +
| URL | +https://www.matthuang.com/posts/bitcoin_for_the_open_minded_skeptic | +
| Accessed | +28/02/2022, 11:08:39 | +
| Website Title | +Matt Huang | +
| Date Added | +28/02/2022, 11:08:39 | +
| Modified | +28/02/2022, 11:18:40 | +
Note (rufus): more an argument for why Bitcoin will "make it" than any argument why that is socially valuable (or not).
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Hossein Nabilou | +
| Abstract | +Bitcoin is the oldest and most widely established +cryptocurrency network with the highest market capitalization among all +cryptocurrencies. Although bitcoin (with lowercase b) is increasingly +viewed as a digital asset belonging to a new asset class, the Bitcoin +network (with uppercase B) is a decentralized financial market +infrastructure (dFMI) that clears and settles transactions in its native + asset without relying on the conventional financial market +infrastructures (FMIs). To be a reliable asset class as well as a dFMI, +however, Bitcoin needs to have robust governance arrangements; whether +such arrangements are built into the protocol (i.e., on-chain governance + mechanisms) or relegated to the participants in the Bitcoin network +(i.e., off-chain governance mechanisms), or are composed of a +combination of both mechanisms (i.e., hybrid form of governance). This +paper studies Bitcoin governance with a focus on its alleged +shortcomings. In so doing, after defining Bitcoin governance and its +objectives, the paper puts forward an idiosyncratic governance model +whose main objective is to preserve and maximize the main value +proposition of Bitcoin, i.e., its censorship-resistant property, which +allows participants to transact in an environment with minimum social +trust. Therefore, Bitcoin governance, including the processes through +which Bitcoin governance crises have been resolved and the standards +against which the Bitcoin Improvement Proposals (BIPs) are examined, +should be analyzed in light of the prevailing narrative of Bitcoin as a +censorship-resistant store of value and payment infrastructure. Within +such a special governance model, this paper seeks to identify the +potential shortcomings in Bitcoin governance by reference to the major +governance crises that posed serious threats to Bitcoin in the last +decade. It concludes that the existing governance arrangements in the +Bitcoin network have been largely successful in dealing with Bitcoin's +major crises that would have otherwise become existential threats to the + Bitcoin network. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +https://stanford-jblp.pubpub.org/pub/bitcoin-governance/release/2#:$\sim$:text=Although + bitcoin (with lowercase b,on the conventional financial market | +
| Pages | +1–36 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.3555042 | +
| Issue | +November | +
| ISSN | +1556-5068 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:45 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:45 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Nathaniel Popper | +
| Date | +2020-01 | +
| URL | +https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/28/technology/bitcoin-black-market.html | +
| Extra | +Publication Title: The New York Times | +
| Publisher | +The New York Times | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Joe Weisenthal | +
| URL | +https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-21/bitcoin-is-a-faith-based-asset-joe-weisenthal | +
| Accessed | +02/03/2022, 11:17:00 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 11:17:00 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 11:17:33 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Paul Krugman | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Volume | +30 | +
| Publication | +The Seattle Times | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Yaya Fanusie | +
| Author | +Tom Robinson | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Publication | +Center on Sanctions and Illicit Finance memorandum, January | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Sinan Küfeoğlu | +
| Author | +Mahmut Özkuran | +
| Abstract | +After its introduction in 2008, increasing Bitcoin prices and a + booming number of other cryptocurrencies lead to a growing discussion +of how much energy is consumed during the production of these +currencies. Being the most expensive and the most popular +cryptocurrency, both the business world and the research community have +started to question the energy intensity of Bitcoin mining. This paper +only focuses on computational power demand during the proof-of-work +process rather than estimating the whole energy intensity of mining. We +make use of 160GB of Bitcoin blockchain data to estimate the energy +consumption and power demand of Bitcoin mining. We considered the +performance of 269 different hardware models (CPU, GPU, FPGA, and ASIC). + For estimations, we defined two metrics, namely; minimum consumption +and maximum consumption. The targeted time span for the analysis was +from 3 January 2009 to 5 June 2018. We show that the historical peak of +power consumption of Bitcoin mining took place during the bi-weekly +period commencing on 18 December 2017 with a demand of between 1.3 and +14.8 GW. This maximum demand figure was between the installed capacities + of Finland (∼16 GW) and Denmark (∼14 GW). We also show that, during +June 2018, energy consumption of Bitcoin mining from difficulty +recalculation was between 15.47 and 50.24 TWh per year. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +58 | +
| Pages | +101273 | +
| Publication | +Energy Research and Social Science | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.erss.2019.101273 | +
| ISSN | +22146296 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:28 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:28 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Mark Peplow | +
| Date | +2019-03 | +
| URL | +http://cen.acs.org/environment/sustainability/Bitcoin-poses-major-electronic-waste/97/i11 | +
| Extra | +Publication Title: Chemical & Engineering News | +
| Publisher | +American Chemical Society | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Abstract | +CABO FRIO, Brazil (AP) — In April, Brazil's federal police +stormed the helipad of a boutique seaside hotel in Rio de Janeiro state, + where they busted two men and a woman loading a chopper with 7 million +reais ($1.3 million) in neatly packed bills. | +
| Date | +2022-01-22T14:43:02Z | +
| Language | +en | +
| URL | +https://apnews.com/article/cryptocurrency-technology-business-brazil-bitcoin-2dc801e5e3aa477ce7983d84dc8a64bb | +
| Accessed | +03/03/2022, 09:13:28 | +
| Extra | +Section: Cryptocurrency | +
| Website Title | +AP NEWS | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 09:13:28 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 09:13:43 | +
| Type | +Blog Post | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Ross Anderson | +
| Date | +2018-06-01 | +
| Language | +en-US | +
| Short Title | +Bitcoin Redux | +
| URL | +https://www.lightbluetouchpaper.org/2018/06/01/bitcoin-redux-crypto-crime-and-how-to-tackle-it/ | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 12:14:45 | +
| Blog Title | +Light Blue Touchpaper | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 12:14:45 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 13:26:16 | +
Anderson is a Professor of Security Engineering at the +University Cambridge. Bitcoin Redux explains what’s going wrong in the +world of cryptocurrencies. The bitcoin exchanges are developing into a +shadow banking system, which do not give their customers actual bitcoin +but rather display a "balance" and allow them to transact with others. +However if Alice sends Bob a bitcoin, and they’re both customers of the +same exchange, it just adjusts their balances rather than doing anything + on the blockchain. This is an e-money service, according to European +law, but is the law enforced? Not where it matters. We’ve been looking +at the details.
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Nassim Nicholas Taleb | +
| Author | +Universa Investments | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Publication | +arXiv preprint arXiv:2106.14204 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Nassim Nicholas Taleb | +
| Abstract | +This discussion applies quantitative finance methods and +economic arguments to cryptocurrencies in general and bitcoin in +particular -- as there are about $10,000$ cryptocurrencies, we focus +(unless otherwise specified) on the most discussed crypto of those that +claim to hew to the original protocol (Nakamoto 2009) and the one with, +by far, the largest market capitalization. In its current version, in +spite of the hype, bitcoin failed to satisfy the notion of "currency +without government" (it proved to not even be a currency at all), can be + neither a short nor long term store of value (its expected value is no +higher than $0$), cannot operate as a reliable inflation hedge, and, +worst of all, does not constitute, not even remotely, a safe haven for +one's investments, a shield against government tyranny, or a tail +protection vehicle for catastrophic episodes. Furthermore, bitcoin +promoters appear to conflate the success of a payment mechanism (as a +decentralized mode of exchange), which so far has failed, with the +speculative variations in the price of a zero-sum maximally fragile +asset with massive negative externalities. Going through monetary +history, we show how a true numeraire must be one of minimum variance +with respect to an arbitrary basket of goods and services, how gold and +silver lost their inflation hedge status during the Hunt brothers +squeeze in the late 1970s and what would be required from a true +inflation hedged store of value. | +
| Date | +2021-07-04 | +
| Library Catalog | +arXiv.org | +
| URL | +http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.14204 | +
| Accessed | +29/12/2021, 20:01:35 | +
| Extra | +arXiv: 2106.14204 | +
| Publication | +arXiv:2106.14204 [physics, q-fin] | +
| Date Added | +23/02/2022, 16:08:35 | +
| Modified | +23/02/2022, 16:08:35 | +
Comment: Accepted in Quantitative Finance
+| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Nassim Nicholas Taleb | +
| Abstract | +This discussion applies quantitative finance methods and +economic arguments to cryptocurrencies in general and bitcoin in +particular -- as there are about $10,000$ cryptocurrencies, we focus +(unless otherwise specified) on the most discussed crypto of those that +claim to hew to the original protocol (Nakamoto 2009) and the one with, +by far, the largest market capitalization. In its current version, in +spite of the hype, bitcoin failed to satisfy the notion of "currency +without government" (it proved to not even be a currency at all), can be + neither a short nor long term store of value (its expected value is no +higher than $0$), cannot operate as a reliable inflation hedge, and, +worst of all, does not constitute, not even remotely, a safe haven for +one's investments, a shield against government tyranny, or a tail +protection vehicle for catastrophic episodes. Furthermore, bitcoin +promoters appear to conflate the success of a payment mechanism (as a +decentralized mode of exchange), which so far has failed, with the +speculative variations in the price of a zero-sum maximally fragile +asset with massive negative externalities. Going through monetary +history, we show how a true numeraire must be one of minimum variance +with respect to an arbitrary basket of goods and services, how gold and +silver lost their inflation hedge status during the Hunt brothers +squeeze in the late 1970s and what would be required from a true +inflation hedged store of value. | +
| Date | +2021-07-04 | +
| Library Catalog | +arXiv.org | +
| URL | +http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.14204 | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 11:36:50 | +
| Extra | +arXiv: 2106.14204 | +
| Publication | +arXiv:2106.14204 [physics, q-fin] | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 11:36:50 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:36:50 | +
Comment: Accepted in Quantitative Finance
+| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Nassim Nicholas Taleb | +
| Language | +en | +
| Library Catalog | +Zotero | +
| Pages | +6 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 14:39:29 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 14:39:29 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Mark Glongloff | +
| URL | +https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-03-02/bitcoin-btc-gamestop-gme-are-more-cults-than-investments | +
| Accessed | +02/03/2022, 11:15:43 | +
| Website Title | +Bloomberg | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 11:15:43 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 11:16:38 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Denis Jaromil Roio | +
| Date | +2013 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Dyne.org | +
| Publication | +Dyne.org | +
| DOI | +https://files.dyne.org/books/Bitcoin_end_of_taboo_on_money.pdf | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Nick Arnosti | +
| Author | +S Matthew Weinberg | +
| Date | +2022 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: INFORMS | +
| Publication | +Management Science | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 13:12:03 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 13:12:03 | +
| Type | +Report | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Satoshi Nakamoto | +
| Date | +2008 | +
| Institution | +Manubot | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Muhammad Umar | +
| Author | +Chi-Wei Su | +
| Author | +Syed Kumail Abbas Rizvi | +
| Author | +Xue-Feng Shao | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +167 | +
| Pages | +120680 | +
| Publication | +Technological Forecasting and Social Change | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 13:13:11 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 13:13:11 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Rocco Caferra | +
| Author | +Gabriele Tedeschi | +
| Author | +Andrea Morone | +
| Abstract | +This paper aims to shed light on the 2017 Bitcoin bubble. +Firstly, by applying the dynamic time warping algorithm, we identify +among several financial instruments a subsample of five assets with +similar characteristics to the cryptocurrency bubble. Interestingly, +among the fluctuations characterizing these assets, the algorithm shows a + close affinity between the Bitcoin bubble and the 2000 NASDAQ Dotcom +one. Once the subsample is identified, we study the (de)synchronization +among these assets via the wavelet coherence approach. Although Bitcoin +is poorly correlated with the other indices, given its scarce connection + with the real economy, we observe switching phenomena among these +instruments. A more careful study on these portfolio reallocations, +conducted via an event study analysis, reveals that traders seem to +redirect capital from stock markets and gold to Bitcoin in case of +positive events of the cryptocurrency. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176521002196%0A | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +205 | +
| Pages | +109942 | +
| Publication | +Economics Letters | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.econlet.2021.109942 | +
| ISSN | +01651765 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:22 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:22 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Alex De Vries | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101721 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +70 | +
| Pages | +101721 | +
| Publication | +Energy Research & Social Science | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.erss.2020.101721 | +
| Issue | +July | +
| ISSN | +2214-6296 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | +
| Type | +Manuscript | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Shize Qin | +
| Author | +Lena Klaaßen | +
| Author | +Ulrich Gallersdörfer | +
| Author | +Christian Stoll | +
| Author | +Da Zhang | +
| Abstract | +The carbon footprint of Bitcoin has drawn wide attention, but +Bitcoin's long-term impact on the climate remains uncertain. Here we +present a framework to overcome uncertainties in previous estimates and +project Bitcoin's electricity consumption and carbon footprint in the +long term. If we assume Bitcoin's market capitalization grows in line +with the one of gold, we find that the annual electricity consumption of + Bitcoin may increase from 60 to 400 TWh between 2020 and 2100. The +future carbon footprint of Bitcoin strongly depends on the +decarbonization pathway of the electricity sector. If the electricity +sector achieves carbon neutrality by 2050, Bitcoin's carbon footprint +has peaked already. However, in the business-as-usual scenario, +emissions sum up to 2 gigatons until 2100, an amount comparable to 7% of + global emissions in 2019. The Bitcoin price spike at the end of 2020 +shows, however, that progressive development of market capitalization +could yield an electricity consumption of more than 100 TWh already in +2021, and lead to cumulative emissions of over 5 gigatons by 2100. +Therefore, we also discuss policy instruments to reduce Bitcoin's future + carbon footprint. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +http://arxiv.org/abs/2011.02612 | +
| Extra | +DOI: http://arxiv.org/abs/2011.02612 +_eprint: 2011.02612 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Alex de Vries | +
| Author | +Christian Stoll | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Volume | +175 | +
| Publication | +Resources, Conservation and Recycling | +
| DOI | +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105901 | +
| ISSN | +0921-3449 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Alex de Vries | +
| Author | +Christian Stoll | +
| Abstract | +Bitcoin's increasing energy consumption has triggered a +passionate debate about the sustainability of the digital currency. And +yet, most studies have thus far ignored that Bitcoin miners cycle +through a growing amount of short-lived hardware that could exacerbate +the growth in global electronic waste. E-waste represents a growing +threat to our environment, from toxic chemicals and heavy metals +leaching into soils, to air and water pollutions caused by improper +recycling. Here we present a methodology to estimate Bitcoin's e-waste +and find that it adds up to 30.7 metric kilotons annually, per May 2021. + This number is comparable to the amount of small IT and +telecommunication equipment waste produced by a country like the +Netherlands. At peak Bitcoin price levels seen early in 2021, the annual + amount of e-waste may grow beyond 64.4 metric kilotons in the midterm, +which highlights the dynamic trend if the Bitcoin price rises further. +Moreover, the demand for mining hardware already today disrupts the +global semiconductor supply chain. The strategies we present may help to + mitigate Bitcoin's growing e-waste problem. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105901 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier B.V. | +
| Volume | +175 | +
| Pages | +105901 | +
| Publication | +Resources, Conservation and Recycling | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105901 | +
| Issue | +September | +
| ISSN | +18790658 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Alex de Vries | +
| Abstract | +[Figure presented] The electricity that is expended in the +process of mining Bitcoin has become a topic of heavy debate over the +past few years. It is a process that makes Bitcoin extremely +energy-hungry by design, as the currency requires a huge amount of hash +calculations for its ultimate goal of processing financial transactions +without intermediaries (peer-to-peer). The primary fuel for each of +these calculations is electricity. The Bitcoin network can be estimated +to consume at least 2.55 gigawatts of electricity currently, and +potentially 7.67 gigawatts in the future, making it comparable with +countries such as Ireland (3.1 gigawatts) and Austria (8.2 gigawatts). +Economic models tell us that Bitcoin's electricity consumption will +gravitate toward the latter number. A look at Bitcoin miner production +estimates suggests that this number could already be reached in 2018. | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +2 | +
| Pages | +801–805 | +
| Publication | +Joule | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.joule.2018.04.016 | +
| Issue | +5 | +
| ISSN | +25424351 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Olga Kharif | +
| Date | +2019-05 | +
| URL | +https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-31/bitcoin-s-rally-masks-uncomfortable-fact-almost-nobody-uses-it | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Bloomberg | +
| Publication | +Bloomberg.com | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Alex de Vries | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +70 | +
| Pages | +101721 | +
| Publication | +Energy Research & Social Science | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Conference Paper | +
|---|---|
| Author | +David Chaum | +
| Date | +1984 | +
| Publisher | +Springer | +
| Pages | +153–153 | +
| Proceedings Title | +Advances in cryptology | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +L. Ante | +
| Author | +F. Steinmetz | +
| Author | +I. Fiedler | +
| Abstract | +Blockchain technology provides an immutable ledger for secure +value transactions in a network. This base layer technology has the +potential to boost the efficiency of various processes in the energy +sector. In this article, the intersection of blockchain and energy is +analyzed based on the underlying references of 166 publications via +co-citation analysis. Using exploratory factor analysis, six distinct +research streams are identified: I. energy market innovation and +transformation (through blockchain technology), II. blockchain for data +sharing and security, III. energy management in smart grids and scalable + systems, IV. information transmission across networks and its +applications, V. peer-to-peer energy microgrids, and VI. potential of +blockchain technology. For each of these streams, the highest-impact +articles are reviewed. In addition, social network analysis allows to +reveal the relationships and dependencies between the streams. The +results indicate a high degree of homogeneity in this field of research, + as the six streams explain more than 71% of variance. The degree to +which the streams are centered on blockchain technology varies. While +the two most established discourses and the least established one focus +at least in part on blockchain, the other three streams prioritize +energy issues. It is postulated that specific research fields on this +topic are only beginning to emerge, implications are discussed and areas + for future research are derived. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110597 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier Ltd | +
| Volume | +137 | +
| Pages | +110597 | +
| Publication | +Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.rser.2020.110597 | +
| Issue | +October 2020 | +
| ISSN | +18790690 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Miles Gietzmann | +
| Author | +Francesco Grossetti | +
| Abstract | +In a recent survey of academic research, Fintech related +topics, broadly classified as crypto-currency studies, were by far the +most researched topics in the social sciences. However, we have observed + that, perhaps surprisingly, even though crypto-currencies rely on a +distributed accounting ledger technology, relatively few of those +studies were conducted by accounting academics. While some of the +features of a system like Bitcoin do not necessarily rely on a +traditional accounting knowledge, this knowledge is key in designing +effective real-world distributed systems. Building on a foundational +framework developed by Risius and Spohrer (2017), we provide support for + their hypothesis that to date, research in this area has been +predominantly of a somewhat narrow focus (i.e., based upon exploiting +existing programming solutions without adequately considering the +fundamental needs of users). This is particularly reflected by the +abundance of Bitcoin-like crypto-currency code-bases with little or no +place for business applications. We suggest that this may severely limit + an appreciation of the relevance and applicability of decentralized +systems, and how they may support value creation and improved +governance. We provide supporting arguments for this statement by +considering four applied classes of problems where a +blockchain/distributed ledger can add value without requiring a +crypto-currency to be an integral part of the functioning system. We +note that each class of problem has been viewed previously as part of +accounting issues within the legacy centralized ledger systems paradigm. + We show how accounting knowledge is still relevant in the shift from +centralized to decentralized ledger systems. We advance the debate on +the development of (crypto-currency free) value-creating distributed +ledger systems by showing that applying accounting knowledge in this +area has potentially a much wider impact than that currently being +applied in areas limited to auditing and operations management. We +develop a typology for general distributed ledger design which assists +potential users to understand the wide range of choices when developing +such systems. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278425421000648 | +
| Volume | +40 | +
| Pages | +106881 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Accounting and Public Policy | +
| DOI | +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2021.106881 | +
| Issue | +5 | +
| ISSN | +0278-4254 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:43 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:43 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Abdullah Yildizbasi | +
| Abstract | +Renewable energy technologies play a crucial role in reducing +the energy consumption by exploiting natural energy resources. With the +increase in the trend towards the use of renewable energy resources +energy distribution networks have become more complex. As such, it is +envisioned that efficient distribution of the generated energy, illegal +energy use, unfair pricing, and individual energy producers' entry into +the market will be the key issues that need be tackled in near future. +In this study, we discuss in order to eliminate the problems experienced + in the energy grid management process, the blockchain concept, and its +integration with renewable energy systems. First, we develop a novel +integration process of blockchain with the renewable energy systems +under the circular economy perspective in order to ensure the +sustainability of energy grid management systems, followed by +discussions on the advantages of the proposed integration process for +energy policy makers. Second, the challenges of blockchain faced during +the integration to a circular economy are presented. In order to +prioritize the challenges encountered in the integration process, a +numerical analysis is conducted using the Pythagorean Fuzzy Analytical +Hierarchy Process method based on expert opinions, and corresponding +managerial implications are included. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148121007291 | +
| Volume | +176 | +
| Pages | +183–197 | +
| Publication | +Renewable Energy | +
| DOI | +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.05.053 | +
| ISSN | +0960-1481 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Balázs Bodó | +
| Author | +Daniel Gervais | +
| Author | +João Pedro Quintais | +
| Abstract | +This article offers a normative analysis of key blockchain +technology concepts from the perspective of copyright law. Some features + of blockchain technologies - scarcity, trust, transparency, +decentralized public records and smart contracts - seem to make this +technology compatible with the fundamentals of copyright. Authors can +publish works on blockchain creating a quasi-immutable record of initial + ownership, and encode 'smart' contracts to license the use of works. +Remuneration may happen on online distribution platforms where the smart + contracts reside. In theory, such an automated setup allows for the +private ordering of copyright. Blockchain technology, like Digital +Rights Management 20 years ago, is thus presented as an opportunity to +reduce market friction, and increase both licensing efficiency and the +autonomy of creators. Yet, some of the old problems remain. The article +examines the differences between new, smartcontract-based private +ordering regime and the fundamental components of copyright law, such as + exceptions and limitations, the doctrine of exhaustion, restrictions on + formalities, the public domain and fair remuneration. | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Oxford University Press | +
| Volume | +26 | +
| Pages | +311–336 | +
| Publication | +International Journal of Law and Information Technology | +
| DOI | +10.1093/ijlit/eay014 | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| ISSN | +14643693 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:09 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:09 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Florian Martin-Bariteau | +
| Abstract | +The Commission Nationale Informatique et Libertes (CNIL), has +published “Blockchain: Premiers elements d'analyse de la CNIL”, a +document on blockchain and the European Union General Data Protection +Regulation (GDPR). This document was released by the French Data +Protection Authority (DPA) as a working policy paper and offers an +overview of its initial reflection on the Blockchain technology and its +compliance with the GDPR. The CNIL notes the GDPR has been created to +regulate data use, rather than any particular form of technology. As +such, and without surprise to anyone familiar with privacy law, the CNIL + states the GDPR applies to the use of blockchain in any instance where +personal data is handled. However, this working paper is a very raw +analysis. In our opinion, the document raises more questions than it +answers – and highlights some legal uncertainty with respect to the +qualifications of different actors on a blockchain under the GDPR +taxonomy. In several areas, the CNIL highlights that more reflection is +needed on its end, and that this reflection needs to be undertaken at +the European level. | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Volume | +1 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.3275783 | +
| ISSN | +1556-5068 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:22:21 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:22:21 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Vlada Brilliantova | +
| Author | +Thomas Wolfgang Thurner | +
| Abstract | +This paper discusses the emergence of blockchain technology in + the energy sector in the light of ongoing energy market transformation. + The study builds on literature research and expert interviews, and +provides insights into the future energy landscape in the context of the + blockchain advent. While the interviewees acknowledge the great, though + disruptive, potential of blockchain technology for the primary +activities in the electricity sector, there is agreement that inflexible + regulatory frameworks impose the biggest challenge. The widest impact +which blockchain technology will have in the short-term will be in +electric vehicle integration, while in the long-term blockchain will +enable peer-to-peer microgrids. The role that the blockchain will play, +though, relies mainly on the business model innovation in energy. While a + growing body of literature discusses specific blockchain applications +and solutions in an advanced technological set-up, this paper presents a + holistic picture of the blockchain applicability in the energy sector +and thematises this very powerful and versatile technology against the +background of two emerging economies: South Africa and Russia. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160791X1830188X | +
| Volume | +57 | +
| Pages | +38–45 | +
| Publication | +Technology in Society | +
| DOI | +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2018.11.001 | +
| ISSN | +0160-791X | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Bryan Wilson | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +https://umkclawreview.files.wordpress.com/2020/05/wilson.pdf | +
| Volume | +88 | +
| Pages | +365–396 | +
| Publication | +UMKC Law Review | +
| DOI | +https://umkclawreview.files.wordpress.com/2020/05/wilson.pdf | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:09 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:09 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +B. Bodó | +
| Author | +A. Giannopoulou | +
| Author | +V. Ferrari | +
| Abstract | +Suggested citation: Quintais, João and Bodó, Balázs and +Giannopoulou, Alexandra and Ferrari, Valeria, Blockchain and the Law: A +Critical Evaluation (January 17, 2019). Pedro Quintais, B. Bodó, A. +Giannopoulou, & A. Ferrari (2019). Blockchain and the Law: A +Critical Evaluation. Stanford Journal of Blockchain Law & Policy +(2)1, Amsterdam Law School Research Paper No. 2019-03, Institute for +Information Law Research Paper No. 2019-01, Available at SSRN: +https://ssrn.com/abstract=3317404 | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Volume | +2 | +
| Pages | +86–112 | +
| Publication | +Stanford Journal of Blockchain Law & Policy | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:09 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:09 | +
| Type | +Conference Paper | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Moritz Becker | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +https://diglib.tugraz.at/download.php?id=5e2997b7bb322&location=browse | +
| ISBN | +978-3-85125-668-0 | +
| Pages | +6–30 | +
| Proceedings Title | +Proceedings of the STS Conference Graz 2019 | +
| DOI | +10.3217/978-3-85125-668-0-02 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:40 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:40 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Monique J. Morrow | +
| Author | +Mehran Zarrebini | +
| Abstract | +We are living in a world where the very systems upon which +trust is based are being challenged by new and exciting paradigm shifts. + Centralization whether in the form of governments, financial +institutions, enterprises and organizations is simply being challenged +because of the lack of trust associated with data governance often +experienced in the form of data breaches or simply a monetization of our + data without our permission and/or incentives to participate in this +emerging decentralization of structures. We see this trust deficit +challenging the very institutions we have depended on including but not +limited to financial institutions, private enterprises or government +bodies. A new "social contract" is required as we continuously evolve +into more decentralized and self-governing (or semi self-governing) +entities. We will see more development in digital sovereignty with the +caveat that a governance model will need to be defined. This position +paper will present evidence that supports the premise that blockchain +and individual tokenization could provide a new social contract. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute | +
| Volume | +11 | +
| Pages | +220 | +
| Publication | +Future Internet | +
| DOI | +10.3390/FI11100220 | +
| Issue | +10 | +
| ISSN | +19995903 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:43 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:43 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Gregor Dorfleitner | +
| Author | +Franziska Muck | +
| Author | +Isabel Scheckenbach | +
| Abstract | +Our research consolidates the actual environment of blockchain + applications that contribute in a certain way to climate protection. In + view of the growing interest in climate change and the need to act on a + global scale, knowledge about these applications enables investors, +politicians, and citizens to drive this development forward through +diverse support opportunities. This article provides an extensive +overview of existing mitigation and adaptation measures based on +blockchain technology. We collect data on 85 such applications and +describe the empirical distributions of different attributes of these +applications. In a logit regression, we analyze which +application-specific and blockchain-specific characteristics determine +the success of an application in the sense of an advanced operational +status. We find evidence that applications of the type “energy trading” +exhibit reduced chances of success, while green blockchain-based +applications implementing a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism are more +likely to become operational. Moreover, pursuing an initial coin +offering has no significant effect on the success of an application. Our + work provides the basis for a better understanding of the success +factors of this new technology. | +
| Date | +2021-10 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111378 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier Ltd | +
| Volume | +149 | +
| Pages | +111378 | +
| Publication | +Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.rser.2021.111378 | +
| Issue | +June | +
| ISSN | +18790690 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Primavera De Filippi | +
| Author | +Morshed Mannan | +
| Author | +Wessel Reijers | +
| Abstract | +Blockchain technology was created as a response to the trust +crisis that swept the world in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis. +Bitcoin and other blockchain-based systems were presented as a +“trustless” alternative to existing financial institutions and even +governments. Yet, while the trustless nature of blockchain technology +has been heavily questioned, little research has been done as to what +blockchain technologies actually bring to the table in place of trust. +This article draws from the extensive academic discussion on the +concepts of “trust” and “confidence” to argue that blockchain technology + is not a ‘trustless technology' but rather a ‘confidence machine'. +First, the article provides a review of the multifaceted +conceptualisations of trust and confidence, and the relationship between + these two concepts. Second, the claim is made that blockchain +technology relies on cryptographic rules, mathematics, and +game-theoretical incentives in order to increase confidence in the +operations of a computational system. Yet, such an increase in +confidence ultimately relies on the proper operation and governance of +the underlying blockchain-based network, which requires trusting a +variety of actors. Third, the article turns to legal, constitutional and + polycentric governance theory to explore the governance challenges of +blockchain-based systems, in light of the tension between procedural +confidence and trust. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101284 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier Ltd | +
| Volume | +62 | +
| Pages | +101284 | +
| Publication | +Technology in Society | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101284 | +
| Issue | +June | +
| ISSN | +0160791X | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Juho Rantala | +
| Abstract | +Today, digitalisation is penetrating every corner of our +mundane life, thus affecting our being in manifold ways. In spite of +this, digital technologies provide us with paths towards advancing +humanity. One way to model the possibilities of the new technologies in a + sustainable way is to frame them in light of Gilbert Simondon's +philosophy and especially his understanding of ‘transindividuality', +which is the foundation for a robust, evolving collective. The +transindividual relation, mediated by technical objects, is the +possibility of a concurrent problem-solving at the collective and +individual level. One of these new technologies, blockchain, a +decentralised peer-to-peer database, practically demonstrates a complex +system that can cultivate this transindividuality. Although not without +its flaws, blockchain nonetheless presents a serious innovation for +collective being. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Volume | +60 | +
| Pages | +250–263 | +
| Publication | +Culture, Theory and Critique | +
| DOI | +10.1080/14735784.2019.1694213 | +
| Issue | +3-4 | +
| ISSN | +14735776 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:43 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:43 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Jannice Käll | +
| Abstract | +Blockchain technology is often discussed and theorized in +relation to cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. Its quality as a +technology that produces advanced encryption keys between objects, +however, also makes it interesting to those who seek to connect physical + objects to digital elements. The reason for this is that the link +between objects needs to be ‘secure' from undesired external +interference. In relation to such interests, blockchain has been +identified as a highly attractive technology to support the general +digitalization of society towards the Internet of Things, smart cities +etc. In extension, the implementation of blockchain technology implies +that it may work as a tool that has the capacity to direct which objects + may/may not interact with each other. The ‘ledger of everything' that +blockchain may possibly produce as regards the ‘Internet of Everything' +is even suggested to make humans and other intermediary technologies +redundant. In this essay, I argue that in order to sustain legal +critique when the world moves into the next era of digitalization, we +need to understand - and question - how technological control operates +through e.g. blockchain technology by locking physical and digital +elements to each other. | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Volume | +29 | +
| Pages | +133–140 | +
| Publication | +Law and Critique | +
| DOI | +10.1007/s10978-018-9227-x | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +15728617 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:09 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:09 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Yan Chen | +
| Author | +Cristiano Bellavitis | +
| Abstract | +Blockchain technology can reduce transaction costs, generate +distributed trust, and empower decentralized platforms, potentially +becoming a new foundation for decentralized business models. In the +financial industry, blockchain technology allows for the rise of +decentralized financial services, which tend to be more decentralized, +innovative, interoperable, borderless, and transparent. Empowered by +blockchain technology, decentralized financial services have the +potential to broaden financial inclusion, facilitate open access, +encourage permissionless innovation, and create new opportunities for +entrepreneurs and innovators. In this article, we assess the benefits of + decentralized finance, identify existing business models, and evaluate +potential challenges and limits. As a new area of financial technology, +decentralized finance may reshape the structure of modern finance and +create a new landscape for entrepreneurship and innovation, showcasing +the promises and challenges of decentralized business models. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Volume | +13 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Business Venturing Insights | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.jbvi.2019.e00151 | +
| ISSN | +23526734 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:17:59 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:17:59 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Lana Swartz | +
| Abstract | +NA | +
| Date | +2017 | +
| URL | +http://llaannaa.com/papers/Swartz_Blockchain_Dreams.pdf | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Polity Cambridge, UK | +
| Volume | +1 | +
| Pages | +82–105 | +
| Publication | +Another Economy is Possible: Culture and Economy in a Time of Crisis | +
| DOI | +http://llaannaa.com/papers/Swartz_Blockchain_Dreams.pdf | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Bernd Teufel | +
| Author | +Anton Sentic | +
| Author | +Mathias Barmet | +
| Abstract | +The ongoing, in-depth transformation of the electricity sector + towards increased use of alternative, renewable energy sources extends +beyond a simple decentralisation drive in the electricity market. The +transformation process is characterised by the interplay of old and new +technologies from the energy sector as well as structural coupling with +other sectors, such as the information and communications technology +(ICT), enabling the technology transfer as well as market entry by +information technology (IT) actors. Blockchain-based technologies have +the potential to play a key role in this transition by offering +decentralised interfaces and systems as well as an alternative approach +to the current organisation form of the energy market. This paper +discusses the applicability and prospects for blockchain-based +technologies in the energy sector, which are described using the term +“blockchain energy”. For the purposes of this study, blockchain energy +encompasses all socio-technical and organisational configurations in the + energy sector based on the utilisation of the blockchain principle for +energy trading, information storage, and/or increased transparency of +energy flows and energy services. In the following chapters, the authors + present and discuss the current transformation in the electricity +market, followed by a review of the different utilisation possibilities +for blockchain technologies in the energy sector and a discussion of the + barriers and potential for blockchain energy using a transition studies + perspective. Finally, the opportunities and risks of blockchain energy +are discussed. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674862X20300057 | +
| Volume | +17 | +
| Pages | +100011 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Electronic Science and Technology | +
| DOI | +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnlest.2020.100011 | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| ISSN | +1674-862X | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Ioan Petri | +
| Author | +Masoud Barati | +
| Author | +Yacine Rezgui | +
| Author | +Omer F Rana | +
| Abstract | +The decentralisation of energy supply and demand can +contribute decisively to protecting the environment and climate of the +planet by consuming electricity in the proximity of the generation +source and avoiding losses in transmission and distribution. Supporting +energy transactions with emerging intelligent technologies can advance +the development of energy communities and accelerate the integration of +renewable sources. Distributed energy solutions play an essential role +as they are explicitly designed to produce, store and deliver green +energy. Profiting with these benefits is essential, especially in the +context of the current debate on stopping climate change. Several +technologies such as waste heat recovery with intelligent algorithms can + improve the energy distribution and provide significant resource +savings. On the other hand, the usage of Blockchain technology in energy + markets promises to incentivise the use of renewables and provide a +reliable framework to monitor real-time information of energy production + and consumption. Blockchain can also enable trading between independent + agents and lead to the formation of more secured energy communities. In + this paper, we demonstrate how Blockchain can be utilised to support +the formation and use of energy communities. We propose a +Blockchain-based energy framework as a mean to support energy exchanges +in a community of prosumers. We demonstrate how smart contracts can +manage energy transactions and enable a more secured trading environment + between consumers and producers. We utilise data and models from a real + fish processing industrial site in Milford Haven Port, South Wales, +based on which we validate our research hypothesis. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166361520305169 | +
| Volume | +123 | +
| Pages | +103282 | +
| Publication | +Computers in Industry | +
| DOI | +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2020.103282 | +
| ISSN | +0166-3615 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Muhammad Baqer Mollah | +
| Author | +Jun Zhao | +
| Author | +Dusit Niyato | +
| Author | +Kwok Yan Lam | +
| Author | +Xin Zhang | +
| Author | +Amer M.Y.M. Ghias | +
| Author | +Leong Hai Koh | +
| Author | +Lei Yang | +
| Abstract | +The concept of smart grid has been introduced as a new vision +of the conventional power grid to figure out an efficient way of +integrating green and renewable energy technologies. In this way, +Internet-connected smart grid, also called energy Internet, is also +emerging as an innovative approach to ensure the energy from anywhere at + any time. The ultimate goal of these developments is to build a +sustainable society. However, integrating and coordinating a large +number of growing connections can be a challenging issue for the +traditional centralized grid system. Consequently, the smart grid is +undergoing a transformation to the decentralized topology from its +centralized form. On the other hand, blockchain has some excellent +features which make it a promising application for the smart grid +paradigm. In this article, we aim to provide a comprehensive survey on +the application of blockchain in smart grid. As such, we identify the +significant security challenges of smart grid scenarios that can be +addressed by blockchain. Then, we present a number of blockchain-based +recent research works presented in different literature addressing +security issues in the area of smart grid. We also summarize several +related practical projects, trials, and products that have emerged +recently. Finally, we discuss essential research challenges and future +directions of applying blockchain to smart grid security issues. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +_eprint: 1911.03298 | +
| Volume | +8 | +
| Pages | +18–43 | +
| Publication | +IEEE Internet of Things Journal | +
| DOI | +10.1109/JIOT.2020.2993601 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +23274662 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:29 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +John Burg | +
| Author | +Christine Murphy | +
| Author | +Jean Paul Petraud | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| URL | +http://merltech.org/blockchain-for-international-development-using-a-learning-agenda-to-address-knowledge-gaps | +
| Publication | +MERL Tech | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Arzoo Miglani | +
| Author | +Neeraj Kumar | +
| Author | +Vinay Chamola | +
| Author | +Sherali Zeadally | +
| Abstract | +After smart grid, Internet of Energy (IoE) has emerged as a +popular technology in the energy sector by integrating different forms +of energy. IoE uses Internet to collect, organize, optimize and manage +the networks energy information from different edge devices in order to +develop a distributed smart energy infrastructure. Sensors and +communication technologies are used to collect data and to predict +demand and supply by consumers and suppliers respectively. However, with + the development of renewable energy resources, Electric Vehicles (EVs), + smart grid and Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, the existing energy +sector started shifting towards distributed and decentralized solutions. + Moreover, the security and privacy issues because of centralization is +another major concern for IoE technology. In this context, Blockchain +technology with the features of automation, immutability, public ledger +facility, irreversibility, decentralization, consensus and security has +been adopted in the literature for solving the prevailing problems of +centralized IoE architecture. By leveraging smart contracts, blockchain +technology enables automated data exchange, complex energy transactions, + demand response management and Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy trading etc. +Blockchain will play vital role in the evolution of the IoE market as +distributed renewable resources and smart grid network are being +deployed and used. We discuss the potential and applications of +blockchain in the IoE field. This article is build on the literature +research and it provides insight to the end-user regarding the future +IoE scenario in the context of blockchain technology. Lastly this +article discusses the different consensus algorithm for IoE technology. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140366419314951 | +
| Volume | +151 | +
| Pages | +395–418 | +
| Publication | +Computer Communications | +
| DOI | +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2020.01.014 | +
| ISSN | +0140-3664 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Outi Korhonen | +
| Author | +Juho Rantala | +
| Abstract | +This essay considers the ideological context of blockchain +technology. This technology is often celebrated for its potential for +decentralization, distribution, privacy, and a lack of intermediaries +and coordinators for transactions and general governance. Because of +these features, blockchain technology, and, in particular, its most +famous inauguration - the bitcoin blockchain - is frequently identified +with libertarianism. In this essay, we argue that the ideological +context of blockchain technology is much more complicated. In addition +to unraveling a number of background ideologies and their role in this +technology, we raise the ontological issue concerning the relationship +of ideology to technology. These matters have implications for, among +other things, the approach that should be taken to blockchain's +governance, as well as how international lawyers may approach this +foreign-seeming phenomenon that has its proponents from the European +Central Bank to the United Nations (not, however, forgetting the private + sector nor the digital underground). | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Cambridge University Press | +
| Volume | +115 | +
| Pages | +408–412 | +
| Publication | +AJIL Unbound | +
| DOI | +10.1017/aju.2021.65 | +
| ISSN | +23987723 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:45 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:45 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Evrim Tan | +
| Author | +Stanislav Mahula | +
| Author | +Joep Crompvoets | +
| Abstract | +A key challenge behind the adoption of blockchain in the +public sector is understanding the dynamics of blockchain governance. +Based on a systematic literature review, this article analyzes different + approaches to blockchain governance across disciplines and develops a +comprehensive conceptual framework for the study of blockchain +governance decisions in the public sector. The framework clusters nine +types of governance decisions (infrastructure architecture, application +architecture, interoperability, decision-making mechanism, incentive +mechanism, consensus mechanism, organization of governance, +accountability of governance, and control of governance) into three +levels of analysis (micro, meso, and macro-levels). Drawing on public +management theories and concepts, the article elucidates the +implications of various governance choices in each level of governance +and provides a primer for researchers and policy practitioners on the +design of blockchain-based systems in the public sector. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Pages | +101625 | +
| Publication | +Government Information Quarterly | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.giq.2021.101625 | +
| ISSN | +0740624X | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:46 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:46 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Fabrice Lumineau | +
| Author | +Wenqian Wang | +
| Author | +Oliver Schilke | +
| Abstract | +The recent emergence of blockchains may be considered a +critical turning point in organizing collaborations. We outline the +historical background and the fundamental features of blockchains and +present an analysis with a focus on their role as governance mechanisms. + Specifically, we argue that blockchains offer a way to enforce +agreements and achieve cooperation and coordination that is distinct +from both traditional contractual and relational governance as well as +from other information technology solutions. We also examine the scope +of blockchains as efficient governance mechanisms and highlight the +tacitness of the transaction as a key boundary condition. We then +discuss how blockchain governance interacts with traditional governance +mechanisms in both substitutive and complementary ways. We pay +particular attention to blockchains' social implications as well as +their inherent challenges and limitations. Our analysis culminates in a +research agenda that explores how blockchains may change the way to +organize collaborations, including issues of what different types of +blockchains may emerge, who is involved and impacted by blockchain +governance, why actors may want blockchains, when and where blockchains +can be more (versus less) effective, and how blockchains influence a +number of important organizational outcomes. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: INFORMS | +
| Volume | +32 | +
| Pages | +500–521 | +
| Publication | +Organization Science | +
| DOI | +10.1287/orsc.2020.1379 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +15265455 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | +
| Type | +Book Section | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Darra Hofman | +
| Author | +Quinn DuPont | +
| Author | +Angela Walch | +
| Author | +Ivan Beschastnikh | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Publisher | +Springer | +
| Pages | +21–33 | +
| Book Title | +Building Decentralized Trust | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Book Section | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Darra Hofman | +
| Author | +Quinn DuPont | +
| Author | +Angela Walch | +
| Author | +Ivan Beschastnikh | +
| Abstract | +Governance of blockchain technologies has not been +historically prioritized beyond technological dimensions, and relatively + little literature exists on the prescriptive governance of blockchain +platforms. Existing governance frameworks, such as IT governance, may +not be suitable or easily applied to the novel context of blockchain; +instead, the authors of this chapter argue it may be more appropriate to + adopt a grounded approach to the development of governance theory for +blockchains. Situating their discussion of blockchain governance within +existing, external power structures—legal, political, economic, +environmental, and social—the authors outline an internal governance +framework for the blockchain system itself. Taking an inclusive, +question-led approach, this internal governance framework aims to ensure + that areas of risk are identified, and determine how conflict and +crisis related to blockchain technology—and blockchain-enabled forms of +organization and interactions—can be handled. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-54414-0_2 | +
| ISBN | +978-3-030-54414-0 | +
| Pages | +21–33 | +
| Series Number | +x | +
| Book Title | +Building Decentralized Trust | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:46 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:46 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Quinn Dupont | +
| Abstract | +This paper argues that many so-called digital technologies can + be construed as notational technologies, explored through the example +of Monegraph, an art and digital asset management platform built on top +of the blockchain system originally developed for the cryptocurrency +bitcoin. As the paper characterizes it, a notational technology is the +performance of syntactic notation within a field of reference, a +technologized version of what Nelson Goodman called a “notational +system.” Notational technologies produce abstracted entities through +positive and reliable, or constitutive, tests of socially acceptable +meaning. Accordingly, this account deviates from typical narratives of +blockchains (usually characterized as Turing or state machines), instead + demonstrating that blockchain technologies are effective at managing +digital assets because they produce abstracted identities through the +performance of notation. Since notational technologies rely on +configurations of socially acceptable meaning, this paper also provides a + philosophical account of how blockchain technologies are socially +embedded. | +
| Date | +2017 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Wiley Online Library | +
| Volume | +48 | +
| Pages | +634–653 | +
| Publication | +Metaphilosophy | +
| DOI | +10.1111/meta.12267 | +
| Issue | +5 | +
| ISSN | +14679973 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Adrianne Jeffries | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| URL | +https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/7/17091766/blockchain-bitcoin-ethereum-cryptocurrency-meaning | +
| Volume | +7 | +
| Pages | +2018 | +
| Publication | +The Verge | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Type | +Blog Post | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Kai Stinchcombe | +
| Abstract | +Blockchain is not only crappy technology but a bad vision for +the future. Its failure to achieve adoption to date is because systems +built… | +
| Date | +2018-04-05 | +
| Language | +en | +
| URL | +https://medium.com/@kaistinchcombe/decentralized-and-trustless-crypto-paradise-is-actually-a-medieval-hellhole-c1ca122efdec | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 12:16:32 | +
| Blog Title | +Medium | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 12:16:32 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 12:18:35 | +
"Blockchain is not only crappy technology but a bad vision for +the future. Its failure to achieve adoption to date is because systems +built on trust, norms, and institutions inherently function better than +the type of no-need-for-trusted-parties systems blockchain envisions. +That’s permanent: no matter how much blockchain improves it is still +headed in the wrong direction."
Part of Kai Stinchcombe series that discusses whether blockchain + can solve various real world use-cases better than traditional +technologies
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Larry Lohmann | +
| Abstract | +The last decade's developments in computation are major topics + of debate among business, policymakers, and social movements alike. +Blockchain, Bitcoin, smart contracts, the Internet of Things, machine +translation, image recognition, the Earth Bank of Codes-all are +understood to be not only business opportunities but also political and +environmental issues. Seldom mentioned, however, is the extent to which +these innovations are part of an ecological history that goes back to +the early 19 th century and before. A strategic understanding their +dynamics and contradictions requires looking again at long-standing +pictures of labour, mechanization, commons, and capital accumulation. +Different ways of thinking about Marx's categories of living and dead +labour inspired by the work of the later Wittgenstein can help. 1 | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Publication | +The Corner House | +
| Issue | +May | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Katrin Becker | +
| Abstract | +This article focusses on the social and legal implications +that blockchain technology brings about, not only due to its ideological + framework, but also, and especially, due to the concept of law it +inaugurates. Thus, this article claims, that, by interlocking +technological and legal structures, blockchain technology initiates a +profound displacement of legal symbolics and imaginaries. It shows how +blockchain law, by emancipating itself from three essential dimensions +of law—language, territory, and the body—implies a profound disruption +of how we perceive law and its legitimacy. Starting with an overview of +the technological details of blockchain, the paper then addresses its +ideological context and traces the underlying ideas, values and +functions and their relation with—and impact on—the general perception +of law and legal issues. By critically assessing the claim that +blockchain will liberate the subject from any heteronymic constraints, +this paper analyses to what extent this technology has social and legal +implications that reach far beyond its virtual, purely +blockchain-related scope of applications—and why this technology should +matter to us all. | +
| Date | +2022 | +
| URL | +https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10978-021-09317-8 | +
| Publication | +Law and Critique | +
| DOI | +10.1007/s10978-021-09317-8 | +
| ISSN | +0957-8536 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Eric Alston | +
| Author | +Wilson Law | +
| Author | +Ilia Murtazashvili | +
| Author | +Martin B. H. Weiss | +
| Abstract | +Institutional economists have analyzed permissionless +blockchains as a novel institutional building block for voluntary +economic exchange and distributed governance, with their unique protocol + features such as automated contract execution, high levels of network +and process transparency, and uniquely distributed governance. But such +institutional analysis needs to be complemented by polycentric analysis +of how blockchains change. We characterize such change as resulting from + internal sources and external sources. Internal sources include +constitutional (protocol) design and collective-choice processes for +updating protocols, which help coordinate network participants and +users. External sources include competitive pressure from other +cryptocurrency networks. By studying two leading networks, Bitcoin and +Ethereum, we illustrate how conceptualizing blockchains as competing and + constitutional polycentric enterprises clarifies their processes of +change. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3887701 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Cambridge University Press | +
| Pages | +1–17 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.3887701 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:46 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:46 | +
| Type | +Book | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Michèle Finck | +
| Abstract | +"In Blockchain Regulation and Governance in Europe, Michèle +Finck examines the relationship between blockchain technology and EU law + and introduces the theme of blockchain governance. The book provides a +general introduction to blockchains as both a regulatable and a +regulatory technology and outlines the interaction between Distributed +Ledger Technology and specific areas of EU law, such as the General Data + Protection Regulation. It should be read by anyone interested in EU +law, the relationship between law, innovation and technology, and +technology governance" | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Extra | +Publication Title: Blockchain Regulation and Governance in Europe +DOI: 10.1017/9781108609708 | +
| Publisher | +Cambridge University Press | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:22:21 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:22:21 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Leonardo Peixoto Barbosa | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://kluwerlawonline.com/journalarticle/European+Business+Law+Review/32.2/EULR2021010%0A | +
| Volume | +32 | +
| Publication | +European Business Law Review | +
| DOI | +https://kluwerlawonline.com/journalarticle/European+Business+Law+Review/32.2/EULR2021010 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Dmitri Boreiko | +
| Author | +Guido Ferrarini | +
| Author | +Paolo Giudici | +
| Abstract | +Initial coin offerings are a new way for blockchain startups +to finance project development by issuing coins or tokens in exchange +for fiat money or Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies. In this article, we + start from the current distinction between different types of tokens +and argue that it can create confusion and should be at least partially +abandoned. We believe that the conceptual difference between a currency +token and a tradable utility token is just the dimension of the crypto +environment in which the token is spent. More specifically, ‘utility +tokens' combine the customer payment mechanism with the utility +component and, when tradable on a secondary market, the investment one. +We argue that they blur the traditional distinctions between currencies, + financial assets and consumption goods. Moreover, we stress the +increasing importance of online crypto exchanges. Recently some +exchanges have also taken up the role of trusted intermediaries and +staked their reputation on token offerings, which are termed initial +exchange offerings and have gained in popularity. We therefore argue +that the crypto market increasingly looks like a segment of the capital +market and behaves as such. Given that tokens have a clear investment +component, we show that they are tradable securities under the +Prospectus Regulation. We compare the European securities regulation +with its US counterpart and focus on prospectus exemptions, highlighting + the great differences between Europe and the US which make Europe less +amicable to blockchain startups. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Springer | +
| Volume | +20 | +
| Pages | +665–694 | +
| Publication | +European Business Organization Law Review | +
| DOI | +10.1007/s40804-019-00168-6 | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| ISSN | +17416205 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +A Orlowski | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Publication | +The Register | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +G. Ishmaev | +
| Abstract | +This paper argues that the practical implementation of +blockchain technology can be considered an institution of property +similar to legal institutions. Invoking Penner's theory of property and +Hegel's system of property rights, and using the example of bitcoin, it +is possible to demonstrate that blockchain effectively implements all +necessary and sufficient criteria for property without reliance on legal + means. Blockchains eliminate the need for a third-party authority to +enforce exclusion rights, and provide a system of universal access to +knowledge and discoverability about the property rights of all +participants and how the system functions. The implications of these +findings are that traditional property relations in society could be +replaced by or supplemented with blockchain models, and implemented in +new domains. | +
| Date | +2017 | +
| Volume | +48 | +
| Pages | +666–686 | +
| Publication | +Metaphilosophy | +
| DOI | +10.1111/meta.12277 | +
| Issue | +5 | +
| ISSN | +14679973 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | +
| Type | +Thesis | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Alice Zannini | +
| Abstract | +Universiteit Utrecht | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| # of Pages | +1–91 | +
| Type | +PhD Thesis | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Primavera De Filippi | +
| Author | +Xavier Lavayssière | +
| Abstract | +Despite its promise to establish a more decentralized society +with a novel economic order, 5 many of the blockchain-based networks or +applications implemented thus far ultimately rely on market dynamics and + economic incentives for distributed coordination. Indeed \ldots | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03098502 | +
| Extra | +ISBN: 9781953035080 | +
| Publication | +The Great Awakening: New Modes of Life amidst Capitalist Ruins, Punctum Book | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:46 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:46 | +
| Type | +Book Section | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Uta Kohl | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Publisher | +Edward Elgar Publishing | +
| Book Title | +Blockchain and Public Law | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 09:08:25 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 09:08:25 | +
| Type | +Blog Post | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Molly White | +
| Abstract | +If you go out seeking to learn why blockchains and the systems + built atop them are apparently the future of our web, you’ll begin to +see some common themes. These fall apart under further scrutiny. | +
| Date | +2022-01-09 | +
| Language | +en-us | +
| URL | +https://blog.mollywhite.net/blockchains-are-not-what-they-say/ | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 11:55:52 | +
| Blog Title | +Molly White | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 11:55:52 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 13:27:27 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Paola Heudebert | +
| Author | +Claire Leveneur | +
| Abstract | +Will the 2020s herald the death warrant of the legal +professions? If we listen to blockchain technology's most devout +advocates, the answer is a resounding yes. Blockchain is often +proclaimed as the ultimate tool for allowing unrestrained exchanges +between contracting parties with no preexisting relationships, and thus +suppressing the need for intermediaries. In other words, blockchain +could be a “trust machine,” which could open up the possibility of +conducting transactions in full confidence, without the risk of +non-performance or misguidance. However, it is utopian idealism to +assume that blockchain technology could enable pure and total +disintermediation. All trusted third parties cannot disappear in one +fell swoop - especially legal professions. This Article problematizes +blockchain's apparent objective of disintermediation and argues that, in + reality, blockchain leads to a form of reintermediation. Of course, the + role of the legal professions in the face of the advance blockchain +technology is inextricable to the role of the law in blockchain. While +advocates have detailed the diminishing role of law and regulation in +the application of blockchain technology, we adopt a comparison of the +French and the American jurisdiction's to blockchain technology, to +demonstrate that, in fact, the law cannot be extricated from +blockchain's advance. This Article explores a new angle on blockchain's +place in the legal professions and offers new perspectives for lawyers +to anticipate a future defined by “known unknowns,” and the “unknown +unknowns” of blockchain technology . | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +https://ssrn.com/abstract=3781504 | +
| Volume | +4 | +
| Pages | +275–319 | +
| Publication | +Cardozo Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. | +
| DOI | +https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3781504 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Robert Herian | +
| Abstract | +Like the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation +(GDPR), the broader, mainstream emergence of blockchain technology in +the present moment of, what I call, data dysphoria is no accident. It is + in part reaction to data dysphoria, and in part exploitation of it, a +duality underpinned by the tantalising promise of the prosumer ‘taking +control' of their data and establishing sovereignty over it. Blockchain +and GDPR alike aim to resolve ‘problem'/'solution' matrices with deep +roots in a wide variety of global economic, political, social, legal and + cultural contexts. This article explores the problem of achieving +resolution based on innovation and technology by offering an account of +the rise of blockchain and implementation of GDPR within a +psycho-political framework, one in which fantasies of taking control are + predominant yet highly contestable actualities in the lives of +technology users. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1080/17579961.2020.1727094 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Volume | +12 | +
| Pages | +156–174 | +
| Publication | +Law, Innovation and Technology | +
| DOI | +10.1080/17579961.2020.1727094 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +1757997X | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | +
| Type | +Book Section | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Pablo Velasco González | +
| Author | +Nathaniel Tkacz | +
| Abstract | +Summary Blockchains are aggregated and distributed databases: +shared, chained, and immutable registries that conflate the production +of digital tokens with their circulation. At their most basic level, +they are technologies for keeping account, or records, of some form of +activity, hence they are part of a long lineage of storing data, from +clay tablets to bookkeeping. On a technical level, blockchains are +peer-to-peer (P2P) structures for distributing and storing data. This +chapter begins with a historical consideration of the emergence of peer +production, including a reevaluation of the work of Yochai Benkler. It +shows that peer production was given coherence as a model of production +by being contrasted with two other modes (hierarchies and markets) and +through the lens of Benkler's economic liberalism. The chapter +distinguishes between four moments or aspects of blockchain initiatives +that configure peers in different ways: peer production, peer +development, peer governance, and peer exchange. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119537151.ch18 | +
| Extra | +Section: 18 +DOI: 10.1002/9781119537151.ch18 | +
| Publisher | +John Wiley & Sons, Ltd | +
| ISBN | +978-1-119-53715-1 | +
| Pages | +238–253 | +
| Book Title | +The Handbook of Peer Production | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Jemima Kelly | +
| Date | +2019-09 | +
| URL | +https://www.ft.com/content/93140eac-9cbb-11e9-9c06-a4640c9feebb | +
| Extra | +Publication Title: Financial Times | +
| Publisher | +Financial Times | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Stephen Diehl | +
| Date | +2021-12-11 | +
| URL | +https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/blockchainism.html | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 10:55:03 | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 10:55:03 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:44:40 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Andres Guadamuz | +
| Author | +Chris Marsden | +
| Abstract | +This paper examines Bitcoin from a legal and regulatory +perspective, answering several important questions. We begin by +explaining what Bitcoin is, and why it matters. We describe problems +with Bitcoin as a method of implementing a cryptocurrency. This +introduction to cryptocurrencies allows us eventually to ask the +inevitable question: Is it legal? What are the regulatory responses to +the currency? Can it be regulated? We make clear why virtual currencies +are of interest, how self-regulation has failed, and what useful lessons + can be learned. Finally, we produce useful and semi-permanent findings +into the usefulness of virtual currencies in general, blockchains as a +means of mining currency, and the profundity of Bitcoin as compared with + the development of block chain technologies. We conclude that though +Bitcoin may be the equivalent of Second Life a decade later, so +blockchains may be the equivalent of Web 2.0 social networks, a truly +transformative social technology. | +
| Date | +2015 | +
| Volume | +20 | +
| Publication | +First Monday | +
| DOI | +10.5210/fm.v20i12.6198 | +
| Issue | +12 | +
| ISSN | +13960466 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | +
| Type | +Video Recording | +
|---|---|
| Director | +Nicholas Weaver | +
| Abstract | +The entire cryptocurrency and blockchain ecology is rife with +frauds, criminalities, and tulip-mania style hype and needs to be +properly disposed of into the... | +
| Date | +2018-04-20 | +
| Language | +en | +
| Short Title | +Blockchains and Cryptocurrencies | +
| Library Catalog | +www.youtube.com | +
| URL | +https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xCHab0dNnj4 | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 12:22:20 | +
| Studio | +Berkeley School of Information | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 12:22:20 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 13:30:37 | +
Nicholas Weaver is a staff researcher with the International +Computer Science Institute (ICSI) and lecturer in EECS, where he teaches + machine structures and computer security. He earned his Ph.D. in +computer science from Berkeley in 2003 and joined ICSI to study network +security and measurement. "The entire cryptocurrency and blockchain +ecology is rife with frauds, criminalities, and tulip-mania style hype +and needs to be properly disposed of into the ashes of history. A +“blockchain” is just a horribly inefficient append-only file which costs + a literal fortune to secure without actually providing meaningful +distributed trust, while cryptocurrencies are provably inferior than +actual currencies for legal real world transactions. Beyond the sheer +uselessness have emerged a whole host of bad ideas, ranging from the +“put a bird^H^H^H^H blockchain on it” hype to unregistered (and mostly +fraudulent) securities with “Initial Coin Offerings” to an invitation +for massive theft in the form of “smart” contracts."
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Malcolm Campbell-Verduyn | +
| Author | +Marcel Goguen | +
| Abstract | +Blockchains combine digital encryption and time stamping +technologies to enable digital exchange to occur in manners celebrated +by proponents as ‘trust-free'. Yet, an increasing range of scholars +argue that actual applications of the peer-to-peer technology shifts, +rather than eliminates, trust. In this article, we draw on +organizational theory to argue that efforts to remove trust reorganize +the action nets that underpin payment systems in manners that extend +rather than eliminate longstanding pathologies afflicting financial +globalization. Our analysis supports and extends the critiques that +blockchain applications are far from ‘trust-free'. By tracing how +efforts to reconfigure the socio-technical composition of the humans and + objects that underpin payment systems, we illustrate how blockchain +applications shift the location and character of the technical +vulnerabilities that create market instabilities and concentration, as +well as elite-led governance. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Wiley Online Library | +
| Volume | +19 | +
| Pages | +308–328 | +
| Publication | +Global Networks | +
| DOI | +10.1111/glob.12214 | +
| Issue | +3 | +
| ISSN | +14710374 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Nathan Schneider | +
| Abstract | +This article presents a survey of broad-based +stakeholder-ownership models for journalism. The models considered are +forms of ownership by employees, associations, audiences, and blends of +these. Some of the examples are so new that they have not been, and +cannot yet be, comprehensively studied. Yet they bear unique promise for + addressing the dual challenges of economic sustainability and perceived + accountability that bedevil news media today. Such promise, however, +does not guarantee success. While broad-based stakeholder ownership in +the news business shows capacity for public accountability, as well as +some promise for business sustainability, it is ill-equipped to compete +in markets organized to favor investor-owners with far greater capital +access. Such ownership models, therefore, will likely require additional + policy support to gain and maintain significant market share. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library | +
| Volume | +7 | +
| Publication | +Media Industries Journal | +
| DOI | +10.3998/mij.15031809.0007.203 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +2373-9037 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Olivier J Blanchard | +
| Author | +Mark W Watson | +
| Date | +1982 | +
| Publication | +NBER working paper | +
| Issue | +w0945 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Peter Howson | +
| Abstract | +This commentary explores how blockchain technology is being +leveraged to improve marine conservation and fisheries supply chain +management globally. In doing so, the paper considers the technical and +political challenges of building trust and equity for various +stakeholders. A blockchain is a smart electronic database, distributed +to all users, immutably tracking every transaction that has ever taken +place on the network. The blockchain is very difficult to hack, with no +single point of authority to make mistakes and collapse the system. +Automated consensus protocols enable data transmitted on the network to +be verified and stored immutably, minimising the risk of data corruption + to near-zero. Blockchain is being increasingly hyped for a range of +services and industries, including transparent resourcing for marine +conservation, reducing pollution from plastics, reducing slavery at sea, + and sustainable fisheries management. Public distrust in some +conservation operations, as well as in the provenance of seafood, is +growing. Although some global marine conservation organisations and +seafood producers have found practical solutions in disruptive +technologies like blockchain, riding this wave will only prove +worthwhile if coastal communities and artisanal fishers are on board and + stand a chance of landing a fair share of the benefits. | +
| Date | +2020-05 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Pergamon | +
| Volume | +115 | +
| Pages | +103873 | +
| Publication | +Marine Policy | +
| DOI | +10.1016/J.MARPOL.2020.103873 | +
| ISSN | +0308-597X | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Ryan Clements | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: HeinOnline | +
| Volume | +11 | +
| Pages | +131 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.3952045 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:18:46 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:18:46 | +
| Type | +Report | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Steve Hanke | +
| Author | +Nicholas Hanlon | +
| Author | +Mihir Chakravarthi | +
| Author | +others | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Institution | +The Johns Hopkins Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and the … | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 09:01:47 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 09:01:47 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +David Graeber | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Penguin | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Type | +Manuscript | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Donncha Kavanagh | +
| Author | +P J Ennis | +
| Abstract | +Algorithmic authority is a distinctive and novel mode of +domination. Akin to other modes described by Weber, it has associated +organisational forms. This paper identifies and analyses one such form, +blockocracy, which occurs in the context of blockchain-based +cryptocurrencies. Taking a processual approach, we describe how +blockocracy emerged historically out of an anti-bureaucracy ideology, a +control revolution, a recognition that computer code can regulate +conduct, and the increasing adoption of algorithms. Taking a shorter +time-horizon, we identify four layers of algorithmic authority, and, +focusing on the blockchain layer, we distinguish between off-chain and +on-chain governance, with the latter having two types of off-chain +rules. While the fashionable rhetoric is that the blockchain is +immutable, we see the blockchain as a dynamic quasi-object, defining and + mutating identities and possibilities. We conclude the paper by +comparing blockocracy with Weber's depiction of bureaucracy. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +https://www.egosnet.org/2019_edinburgh/colloquium | +
| Extra | +DOI: https://www.egos | +
| # of Pages | +23 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:46 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:46 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Charithri Yapa | +
| Author | +Chamitha de Alwis | +
| Author | +Madhusanka Liyanage | +
| Abstract | +Emergence of the Energy Internet (EI) demands restructuring of + traditional electricity grids to integrate heterogeneous energy +sources, distribution network management with grid intelligence and big +data management. This paradigm shift is considered to be a breakthrough +in the energy industry towards facilitating autonomous and decentralized + grid operations while maximizing the utilization of Distributed +Generation (DG). Blockchain has been identified as a disruptive +technology enabler for the realization of EI to facilitate reliable, +self-operated energy delivery. In this paper, we highlight six key +directions towards utilizing blockchain capabilities to realize the +envisaged EI. We elaborate the challenges in each direction and +highlight the role of blockchain in addressing them. Furthermore, we +summarize the future research directive in achieving fully autonomous +and decentralized electricity distribution networks, which will be known + as Energy Internet. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8732/1/2/7 | +
| Volume | +1 | +
| Pages | +95–115 | +
| Publication | +Network | +
| DOI | +10.3390/network1020007 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +2673-8732 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Marc Pilkington | +
| Abstract | +In this paper, we investigate the issue of the Dollar-based +international monetary system. We start by listing the reasons why money + has essentially become a numerical form in the contemporary world +economy. After reviewing the salient characteristics of the flawed +international monetary and financial architecture of the world economy, +we assess whether a transnational unit of account could constitute a +viable political alternative to the current international payments +system. The latter scenario is envisaged both with regard to the field +of international relations, and with the help of a revisited definition +of the transnational capitalist class. Finally, we conclude. | +
| Date | +2017 | +
| Volume | +8 | +
| Publication | +World Review of Political Economy | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.2339678 | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Kaihua Qin | +
| Author | +Liyi Zhou | +
| Author | +Yaroslav Afonin | +
| Author | +Ludovico Lazzaretti | +
| Author | +Arthur Gervais | +
| Abstract | +To non-experts, the traditional Centralized Finance (CeFi) +ecosystem may seem obscure, because users are typically not aware of the + underlying rules or agreements of financial assets and products. +Decentralized Finance (DeFi), however, is making its debut as an +ecosystem claiming to offer transparency and control, which are +partially attributable to the underlying integrity-protected blockchain, + as well as currently higher financial asset yields than CeFi. Yet, the +boundaries between CeFi and DeFi may not be always so clear cut. In this + work, we systematically analyze the differences between CeFi and DeFi, +covering legal, economic, security, privacy and market manipulation. We +provide a structured methodology to differentiate between a CeFi and a +DeFi service. Our findings show that certain DeFi assets (such as USDC +or USDT stablecoins) do not necessarily classify as DeFi assets, and may + endanger the economic security of intertwined DeFi protocols. We +conclude this work with the exploration of possible synergies between +CeFi and DeFi. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.08157 | +
| Extra | +_eprint: 2106.08157 | +
| Publication | +arXiv preprint arXiv:2106.08157 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:17:59 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:17:59 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Hossein Nabilou | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Banking Regulation | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 13:18:05 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 13:18:05 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Benjamin Braun | +
| Author | +Daniela Gabor | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| DOI | +10.31235/osf.io/nf9ms | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Xiaotong Sun | +
| Abstract | +Based on Ethereum blockchain, Decentralized Autonomous +Organization (DAO) provides a possible solution to decentralized +governance, and many Decentralized Finance (DeFi) applications adopt the + novel governance mechanism. However, by analyzing governance in Maker +protocol, we find that centralized governance still exists. Measurements + are established in three categories, namely voting participation, +centralized voting power, and efficiency of decision-making. +Furthermore, governance centralization has influence on both Maker +protocol and Ethereum blockchain, and the results imply that DeFi +investors are faced with a trade-off between efficiency and +decentralization. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.3971791 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Felix Fritsch | +
| Author | +Jeff Emmett | +
| Author | +Emaline Friedman | +
| Author | +Rok Kranjc | +
| Author | +Sarah Manski | +
| Author | +Michael Zargham | +
| Author | +Michel Bauwens | +
| Abstract | +The re-emergence of commoning over the last decades is not +incidental, but rather indicative of a large-scale transition to a more +“generative” organization of society that is oriented toward the +planet's global carrying capacity. Digital commons governance frameworks + are of particular importance for a new global paradigm of cooperation, +one that can scale the organization of communities around common goals +and resources to unprecedented levels of size, complexity and +granularity. Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) such as blockchain +have lately given new impetus to the emergence of a new generation of +authentic “sharing economy,” protected from capture by thorough +distribution of power over infrastructure, that spans not only digital +but also physical production of common value. The exploration of the +frontiers of DLT-based commoning at the heart of this article considers +three exemplary cases for this new generation of commons-oriented +community frameworks: the Commons Stack, Holochain and the Commons +Engine, and the Economic Space Agency. While these projects differ in +their scope as well as in their relation to physical common-pool +resources (CPRs), they all share the task of redefining markets so as to + be more conducive to the production and sustainment of common value(s). + After introducing each of them with regards to their specificities and +commonalities, we analyze their capacity to foster commons-oriented +economies and “money for the commons” that limit speculation, emphasize +use-value over exchange-value, favor equity in human relations, and +promote responsibility for the preservation of natural habitats. Our +findings highlight the strengths of DLTs for a federated scaling of CPR +governance frameworks that accommodates rather than obliterates cultural + differences and creates webs of fractal belonging among nested +communities. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Volume | +4 | +
| Pages | +1–16 | +
| Publication | +Frontiers in Blockchain | +
| DOI | +10.3389/fbloc.2021.578721 | +
| Issue | +April | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:24 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Pablo de Andrés | +
| Author | +David Arroyo | +
| Author | +Ricardo Correia | +
| Author | +Alvaro Rezola | +
| Abstract | +This article analyzes the main problems and the solutions +adopted in the market for Initial Coin Offerings (ICO), to anticipate +the future of this market and determine implications for issuers, +investors and regulators. ICOs represent an alternative and innovative +financing solution that has experienced spectacular growth and notoriety + in recent years. ICOs rely on Blockchain protocols and the ICO market +is, therefore, characterized as decentralized, disintermediated and +unregulated. Our results show that although the ICO market is +innovative, it already displays many of the problems of traditional +financial markets, and that these problems were at the genesis of the +last financial crisis. Our analysis of the problems and solutions +adopted shows a tension between what the Blockchain technology offers, +and the problems associated with the financing of innovation. +Considering the problems and solutions adopted, we no longer expect the +ICO market to be characterized as disintermediated, unregulated or even +decentralized in the near future. Furthermore, it is a real possibility +that ICOs may end up being a progressor model eventually replaced by +similar but more specialized financing models, some of which may already + exist. With respect to the particular solutions of the ICO market, +while some represent the realization of the potential of Blockchain, +others such as forks have important Governance implications with the +potential to create as many problems as the ones they address. | +
| Date | +2022 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +79 | +
| Pages | +101966 | +
| Publication | +International Review of Financial Analysis | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.irfa.2021.101966 | +
| ISSN | +10575219 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:22 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:22 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Steve Stecklow | +
| Author | +Alexandra Harney | +
| Author | +Anna Irrera | +
| Author | +Jemima Kelly | +
| Date | +2017 | +
| Volume | +29 | +
| Publication | +Reuters, September | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Peter Howson | +
| Abstract | +In this commentary we explore how international development, +disaster relief and climate change mitigation credentials are being +called upon to justify ‘crypto-colonialism', whereby blockchain +technology is used to extract economic benefits from those suffering the + scars of colonial expansionism in the Global South. These benefits +include land, labour and resources needed to facilitate local +‘crypto-utopian' developments, or a ‘green economy' elsewhere. As with +past neoliberal development agendas imposing structural economic +reforms, the contemporary crypto-colonial exercises discussed here are +driven in pursuit of a common good – to protect the global commons and +improve people's lives. Within spaces where crypto-colonialism +manifests, the governance frameworks of the associated technology is +heavily entangled with social-spatial relations in multiple ways. We +argue that despite being distributed, techno-ecological fixes are never +placeless. How people engage with, resist or reconfigure a +crypto-economy is geographically contingent. This commentary argues for +more situated critical analysis of actually existing case-studies to +reveal the inequitable terrain of project benefit distributions, and to +expose the likely winners and losers within each. The success or failure + of use-cases is less dependent on technical viability, but rather +mediated through reactions to colonial contexts and historical +experiences of various economic and climate crises. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Volume | +3 | +
| Publication | +Frontiers in Blockchain | +
| DOI | +10.3389/fbloc.2020.00022 | +
| Issue | +May | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Edmund Schuster | +
| Abstract | +Abstract The supposed disruptive and transformational +potential of blockchain technology has received widespread attention in +the media, from legislators, and from academics across disciplines. +While much of this attention has revolved around cryptocurrencies such +as Bitcoin, many see the true promise of blockchain technology in its +potential use for transactions in traditional assets, as well as for +facilitating self-executing ‘smart contracts', which replace vague and +imprecise natural language with unambiguous computer code. This article +presents a simple legal argument against the feasibility of a meaningful + blockchain-based economic system. Blockchain-based systems are shown to + be unsuitable for transactions in traditional assets, unless design +choices are made which render the use of the technology pointless. The +same argument is shown to apply to smart contracts. Legal and practical +obstacles therefore mean that, outside its original realm of +cryptocurrencies, blockchain technology is highly unlikely to transform +economic interactions in the real world. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1468-2230.12603 | +
| Volume | +84 | +
| Pages | +974–1004 | +
| Publication | +The Modern Law Review | +
| DOI | +https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.12603 | +
| Issue | +5 | +
| ISSN | +14682230 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Jan Oster | +
| Abstract | +The article argues for a sharp analytical distinction between +the realms of technology and of law. The question to what extent the law + 'can' be digitalized relates to technology, whereas the question to +what extent it 'may' be digitalized falls within the realm of the law. +Against this backdrop, it is argued that digital technology does not +challenge the law fundamentally. Instead, the crucial questions on the +relationship between law and digitalization lie in the details. The +article raises those questions and provides an analytical framework for +the law of digitalization and the digitalization of law. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Oxford University Press | +
| Volume | +29 | +
| Pages | +101–117 | +
| Publication | +International Journal of Law and Information Technology | +
| DOI | +10.1093/ijlit/eaab004 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +14643693 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Mireille Hildebrandt | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing | +
| Pages | +67 | +
| Publication | +Is Law Computable? | +
| DOI | +10.5040/9781509937097.ch-003 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Shaanan Cohney | +
| Author | +David Hoffman | +
| Author | +Jeremy Sklaroff | +
| Author | +David Wishnick | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: JSTOR | +
| Volume | +119 | +
| Pages | +591–676 | +
| Publication | +Columbia Law Review | +
| Issue | +3 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +G. Seyfang | +
| Abstract | +The author critically evaluates the impact and potential of a +community currency-or local money system-known as the 'local exchange +trading scheme' (LETS), to contribute to sustainable local development +(SLD). Two distinct and contrasting models for sustainable development +are described: a mainstream approach, focused on local regeneration +[termed here the 'local economic development' (LED) approach]; and a +radical 'green' or 'new economics' strategy (referred to as 'sustainable + local development' or SLD). In the elaboration of these models the +functions of community currencies within each perspective are outlined, +and the basis for an evaluate framework is provided. Most previous +analysis of LETS has used a broadly LED perspective; this paper focuses +on an evaluation for SLD, as this has not previously been +comprehensively done. For SLD, community currencies should enable people + to: meet local needs through informal employment; revalue and redefine +'work'; promote localisation and self-reliance; shift consumption +patterns towards sharing, recycling, reuse, and reducing resource use; +and build green social networks. Findings from a case-study LETS +indicate that this community currency is successful in allowing +participants to make small changes in their lifestyles, consumption, and + employment patterns towards SLD, but there are limitations of size, +scope, funding and management to be overcome before this could be +achieved more effectively with LETS. However, following the LED-relevant + prescriptions for upscaling and mainstreaming would undermine the +qualities which align LETS with SLD perspective, and this highlights the + importance of choosing appropriate evaluative frameworks, particularly +when appraising sustainable-development initiatives. | +
| Date | +2001 | +
| Volume | +33 | +
| Pages | +975–996 | +
| Publication | +Environment and Planning A | +
| DOI | +10.1068/a33216 | +
| Issue | +6 | +
| ISSN | +0308518X | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:28:35 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:28:35 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Alexandra Schneiders | +
| Author | +David Shipworth | +
| Abstract | +Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading is emerging as a new +mechanism for settling the exchange of energy between renewable energy +generators and consumers. P2P provides a mechanism for local balancing +when it is facilitated through distributed ledgers (‘blockchains'). +Energy communities across Europe have uncovered the potential of this +technology and are currently running pilots to test its applicability in + P2P energy trading. The aim of this paper is to assess, using legal +literature and legislation, whether the legal forms available to energy +communities in the United Kingdom (UK) can help resolve some of the +uncertainties around the individual use of blockchain for P2P energy +trading. This includes the legal recognition of ‘prosumers', the +protection of their personal data, as well as the validity of ‘smart +contracts' programmed to trade energy on the blockchain network. The +analysis has shown that legal entities, such as Limited Liability +Partnerships and Co-operative Societies, can play a crucial role in +providing the necessary framework to protect consumers engaging in these + transactions. This is particularly the case for co-operatives, given +that they can hold members liable for not respecting the rules set out +in their (compulsory) governing document. These findings are relevant to + other European countries, where the energy co-operative model is also +used. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/12/3569 | +
| Volume | +14 | +
| Publication | +Energies | +
| DOI | +10.3390/en14123569 | +
| Issue | +12 | +
| ISSN | +1996-1073 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Type | +Blog Post | +
|---|---|
| Author | +David Gerard | +
| Abstract | +Even the best-intentioned cryptocurrencies can become scams. | +
| Language | +en-US | +
| Short Title | +Confused About Dogecoin? | +
| URL | +https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/02/11/dogecoin-how-does-it-work-elon-musk-cryptocurrency/ | +
| Accessed | +03/03/2022, 13:06:31 | +
| Blog Title | +Foreign Policy | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 13:06:31 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 13:06:31 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Malcolm Campbell-Verduyn | +
| Abstract | +Meeting on the second anniversary of the Paris Agreement +signing in 2017, the United Nations Climate Change Secretariat founded +the Climate Chain Coalition (CCC). Backed by a number of +multi-stakeholder groups like the Blockchain for Climate Foundation, the + Ottawa-based CCC promotes the 'blockchainization' of the Paris +Agreement. What kind of 'cooler' world do blockchain-based climate +governance projects conjure? This paper scrutinizes the shared visions +materializing across climate finance experiments, locating them largely +within existing individualistic imaginaries rather than more +collectivistic alternatives. It finds the imaginaries of 'cool' +technological experimentation to fall short in materializing broader +input and more effective output required to overcome the legitimacy +crisis facing market-led climate governance. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +http://dx.doi.org/10.14282/2198-0411-GCRP-28 | +
| Extra | +ISBN: 2033795276 | +
| Volume | +28 | +
| Publication | +Global Cooperation Research Papers | +
| DOI | +doi:10.14282/2198-0411-GCRP-28 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +A. Diaz Valdivia | +
| Author | +M. Poblet Balcell | +
| Abstract | +Critical effects of global climate change urgently call for +socio-technical transitions towards more efficient, flexible and cleaner + energy systems. However, adequate regulatory frameworks and policy +incentives are lagging behind. This paper focuses on the governance +dynamics shaping technology-enabled transitions towards distributed +energy systems. The purpose of this review is to assess the potential +role of blockchain technology in enhancing the governance of +sociotechnical energy transitions. For this, the paper reviews: (1) the +governance arrangements shaping distributed energy transitions, (2) the +emergence of blockchain-based solutions in the energy sector (focusing +on P2P energy trading platforms) and, (3) the role of the blockchain in +overcoming the governance limitations of distributed energy transitions. + The study addresses emerging but interrelated niches of academic study +from an integral conceptualization and synthesis of the literature. +Rather than extensively covering these fields of research, the purpose +is to connect these areas of academic knowledge and expand the +theoretical understanding stemming from this convergence. The findings +show the potential of blockchain-based governance to overcome +institutional barriers related to trust-building and enhanced +coordination for community-based energy transitions. | +
| Date | +2022 | +
| URL | +https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629621004710 | +
| Volume | +84 | +
| Pages | +102383 | +
| Publication | +Energy Research and Social Science | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.erss.2021.102383 | +
| ISSN | +22146296 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Alexia Maddox | +
| Author | +Monica J. Barratt | +
| Author | +Matthew Allen | +
| Author | +Simon Lenton | +
| Abstract | +This paper explores activism enacted through Silk Road, a now +defunct cryptomarket where illicit drugs were sold in the dark web. +Drawing on a digital ethnography of Silk Road, we develop the notion of +constructive activism to extend the lexicon of concepts available to +discuss forms of online activism. Monitoring of the cryptomarket took +place between June 2011 and its closure in October 2013. Just before and + after the closure of the marketplace we conducted anonymous online +interviews with 17 people who reported buying drugs on Silk Road (1.0). +These interviews were conducted synchronously and interactively through +encrypted instant messaging. Participants discussed harnessing and +developing the technological tools needed to access Silk Road and engage + within the Silk Road community. For participants Silk Road was not just + a market for trading drugs: it facilitated a shared experience of +personal freedom within a libertarian philosophical framework, where +open discussions about stigmatized behaviours were encouraged and +supported. Tensions between public activism against drug prohibition and + the need to hide one's identity as a drug user from public scrutiny +were partially resolved through community actions that internalized +these politics, rather than engaging in forms of online activism that +are intended to have real-world political effects. Most aptly described +through van de Sande's (2015) concept of prefigurative politics, they +sought to transform their values into built environments that were +designed to socially engineer a more permissive digital reality, which +we refer to as constructive activism. | +
| Date | +2016 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Volume | +19 | +
| Pages | +111–126 | +
| Publication | +Information Communication and Society | +
| DOI | +10.1080/1369118X.2015.1093531 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +14684462 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Date | +1967 | +
| Extra | +Issue: No. 9199 +Pages: 466 +Publication Title: F. 2d +Volume: 387 | +
| Publisher | +Court of Appeals, 10th Circuit | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Alexander Savelyev | +
| Abstract | +The paper analyzes legal issues associated with the +application of existing contract law provisions to so-called Smart +contracts, defined in the paper as ‘agreements existing in the form of +software code implemented on the Blockchain platform, which ensures the +autonomy and self-executive nature of Smart contract terms based on a +predetermined set of factors'. The paper consists of several sections. +In the second section, the paper outlines the peculiarities of +Blockchain technology, as currently implemented in Bitcoin +cryptocurrency, which forms the core of Smart contracts. In the third +section, the main characteristic features of Smart contracts are +described. Finally, the paper outlines key tensions between classic +contract law and Smart contracts. The concluding section sets the core +question for analysis of the perspectives of implementation of this +technology by governments: ‘How to align the powers of the government +with Blockchain if there is no central authority but only distributed +technologies'. The author suggests two solutions, neither of which is +optimal: (1) providing the state authorities with the status of a +Superuser with extra powers; and (2) relying on traditional remedies and + enforcement practices, by pursuing specific individuals–parties to a +Smart contract–in offline mode. | +
| Date | +2017 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Volume | +26 | +
| Pages | +116–134 | +
| Publication | +Information and Communications Technology Law | +
| DOI | +10.1080/13600834.2017.1301036 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +14698404 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Farshad Ghodoosi | +
| Abstract | +Smart contracts lie at the heart of blockchain technology. +There are two principal problems, however, with existing smart +contracts: First, the enforceability of smart contracts remains +ambiguous. Second, smart contracts are limited in scope and capability +barring more complex contracts from being executed via blockchain +technology. Drawing from the existing literature on contracts and smart +contracting, this Article suggests new approaches to address these two +problems. First, it proposes a framework based on reliance-based +contracting to analyze smart contracts. Second, the Article analyzes the + seismic shifts in contractual disputes, and offers new insights into +its features including decentralized decision-making, network-based +dispute resolution, and extrajudicial enforcement of decisions. The +Article concludes that users' reliance should be the basis for analysis +of smart contracts and its associated dispute resolution mechanism. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wlr/vol96/iss1/2/ | +
| Extra | +Publisher: HeinOnline | +
| Volume | +96 | +
| Pages | +51–92 | +
| Publication | +Washington Law Review | +
| DOI | +https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wlr/vol96/iss1/2/ | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +00430617 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Mike Orcutt | +
| Date | +2020-04 | +
| URL | +http://www.technologyreview.com/2020/03/19/905207/coronavirus-is-forcing-fans-of-bitcoin-to-realize-its-not-a-safe-haven-after-all/. | +
| Extra | +Publication Title: MIT Technology Review | +
| Publisher | +MIT Technology Review | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Emily Fletcher | +
| Author | +Charles Larkin | +
| Author | +Shaen Corbet | +
| Abstract | +Bitcoin was created in 2008 to serve as an alternative payment + mechanism for both the under-banked and un-banked, or those in regions +where the formal financial system suffers from broad corruption and +efficient regulation. However, criminals and terrorists quickly +exploited Bitcoin's unique properties, namely its peer-to-peer nature +and pseudo-anonymity, to facilitate extensive terrorist financing and +money laundering schemes. Government reactions to safeguard national +security interests have been extremely varied, ranging from outright +bans to passive tolerance. This inconsistency stems from how to +effectively classify Bitcoin. On one side are those who argue Bitcoin is + a currency, and on the other are those who claim it is a type of asset. + In the US alone, these discrepancies have led to a bureaucratic turf +war between different regulatory bodies, namely the Financial Crimes +Enforcement Network, the Commodity Futures Trading Association, the +Securities and Exchange Commission, and the Internal Revenue Service. +This study seeks to move beyond the existing legal frameworks, arguing +that Bitcoin should be classified as a technology and regulation should +rest with private sector technology companies. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2021.101387 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier B.V. | +
| Volume | +56 | +
| Pages | +101387 | +
| Publication | +Research in International Business and Finance | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.ribaf.2021.101387 | +
| Issue | +January | +
| ISSN | +02755319 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | +
| Type | +Thesis | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Syeda Mariam Humayun | +
| Abstract | +This dissertation is based on a longitudinal ethnographic and +netnographic study of the Bitcoin and broader Blockchain community. The +data is drawn from 38 in-depth interviews and 200+ informal interviews, +plus archival news media sources, netnography, and participant +observation conducted in multiple cities: Toronto, Amsterdam, Berlin, +Miami, New York, Prague, San Francisco, Cancun, Boston/Cambridge, and +Tokyo. Participation at Bitcoin/Blockchain conferences included: +Consensus Conference New York, North American Bitcoin Conference, +Satoshi Roundtable Cancun, MIT Business of Blockchain, and Scaling +Bitcoin Tokyo. The research fieldwork was conducted between 2014-2018. +The dissertation is structured as three papers: - Satoshi is Dead. Long +Live Satoshi. The Curious Case of Bitcoin: This paper focuses on the +myth of anonymity and how by remaining anonymous, Satoshi Nakamoto, was +able to leave his creation open to widespread adoption. - Tracing the +United Nodes of Bitcoin: This paper examines the intersection of +religiosity, technology, and money in the Bitcoin community. - Our Brand + Is Crisis: Creation and Resilience of Decentralized Brands Bitcoin +& the Blockchain: Drawing on ecological resilience framework as a +conceptual metaphor this paper maps how various stabilizing and +destabilizing forces in the Bitcoin ecosystem helped in the evolution of + a decentralized brand and promulgated more mainstreaming of the Bitcoin + brand. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +http://hdl.handle.net/10315/37662%0A | +
| Extra | +DOI: http://hdl.handle.net/10315/37662 | +
| Type | +PhD Thesis | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Natasha Turak | +
| Abstract | +Credit Suisse is defending the VelocityShares Daily Inverse +VIX Short-Term exchange-traded note, as experts question the logic +behind such securities. | +
| Date | +2018-02-07T15:42:49+0000 | +
| Language | +en | +
| URL | +https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/07/credit-suisse-defends-controversial-xiv-etn-amid-market-turmoil.html | +
| Accessed | +02/03/2022, 14:23:49 | +
| Extra | +Section: Markets | +
| Website Title | +CNBC | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 14:23:49 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 14:23:49 | +
| Type | +Book | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Peter Ludlow | +
| Date | +2001 | +
| Publisher | +MIT Press | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 09:07:44 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 09:07:44 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Seda Gürses | +
| Author | +Arun Kundnani | +
| Author | +Joris Van Hoboken | +
| Abstract | +Since Edward Snowden's revelations of US and UK surveillance +programs, privacy advocates, progressive security engineers, and policy +makers have been seeking to win majority support for countering +surveillance. The problem is framed as the replacement of targeted +surveillance with mass surveillance programs, and the solutions put +forward are predominantly technical and involve the use of encryption – +or ‘crypto' – as a defense mechanism. The counter-surveillance movement +is timely and deserves widespread support. However, as this article will + argue and illustrate, raising the specter of an Orwellian system of +mass surveillance, shifting the discussion to the technical domain, and +couching that shift in economic terms undermine a political reading that + would attend to the racial, gendered, classed, and colonial aspects of +the surveillance programs. Our question is as follows: how can this +specific discursive framing of counter-surveillance be re-politicized +and broadened to enable a wider societal debate informed by the +experiences of those subjected to targeted surveillance and associated +state violence? | +
| Date | +2016 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England | +
| Volume | +38 | +
| Pages | +576–590 | +
| Publication | +Media, Culture and Society | +
| DOI | +10.1177/0163443716643006 | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| ISSN | +14603675 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Shaela W Rae | +
| Author | +Lorraine Mastersmith | +
| Abstract | +[...]the factors under consideration by the regulators in +making these assessments include:55 * whether the platform is structured + so that there is intended to be and is delivery of crypto assets to +investors; * if there is delivery, when that occurs, and whether it is +to an investor's wallet over which the platform does not have control or + custody; * whether investors' crypto assets are pooled together with +those of other investors and with the assets of the platform; * whether +the platform or a related party holds or controls the investors' assets; + * if the platform holds or stores assets for its participants, how the +platform makes use of those assets; * whether the investor can trade, or + rollover positions held by the platform, and having regard to the legal + arrangements between the platform and its participants, the actual +functions of the platform and the manner in which transactions occur on +it; * who has control or custody of crypto assets; * who is the legal +owner of such crypto assets; and * what rights investors will have in +the event of the platform's insolvency. (b) The Proposed Regulatory +Framework (i) Overview The proposed framework is based on the existing +regulatory framework applicable to marketplaces in Canada. [...]it is +worth noting that in instances where a platform does not take custody of + digital-assets on behalf of its users, insurance may not even be +necessary.145 The idea was also proposed to devise an insurance scheme +similar to the CDIC, in which crypto asset platforms would be required +to participate, with reasonable premiums and strict parameters.146 If +not a long-term solution, this approach could nonetheless be useful in +the short term to provide insurance to these platforms while the market +for insurance adjusts to this industry. [...]the CDCC "is concerned that + the Proposed Platform Framework may stifle these innovations, which are + designed to protect personal information and reduce transaction costs, +by imposing a traditional model of financial regulation onto Platforms. +"158 Specific tools have yet to be developed, but the commentary +suggests that all the pieces are there to build them. Because there are +significant differences in the risks that exist between traditional and +decentralized clearing, it was suggested that decentralized exchanges +should be subject to KYC and AML compliance measures that appropriately +reflect their business models.159 The CDCC recommends using new models +for digital identity and digital transaction security that have the +potential to dramatically enhance the security for these types of +trades, rather than following the usual KYC and AML protocol.160 +Coincidentally, and as we are about to discuss, traditional KYC and AML +protocol in Canada just went through an upgrade. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +https://search.proquest.com/docview/2322612081?accountid=13031%0Ahttp://sfx.nelliportaali.fi/nelli28b?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&genre=article&sid=ProQ:ProQ%3Aabiglobal&atitle=Crypto+Asset+Trading+in+Canada%3A+Entering+a+ | +
| Extra | +Publisher: HAB Press Limited | +
| Volume | +35 | +
| Pages | +153–185 | +
| Publication | +Banking & Finance Law Review | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +08328722 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Matthew Leising | +
| Date | +2020-08 | +
| URL | +http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-08-20/crypto-assets-of-50-billion-moved-from-china-in-the-past-year | +
| Extra | +Publication Title: Bloomberg | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Sherena Sheng Huang | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited | +
| Publication | +Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 13:14:03 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 13:14:03 | +
| Type | +Newspaper Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Gary Silverman | +
| Abstract | +Luke Ellis compares digital assets to the 17th-century Dutch tulip craze | +
| Date | +2021-07-26 | +
| URL | +https://www.ft.com/content/9275baf4-0422-43a1-b8c9-9317882ca874 | +
| Accessed | +18/02/2022, 13:26:32 | +
| Publication | +Financial Times | +
| Date Added | +18/02/2022, 13:26:32 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 13:31:40 | +
| Type | +Newspaper Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Gary Silverman | +
| Abstract | +Luke Ellis compares digital assets to the 17th-century Dutch tulip craze | +
| Date | +2021-07-26 | +
| URL | +https://www.ft.com/content/9275baf4-0422-43a1-b8c9-9317882ca874 | +
| Accessed | +02/03/2022, 11:18:22 | +
| Publication | +Financial Times | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 11:18:22 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 11:18:22 | +
| Type | +Book Section | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Jan Groos | +
| Abstract | +Crypto Politics: Notes on Sociotechnical Imaginaries of +Governance in Blockchain Based Technologies was published in Data Loam +on page 148. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +DOI: 10.1515/9783110697841-009 | +
| Volume | +1 | +
| ISBN | +978-1-119-13053-6 | +
| Pages | +148–170 | +
| Book Title | +Data Loam | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:46 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:46 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Shlomit Azgad-Tromer | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: HeinOnline | +
| Volume | +68 | +
| Pages | +69 | +
| Publication | +Am. UL Rev. | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 13:15:10 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 13:15:10 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Albert Wenger | +
| Date | +2016-07-28 | +
| URL | +https://continuations.com/post/148098927445/crypto-tokens-and-the-age-of-protocol-innovation | +
| Accessed | +28/02/2022, 11:07:36 | +
| Extra | +Move about incentivizing investment in the protocols | +
| Date Added | +28/02/2022, 11:07:36 | +
| Modified | +28/02/2022, 11:15:06 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Lin William Cong | +
| Author | +Xi Li | +
| Author | +Ke Tang | +
| Author | +Yang Yang | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Publication | +Available at SSRN 3530220 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Luke Ottenhof | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Publication | +VICE Media | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Book Section | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Isadora Hellegren | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-887%0A | +
| Extra | +DOI: https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-887 | +
| Book Title | +Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Peter Howson | +
| Abstract | +A blockchain is a smart electronic database, distributed to +all users, immutably tracking every transaction that has ever taken +place between nodes on a network. The technology is being used by some +nonprofits to address various operational challenges, including +attaching automated conditions to charitable donations facilitated by +programmable “crypto-giving” platforms. Drawing from analysis of +technical documents provided by active crypto-giving projects, this +review considers how these platforms enable radical shifts in sectoral +power relations through “surveillance philanthropy”. This algorithmic +surveillance ensures project funding fully reflects the interests of +donors, while potentially restricting nonprofits in meeting the dynamic +and complex needs of project beneficiaries. The paper considers the +benefit trade-offs from crypto-giving platforms in three areas of +utilization: (a) new forms of donor engagement and fundraising, (b) new +tools for organizational governance, and (c) novel provision of +development assistance. Despite the possible efficiency and transparency + benefits of crypto-giving platforms, more research and practitioner +engagement is required to ensure the sector's funding is secure and +sustainable, without entailing significant risks for proposed +beneficiaries. | +
| Date | +2021-06 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Jossey-Bass Inc., Publishers | +
| Volume | +31 | +
| Pages | +805–820 | +
| Publication | +Nonprofit Management and Leadership | +
| DOI | +10.1002/nml.21452 | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| ISSN | +15427854 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Philipp Hacker | +
| Author | +Chris Thomale | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: De Gruyter | +
| Volume | +15 | +
| Pages | +645–696 | +
| Publication | +European Company and Financial Law Review | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 13:14:49 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 13:14:49 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Jamie Powell | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +https://ftalphaville.ft.com/2018/11/29/1543469404000/Crypto-shills/ | +
| Publication | +Financial Times | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Book | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Chris Brummer | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Publisher | +Oxford University Press | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Type | +Book | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Chris Burniske | +
| Author | +Jack Tatar | +
| Date | +2017 | +
| Publisher | +McGraw Hill Professional | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Peter Howson | +
| Author | +Sarah Oakes | +
| Author | +Zachary Baynham-Herd | +
| Author | +Jon Swords | +
| Abstract | +In this commentary, we explore how blockchain is being +leveraged to address the fundamental problems with market-based forest +protection globally. In doing so, we consider the ways ‘cryptocarbon' +initiatives are creating new challenges that have so far escaped +critical scrutiny. A blockchain is a distributed and immutable +electronic database – a ledger of every transaction that has ever taken +place on a network, stored as cryptographically secured blocks, strung +together in a chain. The technology is being increasingly hyped as +applicable for a whole range of industries, social service provisions, +and environmental management concerns. This includes the facilitation of + natural asset market mechanisms, like Reducing Emissions from +Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). The original aim of REDD+ +was to incentivise conservation, making tropical forests more valuable +standing than cut down. Multiple factors, including lack of consumer +interest, created an oversupply of carbon commodities. Ninety-five +percent of the world's avoided deforestation credits, representing +millions of hectares of conserved forest, were stuck without a buyer. +Several flagging REDD+ projects are now hoping that blockchain +technology can carry them to new heights of market capitalisation. +However, like with any powerful new technology, the benefits remain +ambiguous. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.02.011 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +100 | +
| Pages | +1–9 | +
| Publication | +Geoforum | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.02.011 | +
| Issue | +February 2019 | +
| ISSN | +00167185 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Shri T Rabi Sankar | +
| Abstract | +(Keynote address delivered by Shri T Rabi Sankar, Deputy +Governor, Reserve Bank of India - February 14th, 2022 - at the Indian +Banks Association 17th Annual Banking Technology Conference and Awards) | +
| URL | +https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_SpeechesView.aspx?Id=1196 | +
| Accessed | +02/03/2022, 09:59:59 | +
| Website Title | +Reserve Bank of India | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 09:59:59 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 10:01:25 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Arianna Tozze | +
| Author | +Josh Kamps | +
| Author | +Eray Arda Akartuna | +
| Author | +Toby Davies | +
| Author | +Florian Hetzel | +
| Author | +Shane D. Johnson | +
| Abstract | +Cryptocurrency fraud has become a growing global concern, with + various governments reporting an increase in the frequency of and +losses from cryptocurrency scams. Despite increasing fraudulent activity + involving cryptocurrencies, research on the potential of +cryptocurrencies for fraud has not been examined in a systematic study. +This review examines the current state of knowledge about what kinds of +cryptocurrency fraud currently exist, or are expected to exist in the +future, and provides comprehensive definitions of the frauds identified. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Springer | +
| Volume | +11 | +
| Pages | +4 | +
| Publication | +Crime Science | +
| DOI | +10.1186/s40163-021-00163-8 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Luca Fantacci | +
| Abstract | +The theoretical foundations of bitcoin have been frequently +traced back to the Austrian school of economics. To the extent that +cryptocurrencies are not issued by a centralized authority and do not +rely on an official legal tender status for their acceptance, they may +indeed appear as a dramatic departure from the historical trend that has + led, over the past few centuries, to the making of national money and +as a decisive step toward the “denationalization of money” advocated by +F. A. von Hayek. This article investigates to what extent bitcoin truly +embodies the principles of stable money prescribed by Hayek and whether +the proliferation of cryptocurrencies constitutes a Hayekian monetary +competition. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1080/08911916.2019.1624319 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Routledge | +
| Volume | +48 | +
| Pages | +105–126 | +
| Publication | +International Journal of Political Economy | +
| DOI | +10.1080/08911916.2019.1624319 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +15580970 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Donncha Kavanagh | +
| Author | +Paul John Ennis | +
| Abstract | +AbstractBlockocracies are a coherent, distinctive and novel +organizational form bound by a collective ledger and a cryptocurrency. +We frame our analysis of blockocracies against Weber's enduring +description of bureaucracy, identifying those features of Weberian +bureaucracies that are present, absent or marginalized in blockocracies. + In contrast to bureaucracy's monocratic authority structure, authority +in blockocracies is centered on four distinct layers. In each layer, +there is governance of the code and governance by the code, and in the +latter we distinguish between endogenous and exogenous rules. We also +compare the “blockocrat” with Weber's depiction of the bureaucrat. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2020.1795958 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Routledge | +
| Volume | +36 | +
| Pages | +290–300 | +
| Publication | +The Information Society | +
| DOI | +10.1080/01972243.2020.1795958 | +
| Issue | +5 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Catherine Malabou | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +http://australianhumanitiesreview.org/2020/05/31/cryptocurrencies-anarchist-turn-or-strengthening-of-surveillance-capitalism-from-bitcoin-to-libra/ | +
| Volume | +66 | +
| Publication | +Australian Humanities Review | +
| DOI | +http://australianhumanitiesreview.org/2020/05/31/cryptocurrencies-anarchist-turn-or-strengthening-of-surveillance-capitalism-from-bitcoin-to-libra/ | +
| Issue | +May 2020 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | +
| Type | +Book Section | +
|---|---|
| Date | +2018 | +
| URL | +https://www.bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2018e5.htm | +
| Publisher | +Bank for International Settlements Basel | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Rebecca M. Bratspies | +
| Abstract | +True cryptocurrency believers posit a world with virtually +limitless applications for the block chain. They tout the prospect of a +globally accepted currency that works with lightning speed, costs +virtually nothing, and guarantees 100% security and anonymity while +eliminating the need to trust third parties. So far, the reality of +cryptocurrency has not lived up to its hype. It turns out that +cryptocurrency transactions can be slow, and expensive, because the +blockchain, scales poorly. However, the really interesting divergence +between pitch and reality has to do with the purported consequences of +decentralization — the claim that bitcoin obviates the need for trust. +This article interrogates the claim that trust can be replaced with +blockchain technology. It tests the claims that Bitcoin eliminates the +need for trust against real world experiences of Bitcoin holders and +markets. It documents the many points at which cryptocurrencies shifts +the locus of embedded trust, rather than eliminating the need for such +trust. Finally, the article concludes that rather than replacing trust, +cryptocurrencies instead require users to repose their trust in less +transparent, less reliable and less accountable parties. | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| URL | +https://repository.law.umich.edu/mttlr/vol25/iss1/2/ | +
| Volume | +1 | +
| Publication | +Mich. Telecomm. & Tech. L. Rev | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.3141605 | +
| ISSN | +1528-8625 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Lee Reiners | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: HeinOnline | +
| Volume | +30 | +
| Pages | +695 | +
| Publication | +S. Cal. Interdisc. LJ | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 13:20:21 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 13:20:21 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Viktoria Ivaniuk | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Pages | +67 | +
| Publication | +Magda Dziembowska, Robert Dziembowski, Apelacja w postępowaniu | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Ian Bogost | +
| Date | +2017 | +
| Volume | +30 | +
| Publication | +The Atlantic | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Sergio Luis Náñez Alonso | +
| Author | +Javier Jorge‐vázquez | +
| Author | +Miguel Ángel Echarte Fernández | +
| Author | +Ricardo Francisco Reier Forradellas | +
| Abstract | +There are different studies that point out that the price of +electricity is a fundamental factor that will influence the mining +decision, due to the cost it represents. There is also an ongoing debate + about the pollution generated by cryptocurrency mining, and whether or +not the use of renewable energies will solve the problem of its +sustainability. In our study, starting from the Environmental +Performance Index (EPI), we have considered several determinants of +cryptocurrency mining: energy price, how that energy is generated, +temperature, legal constraints, human capital, and R&D&I. From +this, via linear regression, we recalculated this EPI by including the +above factors that affect cryptocurrency mining in a sustainable way. +The study determines, once the EPI has been readjusted, that the most +sustainable countries to perform cryptocurrency mining are Denmark and +Germany. In fact, of the top ten countries eight of them are European +(Denmark, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Finland, Austria, and the United + Kingdom); and the remaining two are Asian (South Korea and Japan). | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Volume | +14 | +
| Publication | +Energies | +
| DOI | +10.3390/en14144254 | +
| Issue | +14 | +
| ISSN | +19961073 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Molly White | +
| Abstract | +The | +
| Date | +2022-02-12 | +
| Language | +en-us | +
| URL | +https://blog.mollywhite.net/off-ramps/ | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 10:45:58 | +
| Website Title | +Molly White | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 10:45:58 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 10:45:58 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Molly White | +
| Abstract | +The | +
| Date | +2022-02-12 | +
| Language | +en-us | +
| URL | +https://blog.mollywhite.net/off-ramps/ | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 11:57:08 | +
| Website Title | +Molly White | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 11:57:08 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:57:08 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Tao Li | +
| Author | +Donghwa Shin | +
| Author | +Baolian Wang | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Publication | +Available at SSRN 3267041 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Molly White | +
| Abstract | +Cryptocurrency trading is experiencing a | +
| Date | +2022-02-17 | +
| Language | +en-us | +
| URL | +https://blog.mollywhite.net/cryptocurrencys-robinhood-effect/ | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 11:57:22 | +
| Website Title | +Molly White | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 11:57:22 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:57:22 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Andrew L Goodkind | +
| Author | +Benjamin A Jones | +
| Author | +Robert P Berrens | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +59 | +
| Pages | +101281 | +
| Publication | +Energy Research & Social Science | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Andrew L. Goodkind | +
| Author | +Benjamin A. Jones | +
| Author | +Robert P. Berrens | +
| Abstract | +Cryptocurrency mining uses significant amounts of energy as +part of the proof-of-work time-stamping scheme to add new blocks to the +chain. Expanding upon previously calculated energy use patterns for +mining four prominent cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, and + Monero), we estimate the per coin economic damages of air pollution +emissions and associated human mortality and climate impacts of mining +these cryptocurrencies in the US and China. Results indicate that in +2018, each $1 of Bitcoin value created was responsible for $0.49 in +health and climate damages in the US and $0.37 in China. The similar +value in China relative to the US occurs despite the extremely large +disparity between the value of a statistical life estimate for the US +relative to that of China. Further, with each cryptocurrency, the rising + electricity requirements to produce a single coin can lead to an almost + inevitable cliff of negative net social benefits, absent perpetual +price increases. For example, in December 2018, our results illustrate a + case (for Bitcoin) where the health and climate change “cryptodamages” +roughly match each $1 of coin value created. We close with discussion of + policy implications. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101281 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +59 | +
| Pages | +101281 | +
| Publication | +Energy Research and Social Science | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.erss.2019.101281 | +
| Issue | +March 2019 | +
| ISSN | +22146296 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Type | +Thesis | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Jillian Crandall | +
| Abstract | +This thesis is about how the new techno-capitalist industries +oriented around blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies are further +marginalizing already marginalized groups in Puerto Rico. These +industries are forming new distributed cryptoeconomic geographies with +highly local impacts. While socio-technical relationships with crypto +and blockchain are forming all over the globe, the scenario in Puerto +Rico has the most the most at stake for residents who do not have a +stake in cryptocurrency. Specifically, a group of crypto-proponents +(primarily male-dominated US expats) is looking to establish a new +“crypto-utopia” in San Juan. These transactionary publics, as I define +them, are groups with certain discourses, ideologies, and rhetorics +centered around individual transactions, goals, and gains. They work +through vastly different power structures that allow them to act more +autonomously and anonymously via digital technology. However – there are + local, native Puerto Ricans, government organizations, and institutions + engaging as well on the basis of economic development. From a feminist +perspective, this thesis challenges the assertion that blockchain +technology has emancipatory potential, particularly for Puerto Rico. I +discuss the resistance and contestation against crypto-colonialism and +economic injustice in Puerto Rico, and highlight strategies both with +and without digital technology. Specifically, I question if the politics + of blockchain technology are compatible with those of platform +cooperativism. I conclude with a number of speculative future scenarios +for how alternate techno-economic strategies may play out in Puerto +Rico, and what their consequences may be. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +http://jilliancrandall.net/cryptoeconomic-geographies-and-contestation-in-pr/ | +
| Extra | +DOI: http://jilliancrandall.net/cryptoeconomic-geographies-and-contestation-in-pr/ +Issue: May +Publication Title: Thesis | +
| Type | +PhD Thesis | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Sarah Myers West | +
| Abstract | +This paper interrogates discourses associated with encryption +in contemporary policy debates. It traces through three distinct +cryptographic imaginaries – the occult, the state, and democratic values + – and how each conceptualises what encryption is, what it does, and +what it should do. Situating each imaginary in time through historical +research, I consider how they foreground distinct configurations of +power and authority. It concludes by describing the development of a new + cryptographic imaginary, one which sees encryption as a necessary +precondition for the formation of networked publics. | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Berlin: Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society | +
| Volume | +7 | +
| Pages | +1–16 | +
| Publication | +Internet Policy Review | +
| DOI | +10.14763/2018.2.792 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +21976775 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Will Stephenson | +
| Abstract | +Among the Bitcoin maximalists | +
| URL | +https://harpers.org/archive/2022/03/cryptonomicon-bitcoin-maximalists-miami/ | +
| Accessed | +02/03/2022, 09:05:42 | +
| Website Title | +Harpers Review | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 09:05:42 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 09:07:19 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Daniel Moore | +
| Author | +Thomas Rid | +
| Date | +2016 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Volume | +58 | +
| Pages | +7–38 | +
| Publication | +Survival | +
| DOI | +10.1080/00396338.2016.1142085 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +14682699 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Georgios Papadopoulos | +
| Abstract | +Mainstream economics has consistently ignored the iconography +of currency, describing money ‘just' as a commodity. The paper is going +to investigate the economic and political significance of the +representations of authority and nationality in currency describing how +these representation support its acceptability. The aim of the analysis +is double: to decipher the visual identity of currency and its +contribution to the acceptance of money in day-to-day transactions, as +well as to discuss the operational principles of the monetary system as +they are uncovered in the iconography of money. By answering these +questions, the paper is going to trace the theoretical presuppositions +and the cultural stereotypes that inform the representation of economic +value and national identity as they are articulated in banknotes and +coins with a specific emphasis on the European Monetary Union and the +recent financial crisis that is still affecting its periphery. | +
| Date | +2015 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Volume | +8 | +
| Pages | +521–534 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Cultural Economy | +
| DOI | +10.1080/17530350.2014.989884 | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| ISSN | +17530369 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Justin Fletcher | +
| Abstract | +The Internet and other telecommunications systems have +reshaped the means by which markets are accessed, generated, and +transformed. Recent innovations in computer science have led to the +development of a virtually bound, decentralized, encrypted currency +system known as bitcoin. Unlike conventional currency systems, the +Bitcoin protocol is cryptologically defined with a virtual structure +that allows it to simultaneously operate as currency, commodity, and +market shaping socio-political force. Its decentralized design permits +it to function as a free-market response to fiat currencies vulnerable +to inflation, regulation, and manipulation. Given the cultural +significance anthropologists and other social scientists have assigned +to various modes and mediums of exchange over the years, the +socio-economic impact of this novel currency system warrants particular +consideration. This research describes the Bitcoin community that has +emerged alongside the currency, including the entrepreneurs, developers, + and consumers who are dedicated to bitcoin's perpetuation and +acceptance as an internationally recognized medium of exchange. +Ethnographic interviews and participant observation were utilized to +collect information from users in the Central Florida area, detailing +their experiences and interactions with the Bitcoin protocol and its +associated community. This research provides new levels of +anthropological insight into currency development, market interaction, +and economically embodied social commentary. Moreover, its exploratory +nature helps create a viable framework around which qualitative inquiry +of virtual crypto-currencies may be designed in future studies. | +
| Date | +2013 | +
| DOI | +https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/2748/ | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:15 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Daniel Tischer | +
| Abstract | +This essay explores the organisational character of Facebook's + Libra currency by undertaking a critical reading of documents published + by the Libra Association. Drawing on the conceptual work of Marilyn +Strathern and Michel Serres, it illustrates how ownership cuts the +network and encourages parasitism as a means of driving future profit. +Central to this is the claim that Libra is not an exercise in +democratising money, but rather, the opposite: Libra is run as a club, +for the benefit of club members. The conceptual theme of 'cutting' is +used to organise the argument. Rather than a cutting-edge technology, +Libra's true innovation is organisational and consists in overturning +the decentralised character of blockchain, such that distributed ledger +technology is re-centralised by big tech firms. Outsiders are thus +cut-off from Libra; only those inside the club have the right to +participate in Libra and its governance. This position also affords +members an exclusive capacity to take a cut of the profits generated +through Libra. As a private organisation, members have sole rights to +future profits generated from the Libra ecosystem and are in this way +incentivised to create new product opportunities over time. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Volume | +6 | +
| Pages | +19–33 | +
| Publication | +Finance and Society | +
| DOI | +10.2218/finsoc.v6i1.4406 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +2059-5999 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:18:46 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:18:46 | +
| Type | +Conference Paper | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Simon Butler | +
| Abstract | +Background. There is a historical narrative of fear +surrounding cybercrime. This has extended to cryptocurrencies (CCs), +which are often viewed as a criminal tool. Aim. To carry out the first +user study of CCs for illicit activity, from the perspective of +underground and dark net forums. Method. We conducted a qualitative +study, using a content analysis method, of 16,405 underground and dark +net forum posts selected from CrimeBB, a dataset of 100 million posts +curated by the Cambridge Cybercrime Centre. Results. Firstly, finality +of payments emerged as a major motivator for the use of CCs. Second, we +propose an Operational Security Taxonomy for Illicit Internet Activity +to show that CCs are only one part of several considerations that +combine to form security in illicit internet transactions. Third, the +dark net is hard to use and requires significant study, specialist +equipment and advanced knowledge to achieve relative security. +Conclusion. We argue that finality is the main advantage of CCs for this + user group, not anonymity as widely thought. The taxonomy shows that +banning CCs is unlikely to be effective. Finally, we contend that the +dark net is a niche for criminal activity and fears over cybercrime +cause the threat to be exaggerated. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +ISSN: 16113349 | +
| Volume | +12812 LNCS | +
| Publisher | +Springer | +
| ISBN | +978-3-030-79317-3 | +
| Pages | +135–153 | +
| Proceedings Title | +Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture + Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) | +
| DOI | +10.1007/978-3-030-79318-0_8 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +David Golumbia | +
| Date | +2013 | +
| Publication | +Clemson University Department of English | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +David Golumbia | +
| Date | +2013 | +
| Volume | +2 | +
| Pages | +2014 | +
| Publication | +Retrieved | +
| Issue | +10 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Tim May | +
| Date | +1994 | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 12:31:48 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 12:31:48 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Craig Jarvis | +
| Abstract | +The cypherpunks were 1990s digital activists who challenged +White House policies aiming to prevent the emergence of unregulated +digital cryptography, an online privacy technology capable of +frustrating government surveillance. Whilst the cypherpunk's ideology, +which is predominantly the output of Timothy C. May, is well understood, + less is known about the composition of the cypherpunk's community. This + article builds on past studies by Rid and Beltramini by using the +cypherpunk's mail list archive to profile the most active and +influential cypherpunks. This study confirms the May-derived ideology is + broadly, though not entirely, representative of the cypherpunk +community. This article assesses the cypherpunks were a highly educated, + mostly libertarian community permeated by aspects of anarchism which +arose from a societal disaffiliation inherited from the counterculture. +This article further argues that the cypherpunks were also influenced by + the hacker ethic and dystopian science fiction. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Pages | +1–27 | +
| Publication | +Internet Histories | +
| DOI | +10.1080/24701475.2021.1935547 | +
| ISSN | +24701483 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | +
| Type | +Book | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Julian Assange | +
| Author | +Jacob Appelbaum | +
| Author | +Andy Muller-Maguhn | +
| Author | +Jrmie Zimmermann | +
| Date | +2016 | +
| Publisher | +OR books | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Koray Caliskan | +
| Abstract | +Drawing on an empirical study of cryptocurrency white papers, +this paper proposes an actor-based taxonomy of cryptocurrency +blockchains. First, it describes the evolution of blockchain +architecture with reference to the economic services that blockchains +supply. Second, it discusses the socio-technical platform of blockchains + as proposed in cryptocurrency white papers. Third, it analyses the +socio-economic consequences of these technically diverse blockchain +platforms, by proposing a taxonomy of their digital architectures in +reference to two groups of actors that maintain blockchain +infrastructure: transactioners and accountants. Defining cryptocurrency +as data money, and locating cryptocurrency ownership as the possession +of an exclusive right to move data privately in a public or private +space, the paper describes a blockchain as a digital actor-network +platform that makes it possible to define and distribute these data +transfer rights. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2020.1774258 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Volume | +49 | +
| Pages | +540–561 | +
| Publication | +Economy and Society | +
| DOI | +10.1080/03085147.2020.1774258 | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| ISSN | +14695766 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Jon Truby | +
| Abstract | +The vast transactional, trust and security advantages of +Bitcoin are dwarfed by the intentionally resource-intensive design in +its transaction verification process which now threatens the climate we +depend upon for survival. Indeed Bitcoin mining and transactions are an +application of Blockchain technology employing an inefficient use of +scarce energy resources for a financial activity at a point in human +development where world governments are scrambling to reduce energy +consumption through their Paris Agreement climate change commitments and + beyond to mitigate future climate change implications. Without +encouraging more sustainable development of the potential applications +of Blockchain technologies which can have significant social and +economic benefits, their resource-intensive design combined now pose a +serious threat to the global commitment to mitigate greenhouse gas +emissions. The article examines government intervention choices to +desocialise negative environmental externalities caused by high-energy +consuming Blockchain technology designs. The research question explores +how to promote the environmentally sustainable development of +applications of Blockchain without damaging this valuable sector. It +studies existing regulatory and fiscal policy approaches towards digital + currencies in order to provide a basis for further legal and policy +tools targeted at mitigating energy consumption of Blockchain +technologies. The article concludes by identifying appropriate fiscal +policy options for this purpose, as well as further considerations on +the potential for Blockchain technology in climate change mitigation. | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| URL | +10.1016/j.erss.2018.06.009 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +44 | +
| Pages | +399–410 | +
| Publication | +Energy Research and Social Science | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.erss.2018.06.009 | +
| Issue | +June | +
| ISSN | +22146296 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Alan Cunningham | +
| Abstract | +The increasing collective use of distributed application +software platforms, programming languages and crypto-currencies around +the blockchain concept for general transactions may have radical +implications for the way in which society conceptualises and applies +trust and trust-based social systems such as law. By exploring one +iteration of such generalised blockchain systems - Ethereum - and the +historical lineage of such systems, it will be argued that indeed their +ideological basis is largely one of distrust, decentralisation and, +ultimately, via increasing disassociation of identity, a fear of the +body itself. This ideological basis can be reframed as a crypto-legal +approach to the problems of human interaction, one whereby the purely +technological solutions outlined above are considered adequate for +reconciling many of the problems of our collective existence. The +article concludes, however, by re-iterating a perspective of law more so + as an entirely embodied and trust dependent notion. These aspects go +some way to explaining the necessarily centralised role it takes on +within societies. They also explain why the crypto-legal approaches +advanced by systems like Ethereum - or even the co-opting of blockchain +technology by law firms themselves - will only ever be at best +efficiency exercises concerned with the processing of data relating to +legal affairs, and not the more radical, ambiguous and difficult process + of actual legal thought or, indeed, engagement with trust. | +
| Date | +2016 | +
| Volume | +13 | +
| Pages | +235–257 | +
| Publication | +SCRIPTed | +
| DOI | +10.2966/scrip.130316.235 | +
| Issue | +3 | +
| ISSN | +1744-2567 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Balázs Bodó | +
| Author | +Jaya Klara Brekke | +
| Author | +Jaap Henk Hoepman | +
| Abstract | +Decentralisation as a concept is attracting a lot of interest, + not least with the rise of decentralised and distributed techno-social +systems like Bitcoin, and distributed ledgers more generally. In this +paper, we first define decentralisation as it is implemented for +technical architectures and then discuss the technical, social, +political and economic ideas that drive the development of +decentralised, and in particular, distributed systems. We argue that +technical efforts towards decentralisation tend to go hand-in-hand with +ambitions for rearranging power dynamics. We caution, however, against +simplistic understandings of power in relation to the +decentralisation-centralisation spectrum, and argue that in practice, +decentralisation might very well be served by and produce centralising +effects. The paper then goes on to discuss the critical literature that +highlights some of the common assumptions and critiques made about +decentralisation and the pros and cons of a decentralised approach. +Finally, we propose some of the missing parts to current debates about +decentralisation, and argue for a more nuanced and grounded approach to +the centralisation/decentralisation dichotomy. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Volume | +10 | +
| Pages | +0–21 | +
| Publication | +Internet Policy Review | +
| DOI | +10.14763/2021.2.1563 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +21976775 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Nathan Tse | +
| Abstract | +It has been suggested that the development of decentralised +autonomous organisations (DAOs) will lead to a paradigm shift in the way + we perceive businesses. DAOs ostensibly eliminate agency costs due to +the absence of a board of directors, automated governance mechanisms and + transparency provided by the blockchain upon which the DAO is launched. + This article undertakes a comparative analysis between DAOs and +corporations and questions whether DAOs really do improve the corporate +form. Using a corporate governance and legal realist lens, this article +suggests that a number of the purported benefits of DAOs are overly +simplified. Moreover, there are several practical and legal obstacles +that technological advancements and improved engineering must overcome +before DAOs become a viable, mainstream organisational structure. +Balancing the inevitable improvement in technology against these +significant obstacles, this article predicts an incremental integration +of DAOs into society through a hybrid approach, involving interim legal +solutions and varying degrees of automation and decentralisation. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: HeinOnline | +
| Volume | +51 | +
| Pages | +313 | +
| Publication | +Victoria University of Wellington Law Review | +
| DOI | +10.26686/vuwlr.v51i2.6573 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +1171-042X | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Tom Barbereau | +
| Author | +Reilly Smethurst | +
| Author | +Orestis Papageorgiou | +
| Author | +Johannes Sedlmeir | +
| Author | +Gilbert Fridgen | +
| Date | +2022 | +
| Publication | +Available at SSRN | +
| DOI | +https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4001891 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | +
| Type | +Manuscript | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Nathan Schneider | +
| Abstract | +Decentralization is a term widely used in a variety of +contexts, particularly in political science and discourses surrounding +the Internet. It is popular today among advocates of blockchain +technology. While frequently employed as if it were a technical term, +decentralization more reliably appears to operate as a rhetorical +strategy that directs attention toward some aspects of a proposed social + order and away from others. It is called for far more than it is +theorized or consistently defined. This non-specificity has served to +draw diverse participants into common political and technological +projects. Yet even the most apparently decentralized systems have shown +the capacity to produce economically and structurally centralized +outcomes. The rhetoric of decentralization thus obscures other aspects +of the re-ordering it claims to describe. It steers attention from where + concentrations of power are operating, deferring worthwhile debate +about how such power should operate. For decentralization to be a +reliable concept in formulating future social arrangements and related +technologies, it should come with high standards of specificity. It also + cannot substitute for anticipating centralization with appropriate +mechanisms of accountability. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +ISSN: 17530369 +Issue: 4 +Publication Title: Journal of Cultural Economy +Volume: 12 +DOI: 10.1080/17530350.2019.1589553 | +
| # of Pages | +265–285 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Samer Hassan | +
| Author | +Primavera De Filippi | +
| Abstract | +A DAO is a blockchain-based system that enables people to +coordinate and govern themselves mediated by a set of self-executing +rules deployed on a public blockchain, and whose governance is +decentralised (i.e., independent from central control). | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Berlin: Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society | +
| Volume | +10 | +
| Pages | +1–10 | +
| Publication | +Internet Policy Review | +
| DOI | +10.14763/2021.2.1556 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +21976775 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Aaron Wright | +
| Author | +Primavera De Filippi | +
| Abstract | +Just as decentralization communication systems lead to the +creation of the Internet, today a new technology — the blockchain — has +the potential to decentralize the way we store data and manage +information, potentially leading to a reduced role for one of the most +important regulatory actors in our society: the middleman. Blockchain +technology enables the creation of decentralized currencies, +self-executing digital contracts (smart contracts) and intelligent +assets that can be controlled over the Internet (smart property). The +blockchain also enables the development of new governance systems with +more democratic or participatory decision-making, and decentralized +(autonomous) organizations that can operate over a network of computers +without any human intervention. These applications have led many to +compare the blockchain to the Internet, with accompanying predictions +that this technology will shift the balance of power away from +centralized authorities in the field of communications, business, and +even politics or law. In this Article, we explore the benefits and +drawbacks of this emerging decentralized technology and argue that its +widespread deployment will lead to expansion of a new subset of law, +which we term Lex Cryptographia: rules administered through +self-executing smart contracts and decentralized (autonomous) +organizations. As blockchain technology becomes widely adopted, +centralized authorities, such as governmental agencies and large +multinational corporations, could lose the ability to control and shape +the activities of disparate people through existing means. As a result, +there will be an increasing need to focus on how to regulate blockchain +technology and how to shape the creation and deployment of these +emerging decentralized organizations in ways that have yet to be +explored under current legal theory. | +
| Date | +2015 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.2580664 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:10 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Dirk A. Zetzsche | +
| Author | +Douglas W. Arner | +
| Author | +Ross P. Buckley | +
| Abstract | +DeFi (‘decentralized finance') has joined FinTech (‘financial +technology'), RegTech (‘regulatory technology'), cryptocurrencies, and +digital assets as one of the most discussed emerging technological +evolutions in global finance. Yet little is really understood about its +meaning, legal implications, and policy consequences. In this article we + introduce DeFi, put DeFi in the context of the traditional financial +economy, connect DeFi to open banking, and end with some policy +considerations. We suggest that decentralization has the potential to +undermine traditional forms of accountability and erode the +effectiveness of traditional financial regulation and enforcement. At +the same time, we find that where parts of the financial services value +chain are decentralized, there will be a reconcentration in a different +(but possibly less regulated, less visible, and less transparent) part +of the value chain. DeFi regulation could, and should, focus on this +reconcentrated portion of the value chain to ensure effective oversight +and risk control. Rather than eliminating the need for regulation, in +fact DeFi requires regulation in order to achieve its core objective of +decentralization. Furthermore, DeFi potentially offers an opportunity +for the development of an entirely new way to design regulation: the +idea of ‘embedded regulation'. Regulatory approaches could be built into + the design of DeFi, thus potentially decentralizing both finance and +its regulation, in the ultimate expression of RegTech. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Volume | +6 | +
| Pages | +172–203 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Financial Regulation | +
| DOI | +10.1093/jfr/fjaa010 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +20534841 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Fabian Schär | +
| Abstract | +The term decentralized finance (DeFi) refers to an alternative + financial infrastructure built on top of the Ethereum blockchain. DeFi +uses smart contracts to create protocols that replicate existing +financial services in a more open, interoperable, and transparent way. +This article highlights opportunities and potential risks of the DeFi +ecosystem. I propose a multi-layered framework to analyze the implicit +architecture and the various DeFi building blocks, including token +standards, decentralized exchanges, decentralized debt markets, +blockchain derivatives, and on-chain asset management protocols. I +con-clude that DeFi still is a niche market with certain risks but that +it also has interesting properties in terms of efficiency, transparency, + accessibility, and composability. As such, DeFi may potentially +contribute to a more robust and transparent financial infrastructure. +(JEL G15, G23, E59). | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Volume | +103 | +
| Pages | +153–174 | +
| Publication | +Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review | +
| DOI | +10.20955/r.103.153-74 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +00149187 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Kristin N Johnson | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: HeinOnline | +
| Volume | +62 | +
| Pages | +1911 | +
| Publication | +Wm. & Mary L. Rev. | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Kristin N. Johnson | +
| Abstract | +Global financial markets are in the midst of a transformative +movement. The creation of Bitcoin and Facebook's proposed distribution +of Diem mark a watershed moment in the evolution of the financial +markets ecosystem. Purportedly, peer-to-peer distributed digital ledger +technology eliminates legacy financial market intermediaries such as +investment banks, depository banks, exchanges, clearinghouses, and +broker-dealers. Yet careful examination reveals that cryptocurrency +issuers and the firms that offer secondary market cryptocurrency trading + services have not quite lived up to their promise. Notwithstanding +crypto-enthusiasts' calls for disintermediation, evidence reveals that +platforms that facilitate cryptocurrency trading frequently employ the +long-adopted intermediation practices of their traditional counterparts. + In fact, when emerging technologies fail, cryptocoin and token trading +platforms partner with and rely on traditional financial services firms. + As a result, these platforms face many of the | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.3831439 | +
| ISSN | +0043-5589 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Lin William Cong | +
| Author | +Zhiguo He | +
| Author | +Jiasun Li | +
| Abstract | +The rise of centralized mining pools for risk sharing does not + necessarily undermine the decentralization required for blockchains: +because of miners' cross-pool diversification and pool managers' +endogenous fee setting, larger pools better internalize their +externality on global hash rates, charge higher fees, attract +disproportionately fewer miners, and grow more slowly. Instead, mining +pools as a financial innovation escalate miners' arms race and +significantly increase the energy consumption of proof-of-work-based +blockchains. Empirical evidence from Bitcoin mining supports our model's + predictions. The economic insights inform other consensus protocols and + the industrial organization of mainstream sectors with similar +characteristics but ambiguous prior findings. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Volume | +34 | +
| Pages | +1191–1235 | +
| Publication | +Review of Financial Studies | +
| DOI | +10.1093/rfs/hhaa040 | +
| Issue | +3 | +
| ISSN | +14657368 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Andrej Zwitter | +
| Author | +Jilles Hazenberg | +
| Abstract | +Advancements in the digital domain, for example, in blockchain + technology, big data, and machine learning, are increasingly shaping +the lives of individuals, groups, organizations, and societies. These +developments call for effective governance to protect the basic +interests and needs of these actors. Simultaneously, the very nature of +governance is also changing. Policy-making is increasingly moving away +from top-down governance by the state toward more horizontal modes of +governance. This paper reviews the literature on governance theory in +order to conceptualize governance as a mode of decentralized, networked +regulation. We argue that the current dominant modes of governance are +inadequate in understanding governance in the digital domain and are +poorly equipped to conceptualize novel forms of governance such as +decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs). Therefore, this study +proposes a new mode of governance based on the regulation of new power +relationships between the state and actors in the digital domain. This +model further explores the role that blockchain technology can play in +what we term decentralized network governance. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fbloc.2020.00012 | +
| Volume | +3 | +
| Publication | +Frontiers in Blockchain | +
| Journal Abbr | +Frontiers in Blockchain | +
| ISSN | +2624-7852 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 18:49:14 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 18:49:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +JP Vergne | +
| Abstract | +The terms decentralized organization and distributed +organization are often used interchangeably, despite describing two +distinct phenomena. I propose distinguishing decentralization, as the +dispersion of organizational communications, from distribution, as the +dispersion of organizational decision-making. Organizations can be +distributed without being decentralized (and vice versa), and having +multiple management layers directly affects only distribution – not +decentralization. This proposed distinction has implications for +understanding the growth of digital platforms (e.g. amazon.com ), which +dominate the global economy in the 21 st century. While prominent +platforms typically use machine learning as their core technology to +transform inputs (e.g. data) into outputs (e.g. matchmaking services), +blockchain has emerged as an alternative technological blueprint. I +argue that blockchain enables platforms that are both decentralized and +distributed (e.g. Bitcoin), whereas machine learning fosters centralized + communications and the concentration of decision-making (e.g. Facebook +Inc.). This distinction has crucial implications for antitrust policy, +which, I contend, should shift both its analysis and its target of +action away from the corporate level and focus instead on the data +level. Based on this essay's framework, I make several predictions +regarding the future of competition between centralized and +decentralized platforms, the evolution of government regulation, and +broader implications for managers in the digital economy and for the +business schools charged with their education. I conclude with +reflections on the opportunity to revive cybernetic thinking for +preventing a dystopian future dominated by a handful of platform +behemoths. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England | +
| Volume | +1 | +
| Pages | +263178772097705 | +
| Publication | +Organization Theory | +
| DOI | +10.1177/2631787720977052 | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| ISSN | +2631-7877 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Stephen Diehl | +
| Date | +2021-11-16 | +
| URL | +https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/decentralized-woo.html | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 10:56:34 | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 10:56:34 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:43:47 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Angela Walch | +
| Abstract | +Decentralization is what allows Bitcoin to substitute an army +of computers for an army of accountants, investigators, and +lawyers.-Nick Szabo, Twitter. 1 [B]ased on my understanding of the +present state of Ether, the Ethereum network and its decentralized +structure, current offers and sales of Ether are not securities +transactions\ldots. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Pages | +1–36 | +
| Publication | +C. Brummer (ed.), Crypto Assets: Legal and Monetary Perspectives | +
| DOI | +https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3326244 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Harry Halpin | +
| Abstract | +The vast majority of applications at this moment rely on +centralized servers to relay messages between clients, where these +servers are considered trusted third-parties. With the rise of +blockchain technologies over the last few years, there has been a move +away from both centralized servers and traditional federated models to +more decentralized peer-to-peer alternatives. However, there appears to +be a trilemma between security, scalability, and decentralization in +blockchain-based systems. Deconstructing this trilemma using well-known +threat models, we define a typology of centralized, federated, and +decentralized architectures. Each of the different architectures has +this trilemma play out differently. Facing a possible decentralized +future, we outline seven hard problems facing decentralization and +theorize that the differences between centralized, federated, and +decentralized architectures depend on differing social interpretations +of trust. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +ISBN: 9789897584459 +_eprint: 2008.08014 | +
| Volume | +3 | +
| Pages | +505–512 | +
| Publication | +ICETE 2020 - Proceedings of the 17th International Joint Conference on e-Business and Telecommunications | +
| DOI | +10.5220/0009892405050512 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:40 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:40 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Nic Carter | +
| Author | +Linda Jeng | +
| Abstract | +This paper explores the Decentralized Finance (DeFi) +ecosystem. We examine how DeFi is emerging on top of the public Ethereum + smart contract platform, compare it to the centralized architecture of +traditional financial markets and highlight opportunities and potential +risks of this ecosystem. We propose a multi-layered framework to analyze + the implicit architecture and the various DeFi building blocks, +including token standards, decentralized exchanges, decentralized debt +markets, blockchain derivatives and on-chain asset management protocols. + We conclude that DeFi still is a niche market with certain risks, but +also has interesting properties in terms of efficiency, transparency, +accessibility and interoperability. As such, it may potentially +contribute to a more robust and transparent financial infrastructure. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3866699 | +
| Pages | +1–35 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.3866699 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Sirio Aramonte | +
| Author | +Wenqian Huang | +
| Author | +Andreas Schrimpf | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Language | +en | +
| Library Catalog | +Zotero | +
| Pages | +16 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:34:24 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:35:09 | +
| Type | +Conference Paper | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Tom Barbereau | +
| Author | +Reilly Smethurst | +
| Author | +Orestis Papageorgiou | +
| Author | +Alexander Rieger | +
| Author | +Gilbert Fridgen | +
| Date | +2022 | +
| Proceedings Title | +Proceedings of the 55th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences | +
| DOI | +https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/80074 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Hilary J Allen | +
| Date | +2022 | +
| Publication | +William & Mary Law Review, Forthcoming | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 09:20:47 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 09:20:47 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Sandra Faustino | +
| Abstract | +This paper discusses the role of Deleuzian philosophy in +fintech projects which operate ‘in the wild', i.e. far from the major +institutional settings of fintech development, and which speculate +towards an alternative financial economy, building upon algorithms, +blockchains, cryptocurrencies, and crypto-assets. Based on ethnographic +data collected with three different projects, I discuss the process of +earmarking financial operations by means of philosophical concepts or +theories, which enable the re-interpretation of the process of +financialisation of everyday life. I further analyse the conceptual +socialization of these technological endeavours with the wider-reaching +theme of accelerating the capitalist process with the objective to +overturn its excessive powers. The paper concludes by suggesting that +fintech experiments which are socialized with accelerationist narratives + re-interpret the process of financialisation as a path of liberation +instead of exploitation, offering an escape from the capitalist crisis +through machinic alchemy. | +
| Date | +2022 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Volume | +15 | +
| Pages | +93–102 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Cultural Economy | +
| DOI | +10.1080/17530350.2021.1977676 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +17530369 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Rabin K. Jana | +
| Author | +Indranil Ghosh | +
| Author | +Debojyoti Das | +
| Author | +Anupam Dutta | +
| Abstract | +Electronic waste is generating in the Bitcoin network at an +alarming rate. This study identifies the determinants of electronic +waste generation in the Bitcoin network using machine learning +algorithms. We model the evolutionary patterns of electronic waste and +carry out a predictive analytics exercise to achieve this objective. The + Maximal Information Coefficient (MIC) and Generalized Mean Information +Coefficient (GMIC) help to study the association structure. A series of +six state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms - Gradient Boosting +(GB), Regularized Random Forest (RRF), Bagging-Multiple Adaptive +Regression Splines (BM), Hybrid Neuro Fuzzy Inference Systems (HYFIS), +Self-Organizing Map (SOM), and Quantile Regression Neural Network (QRNN) + are used separately for predictive modeling. We compare the predictive +performance of all the algorithms. Statistically, the GB is a superior +model followed by RRF. The performance of SOM is the least accurate. Our + findings reveal that the blockchain's size, energy consumption, and the + historical number of Bitcoin are the most determinants of electronic +waste generation in the Bitcoin network. The overall findings bring out +exciting insights into practical relevance for effectively curbing +electronic waste accumulation. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Volume | +173 | +
| Publication | +Technological Forecasting and Social Change | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121101 | +
| ISSN | +00401625 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Edward Chancellor | +
| Date | +1999 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Macmillan London | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 09:44:31 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 09:44:31 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Alexia Maddox | +
| Author | +Luke J Heemsbergen | +
| Abstract | +duction This article situates the dark as a liminal and +creative space of experimentation where tensions are generative and +people tinker with emerging technologies to create alternative futures. +Darkness need not mean chaos and fear of violence – it can mean privacy +and protection. We define dark as an experimental space based upon +uncertainties rather than computational knowns (Bridle) and then +demonstrate via a case study of cryptocurrencies the contribution of +dark and liminal social spaces to future(s)-making. Cryptocurrencies are + digital cash systems that use decentralised (peer-to-peer) networking +to enable irreversible payments (Maurer, Nelms, and Swartz). +Cryptocurrencies are often clones or variations on the ‘original' +Bitcoin payment systems protocol (Trump et al.) that was shared with the + cryptographic community through a pseudonymous and still unknown +author(s) (Nakamoto), creating a founder mystery. Due to the open +creation process, a new cryptocurrency is relatively easy to make. +However, many of them are based on speculative bubbles that mirror +Bitcoin, Ethereum, and ICOs' wealth creation. Examples of +cryptocurrencies now largely used for speculation due to their +volatility in holding value are rampant, with online clearing houses +competing to trade hundreds of different assets from AAVE to ZIL. Many +of these altcoins have little to no following or trading volume, leading + to their obsolescence. Others enjoy immense popularity among dedicated +communities of backers and investors. Consequently, while many +cryptocurrency experiments fail or lack adoption and drop from the +purview of history, their constant variation also contributes to the +undertow of the future that pulls against more visible surface waves of +computational progress. The article is structured to first define how we + understand and leverage ‘dark' against computational cultures. We then +apply thematic and analytical tactics to articulate future-making +socio-technical experiments in the dark. Based on past empirical work of + the authors (Maddox "Netnography") we focus on crypto-cultures' complex + emancipatory and normative tensions via themes of construction, +disruption, contention, redirection, obsolescence, and iteration. +Through these themes we illustrate the mutation and absorption of dark +experimental spaces into larger social structures. The themes we +identify are not meant as a complete or necessarily serial set of +occurrences, but nonetheless contribute a new vocabulary for students of + technology and media to see into and grapple with the dark. Embracing +the Dark: Prework & Analytical Tactics for Outside the Known To +frame discussion of the dark here as creative space for alternative +futures, we focus on scholars who have deeply engaged with notions of +socio-technical darkness. This allows us to explore outside the blinders + of computational light and, with a nod to Sassen, dig in the shadows of + known categories to evolve the analytical tactics required for the +study of emerging socio-technical conditions. We understand the Dark Web + to usher shifting and multiple definitions of darkness, from a moral +darkness to a technical one (Gehl). From this work, we draw the +observation of how technologies that obfuscate digital tracking create +novel capacities for digital cultures in spaces defined by anonymity for + both publisher and user. Darknets accomplish this by overlaying open +internet protocols (e.g. TCP/IP) with non-standard protocols that +encrypt and anonymise information (Pace). Pace traces concepts of +darknets to networks in the 1970s that were 'insulated' from the +internet's predecessor ARPANET by air gap, and then reemerged as +software protocols similarly insulated from cultural norms around +intellectual property. ‘Darknets' can also be considered in ternary as +opposed to binary terms (Gehl and McKelvey) that push to make private +that which is supposed to be public infrastructure, and push private +platforms (e.g. a Personal Computer) to make public networks via common +bandwidth. In this way, darknets feed new possibilities of communication + from both common infrastructures and individual's platforms. Enabling +new potentials of community online and out of sight serves to signal +what the dark accomplishes for the social when measured against an +otherwise unending light of computational society. To this point, a new +dark age can be welcomed insofar it allows an undecided future outside +of computational logics that continually define and refine the possible +and probable (Bridle). This argument takes von Neumann's 1945 +declaration that “all stable processes we shall predict. All unstable +processes we shall control” (in Bridle 21) as a founding statement for +computational thought and indicative of current society. The hope +expressed by Bridle is not an absence of knowledge, but an absence of +knowing the future. Past the computational prison of total information +awareness within an accelerating information age (Castells) is the +promise of new formations of as yet unknowable life. Thus, from Bridle's + perspective, and ours, darkness can be a place of freedom and +possibility, where the equality of being in the dark, together, is not +as threatening as current privileged ways of thinking would suggest +(Bridle 15). The consequences of living in a constant glaring light lead + to data hierarchies “leaching” (Bridle) into everything, including +social relationships, where our data are relationalised while our +relations are datafied (Maddox and Heemsbergen) by enforcing +computational thinking upon them. Darkness becomes a refuge that +acknowledges the power of unknowing, and a return to potential for +social, equitable, and reciprocal relations. This is not to say that we +envision a utopian life without the shadow of hierarchy, but rather an +encouragement to dig into those shadows made visible only by the +brightest of lights. The idea of digging in the shadows is borrowed from + Saskia Sassen, who asks us to consider the ‘master categories' that +blind us to alternatives. According to Sassen (402), while master +categories have the power to illuminate, their blinding power keeps us +from seeing other presences in the landscape: “they produce, then, a +vast penumbra around that center of light. It is in that penumbra that +we need to go digging”. We see darkness in the age of digital ubiquity +as rejecting the blinding ‘master category' of computational thought. +Computational thought defines social/economic/political life via what is + static enough to predict or unstable enough to render a need to +control. Otherwise, the observable, computable, knowable, and possible +all follow in line. Our dig in the shadows posits a penumbra of +protocols – both of computational code and human practice – that circle +the blinding light of known digital communications. We use the remainder + of this short article to describe these themes found in the dark that +offer new ways to understand the movements and moments of potential +futures that remain largely unseen. Thematic Resonances in the Dark This + section considers cryptocultures of the dark. We build from a thematic +vocabulary that has been previously introduced from empirical examples +of the crypto-market communities which tinker with and through the +darkness provided by encryption and privacy technologies (Maddox +"Netnography"). Here we refine these future-making themes through their +application to events surrounding community-generated technology aimed +at disrupting centralised banking systems: cryptocurrencies (Maddox, +Singh, et al.). Given the overlaps in collective values and technologies + between crypto-communities, we find it useful to test the relevance of +these themes to the experimental dynamics surrounding cryptocurrencies. +We unpack these dynamics as construction, rupture and disruption, +redirection, and the flip-sided relationship between obsolescence and +iteration leading to mutation and absorption. This section provides a +working example for how these themes adapt in application to a community + dwelling at the edge of experimental technological possibilities. The +theme of construction is both a beginning and a materialisation of a +value field. It originates within the cyberlibertarians' ideological +stance towards using technological innovations to ‘create a new world in + the shell of the old' (van de Sande) which has been previously +expressed through the concept of constructive activism (Maddox, Barratt, + et al.). This libertarian ideology is also to be found in the early +cultures that gave rise to cryptocurrencies. Through their interest in +the potential of cryptography technologies related to social and +political change, the Cypherpunks mailing list formed in 1992 (Swartz). +The socio-cultural field surrounding cryptocurrencies, however, has +always consisted of a diverse ecosystem of vested interests building +collaborations from “goldbugs, hippies, anarchists, cyberpunks, +cryptographers, payment systems experts, currency activists, commodity +traders, and the curious” (Maurer, Nelms, and Swartz 262). Through the +theme of construction we can consider architectures of collaboration, +cooperation, and coordination developed by technically savvy +populations. Cryptocurrencies are often developed as code by teams who +build in mechanisms for issuance (e.g. ‘mining') and other controls +(Conway). Thus, construction and making of cryptocurrencies tend to be +collective yet decentralised. Cryptocurrencies arose during a time of +increasing levels of distrust in governments and global financial +instability from the Global Financial Crisis (20 | +
| Date | +2021-04 | +
| URL | +https://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/2755 | +
| Volume | +24 | +
| Publication | +M/C Journal | +
| DOI | +10.5204/mcj.2755 | +
| Issue | +2 SE - | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | +
| Type | +Book | +
|---|---|
| Author | +David J Phillips | +
| Date | +1998 | +
| URL | +https://search.proquest.com/openview/7ca922683fe4b5a94427e0ba59af4def/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y%0A | +
| Extra | +DOI: https://search.proquest.com/openview/7ca922683fe4b5a94427e0ba59af4def/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y | +
| Publisher | +University of Pennsylvania | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Hugo Benedetti | +
| Author | +Leonard Kostovetsky | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Publication | +Returns to Investors in Initial Coin Offerings (May 20, 2018) | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Yizhou Xu | +
| Abstract | +This article explores the digitalization of traditional +funeral joss paper into digital commodities through the case study of +the Chinese online cemetery 00tang.com. Joss paper are paper replicas of + everyday items such as money and objects that are ritually burned as a +form of symbolic offering to the deceased in accordance with traditional + Chinese practices of ancestor worship. Using both ethnographic +interviews and discursive interface analysis, I look at how the +remediation of spiritual joss paper into digital objects complicates +perceived dichotomy between the gift and commodity that requires new +ways of thinking about the acts of social reciprocity, indebtedness, and + obligation. Drawing on established literature relating to gift and +digital economies, I argue 00tang's digitization of joss paper on +internet cemeteries is reflexive of the biopolitical means by which the +state and market forces work to subsume traditional ancestor worship +into controllable and commodifiable labor of mourning. Here, the +subversive wastefulness of the gift is replaced by its accumulation and +preservation online. Digitization in this regard highlights the process +by which objects take on different materiality, values, aesthetics, and +productive labor practices, all of which fundamentally alters the +symbolic regimes of death and the ritual gift economy in China. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2021.1952099 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Volume | +0 | +
| Pages | +1–17 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Cultural Economy | +
| DOI | +10.1080/17530350.2021.1952099 | +
| Issue | +0 | +
| ISSN | +17530369 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:15 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:15 | +
| Type | +Thesis | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Clara Jaya Brekke | +
| Abstract | +Blockchain technology is, in part, a proposal to resolve ‘the +political' through technical means: decentralised networks to solve the +problem of authority; cryptography to coordinate and secure the network; + and game theory and incentive design to solve network behaviour. This +PhD thesis draws on theoretical work by Karen Barad (2007) and Jacques +Rancière (Rancière, 2010) to ask the question of what matters +politically in blockchain technology – both in the sense of matter as +becoming material of a new mediation of the political, but also +mattering in the sense of being of political importance to engineers, +developers and communities forming around blockchain as a potential. +Rather than treating blockchain as coherent thing to be either +celebrated or criticised, this thesis proposes and attempts to draw out +the ways in which the potentials of blockchain are negotiated as part of + its political effects, looking towards these negotiations to understand + how political differences are made and sought materialised. Three +approaches to the political are articulated to analyse Bitcoin and +Ethereum as case studies and shift their terms of debate. Firstly, +addressing the question of algorithmic determinacy, an approach is +proposed for critically understanding a blockchain proposition that does + not immediately revert to a competition of control between ‘human' and +‘machine' through the notion of the insensible, drawing on work by +geographer of the inhuman Yusoff (2013a). Secondly, drawing on political + theorist Rancière (2010) a particular blockchain sensibility is +articulated, addressing the question of the particular kind of +‘disruption' that blockchain presents. Its specific provenance in +political histories of decentralised network computation opens up +political significance beyond its intersections with financial +capitalism. Finally, addressing the question of blockchain as a +resolution to the political, the thesis introduces the concept of +dissensible as an ongoing potential for incompatible sensibilities and +their negotiation. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13174/http://etheses.dur.ac.uk | +
| Extra | +DOI: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13174/http://etheses.dur.ac.uk +Volume: 0 | +
| Type | +PhD Thesis | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Alexia Maddox | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Volume | +2 | +
| Pages | +20–38 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Digital Social Research | +
| DOI | +10.33621/jdsr.v2i1.23 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Alexia Maddox | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Volume | +2 | +
| Pages | +20–38 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Digital Social Research | +
| DOI | +10.33621/jdsr.v2i1.23 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Massimo Bartoletti | +
| Author | +Salvatore Carta | +
| Author | +Tiziana Cimoli | +
| Author | +Roberto Saia | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +102 | +
| Pages | +259–277 | +
| Publication | +Future Generation Computer Systems | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Peter Howson | +
| Abstract | +This commentary considers the challenges and trade-offs in +using blockchain as the facilitating digital infrastructure for degrowth + projects. A blockchain is simply a distributed database. The technology + is being used for a wide range of applications relevant to economic +exchange and environmental sustainability. Many degrowth scholars wholly + reject technical fixes for politically induced environmental crises, +seeing blockchain projects as wasteful and counter to convivial social +relations. Others highlight the technology's potential for facilitating +redistributive and regenerative economies, but without much detail. This + paper argues that if blockchain is ever to prove useful for the +degrowth movement it would need to overcome challenges in three +important areas: 1) building democratic and (re)distributive economies, +2) regenerating the environment without commodifying it, and 3) +facilitating international alliances without imposing a particular set +of values. What is certain is that technology on its own will not +transcend the political struggles tackled by degrowth activists. +However, under certain conditions, blockchain might make those struggles + more effective. | +
| Date | +2021-06 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier B.V. | +
| Volume | +184 | +
| Pages | +107020 | +
| Publication | +Ecological Economics | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107020 | +
| Issue | +June 2020 | +
| ISSN | +09218009 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Dániel Kondor | +
| Author | +Márton Pósfai | +
| Author | +István Csabai | +
| Author | +Gábor Vattay | +
| Date | +2014 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Public Library of Science | +
| Volume | +9 | +
| Pages | +e86197 | +
| Publication | +PloS one | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Jonathan Koomey | +
| Author | +Eric Masanet | +
| Abstract | +Jonathan Koomey is president of Koomey Analytics and has in +the past been a visiting professor at Stanford University, Yale +University, and UC Berkeley. He's one of the leading international +experts on the economics of climate solutions and the energy and +environmental effects of information technology. Dr. Koomey holds M.S. +and Ph.D. degrees from the Energy and Resources Group at UC Berkeley and + an A.B. in History and Science from Harvard University. He is the +author or coauthor of more than 200 articles and reports and nine books, + including Turning Numbers into Knowledge: Mastering the Art of Problem +Solving and Cold Cash, Cool Climate: Science-Based Advice for Ecological + Entrepreneurs. More at http://www.koomey.com. Eric Masanet is the +Mellichamp Chair in Sustainability Science for Emerging Technologies at +the University of California, Santa Barbara, where he holds appointments + in the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management and the +Department of Mechanical Engineering. He has authored more than 130 +scientific publications on sustainability modeling of energy and +materials demand systems, with particular focuses on data centers and IT + systems. He holds a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from UC Berkeley, +with a focus on sustainable manufacturing. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2021.05.007 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier Inc. | +
| Volume | +5 | +
| Pages | +1625–1628 | +
| Publication | +Joule | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.joule.2021.05.007 | +
| Issue | +7 | +
| ISSN | +25424351 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:30 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Pengcheng Xia | +
| Author | +Haoyu Wang | +
| Author | +Xiapu Luo | +
| Author | +Lei Wu | +
| Author | +Yajin Zhou | +
| Author | +Guangdong Bai | +
| Author | +Guoai Xu | +
| Author | +Gang Huang | +
| Author | +Xuanzhe Liu | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Publication | +arXiv preprint arXiv:2007.13639 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +David Rosenthal | +
| Abstract | +Stanford Lecture on Cryptocurrency | +
| URL | +https://blog.dshr.org/2022/02/ee380-talk.html | +
| Accessed | +02/03/2022, 09:23:07 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 09:23:07 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 09:24:11 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Matthew Hougan | +
| Author | +Hong Kim | +
| Author | +Micah Lerner | +
| Author | +Bitwise Asset Management | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Bitwise Asset Management | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Blog Post | +
|---|---|
| Author | +David Rosenthal | +
| Date | +2014-10-07 | +
| Language | +en | +
| URL | +https://blog.dshr.org/2014/10/economies-of-scale-in-peer-to-peer.html | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 11:20:52 | +
| Blog Title | +DSHR's Blog | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 11:20:52 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:52:14 | +
| Type | +Blog Post | +
|---|---|
| Author | +David Rosenthal | +
| Date | +2022-02-09 | +
| Language | +en | +
| URL | +https://blog.dshr.org/2022/02/ee380-talk.html | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 11:21:55 | +
| Blog Title | +DSHR's Blog | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 11:21:55 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:56:12 | +
Having built a decentralized consensus system using Proof-of-Work (http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/945445.945451) + the author has the technical knowledge to explain the design faults and + limitations of permissionless blockchain systems, as well as +highlighting the economic and environmental issues. Summary of critique:
+++
+- That the externalities I describe don't exist. You'll have a hard +time proving that the waste of electricity and hardware, and the crime +wave, are imaginary.
+- That although the externalities do exist, the benefits of +decentralization outweigh them. The problem here is that since the +systems are not actually decentralized, we get the externalities but +don't get the benefits.
+- That although the externalities do exist, and the systems aren't +dencentralized, they're making so much money that we shouldn't worry. +The problem here is that the amount of actual money you can get out of a + cryptocurrency equals the amount of actual money that has been put in, +minus the actual costs of mining. So the big picture is that although +there may be winners, in aggregate the system loses money.
+
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Johannes Sedlmeir | +
| Author | +Hans Ulrich Buhl | +
| Author | +Gilbert Fridgen | +
| Author | +Robert Keller | +
| Abstract | +The enormous power consumption of Bitcoin has led to +undifferentiated discussions in science and practice about the +sustainability of blockchain and distributed ledger technology in +general. However, blockchain technology is far from homogeneous—not only + with regard to its applications, which now go far beyond +cryptocurrencies and have reached businesses and the public sector, but +also with regard to its technical characteristics and, in particular, +its power consumption. This paper summarizes the status quo of the power + consumption of various implementations of blockchain technology, with +special emphasis on the recent ‘‘Bitcoin Halving” and so-called +‘‘zk-rollups”. We argue that although Bitcoin and other proof-of-work +blockchains do indeed consume a lot of power, alternative blockchain +solutions with significantly lower power consumption are already +available today, and new promising concepts are being tested that could +further reduce in particulary the power consumption of large blockchain +networks in the near future. From this we conclude that although the +criticism of Bitcoin's power consumption is legitimate, it should not be + used to derive an energy problem of blockchain technology in general. +In many cases in which processes can be digitized or improved with the +help of more energy-efficient blockchain variants, one can even expect +net energy savings. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Volume | +43 | +
| Pages | +391–404 | +
| Publication | +Informatik-Spektrum | +
| DOI | +10.1007/s00287-020-01321-z | +
| Issue | +6 | +
| ISSN | +1432122X | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Oxford Analytica | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Publication | +Expert Briefings | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 09:01:59 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 09:01:59 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +David Gerard | +
| URL | +https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/09/17/el-salvador-bitcoin-law-farce/ | +
| Accessed | +03/03/2022, 13:05:42 | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 13:05:42 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 13:09:45 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +David Gerard | +
| URL | +https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/06/15/el-salvador-bitcoin-official-currency-printing-money/ | +
| Accessed | +03/03/2022, 13:05:27 | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 13:05:27 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 13:09:51 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Alexander B. Kinney | +
| Abstract | +As global economic crises place the issue of money at the +forefront of media attention, a growing minority are turning to +“cryptocurrencies” as an emerging digital alternative to state-issued +currencies. Bitcoin, the most popular version of this emerging medium, +is a useful proxy to answer a key question to the sociology of money: +how do people embed themselves into an emerging money system, and what +role does value play in this process? Drawing on 23 interviews with +Bitcoin adopters, I find that embedding into Bitcoin is closely tied to +personal experience and temporal contexts. This study demonstrates that +the adoption of Bitcoin follows a distinct process. First adopters +discover the value Bitcoin on their own terms. Next, they reflexively +overcome challenges to these initial perceptions of value. Finally, they + reaffirm their embeddedness in the system through rituals of +commitment. This finding has implications for the sociology of money and + economic sociology by distilling the connection between fictional +expectations that are used to anchor value systems and the social +construction of monetary utilities and group identities. Additionally, +this connection helps to unpack how Bitcoin continues to mature as a +money system despite being characterized by diverse adopters that often +engage in economically inefficient activities. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2020.1845260 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Routledge | +
| Volume | +54 | +
| Pages | +77–92 | +
| Publication | +Sociological Focus | +
| DOI | +10.1080/00380237.2020.1845260 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +21621128 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Ryan Clements | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Volume | +37 | +
| Publication | +Banking and Finance Law Review | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Pierce Greenberg | +
| Author | +Dylan Bugden | +
| Abstract | +While scholars have studied the impacts of energy development +booms on local communities in the U.S., much less is known about towns +experiencing energy consumption booms from industries such as +cryptocurrency mining. This article proposes that energy consumption +boomtowns are unique in the risks, benefits, and conflicts they +create—and that they provide fruitful areas of research for energy +social scientists. We illustrate this point with a brief case study of +Chelan County, Washington—where an influx of crypto mining over the past + five years has stirred community debate. We collected more than 100 +newspaper articles, public comments, and public meeting recordings to +identify the cautions, hesitations, and criticisms that have caused +local regulators to take a precautionary approach. We highlight five key + points of the debate that may be of interest to energy social +scientists: (1) impacts on the local energy supply and prices, (2) +unclear socioeconomic benefits to the county, (3) the illegitimacy of +cryptocurrency, (4) environmental considerations, and (5) a disconnect +with local legacy industries and community economic identity. We +conclude by proposing areas of future social science research on energy +consumption booms. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.12.005 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +50 | +
| Pages | +162–167 | +
| Publication | +Energy Research and Social Science | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.erss.2018.12.005 | +
| Issue | +December 2018 | +
| ISSN | +22146296 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Ulrich Gallersdörfer | +
| Author | +Lena Klaaßen | +
| Author | +Christian Stoll | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Publication | +Joule | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Ulrich Gallersdörfer | +
| Author | +Lena Klaaßen | +
| Author | +Christian Stoll | +
| Author | +Ulrich Gallersdo | +
| Author | +Lena Klaaßen | +
| Author | +Christian Stoll | +
| Author | +Ulrich Gallersdo | +
| Abstract | +Bitcoin's energy hunger has triggered a passionate debate +about the energy consumption of cryptocurrencies. Most studies have been + focusing exclusively on Bitcoin and ignored the more than 500 further +mineable coins and tokens. Here we analyze 20 cryptocurrencies, which +account for more than 98% of the total market capitalization of +cryptocurrencies. We conclude that Bitcoin accounts for 2/3 of the total + energy consumption of cryptocurrencies and understudied +cryptocurrencies represent the remaining 1/3. | +
| Date | +2020-09 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Cell Press | +
| Volume | +4 | +
| Pages | +2018–2021 | +
| Publication | +Joule | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.joule.2020.07.013 | +
| Issue | +2018 | +
| ISSN | +2542-4351 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Jingming Li | +
| Author | +Nianping Li | +
| Author | +Jinqing Peng | +
| Author | +Haijiao Cui | +
| Author | +Zhibin Wu | +
| Abstract | +Cryptocurrency is a relatively new combination of cryptology +and currency in financial areas and is increasingly frequently used +worldwide. Blockchain applications are expected to reshape the renewable + energy market. However, there is a lack of studies covering the power +usage of digital currencies. Therefore, this study ran experiments on +mining efficiency of nine kinds of cryptocurrencies and ten algorithms. A + comparison of statistical analysis of data in a benchmark and +experiment results of Monero mining was conducted. Thereafter, this +study provided an estimation of global electricity consumption of the +Monero mining activity. The results indicated that the hashing algorithm + mainly determines the mining efficiency. Data analysis and experiments +and estimated Monero mining electricity consumption in the world and its + carbon emission in China as a case study. In 2018, Monero mining may +consume 645.62 GWh of electricity in the world after its hard fork. The +Monero mining in China may consume 30.34 GWh and contribute a carbon +emission of 19.12–19.42 thousand tons from April to December in 2018. +Although cryptocurrency mining and blockchain technology are promising, +their influence on energy conversation and sustainable development +should be further studied. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.11.046 | +
| Extra | +ISBN: 8673188822 +Publisher: Elsevier Ltd | +
| Volume | +168 | +
| Pages | +160–168 | +
| Publication | +Energy | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.energy.2018.11.046 | +
| ISSN | +03605442 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Jingming Li | +
| Author | +Nianping Li | +
| Author | +Jinqing Peng | +
| Author | +Haijiao Cui | +
| Author | +Zhibin Wu | +
| Abstract | +Cryptocurrency is a relatively new combination of cryptology +and currency in financial areas and is increasingly frequently used +worldwide. Blockchain applications are expected to reshape the renewable + energy market. However, there is a lack of studies covering the power +usage of digital currencies. Therefore, this study ran experiments on +mining efficiency of nine kinds of cryptocurrencies and ten algorithms. A + comparison of statistical analysis of data in a benchmark and +experiment results of Monero mining was conducted. Thereafter, this +study provided an estimation of global electricity consumption of the +Monero mining activity. The results indicated that the hashing algorithm + mainly determines the mining efficiency. Data analysis and experiments +and estimated Monero mining electricity consumption in the world and its + carbon emission in China as a case study. In 2018, Monero mining may +consume 645.62 GWh of electricity in the world after its hard fork. The +Monero mining in China may consume 30.34 GWh and contribute a carbon +emission of 19.12–19.42 thousand tons from April to December in 2018. +Although cryptocurrency mining and blockchain technology are promising, +their influence on energy conversation and sustainable development +should be further studied. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Volume | +168 | +
| Pages | +160–168 | +
| Publication | +Energy | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.energy.2018.11.046 | +
| ISSN | +03605442 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Type | +Manuscript | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Moritz Platt | +
| Author | +Johannes Sedlmeir | +
| Author | +Daniel Platt | +
| Author | +Jiahua Xu | +
| Author | +Paolo Tasca | +
| Author | +Nikhil Vadgama | +
| Author | +Juan Ignacio Ibanez | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.03667 | +
| Extra | +DOI: https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.03667 +_eprint: arXiv:2109.03667v5 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Paul P Momtaz | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Pages | +106001 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Business Venturing | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Book | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Ben S. Bernanke | +
| Date | +2004 | +
| Publisher | +Princeton University Press | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Stephen Diehl | +
| Date | +2021-04-07 | +
| URL | +https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/signal.html | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 10:57:28 | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 10:57:28 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:42:13 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Kyle McDonald | +
| Abstract | +The Ethereum ecosystem is maintained by a distributed global +network of computers that currently require massive amounts of +computational power. Previous work on estimating the energy use and +emissions of the Ethereum network has relied on top-down economic +analysis and rough estimates of hardware efficiency and emissions +factors. In this work we provide a bottom-up analysis that works from +hashrate to an energy usage estimate, and from mining locations to an +emissions factor estimate, and combines these for an overall emissions +estimate. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +http://arxiv.org/abs/2112.01238 | +
| Extra | +_eprint: 2112.01238 | +
| DOI | +http://arxiv.org/abs/2112.01238 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Vitalik Buterin | +
| Date | +2014 | +
| Language | +en | +
| Library Catalog | +Zotero | +
| Pages | +36 | +
| Date Added | +28/02/2022, 12:34:21 | +
| Modified | +28/02/2022, 12:34:36 | +
Read/Eilidh
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Luigi Doria | +
| Author | +Luca Fantacci | +
| Abstract | +The phenomenon of complementary currencies has experienced in +recent years a significant evolution both in terms of the sheer number +of initiatives and in terms of their ability to attract the attention of + academia, politics and media. The spread of these experiments and the +increasing involvement of public institutions have led to a growing +demand for evaluation procedures specifically targeted at CCs, both as +economic experiments and as public policy initiatives. The task of +evaluation confronts the peculiar multidimensional character of +complementary currencies. One of the traits that is commonly recognized +as a characteristic of CCs is indeed the presence, alongside more +strictly economic dimensions, of multiple social dimensions and aims. +Some evaluation models therefore attempt to measure—through the +identification of multiple variables, and of corresponding +indicators—the impacts of complementary currencies in terms of a wide +range of expected social or economic objectives. This paper intends to +question the sufficiency of similar approaches. We will argue that those + approaches risk to overshadow a peculiar form of sociality which may +emerge particularly in certain types of complementary currency +experiments. The paper highlights the significance of this sociality and + the relevance of its analysis for the advancement of evaluation +practices in the field of monetary innovation. | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Springer Netherlands | +
| Volume | +52 | +
| Pages | +1291–1314 | +
| Publication | +Quality and Quantity | +
| DOI | +10.1007/s11135-017-0520-9 | +
| Issue | +3 | +
| ISSN | +15737845 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Nellie Bowles | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Publication | +New York Times | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Type | +Book Section | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Juliie Cohen | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +ISSN: 19116470 +DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190246693.001.0001 | +
| Volume | +14 | +
| Pages | +E615 | +
| Series Number | +11 | +
| Book Title | +Between Truth and Power: The Legal Constructions of Informational Capitalism | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Type | +Book | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Rachel Ehrenfeld | +
| Date | +1994 | +
| Publisher | +SP Books | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +N. Mannan, M. & Schneider | +
| Abstract | +The platform economy1 is facing a crisis of accountability. +Large Internet platforms, once regarded as sources of hope for +democratic social movements or engines of a promising new economy—or, at + worst, just superficial distractions—are now facing serious public +scrutiny across the globe. The executives of Facebook, Google, and +Twitter have been called before the U.S. Congress to account for their +roles in enabling foreign election interference. Scholars have raised +concerns about algorithmic, data-driven business models,2 the +exploitation of digital labor,3 the abuse of market power,4 corporate +governance failures,5 manipulation by oppressive governments,6 opacity +and arbitrariness in content moderation,7 and corporate surveillance,8 +to name just a few in an ever-growing body of literature on the +depredations of the platform economy. Part of the urgency surrounding +such concerns lies in the fact that some platforms are near-impossible +to escape. Internet users, and societies as a whole, have difficulty +opting out of their services.9 Companies like Facebook, for instance, +track users across the Web and create shadow user profiles even when the + user does not have an account on their platforms.10 Not using such +platforms means forgoing essential opportunities for work and social +life—even access to basic services.11 By not using social media +platforms such as Facebook, people deprive themselves of one of the +“most powerful mechanisms” to make their voices heard.12 Conversely, for + those who use such services, exit is not a costless exercise, as it +involves the irrecoverable loss of social capital, reputational cachet, +and assets.13 | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +https://georgetownlawtechreview.org/exit-to-community-strategies-for-multi-stakeholder-ownership-in-the-platform-economy/GLTR-05-2021/ | +
| Volume | +Review 4 | +
| Pages | +2017–2019 | +
| Publication | +Georgetown Law Technology | +
| DOI | +https://georgetownlawtechreview.org/exit-to-community-strategies-for-multi-stakeholder-ownership-in-the-platform-economy/GLTR-05-2021/ | +
| Issue | +no. 1 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Adam DI Kramer | +
| Author | +Jamie E Guillory | +
| Author | +Jeffrey T Hancock | +
| Date | +2014 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: National Acad Sciences | +
| Volume | +111 | +
| Pages | +8788–8790 | +
| Publication | +Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | +
| Issue | +24 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Book Section | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Quinn DuPont | +
| Date | +2017 | +
| URL | +http://iqdupont.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/DuPont-Experiments_in_Algorithmic_Governance-2017.pdf | +
| Publisher | +Routledge | +
| Pages | +157–177 | +
| Book Title | +Bitcoin and beyond | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Nouriel Roubini | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Publication | +Testimony for the Hearing of the US Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Community Affairs | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Book | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Charles Mackay | +
| Date | +2012 | +
| Publisher | +Simon and Schuster | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Brendan Greeley | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Volume | +18 | +
| Publication | +Financial Times | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Tim Wissel | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| DOI | +https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid:72a5c834-177b-4b3c-a6f8-8e69e65cfdf4 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | +
| Type | +Blog Post | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Joel Monegro | +
| Abstract | +The previous generation of shared protocols (TCP/IP, HTTP, +SMTP, etc.) produced immeasurable amounts of value, but most of it got +captured and re-aggregated on top at the applications layer, largely in +the form of data (think Google, Facebook and so on). The Internet stack, + in terms of how value is distributed, is composed of “thin” protocols +and “fat” applications. +This relationship between protocols and applications is reversed in the +blockchain application stack. Value concentrates at the shared protocol +layer and only a fraction of that value is distributed along at the +applications layer. It’s a stack with “fat” protocols and “thin” +applications. | +
| Date | +2016-08-08T09:35:39-04:00 | +
| Language | +en-US | +
| URL | +https://www.usv.com/writing/2016/08/fat-protocols/ | +
| Accessed | +28/02/2022, 11:05:49 | +
| Extra | +Section: USV Blog. more about incentivizing adoption | +
| Blog Title | +Union Square Ventures | +
| Date Added | +28/02/2022, 11:05:49 | +
| Modified | +28/02/2022, 11:10:53 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Michael Dowling | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S154461232100177X | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Pages | +102096 | +
| Publication | +Finance Research Letters | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.frl.2021.102096 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:17:14 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:17:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Aaron Z. Pitluck | +
| Author | +Fabio Mattioli | +
| Author | +Daniel Souleles | +
| Abstract | +This article suggests that it is advantageous for social +scientists to deliberatedly depart from functionalist theories seeking +to explain the expansion of financial instruments and logics across +social life. Rather we identify three causes for financialization from +three extant clusters of scholastic activity: an organic policial +economy that sees finance expanding as a product or by-product of larger + state and imperlial-level politcal strucggles, a prelational sociology +that sees the ways that finance expands by becoming another medium for +expressing and constraining social relationships, and a cultural +analysis that observes the increasing redefinition of discursive and +material practices as financial. Across this larger discussion, we +introduce and situate the contributions to this journal's special issue +on financialization. | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Volume | +5 | +
| Pages | +157–171 | +
| Publication | +Economic Anthropology | +
| DOI | +10.1002/sea2.12114 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Leonardo Gabriel De Marchi | +
| Abstract | +The article analyzes Bitcoin cryptocurrency as part of a new +sector of the financial market, fintech 3.0. Subscribing to Maurizio +Lazzarato's thesis that the category of the indebted man would be the +form of governmentality of contemporary capitalism, it is discussed how +Bitcoin works as a vector of expansion of the social logic of +indebtedness to a portion of the population. At first, I propose to +think of cryptocurrency as media. Below, I present a genealogy of the +ideologies that animated the creation of Bitcoin, in order to +demonstrate the libertarian values that guided the design of this new +technology. Finally, I discuss how fintech 3.0 spreads the social logic +of the indebted man through personal digital devices | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://www.revistas.usp.br/matrizes/article/download/172356/175647/512875 | +
| Volume | +15 | +
| Pages | +205–227 | +
| Publication | +MATRIZes | +
| DOI | +10.11606/issn.1982-8160.v15i2p205-227 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +1982-2073 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Amin Samman | +
| Author | +Stefano Sgambati | +
| Abstract | +Apocalyptic thinking has a long religious and political +tradition, but what place does it occupy within the temporal universe of + contemporary capitalism? In this essay, we use the figure of the +eschaton to draw out the loaded and ambiguous character of the future as + it emerges through the condition of indebtedness. This entails a +departure from political economy accounts of capitalist futurity, which +stress the structural logic of financial speculation, in favour of an +existential account that begins instead with the cosmology of money and +debt. We argue that finance capital's fixation on the future has +produced a very specific form of apocalyptic imagination, characteristic + of financial society and built on a libidinal economy of leverage. +Rather than offering an ecstatic end to the global process of +financialization, financial eschatologies bind the contemporary subject +to debt and indebtedness to the very end: an endless apocalypse, +premised on the ends of finance itself. | +
| Publication | +Theory, Culture & Society (forthcoming) | +
| DOI | +10.1177/02632764211070805 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Georgios A Panos | +
| Author | +Tatja Karkkainen | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Publication | +Available at SSRN 3482083 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Barry Eichengreen | +
| Abstract | +Platform businesses allow for collaboration with +nontraditional partners and bring together different categories of +customers, in the financial context savers and investors or lenders and +borrowers, creating large, scalable networks of users. Their entry into +finance promises potential benefits to consumers in the form of new +products, lower prices, wider choice, and enhanced consumer experience. +At the same time, their new business models and technologies potentially + threaten the dominant position of traditional financial services +providers and create challenges for regulators. Platform businesses can +use their preferential access to customer data to skim off high-quality +loans, leaving only low-quality customers for other lenders. Their +ability to offer complementary nonfinancial services that cannot be +supplied by FinTech start-ups and banks can make it difficult or +unattractive for customers to switch to alternative providers. This +danger is especially acute when BigTech firms have monopoly power in +other markets that complement financial services. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Springer | +
| Pages | +1–11 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Banking Regulation | +
| DOI | +10.1057/s41261-021-00187-9 | +
| ISSN | +1745-6452 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Philip Daian | +
| Author | +Steven Goldfeder | +
| Author | +Tyler Kell | +
| Author | +Yunqi Li | +
| Author | +Xueyuan Zhao | +
| Author | +Iddo Bentov | +
| Author | +Lorenz Breidenbach | +
| Author | +Ari Juels | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Publication | +arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.05234 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Jona Harris | +
| Author | +Aviv Zohar | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Publication | +arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.08513 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Julianna Debler | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: HeinOnline | +
| Volume | +51 | +
| Pages | +245 | +
| Publication | +Cornell Int'l LJ | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Laurie Penny | +
| Date | +2018-12 | +
| URL | +https://breakermag.com/trapped-at-sea-with-cryptos-nouveau-riche/ | +
| Extra | +Publication Title: BREAKERMAG | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Soyeon Kim | +
| Abstract | +Motivated by the growing importance of research on blockchain +applications, this paper conceptualizes the potential impact of +blockchain enabled asset tokenization. Asset tokenization is the process + of converting real-world assets to digital tokens and trading them +fractionally based on a blockchain platform and its smart contract +function. This research hypothesizes that tokenizing the asset increases + its price by improving the democracy of the market and its liquidity, +and eventually results in a price bubble, although it is not clear how +long it will last. Furthermore, this impact is hypothesized to be +greater on the previously lesser-known assets, because of the dominant +investor sentiment and valuation subjectivity. Specifically, the art +market is designated as a research context because blockchain +applications has been expected to innovate the market by resolving its +problems of centralization, inefficiency, and information asymmetry. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +https://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2020/adv_info_systems_research/adv_info_systems_research/19/ | +
| Extra | +ISBN: 9781733632546 | +
| Pages | +0–5 | +
| Publication | +26th Americas Conference on Information Systems, AMCIS 2020 | +
| DOI | +https://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2020/adv_info_systems_research/adv_info_systems_research/19/ | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:17:14 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:17:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Marta Poblet | +
| Author | +Darcy W. E. Allen | +
| Author | +Oleksii Konashevych | +
| Author | +Aaron M. Lane | +
| Author | +Carlos Andres Diaz Valdivia | +
| Abstract | +\ldots This is an important development for facilitating +longer-term exchanges that require a level of certainty over the future +value of payment \ldots An example of data feed could be a monthly +unemployment rate by a government source, or the daily number of +Covid-19 global cases by \ldots | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Frontiers | +
| Volume | +3 | +
| Pages | +41 | +
| Publication | +Frontiers in Blockchain | +
| DOI | +10.3389/fbloc.2020.575662 | +
| ISSN | +2624-7852 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Linn Anker-Sørensen | +
| Author | +Dirk A Zetzsche | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Publication | +Available at SSRN 3978815 | +
| DOI | +https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3978815 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Matthew Dylag | +
| Author | +Harrison Smith | +
| Abstract | +This paper contributes to emerging discussions of blockchain +governance through an analysis of dispute resolution platforms that +reimagine justice. We focus specifically on Kleros, a blockchain-enabled + dispute resolution platform, that promises to secure, authenticate, and + democratize access to justice for the twenty-first century. We advance +the concept of cryptocourts whereby jurors, incentivized by accumulating + cryptocurrency, rapidly mobilize using principles of on-demand +crowdsourcing to resolve disputes. We critique the broader social +imaginaries that cryptocourts such as Kleros will result in a more open, + trustworthy, transparent, and democratic systems of justice. These +platforms instead pose important questions concerning their potential +impact on civil dispute resolution practices by embedding it within an +economy of cryptocurrency speculation. This ostensibly results in a +legal infrastructure founded on principles of financial acquisition that + positions jurors as economic agents seeking to profit from disputes, +and courts as computational systems that merely authenticate and secure +the distribution of evidence and verdicts. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1942958 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Volume | +0 | +
| Pages | +1–16 | +
| Publication | +Information Communication and Society | +
| DOI | +10.1080/1369118X.2021.1942958 | +
| Issue | +0 | +
| ISSN | +14684462 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Ivan Pupolizio | +
| Abstract | +The official launch of the Libra project in 2019, and the +subsequent troubles experienced by the project, stimulated a vigorous +debate, from different perspectives, on the pros and cons of a private +currency with global ambitions. This paper describes the main +characteristics of Libra and of its heir, Diem, locating both in a +partial taxonomy of the increasingly crowded field of so-called 'digital + currencies'. In the light of the distinguishing features and risks of +such an ambitious project, the paper also aims to assess the potential +impact on a crucial issue of the present international monetary system: +the power to create money. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: De Gruyter | +
| Publication | +Global Jurist | +
| DOI | +10.1515/gj-2021-0055 | +
| ISSN | +19342640 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Author | +A Moiseienko | +
| Author | +O Kraft | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Publisher | +London: RUSI | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Jeffrey West Kirkwood | +
| Date | +2022 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: The University of Chicago Press Chicago, IL | +
| Volume | +48 | +
| Pages | +360–380 | +
| Publication | +Critical Inquiry | +
| DOI | +10.1086/717303 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +0093-1896 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Stephen Diehl | +
| Date | +2021-02-03 | +
| URL | +https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/gamestop.html | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 10:58:18 | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 10:58:18 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:41:31 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Peter North | +
| Author | +Vicky Nowak | +
| Author | +Alan Southern | +
| Author | +Matt Thompson | +
| Abstract | +This essay offers conceptual development for thinking diverse +economies in terms of their relationship to antagonism. Rather than +seeing antagonism as unhelpfully fueling capitalocentric thinking, the +essay argues that antagonism can usefully recognize and engage with +problematic forms of power and domination. Building on calls for a +closer engagement of community-economies thinking with wider +anticapitalist praxis, the essay explores how social and solidarity +economy (SSE) practices sometimes reproduce, sometimes challenge, and +sometimes build alternatives to forms of power that attempt to shape, +obstruct, and obliterate attempts to create better worlds. The essay +develops conceptualizations of social enterprise, the social economy, +and solidarity economies before offering the novel concept of the +antagonistic economy, arguably a site from which angry opposition to +constraining power relations can generate a more productive politics of +possibility. The conception of the antagonistic economy is developed by +discussion of taking back labor through recovered factories and land +through community land trusts. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Volume | +32 | +
| Pages | +330–347 | +
| Publication | +Rethinking Marxism | +
| DOI | +10.1080/08935696.2020.1780669 | +
| Issue | +3 | +
| ISSN | +14758059 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Matthew Malloy | +
| Author | +David Lowe | +
| Abstract | +This note explores the potential effects of the widespread +adoption of a global stablecoin (GSC) on key aggregate financial sector +balance sheets in the United States. To do this, we map out cash flows +of GSC transactions among financial sector entities using a stylized set + of 't-accounts'. By analyzing these individual transactions, we infer +aggregate and compositional effects on U.S. commercial banking sector +and Federal Reserve balance sheets. Through this lens, we also consider +how these balance sheet changes could affect monetary policy +implementation, the demand for central bank reserves, and the market for + U.S. dollar safe assets. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: FEDS Working Paper | +
| Volume | +2021 | +
| Pages | +1–14 | +
| Publication | +Finance and Economics Discussion Series | +
| DOI | +10.17016/feds.2021.020 | +
| Issue | +020 | +
| ISSN | +19362854 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | +
| Type | +Manuscript | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Katrin Becker | +
| Date | +2022 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Liang Chen | +
| Author | +Tony W. Tong | +
| Author | +Shaoqin Tang | +
| Author | +Nianchen Han | +
| Abstract | +The burgeoning digital-platforms literature across multiple +business disciplines has primarily characterized the platform as a +market or network. Although the organizing role of platform owners is +well recognized, the literature lacks a coherent approach to +understanding organizational governance in the platform context. Drawing + on classic organizational governance theories, this paper views digital + platforms as a distinct organizational form where the mechanisms of +incentive and control routinely take center stage. We systematically +review research on digital platforms, categorize specific governance +mechanisms related to incentive and control, and map a multitude of +idiosyncratic design features studied in prior research onto these +mechanisms. We further develop an integrative framework to synthesize +the review and to offer novel insights into the interrelations among +three building blocks: value, governance, and design. Using this +framework as a guide, we discuss specific directions for future research + and offer a number of illustrative questions to help advance our +knowledge about digital platforms' governance mechanisms and design +features. | +
| Date | +2022 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA | +
| Volume | +48 | +
| Pages | +147–184 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Management | +
| DOI | +10.1177/01492063211045023 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +15571211 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:21:23 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Wessel Reijers | +
| Author | +Fiachra O'Brolcháin | +
| Author | +Paul Haynes | +
| Abstract | +This paper is placed in the context of a growing number of +social and political critiques of blockchain technologies. We focus on +the supposed potential of blockchain technologies to transform political + institutions that are central to contemporary human societies, such as +money, property rights regimes, and systems of democratic governance. +Our aim is to examine the way blockchain technologies canbring about - +and justify - new models of governance. To do so, we draw on the +philosophical works of Hobbes, Rousseau, and Rawls, analyzing blockchain + governance in terms of contrasting social contract theories. We begin +by comparing the justifications of blockchain governance offered by +members of the blockchain developers' community with the justifications +of governance presented within social contract theories. We then examine + the extent to which the model of governance offered by blockchain +technologies reflects key governance themes and assumptions located +within social contract theories, focusing on the notions of sovereignty, + the initial situation, decentralization and distributive justice. | +
| Date | +2016 | +
| Volume | +1 | +
| Pages | +134–151 | +
| Publication | +Ledger | +
| DOI | +10.5195/ledger.2016.62 | +
| ISSN | +2379-5980 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Type | +Book Section | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Oliver Leistert | +
| Abstract | +Of the phenomena in the field of media technologies that have +conquered imaginations and funding buckets recently, blockchain +technologies, next to artificial intelligence and machine learning, +might be considered the most striking example. The blockchain +constitutes a protocological internet layer for values that corresponds +to a continuing monetization pressure and ongoing expansion of +identification strategies. Notwithstanding these trajectories, behind +this prospective killer application resides first of all a sovereign +chronological regime that has the capacities to prove and modulate the +existence, identity and administration of data, assets, goods and +services from a distance on granular scales. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +DOI: https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/14853 | +
| Place | +Lüneburg | +
| Publisher | +meson press | +
| Pages | +1–21 | +
| Book Title | +Explorations in Digital Cultures | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Type | +Thesis | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Florian Lukas Helfrich | +
| Abstract | +Along with the emerging use of cryptocurrency systems, new +forms of decentralised blockchain-based networks are envisioned and +being developed. These networks are extending the scope of using +blockchain technology beyond solely financial contexts into novel fields + of application. Investigating the ways in which such networks are +implemented in societies and how they are governed requires +understanding the underlying technical structures, social practices and +forms of governance within such networks. Investigating these internal +aspects of decentralised blockchain-based networks is the main focus of +this thesis. Drawing on accounts in the field of science and technology +studies (STS), this thesis will elaborate on decentralised +cryptocurrency systems as being constituted by technical aspects of +their infrastructure, as well as the social relations within them. +Building upon an understanding of the socio-technical structure of such +systems, the influence of their decentralised character on the +constitution of user identities is presented. It will be investigated +how the socio-technical character and decentralised structure of +cryptocurrency systems leads to new forms of governance within them and, + correspondingly, in the decentralised blockchain-based networks they +are a part of. Two illustrative cases of decentralised blockchain-based +networks in electricity markets and the forms of governance within them +will be examined. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +http://essay.utwente.nl/84805/ | +
| Extra | +DOI: http://essay.utwente.nl/84805/ | +
| Type | +PhD Thesis | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Type | +Blog Post | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Parag Khanna, Balaji S. Srinivasan | +
| Abstract | +The 21st century doesn’t belong to China, the United States, or Silicon Valley. It belongs to the internet. | +
| Language | +en-US | +
| URL | +https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/11/bitcoin-ethereum-cryptocurrency-web3-great-protocol-politics/ | +
| Accessed | +22/02/2022, 13:48:53 | +
| Blog Title | +Foreign Policy | +
| Date Added | +22/02/2022, 13:48:53 | +
| Modified | +22/02/2022, 13:48:53 | +
| Type | +Report | +
|---|---|
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +https://www.fca.org.uk/publication/consultation/cp19-03.pdf#page=11 | +
| Institution | +Financial Conduct Authority | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Jaya Klara Brekke | +
| Abstract | +Research by political economists typically highlights +policymakers, regulators, economists and consultants as the makers of +economies. This paper foregrounds a different actor entirely, what I +call the ‘hacker-engineer' as an important protagonist in the making of +decentralised digital network economies that are forged through the +emerging field of ‘cryptoeconomics' and blockchain and other distributed + ledger technologies. Responding to critical literature stating that +blockchain and ‘cryptoeconomics' merely extend neoliberal processes of +economisation, the paper recovers the neglected hacker culture of +cypherpunk and histories of peer-to-peer decentralised networks in order + to foreground concerns that depart from the continuation of economics +and economies as usual. Hacker-engineers are dedicated to +decentralisation as a ‘disruptive' response to network control and +surveillance, and share a pragmatist sensibility that seeks to make +decentralised networks ‘work' in order to provide informational security + and privacy. While further broadening the range of agents that provide +the focus for political economy research into the production of +economies, the paper also draws attention to the technical decisions of +hacker-engineers that attempt to reconfigure the material +infrastructures of digital economies. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Volume | +26 | +
| Pages | +646–659 | +
| Publication | +New Political Economy | +
| DOI | +10.1080/13563467.2020.1806223 | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| ISSN | +14699923 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Olga Kharif | +
| Date | +2018-07 | +
| URL | +https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-07-09/half-of-icos-die-within-four-months-after-token-sales-finalized | +
| Extra | +Publication Title: Bloomberg.com | +
| Publisher | +Bloomberg | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +David Sanz Bas | +
| Abstract | +The emergence of cryptocurrencies has been one of the most +notable monetary phenomenon of the last decade. Many academics and +analysts have found a clear precedent to this event in Friedrich Hayek's + latest monetary work, Denationalization of money. The aim of this +article is to analyze what we can learn about cryptocurrencies by +re-reading this book. As will be proven, Hayek would surely have +rejected the idea that Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies with similar +characteristics could be accepted as money in the market. Furthermore, +this paper will prove that a very close connection between Stablecoins +and private money exists, following the Austrian economist's predictions + in a context of monetary competition. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Volume | +7 | +
| Pages | +15–28 | +
| Publication | +Iberian Journal of the History of Economic Thought | +
| DOI | +10.5209/ijhe.69403 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +2386-5768 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Balázs Bodó | +
| Author | +Heleen Janssen | +
| Abstract | +Emerging technologies, such as AI systems, distributed +ledgers, but also private e-commerce and telecommunication platforms +have permeated every aspect of our social, economic, political +relations. Various bodies of the state, from education, via law +enforcement to healthcare also increasingly rely on technical components + to provide cheap, efficient public services, and supposedly fair, +transparent, disinterested, accountable public administration. Most of +these technical components are provided by private parties who designed, + developed, trained, and maintain the technical components of public +infrastructures. The rapid, and often unplanned, and uncontrolled +technologization of public services (as happened, for example in the +rapid adoption of distance learning and teleconferencing systems during +the COVID lockdowns) inseparably link the perception of the quality, +trustworthiness, effectiveness of public services and the public bodies +which provision them to the successes and failures of their private, +technological components: if the government's welfare fraud AI system +fails, it is the confidence in the governments which is ultimately +hit.In this contribution we explore how the use of potentially +untrustworthy private technological systems in the public sector may +affect the trust in government. We argue that citizens' and business' +trust in government is a valuable asset, which came under assault from +many dimensions. The increasing reliance on private technical components + in government is in part a response to protect this trust, but in many +cases, it opens up new forms of threats and vulnerabilities, because the + trustworthiness of many of these private technical systems is, at best, + questionable, particularly where it is deployed in the context of +public sector trust contexts. We consider a number of policy options to +protect the trust in government even if some of their technological +components are fundamentally untrustworthy. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.3868208 | +
| ISSN | +1556-5068 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Micahel Hayden | +
| Author | +Megan Squire | +
| URL | +https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2021/12/09/how-cryptocurrency-revolutionized-white-supremacist-movement | +
| Accessed | +03/03/2022, 13:14:58 | +
| Website Title | +Souther Poverty Law Center | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 13:14:58 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 13:15:48 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Justin Scheck | +
| Author | +Shane Shifflett | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Volume | +28 | +
| Publication | +Wall Street Journal | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Justin Scheck | +
| URL | +https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-dirty-money-disappears-into-the-black-hole-of-cryptocurrency-1538149743#refreshed | +
| Accessed | +03/03/2022, 13:03:59 | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 13:03:59 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 13:36:48 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| URL | +https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/how-dirty-money-disappears-into-the-black-hole-of-cryptocurrency-1538149743 | +
| Accessed | +03/03/2022, 13:04:04 | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 13:04:04 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 13:37:03 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Sandra Faustino | +
| Abstract | +This paper explores the role of metaphors in the production of + re-descriptions of the world within the framework of technological +design processes. Drawing on a collaborative ethnography with the +Economic Space Agency (ECSA), a start-up developing post-blockchain +technology, this paper illustrates how metaphors mimic the toponymy of +decentralized material infrastructures, while simultaneously pushing +forward ‘posthuman' values that are expected to become fixated through +software. Through an analysis of a ‘collection' of metaphors produced by + ECSA, this paper sheds light on the work performed by specific +vocabularies, within technological communities, in shaping a symbiotic +relationship between futuristic politics and material culture. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Volume | +12 | +
| Pages | +478–490 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Cultural Economy | +
| DOI | +10.1080/17530350.2019.1629330 | +
| Issue | +6 | +
| ISSN | +17530369 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Tomicah Tillemann | +
| Author | +James Rathmell | +
| Abstract | +The year 2021 marked a watershed moment for web3. Significant +numbers of policymakers began to grasp the potential of web3 to +democratize access to opportunity, provide individuals with more control + of their data, and build a better internet. In the … | +
| Date | +2022-01-07T17:11:16-08:00 | +
| Language | +en-US | +
| Short Title | +How to Build a Better Internet | +
| URL | +https://a16z.com/2022/01/07/how-to-build-a-better-internet-10-principles-for-world-leaders-shaping-the-future-of-web3/ | +
| Accessed | +01/03/2022, 10:57:54 | +
| Extra | +Section: cryptocurrencies & blockchains | +
| Website Title | +Andreessen Horowitz | +
| Date Added | +01/03/2022, 10:57:54 | +
| Modified | +01/03/2022, 10:57:54 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Stephen Diehl | +
| Date | +2021-07-13 | +
| URL | +https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/destroy-bitcoin.html | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 10:56:58 | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 10:56:58 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:43:00 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Charlotte Ducuing | +
| Abstract | +Under the phrase "code is law" and based on its "trustless +trust", blockchain has emerged as a disrupting technology considered by +some as an alternative to the law. Based on a study of real-life +blockchain-based decentralised applications (Dapps), this article takes +blockchain developers at their word and adopts the point of view of +users: can blockchain live up to its promise and enable them to transact + with each other without the need for the trust granted by the law? The +article particularly highlights that users need to be able to ascertain +that a self-advertised Dapp indeed qualifies as one. Blockchain +technology may make it possible to do away with trust in third parties, +but this is not enough. Users also need to trust that an alleged Dapp +genuinely is one, and blockchain alone cannot provide this. Beyond +Dapps, it is argued that blockchain needs the complementary role of the +law to deliver its promises and especially to authenticate blockchain +"virtues". The EU certification mark is identified as a promising form +of co-regulation for that purpose. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Volume | +10 | +
| Pages | +315–329 | +
| Publication | +European Journal of Risk Regulation | +
| DOI | +10.1017/err.2019.39 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +21908249 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Brian L. Frye | +
| Abstract | +https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3930430 | +
| URL | +https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3930430 | +
| Publication | +Harvard Journal of Sports and Entertainment Law, Forthcoming | +
| DOI | +https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3930430 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:17:15 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:17:15 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +New York Times | +
| Abstract | +From banking to gaming, investors are sending billions of +dollars to crypto inventors who seek to disrupt industries. Here’s a +look at some of those bets. | +
| Date | +2021-10-29T18:47:20.000Z | +
| Language | +en | +
| URL | +https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/29/us/politics/crypto-currency-venture-capitalists.html | +
| Accessed | +01/03/2022, 11:28:53 | +
| Extra | +Section: U.S. | +
| Date Added | +01/03/2022, 11:28:53 | +
| Modified | +01/03/2022, 11:29:33 | +
Paywall
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Alex Murray | +
| Author | +Jen Rhymer | +
| Author | +David G. Sirmon | +
| Abstract | +Organizations are increasingly deploying technologies that +have the ability to parse through large amounts of data, acquire skills +and knowledge, and operate autonomously. These technologies diverge from + prior technologies in their capacity to exercise intentionality over +protocol development or action selection in the practice of +organizational routines, thereby affecting organizations in newand +distinctways. In this article,we categorize four forms of conjoined +agency between humans and technologies: (1) conjoined agency with +assisting technologies, (2) conjoined agency with arresting +technologies, (3) conjoined agency with augmenting technologies, and (4) + conjoined agencywith automating technologies. We then theorize on the +different ways in which these forms of conjoined agency impact a +routine's change at a particular moment in time as well as a routine's +responsiveness to feedback over time. In doing so, we elaborate on how +organizations may evolve in varied and diverse ways based on the form(s) + of conjoined agency they deploy in their organizational design choices. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Academy of Management Briarcliff Manor, NY | +
| Volume | +46 | +
| Pages | +552–571 | +
| Publication | +Academy of Management Review | +
| DOI | +10.5465/amr.2019.0186 | +
| Issue | +3 | +
| ISSN | +03637425 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Date | +2017 | +
| URL | +https://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/ | +
| Publisher | +Hyperledger Foundation | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Stephen Diehl | +
| Date | +2021-11-23 | +
| URL | +https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/ice-nine.html | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 10:55:47 | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 10:55:47 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:44:10 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Ann Brody | +
| Author | +Stéphane Couture | +
| Abstract | +Background: Academic literature on blockchains has focused on +Bitcoin, which is traditionallyassociated with right-wing +libertarianism. This article looks at Ethereum, an alternative that +emerged in Canada and is now the second most used blockchain technology +after Bitcoin. Analysis: Using participatory observation supplemented +with publicly available material, this article examines the ideologies +and imaginaries surrounding Ethereum and how they are articulated with +its technical design.Conclusion and implications: Ethereum's design +ostensibly widens the ideological spectrum of cryptocurrency while +“masking” certain currency ideologies still prominent within it. This +complicates the distinction seen in the literature between blockchain as + currency and blockchain as media and points to the increasing need to +study non-currency-based blockchain technologies. Contexte : La +recherche sur les blockchains s'est surtout attardé à Bitcoin, en +l'associant aux idéologies libertariennes. Cet article aborde Ethereum, +la technologie de blockchain la plus utilisée après Bitcoin.Analyse : +Basé sur l'observation participante et du matériel publiquement +accessible, l'article analyse les idéologies et imaginaires entourant +Ethereum et leur articulation avec son design technique.Conclusion et +implications : Ethereum élargit le spectre idéologique des blockchains +tout en «masquant» certaines idéologies monétaires toujours +proéminentes. Cela complique la distinction énoncée dans la littérature +entre blockchains comme monnaie et blockchains comme média, etc. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Volume | +46 | +
| Publication | +Canadian Journal of Communication | +
| DOI | +10.22230/cjc.2021v46n3a3701 | +
| Issue | +3 | +
| ISSN | +0705-3657 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Olivia Inwood | +
| Author | +Michele Zappavigna | +
| Abstract | +Recent work on algorithmic bias has shown that understanding +the values embedded in technology design processes is important for +avoiding social harm. This paper explores the attitudes construed in +whitepapers of blockchain technology start-ups. Blockchain technology is + a relatively new phenomenon that has informed discourses about the +future of governance and economics in relation to the internet. This +study aims to understand the values discursively construed in the +whitepapers of four blockchain start-ups: Steemit, Creativechain, +Democracy Earth, and Bitnation. It adopts a corpus linguistics approach, + and uses the Appraisal framework (Martin, J. R., and P. R. R. White. +2005. The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. New York: +Palgrave Macmillan) to analyse the evaluative meanings expressed in the +whitepaper dataset. This analysis reveals that the blockchain start-ups +manifest shared values around the concepts of decentralisation, trust in + algorithms, and trust in individuals over institutions. The start-ups +enact different political orientations, expressing ideals related to the + digital commons, cyber-libertarianism, and capitalism. The corpus-based + linguistic analysis used in this study offers a method that may be +applicable to other areas of technology discourse where whitepapers and +design documents tend to embed covert political and ideological +positions. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Pages | +1–19 | +
| Publication | +Social Semiotics | +
| DOI | +10.1080/10350330.2021.1877995 | +
| ISSN | +14701219 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Hossein Nabilou | +
| Author | +André Prüm | +
| Abstract | +Cryptocurrencies are expected to have a significant impact on +banking, finance, and monetary systems. Due to the uncertainty as to the + possible future trajectories of the evolving cryptocurrency ecosystem, +governments have taken a relatively hands-off approach to regulating +such currencies. This approach may be justified within the theoretical +information-economics framework of this paper, which draws parallels +between the information economics of money and quasi-money creation +within the current central banking, commercial banking, and shadow +banking systems with that of the cryptocurrency ecosystem. In +particular, drawing lessons from the literature on the role of +information in creating 'safe assets', in this paper the authors find +that by building on symmetric (common) knowledge as to the inner +workings of the Bitcoin Blockchain-though in a different way-BTC +possesses a degree of endogenous information insensitivity typical of +safe assets. This endogenous information insensitivity could support +BTC's promise of maturing into a viable store of value and a niche +medium of exchange. This finding should not be overlooked in the policy +discussions for potential future regulatory interventions in the +cryptocurrency ecosystem. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Volume | +5 | +
| Pages | +29–63 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Financial Regulation | +
| DOI | +10.1093/jfr/fjz002 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +20534841 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Christine Murray | +
| URL | +https://www.ft.com/content/fbf9aef0-453f-4e61-bd83-ff2b2bc92221 | +
| Accessed | +03/03/2022, 11:56:27 | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 11:56:27 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 11:56:50 | +
| Type | +Thesis | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Mateo Peyrouzet | +
| Abstract | +This dissertation provides an analysis of the ideological +component behind the crypto-anarchist enthusiasm for the highly topical +emerging technology of distributed ledger technology, commonly known as +‘blockchain'. Philosophy of technology scholars have drawn attention to +the fact that technologies can possess political properties and serve to + reinforce or challenge power structures. Public blockchains have an +unquestionable social and political character due to their capacity to +facilitate the emergence of cryptographic, decentralized and reliable +peer-to-peer networks. The exponential adoption of this disruptive +technology, which is poised to cause transformational changes across +socio-technical systems and organizational structures, means that both +its political properties and the ideological forces behind its +development as a political technology must be recognized. Accordingly, +this dissertation engages with some of the most ideologically-driven +projects aiming to tap into blockchain's political and economic +potential, namely those of Bitcoin, FairCoin, Democracy Earth and +Bitnation. These projects exemplify what is posited as the main +ideological cleavage within crypto-anarchism, which revolves around the +privileged agent and vision that should be empowered and trusted to +capture the decentralizing potential offered by blockchain technology. +The paper offers an original contribution by conceptualizing the +cleavage as separating; ‘crypto-libertarians', whose neo-Hobbesian +individualistic vision sees the invisible hand of the free market as the + privileged agent driving a trustless technology; and +‘crypto-commonists', whose collectivist vision regards blockchain as a +trust-enabling technology that should be used to facilitate +collaborative economic paradigms and participatory forms of e-democracy. + The dissertation concludes that while both strands of blockchain +enthusiasts have a shared interest in promoting personal privacy, +radical transparency, and eroding the authority of nation-states, their +diametrically opposed views on human nature and socio-economic +organization seem presently irreconcilable. The research undertaken for +this paper has covered a substantial breadth of the existing academic +material concerning the philosophy and politics of blockchain +technology, consulting books, journals, white papers and online +articles. This dissertation contributes with an ideological +conceptualization to the fields of techno-politics and blockch \ldots +View full abstract | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| URL | +https://www.academia.edu/38081197/In_blockchain_they_trust_Now_power_to_the_people_or_to_the_invisible_hand | +
| Extra | +DOI: https://www.academia.edu/38081197/In_blockchain_they_trust_Now_power_to_the_people_or_to_the_invisible_hand +Issue: May | +
| # of Pages | +68 | +
| Type | +PhD Thesis | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Angela Walch | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Chapter in Regulating Blockchain. Techno-Social and Legal Challenges, edited … | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 09:32:12 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 09:32:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Jon Baldwin | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Palgrave | +
| Volume | +4 | +
| Pages | +1–10 | +
| Publication | +Palgrave Communications | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Tarek Kadour Aleinieh | +
| Author | +Laura Zoboli | +
| Abstract | +Legal standardization traditionally played an important role +in contractual relations. With technological and commercial development +and expansion of trade from the individual and collective levels to +internationalization, it became necessary to create a set of standards +to keep pace with this development and facilitate the contractual +process. Although smart contracts are considered a leap in the +contractual relationship, it cannot be overlooked that these contracts +share many characteristics with traditional contracts. To gain a greater + position in the global market, smart contracts also need to be well +functioning and efficient. In this context, the article tackles the +phenomenon of legal standardization and identifies the main weaknesses +of smart contracts—to answer two crucial questions: how can these +contracts be smarter, and how should we employ standardization to ensure + their efficiency? | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Oxford University Press | +
| Volume | +26 | +
| Pages | +583–598 | +
| Publication | +Uniform Law Review | +
| DOI | +10.1093/ulr/unab022 | +
| Issue | +3 | +
| ISSN | +1124-3694 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Catherine Flick | +
| Date | +2016 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England | +
| Volume | +12 | +
| Pages | +14–28 | +
| Publication | +Research Ethics | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Maja Hojer Bruun | +
| Author | +Astrid Oberborbeck Andersen | +
| Author | +Adrienne Mannov | +
| Abstract | +The authors of this article are engaged in anthropological +research on the links between the growing interest in privacy and data +security as a technical field and how notions of trust, security and +accountability are practised in and beyond technical fields of +cryptography, specifically a field called multi-party computation (MPC). + They pursue the relationship between trust in different forms of +cryptography – academic and activist – and notions of trust as they are +articulated in relation to data security and the protection of citizens' + data. There is a tension between the concerns raised in public debates +about data security and the promises of emerging cryptographic +protocols. In political speeches and public debates, citizens' trust +that governments and tech companies will protect their data is framed as + important and essential. In the environments of emerging cryptographic +technologies, such as blockchains, bitcoin and MPC, a promise to provide + ‘trustless trust' and abandon the need for trusted intermediaries, +authorities and institutions is articulated. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Wiley Online Library | +
| Volume | +36 | +
| Pages | +13–17 | +
| Publication | +Anthropology Today | +
| DOI | +10.1111/1467-8322.12562 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +14678322 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Sabrina T Howell | +
| Author | +Marina Niessner | +
| Author | +David Yermack | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Publication | +The Review of Financial Studies | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Matthew Zook | +
| Author | +Michael H. Grote | +
| Abstract | +This paper elaborates on the interactions between digital +technologies and financial practices and how they contribute to the +ongoing process of financialization. We focus on the circumstances of +blockchain-based token offerings and their contribution to reshaping +existing systems of investment in startups. We show how future clients +become investors via the initial coin offering (ICO) process. The paper +is based on interviews with blockchain and industry practitioners during + 2018 and 2019 and focuses on an in-depth case study of a specific ICO +in early 2018. We suggest a framework consisting of catalysts, cracks +and voids to analyze the financialization process and to inform theories + of how financialization advances through the new spaces afforded by +socially constructed technologies upon which entrepreneurs capitalize. +With this framework we provide a better understanding of the mechanics +behind financialization, particularly the ways in which business +processes, and larger social relations such as the role of investors and + clients, are reimagined and reworked. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Volume | +52 | +
| Pages | +1560–1582 | +
| Publication | +Environment and Planning A | +
| DOI | +10.1177/0308518X20954440 | +
| Issue | +8 | +
| ISSN | +14723409 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:44 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Siddharth Venkataramakrishnan | +
| Date | +2021-09 | +
| URL | +https://www.ft.com/content/9e787670-6aa7-4479-934f-f4a9fedf4829 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Financial Times | +
| Publication | +Financial Times | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Tom Page CNN | +
| Abstract | +UK startup World Mobile is bringing a land-air internet network to Zanzibar using aerostats -- blimp-like balloons. | +
| URL | +https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/12/africa/world-mobile-internet-balloon-zanzibar-spc-intl/index.html | +
| Accessed | +22/02/2022, 21:27:01 | +
| Website Title | +CNN | +
| Date Added | +22/02/2022, 21:27:01 | +
| Modified | +22/02/2022, 21:30:11 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Dan Patterson | +
| Abstract | +Tech luminary who coined the term "Web 2.0" on cryptocurrency, NFTs and blockchain: "It's kind of like a pyramid scheme." | +
| Date | +2022-02-10 | +
| Language | +en-US | +
| Short Title | +Internet guru Tim O'Reilly on Web3 | +
| URL | +https://www.cbsnews.com/news/web3-cryptocurrency-nft-tim-oreilly/ | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 11:26:57 | +
| Website Title | +CBS News | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 11:26:57 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 12:13:19 | +
Tim O'Reilly is an internet pioneer/Silicon Valley legend
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Emily Tonelli | +
| Abstract | +Tim O’Reilly, the man who coined the term Web 2.0, is unimpressed by Web3. It's “a long way from prime time,” he said. | +
| Date | +2022-02-10 | +
| Language | +en-US | +
| URL | +https://decrypt.co/92676/internet-guru-tim-oreilly-crypto-nfts-serious-speculative-bubble | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 11:25:16 | +
| Extra | +Section: News | +
| Website Title | +Decrypt | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 11:25:16 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 12:07:38 | +
Tim O'Reilly is an internet pioneer/Silicon Valley legend
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Jed Hull | +
| Author | +Aarti Gupta | +
| Author | +Sanneke Kloppenburg | +
| Abstract | +This article interrogates the assumed promises and perils of +climate cryptogovernance or deployment of cryptographic technology +(i.e., blockchain) within climate governance. We distill how climate +cryptogovernance is being discussed by influential climate policy +actors, and the implications for reinforcing or challenging how climate +governance currently occurs. Specifically, through discourse analysis, +we explore how blockchain technology is presented in the communications +of international organisations and multistakeholder initiatives in the +climate policy space. We identify a dominant storyline being advanced +that views blockchain as an enabler of ambitious climate action, through + its potential to enhance the reliability, transparency, accountability, + and democratic quality of climate governance. We critically interrogate + each of these component elements of the dominant storyline, arguing +that, taken as a whole, they tend to privilege a technocratic, +market-oriented approach to climate governance. We conclude by +reflecting on whether this risks reinforcing a problematic +‘post-political' turn in environmental governance in the future. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2021.100117 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier B.V. | +
| Volume | +9 | +
| Pages | +100117 | +
| Publication | +Earth System Governance | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.esg.2021.100117 | +
| ISSN | +25898116 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Caitlin Lustig | +
| Abstract | +Sociotechnical imaginaries are futures that people envision +might be possible and desirable. They have a real impact on how systems +are designed and what values they have embedded in their design. This +article examines imaginaries about autonomous systems, decentralized +systems, and decentralized autonomous systems. Through a discussion of +the literature on autonomous and decentralized systems and how these +imaginaries play out in the blockchain community based on my qualitative + research, I demonstrate how decentralized autonomous systems are +related to imaginaries about the organization of and the future of work. + I identify three framings of imaginaries about autonomous systems: (1) +autonomous technology as physical objects, (2) as mathematical rules, +and (3) as artificial mangers. I also identify two sometimes conflicting + framings of imaginaries about distributed and decentralized technology: + these technologies as a new form of production and as freedom from +control. These imaginaries intersect in decentralized autonomous +systems, and I examine what they can tell us about the design and +governance of such technologies. Lastly, I suggest ways of using the +concept of imaginaries in participatory design. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Volume | +3 | +
| Publication | +Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction | +
| DOI | +10.1145/3359312 | +
| Issue | +CSCW | +
| ISSN | +25730142 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +L. A. Smales | +
| Abstract | +We examine the relationship between investor attention, and +measures of uncertainty, with the market dynamics of Bitcoin and other +cryptocurrencies. We find that increases in investor attention are +associated with higher returns, more volatility, and greater illiquidity + in cryptocurrency markets. In contrast, cryptocurrency uncertainty +(UCRY) and financial market uncertainty (VIX) are also positively +related to volatility and illiquidity but have a negative +contemporaneous relationship with returns. The identified relationships +are accentuated during the COVID-pandemic, and are robust to different +measures of investor attention, volatility, and illiquidity. Our results + suggest that monitoring investor attention could assist both investors +and policymakers. | +
| Date | +2022 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +79 | +
| Pages | +101972 | +
| Publication | +International Review of Financial Analysis | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.irfa.2021.101972 | +
| ISSN | +10575219 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Gangjin Wang | +
| Author | +Yanping Tang | +
| Author | +Chi Xie | +
| Author | +Shou Chen | +
| Abstract | +Based on daily data about Bitcoin and six other major +financial assets (stocks, commodity futures (commodities), gold, foreign + exchange (FX), monetary assets, and bonds) in China from 2013 to 2017, +we use a VAR-GARCH-BEKK model to investigate mean and volatility +spillover effects between Bitcoin and other major assets and explore +whether Bitcoin can be used either as a hedging asset or a safe haven. +Our empirical results show that (i) only the monetary market, i.e., the +Shanghai Interbank Offered Rate (SHIIBOR) has a mean spillover effect on + Bitcoin and (ii) gold, monetary, and bond markets have volatility +spillover effects on Bitcoin, while Bitcoin has a volatility spillover +effect only on the gold market. We further find that Bitcoin can be +hedged against stocks, bonds and SHIBOR and is a safe haven when extreme + price changes occur in the monetary market. Our findings provide useful + information for investors and portfolio risk managers who have invested + or hedged with Bitcoin. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +4 | +
| Pages | +173–188 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Management Science and Engineering | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.jmse.2019.09.001 | +
| Issue | +3 | +
| ISSN | +25895532 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +John M Griffin | +
| Author | +Amin Shams | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Wiley Online Library | +
| Volume | +75 | +
| Pages | +1913–1964 | +
| Publication | +The Journal of Finance | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Daniel Drummer | +
| Author | +Dirk Neumann | +
| Abstract | +Blockchain technology has enabled so-called smart contracts +between different parties on a decentralized network. These +self-enforceable and self-executable computerized contracts could +initiate a fundamental paradigm shift in the understanding and +functioning of our legal practices. Opportunities for their application +are increasingly understood, and numerous tests of feasibility have been + completed. However, only very few use cases have yet been implemented +at scale. This article—as the first of its kind—comprehensively analyzes + the underlying challenges and locates a key reason for the slow +adoption in the discrepancy between legal requirements and IT +capabilities. Our work combines a wide range of academic sources and +interviews with 30 domain experts from IT, the legal domain and private +industry. First, we establish that smart contracts still fall within the + boundaries of the general legal framework. We then systematically +dissect current shortcomings of smart contracts on three distinct +levels, namely, (1) how smart contracts are likely to cause conflicts +with existing laws, (2) how smart contracts are intrinsically limited on + an individual contract level and (3) how they are impeded by their +current technical design. Across those levels, we dissect 20 distinct +issues concerning the current implementation of smart contracts for +which we derive potential remedies. We further outline implications for +policy-makers as well as IT management, and examine how information +systems research can play an important role in advancing smart +contracts. Finally, we show how managerial and organizational issues +might represent an ongoing challenge for the widespread adoption of +smart contracts. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England | +
| Volume | +35 | +
| Pages | +337–360 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Information Technology | +
| DOI | +10.1177/0268396220924669 | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| ISSN | +14664437 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Benedikt C. Eikmanns | +
| Author | +Pascal Mehrwald | +
| Author | +Isabell M. Welpe | +
| Author | +Philipp G. Sandner | +
| Abstract | +Similar to mobile operating systems, public blockchain +infrastructures, such as Ethereum, represent a platform for the +development of software applications. Since 2020, we observe the +emergence of a rapidly evolving ecosystem of blockchain-based +applications called Decentralized Finance (DeFi), which aspires to +challenge traditional finance and associated business models. To explore + the economic structures that constitute DeFi, we follow an +interdisciplinary approach, supplementing information systems (IS) +research with strategic management literature. We apply the theoretical +lens of strategic groups to identify platform-specific dimensions and +conceptualize DeFi as a hierarchical structured platform economy +consisting of four strategic groups, namely 1) Token Management +Applications, 2) Protocol Platforms, 3) Aggregation Platforms, and 4) +Decentralized Financial Services Solutions. Further, we give a market +overview of DeFi applications and discover archetypal attributes of the +respective groups. Lastly, we present an integrated framework for the +analysis of software-based platform ecosystems and derive areas for +future research. | +
| URL | +https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3992625 | +
| DOI | +https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3992625 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Michael Dowling | +
| Date | +2022 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +44 | +
| Pages | +102097 | +
| Publication | +Finance Research Letters | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 09:04:42 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 09:04:42 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Molly White | +
| Abstract | +When I speak about the inefficiency of popular blockchains, or mention that we seem to be hurtling towards a | +
| Date | +2022-01-14 | +
| Language | +en-us | +
| URL | +https://blog.mollywhite.net/its-not-still-the-early-days/ | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 11:56:15 | +
| Website Title | +Molly White | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 11:56:15 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:56:15 | +
| Type | +Conference Paper | +
|---|---|
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Backup Publisher: IEA Paris, France | +
| Publisher | +International Energy Agency | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Katrin Becker | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| URL | +https://classiques-garnier.com/etudes-digitales-2018-2-n-6-religiosite-technologique-ii-la-technologie-blockchain-et-la-promesse-crypto-divine-d-en-finir-avec-les-tiers.html | +
| Volume | +6 | +
| Pages | +33–52 | +
| Publication | +Études digitales | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Larry Lohmann | +
| Abstract | +The biggest frontier of mechanization of the past 10 years has + been the automation, broadly speaking, of interpretation. This includes + recognition (for example, image recognition technologies used by +security services), translation (Google Translate), searching for +information (search engines), understanding (‘predictive algorithms' +that learn what books or movies you will like or what kind of propaganda + will appeal to you, as used by Amazon, Netflix, or the Donald Trump +campaign), trust (blockchain technologies such as Bitcoin), and +negotiation (‘smart contracts' as pioneered by firms such as Ethereum). +This article explores how these technologies benefit business and why +they have come to prominence now, the ways they degrade and exhaust the +work of both humans and nonhumans, the parallels with earlier uses of +machines to discipline and extract value from labour, and the +implications for social movement strategy. The article also suggests +some directions for research. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Springer | +
| Volume | +62 | +
| Pages | +43–52 | +
| Publication | +Development (Basingstoke) | +
| DOI | +10.1057/s41301-019-00207-2 | +
| Issue | +1-4 | +
| ISSN | +02122448 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | +
| Type | +Book | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Riikka Koulu | +
| Abstract | +The use of new information and communication technologies both + inside the courts and in private online dispute resolution services is +quickly changing everyday conflict management. However, the implications + of the increasingly disruptive role of technology in dispute resolution + remain largely undiscussed. In this book, assistant professor of law +and digitalisation Riikka Koulu examines the multifaceted phenomenon of +dispute resolution technology, focusing specifically on private +enforcement, which modern technology enables on an unforeseen scale. The + increase in private enforcement confounds legal structures and +challenges the nation-state's monopoly on violence. And, in this +respect, the author argues that the technology-driven privatisation of +enforcement - from direct enforcement of e-commerce platforms to +self-executing smart contracts in the blockchain - brings the ethics of +law's coercive nature out into the open. This development constitutes a +new, and dangerous, grey area of conflict management, which calls for +transparency and public debate on the ethical implications of dispute +resolution technology. | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Extra | +Publication Title: Law, Technology and Dispute Resolution: The Privatisation of Coercion +DOI: 10.4324/9781315149479 | +
| Publisher | +Routledge | +
| ISBN | +978-1-351-37040-0 | +
| # of Pages | +1–220 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Jake Goldenfein | +
| Author | +Andrea Leiter | +
| Abstract | +A new legal field is emerging around blockchain platforms and +automated transactions. Understanding the relationships between law, +legal enforcement, and these technological systems has become critical +for scaling blockchain applications. Because ‘smart contracts' do not +themselves constitute agreements, the first necessary ‘legal' +development for transacting with these technologies involves linking +computational transactions to natural language contracts. Various groups + have accordingly begun building libraries of machine readable +transaction modules that correspond to natural language contracting +elements. In doing so, they are creating the building blocks for ever +more complex transactions that will ultimately define the entire +envelope of computational legal conduct in these environments, and +likely standardise the field. However, also critical to emerging +blockchain ‘legalities', is the capacity for dispute resolution and +legal enforcement. Beyond the performance of parties, or the quality of +goods and services transacted, new mechanisms are also needed to address + the performance of the computational transaction systems themselves. +Such mechanisms are necessary to address the reality that smart +contracts cannot be forced to perform actions beyond the parameters of +their coding, even by a judicial order. Legal tools, both technological +and institutional, are thus being developed to ‘soften' the effects of +self-executing transactions. In this article we treat these developments + as law-making practices that are constitutive of an emerging legal +field. Legal engineering exercises of this kind are not novel, and by +drawing on historic examples from the common law and international +arbitration, we gain insights into the competitive dynamics likely to be + shaping legal engagements on the blockchain. | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Springer | +
| Volume | +29 | +
| Pages | +141–149 | +
| Publication | +Law and Critique | +
| DOI | +10.1007/s10978-018-9224-0 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +15728617 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Type | +Book Section | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Maxim I Inozemtsev | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-83561-3_22%0A | +
| Extra | +DOI: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-83561-3_22 | +
| Publisher | +Springer | +
| Pages | +315–326 | +
| Book Title | +Post-COVID Economic Revival, Volume I | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | +
| Type | +Thesis | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Sarah Azouvi | +
| Abstract | +Since the apparition of Bitcoin, decentralization has become +an ideal praised almost religiously. Indeed, removing the need for a +central authority prevents many forms of abuse that could be performed +by a trusted third party, especially when there are no transparency and +accountability mechanisms in place. Decentralization is however a very +subtle concept that has limits. In this thesis, we look at the +decentralization of blockchains at three different levels. First we look + at the consensus protocol, which is the heart of any decentralized +system. The Nakamoto protocol, used by Bitcoin, has been shown to induce + centralization through the shift to mining pools. Additionally, it is +heavily criticized for the enormous amount of energy it requires. We +propose a protocol, Fantômette, that incorporates incentives at its core + and that consumes much less energy than Bitcoin and other proof-of-work + based cryptocurrencies. If the consensus protocol makes it possible to +decentralize the enforcement of rules in a cryptocurrency, there is +still the question of who decides on the rules. Indeed, if a central +authority is able to determine what those rules are then the fact that +they are enforced in a decentralized way does not make it a +decentralized system. We study the governance structure of Bitcoin and +Ethereum by making measurements of their GitHub repositories and +providing quantitative ways to compare their level of centralization by +using appropriate metrics based on centrality measures. Finally, many +applications are now built on top of blockchains. These can also induce +or straightforwardly lead to centralization, for example by requiring +that users register their identities to comply with regulations. We show + how identities can be registered on blockchains in a decentralized and +privacy-preserving way. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10139069/ | +
| Extra | +DOI: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10139069/ | +
| Type | +PhD Thesis | +
| University | +University College London | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Karsten Schulz | +
| Author | +Marian Feist | +
| Abstract | +The rapid development of digital technologies such as +blockchain and distributed ledger-based systems holds transformative +potential for the financial sector. Promising applications include asset + management as well as peer-to-peer networks for the transparent +exchange of data and information. International climate finance stands +to benefit in particular ways from these new opportunities in financial +technology. Distributed ledger technologies could be leveraged to +support climate action, for example by facilitating transparent and +standardized transactions, or by enabling more efficient monitoring and +accreditation processes. In view of these promising opportunities, we +focus our inquiry on the case of the Green Climate Fund to explore how +distributed ledger technologies can be used for innovative climate +finance. Based on our analysis of different digital system models and +potential use cases, we then discuss some of the technical and political + challenges that may arise, for example with regard to standards and +safeguards, governance processes, country ownership, and further +capitalization. Our findings show that distributed ledger-based systems +could benefit the work of the fund in key areas such as +multi-stakeholder coordination and impact assessment. However, our +analysis also points to the concrete limitations of technology driven +solutions. Digital technologies are not a standalone solution to +persistent resource allocation and governance challenges in +international climate finance, especially because the design and +deployment of these digital systems is inherently political. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +7 | +
| Pages | +100084 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.3663176 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Type | +Magazine Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Lil Jin | +
| Abstract | +Shared ownership and control of online platforms is the way forward | +
| Date | +2021-11-08T15:14:04Z | +
| Library Catalog | +The Economist | +
| URL | +https://www.economist.com/the-world-ahead/2021/11/08/li-jin-on-the-future-of-the-creator-economy | +
| Accessed | +28/02/2022, 11:16:07 | +
| Extra | +Shared ownership and control of online platforms is the way forward (via crypto) | +
| Publication | +The Economist | +
| ISSN | +0013-0613 | +
| Date Added | +28/02/2022, 11:16:07 | +
| Modified | +28/02/2022, 11:17:27 | +
| Type | +Blog Post | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Vitalik Buterin | +
| Abstract | +By Vitalik Buterin and Glen Weyl | +
| Date | +2018-05-21T14:05:12.607Z | +
| Language | +en | +
| URL | +https://medium.com/@VitalikButerin/liberation-through-radical-decentralization-22fc4bedc2ac | +
| Accessed | +28/02/2022, 11:24:52 | +
| Blog Title | +Medium | +
| Date Added | +28/02/2022, 11:24:52 | +
| Modified | +28/02/2022, 11:24:52 | +
Read/Eilidh
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Jan Reiser | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| DOI | +https://wwz.unibas.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/wwz/00_Professuren/Schaer_DLTFintech/Lehre/Reiser_2020.pdf | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Ramaa Vasudevan | +
| Abstract | +The launch of Libra, a corporate-controlled supranational +currency is a bold attempt by a bigtech behemoth to leverage its +monopoly over digital data and platform networks in order to draw +low-income and unbanked households into its web of interconnected +financial services. But in the process, argues the author, it will +likely exacerbate financial fragility, global imbalances, and the +already substantial financial subordination of developing countries. +Even if Facebook's plan to launch a global private digital currency, +Libra, as soon as next year (in 2020) flounders the announcement is +still significant as an opening salvo by a US corporate power, globally +dominant in the field of new technology, to push its disruptive +potential into the sphere of the international monetary system. The +announcement of the social network behemoth's entry into the sphere of +finance has, not surprisingly, triggered both speculation and backlash. +Writing in the Financial Times blog, FTalphaville, which has excellent, +if skeptical, analysis of this crypto-currency pretender, Isabella +Kaminska calls Libra A glorified exchange traded fund which uses +blockchain buzz words to neutralize the regulatory impact of coming to +market without a license as well as to veil the disproportionate +influence of Facebook, in what it hopes will eventually become a global +digital reserve system. (Kaminska 2019b) The claim is that this currency + will have all the attributes of the world's best currencies: stability, + low inflation, wide global acceptance, and fungibility (Libra 2019). +And the announcement comes at a time when Facebook is plagued by +accusations of misuse of private data, widespread abuse of its digital +platform, and blatantly anti-competitive practices, and has been slapped + with a $5 billion fine by the Federal Trade Commission for data privacy + violations (Murphy 2019a). Whatever might be the pitfalls of such +hubris, the launch reflects deeper structural trends in contemporary +capitalism. Before the full implications of these structural trends can +be grasped, it is necessary to cut through the buzz and hype surrounding + the launch of Libra and clarify some of the nuts and bolts of the +proposed plan. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Volume | +63 | +
| Pages | +21–39 | +
| Publication | +Challenge | +
| DOI | +10.1080/05775132.2019.1684662 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +0577-5132 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | +
| Type | +Book | +
|---|---|
| Author | +David Gerard | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Publisher | +David Gerard | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Video Recording | +
|---|---|
| Director | +Dan Olson | +
| Abstract | +If someone pitches you on a "great" Web3 project, ask them if it requires buying or selling crypto to do what they say it does. + +Sources and Further Reading +https://web3isgoinggreat.com/ +https://tante.cc/2021/12/17/the-third... +https://davidgerard.co.uk/blockchain/... +https://amycastor.com/2021/03/14/meta... +https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/cry... +https://blog.mollywhite.net/blockchai... +https://www.motherjones.com/politics/... +https://twitter.com/davetroy/status/1... +https://davidgolumbia.medium.com/cryp... +https://marker.medium.com/fintech-is-... +https://naavik.co/business-breakdowns... +https://www.gawker.com/culture/the-fu... +https://twitter.com/NFTtheft +https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/arc... +https://www.gamesindustry.biz/article... +https://www.technollama.co.uk/platfor... +https://davidgerard.co.uk/blockchain/... +https://twitter.com/Bitfinexed + +Written and performed by Dan Olson + +Crowdfunding: https://www.patreon.com/foldablehuman +Twitter: https://twitter.com/FoldableHuman +00:00:00 Preface +00:01:12 0. In 2008 The Economy Collapsed +00:07:09 1. Bitcoin +00:18:18 2. Ethereum +00:24:34 3. The Machine +00:39:07 4. NFTs Exist To Get You To Buy Crypto +00:57:54 5. The Unbearable Cringe Of Crypto +01:11:46 6. A Self-Organizing High Control Group +01:16:57 7. Crypto Reality +01:25:36 8. There Is No Privacy On The Chain +01:32:52 9. If This "Looks Like Scam" Then Every NFT Room I'm In Looks Like Scam LOL +01:38:29 10. Play To Earn Exists To Get You To Buy Crypto +01:46:39 11. We're All Gonna Make It And By "We" I Mean "Us" Not You +01:56:08 12. DAOs Exist To Get You To Buy Crypto +02:13:21 13. I Know It's Rigged, But It's The Only Game In Town | +
| Date | +2022-01-21 | +
| Library Catalog | +YouTube | +
| URL | +https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQ_xWvX1n9g | +
| Accessed | +02/03/2022, 09:11:38 | +
| Running Time | +2:18:22 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 09:11:38 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 09:12:26 | +
| Type | +Conference Paper | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Anetta Proskurovska | +
| Date | +2022 | +
| Proceedings Title | +2022 American Association of Geographers Annual Meeting | +
| DOI | +https://liser.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/linking-local-housing-and-global-finance-the-state-land-administr | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:45 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:45 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Michael Pacione | +
| Abstract | +The globalisation of capitalism has disadvantaged those people + and places marginal to the capitalist development process. The local +exchange trading system represents a possible approach to the challenge +of relocalising social and economic identity. Despite the growing +importance of local exchange trading systems (LETS) in the UK, +geographical research into the concept is limited. This paper examines +the potential of LETS as a response to the hegemonic influence of global + capitalism. The empirical evidence focuses on the development and +operation of LETS in Glasgow. The research analyses both successful and +unsuccessful LETS in the city, examines the prospects for further +development of LETS in the UK, and considers the potential value of the +concept particularly for people and places disadvantaged by the +capitalist market economy. © 1997, Sage Publications. All rights +reserved. | +
| Date | +1997 | +
| Extra | +ISBN: 0141552077 | +
| Volume | +34 | +
| Pages | +1179–1199 | +
| Publication | +Urban Studies | +
| DOI | +10.1080/0042098975583 | +
| Issue | +8 | +
| ISSN | +00420980 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Howell E. Jackson | +
| Author | +Morgan Ricks | +
| Date | +2021-08 | +
| URL | +https://corpgov.law.harvard.edu/2021/08/05/locating-stablecoins-within-the-regulatory-perimeter | +
| Publisher | +The Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Type | +Book | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Dan Davies | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Publisher | +Profile Books | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Seung Cheol Lee | +
| Abstract | +‘First, it was just tech people. Now, literally everyone is +interested in bitcoin', said CNN News while reporting on the bitcoin +mania that haunted South Korean society in the winter of 2017–2018. This + study takes that speculative frenzy as an entry point for exploring lay + bitcoin investors' experiences and the ‘magical' features of +contemporary financial capitalism. It first situates the bitcoin +investment boom in the contexts of South Korea's post-developmental +transition and the rise of mass investment culture. Drawing upon +participant observation of online communities for South Korea's bitcoin +investors, this study then demonstrates how lay bitcoin investors' daily + beliefs and practices are distinguished from more traditional economic +subjectivities–namely, disciplined workers and rational investors. Lay +bitcoin investors present themselves not simply as calculative investors + but also as enchanted gamblers who often rely upon magical formulas and + rituals that express their hopes and despairs in the face of an +uncertain future. Instead of dismissing their beliefs and rituals as +‘irrational exuberance', this study argues that their cultural practices + should be understood as a reflexive response to the ‘magical' +mechanisms of the financial market based on self-referential valuation +and self-fulfilling performativity. In examining how the logics of +uncertainty and magic are returned at the heart of contemporary +capitalism, this study consequently seeks to situate the lay investors' +struggles in dealing with the ambiguous future within the broader +transformation of the human condition during the triumphant rise of +financial capitalism. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2020.1788620 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Volume | +0 | +
| Pages | +1–24 | +
| Publication | +Cultural Studies | +
| DOI | +10.1080/09502386.2020.1788620 | +
| Issue | +0 | +
| ISSN | +14664348 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | +
| Type | +Blog Post | +
|---|---|
| Author | +DisCo.coop | +
| Date | +2019-12 | +
| Language | +en-US | +
| URL | +https://disco.coop/manifesto/ | +
| Accessed | +28/02/2022, 11:10:53 | +
| Extra | +A joint publication by DisCO.coop, the Transnational Institute + and Guerrilla Media Collective. "Value Sovereignty, Care Work, Commons +and Distributed Cooperative Organizations. The DisCO Manifesto is a deep + dive into the world of Distributed Cooperative Organizations. Over its +80 colorful pages, you will read about how DisCOs are a P2P/Commons, +cooperative and Feminist Economic alternative to Decentralized +Autonomous Organizations (DAOs). The DisCO Manifesto also includes some +background on topics like blockchain, AI, the commons, feminism, +cooperatives, cyberpunk, and more." | +
| Date Added | +28/02/2022, 11:10:53 | +
| Modified | +28/02/2022, 11:14:50 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Matthieu Nadini | +
| Author | +Laura Alessandretti | +
| Author | +Flavio Di Giacinto | +
| Author | +Mauro Martino | +
| Author | +Luca Maria Aiello | +
| Author | +Andrea Baronchelli | +
| Abstract | +Non Fungible Tokens (NFTs) are digital assets that represent +objects like art, collectible, and in-game items. They are traded +online, often with cryptocurrency, and are generally encoded within +smart contracts on a blockchain. Public attention towards NFTs has +exploded in 2021, when their market has experienced record sales, but +little is known about the overall structure and evolution of its market. + Here, we analyse data concerning 6.1 million trades of 4.7 million NFTs + between June 23, 2017 and April 27, 2021, obtained primarily from +Ethereum and WAX blockchains. First, we characterize statistical +properties of the market. Second, we build the network of interactions, +show that traders typically specialize on NFTs associated with similar +objects and form tight clusters with other traders that exchange the +same kind of objects. Third, we cluster objects associated to NFTs +according to their visual features and show that collections contain +visually homogeneous objects. Finally, we investigate the predictability + of NFT sales using simple machine learning algorithms and find that +sale history and, secondarily, visual features are good predictors for +price. We anticipate that these findings will stimulate further research + on NFT production, adoption, and trading in different contexts. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +_eprint: 2106.00647 +PMID: 34686678 | +
| Volume | +11 | +
| Publication | +Scientific Reports | +
| DOI | +10.1038/s41598-021-00053-8 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +20452322 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:17:15 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:17:15 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Issue: Docket No. 450545/2019, Motion Seq. No. 003 +Pages: 32454 +Publication Title: NY Slip Op +Volume: 2019 | +
| Publisher | +NY: Supreme Court | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Issue: 450545/19 +Pages: 3880 +Publication Title: NY Slip Op +Volume: 2020 | +
| Publisher | +NY: Appellate Div., 1st Dept. | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Steven A. Wright | +
| Abstract | +DAOS | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Volume | +2 | +
| Pages | +43–53 | +
| Publication | +IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society | +
| DOI | +10.1109/tts.2021.3054974 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Balázs Bodó | +
| Abstract | +This article considers the impact of digital technologies on +the interpersonal and institutional logics of trust production. It +introduces the new theoretical concept of technology-mediated trust to +analyze the role of complex techno-social assemblages in trust +production and distrust management. The first part of the article argues + that globalization and digitalization have unleashed a crisis of trust, + as traditional institutional and interpersonal logics are not attuned +to deal with the risks introduced by the prevalence of digital +technologies. In the second part, the article describes how digital +intermediation has transformed the traditional logics of interpersonal +and institutional trust formation and created new trust-mediating +services. Finally, the article asks as follows: why should we trust +these technological trust mediators? The conclusion is that at best, it +is impossible to establish the trustworthiness of trust mediators, and +that at worst, we have no reason to trust them. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England | +
| Volume | +23 | +
| Pages | +2668–2690 | +
| Publication | +New Media and Society | +
| DOI | +10.1177/1461444820939922 | +
| Issue | +9 | +
| ISSN | +14617315 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:07 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Guilherme Maia | +
| Author | +João Vieira dos Santos | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.3875355 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Date | +1974 | +
| Extra | +Issue: No. 73-1731 +Pages: 414 +Publication Title: F. 2d +Volume: 494 | +
| Publisher | +Court of Appeals, 8th Circuit | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Newspaper Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +David Yaffe-Bellany | +
| Abstract | +Investors give money to pseudonymous developers. Venture +capitalists back founders without learning their real names. What +happens when they need to know? | +
| Date | +2022-03-02 | +
| Language | +en-US | +
| Library Catalog | +NYTimes.com | +
| URL | +https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/02/technology/cryptocurrency-anonymity-alarm.html | +
| Accessed | +02/03/2022, 13:46:48 | +
| Section | +Technology | +
| Publication | +The New York Times | +
| ISSN | +0362-4331 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 13:46:48 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 13:46:55 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Gili Vidan | +
| Author | +Vili Lehdonvirta | +
| Abstract | +Subscribing to a techno-utopian discourse replacing +institutions and experts with “trust in code,” digital alternative +currency Bitcoin is pitched as a “math-based money” governed by +incorruptible code rather than human regulators. In three cases, which +occurred between 2013 and 2015, we examine this system at moments of +breakdown. In contrast to the discourse, we find that power is +concentrated to critical sites and individuals who manage the system +through ad hoc negotiations, and who users must therefore implicitly +trust—a contrast we call Bitcoin's “promissory gap.” But even in the +face of such contradictions between premise and reality, the discourse +is maintained. We identify four authorizing strategies used in this +work: conflating people with devices, assuming actors conform to notions + of economic rationality, appealing to technical expertise, and +explaining contradictions as temporary bugs. We contend that these +strategies are mobilized widely to legitimize a variety of applications +of algorithmic regulation and peer production projects. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Volume | +21 | +
| Pages | +42–59 | +
| Publication | +New Media and Society | +
| DOI | +10.1177/1461444818786220 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +14617315 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:08 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:08 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Nathan Schneider | +
| Author | +Primavera De Filippi | +
| Author | +Seth Frey | +
| Author | +Joshua Z. Tan | +
| Author | +Amy X. Zhang | +
| Abstract | +Governance in online communities is an increasingly +high-stakes challenge, and yet many basic features of offline governance + legacies-juries, political parties, term limits, and formal debates, to + name a few-are not in the feature-sets of the software most community +platforms use. Drawing on the paradigm of Institutional Analysis and +Development, this paper proposes a strategy for addressing this lapse by + specifying basic features of a generalizable paradigm for online +governance called Modular Politics. Whereas classical governance +typologies tend to present a choice among wholesale ideologies, such as +democracy or oligarchy, Modular Politics would enable platform operators + and their users to build bottom-up governance processes from +computational components that are modular and composable, highly +versatile in their expressiveness, portable from one context to another, + and interoperable across platforms. This kind of approach could +implement pre-digital governance systems as well as accelerate +innovation in uniquely digital techniques. As diverse communities share +and connect their components and data, governance could occur through a +ubiquitous network layer. To that end, this paper proposes the +development of an open standard for networked governance. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +_eprint: 2005.13701 | +
| Volume | +5 | +
| Pages | +1–26 | +
| Publication | +Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction | +
| DOI | +10.1145/3449090 | +
| Issue | +CSCW1 | +
| ISSN | +25730142 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Fiona Allon | +
| Abstract | +Blockchain technologies are central to what has been described + as a new ‘smart social contract'. With blockchain, individual +cryptographic identity becomes the basis for new forms of money and for a + whole suite of restructured social, political and financial +transactions. But what do these developments signal for feminist +engagements with the money economy? The transparency and pseudonymity +that the blockchain provides has been welcomed as a ‘feminist weapon'. +But the decentralised technology also legitimises many longstanding +assumptions of libertarianism, especially competitive individualism, +naturalised social inequality and the stability of value associated with + the gold standard. Drawing on popular culture texts, Goldfinger and The + Mandibles, this article considers this history, examining the gendered, + racialised and sexualised discursive practices that attend +representations of gold along with the ‘metallism' surrounding +blockchain-based cryptocurrencies in the contemporary conjuncture. By +claiming to represent non-negotiable certainty derived from +technology/nature rather than social convention, the fantasy of +fundamental value returns, together with related associations of +essentialism and authenticity, but anchored in this new context in the +technocratic authoritarianism of FinTech. This is part of the background + for the ‘new libertarianism' whose ascendency now overshadows the +neoliberalism that has been the focus of critical attention for some +decades. | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Volume | +33 | +
| Pages | +223–243 | +
| Publication | +Australian Feminist Studies | +
| DOI | +10.1080/08164649.2018.1517245 | +
| Issue | +96 | +
| ISSN | +14653303 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:25 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Michael Salmony | +
| Abstract | +This paper discusses the issues surrounding the question of +whether the best way to provide seamless pan-European/global payments is + to deploy a new cryptocurrency, perhaps via a private actor, or to +build on the existing infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/hsp/jpss/2020/00000013/00000004/art00002 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Henry Stewart Publications | +
| Volume | +13 | +
| Pages | +282–287 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Payments Strategy & Systems | +
| DOI | +https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/hsp/jpss/2020/00000013/00000004/art00002 | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| ISSN | +17501806 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Giacomo Bazzani | +
| Abstract | +Complementary currencies are usually seen as a by-product of +collective movements for social change or as an institutional tool for +local development: they are an outcome of collective action, not the +origin of collective mobilisation. Empirical research on the Sardex +complementary currency, though, suggests that money may support the +emergence of collective action. Traditional economic theory considers +any collective benefits provided by the economic system as the secondary + effects of individual entrepreneurs seeking to maximise their profits. +Entrepreneurs belonging to the Sardex network, though, do associate the +use of the Sardex currency with direct collective benefits. This means +they consider their business activities to be a form of collective +action for promoting the com-mon good of Sardinia's socio-economic +development. Using the Sardex currency sets this collective action in +motion: some Sardex members also work to expand the Sardex network +without any expectation of economic gain. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Volume | +13 | +
| Pages | +438–461 | +
| Publication | +Partecipazione e Conflitto | +
| DOI | +10.1285/i20356609v13i1p438 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +20356609 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Ye Li | +
| Author | +Simon Mayer | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Pages | +030 | +
| Publication | +Fisher College of Business Working Paper | +
| Issue | +2020-03 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 13:18:58 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 13:18:58 | +
| Type | +Book | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Thomas Levenson | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Publisher | +Head of Zeus Ltd | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Keith Hart | +
| Date | +2015 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: University of Chicago Press | +
| Volume | +5 | +
| Pages | +411–416 | +
| Publication | +HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Robert C Hockett | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +P Vigna | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Publication | +Wall Street Journal | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Christopher J Lawrence | +
| Author | +Stephanie Lee Mudge | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Oxford University Press | +
| Volume | +17 | +
| Pages | +109–134 | +
| Publication | +Socio-Economic Review | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Moxie Marlinspike | +
| Abstract | +Despite considering myself a cryptographer, I have not found +myself particularly drawn to “crypto.” I don’t think I’ve ever actually +said the words “get off my lawn,” but I’m much more likely to click on +Pepperidge Farm Remembers flavored memes about how “crypto” used to mean + “cryptography” than ... | +
| Date | +2022-01-07 | +
| Language | +en | +
| URL | +https://moxie.org/2022/01/07/web3-first-impressions.html | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 11:22:07 | +
| Extra | +Moxie Marlinspike is co-founder of Signal etc. | +
| Website Title | +Moxie Marlinspike | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 11:22:07 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:40:01 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Robert J Shiller | +
| Date | +2017 | +
| Volume | +107 | +
| Pages | +967–1004 | +
| Publication | +American Economic Review | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +John Fry | +
| Author | +Eng-Tuck Cheah | +
| Date | +2016 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +47 | +
| Pages | +343–352 | +
| Publication | +International Review of Financial Analysis | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +David Gerard | +
| URL | +https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/19/neo-nazis-banked-on-bitcoin-cryptocurrency-farright-christchurch/ | +
| Accessed | +03/03/2022, 13:06:47 | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 13:06:47 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 13:11:13 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Nikolei M. Kaplanov | +
| Abstract | +This Comment explores the lawfulness of using bitcoin, a +privately-issued currency transacted on a peer-to-peer network, and the +ability of the federal government to bar transactions between two +willing parties. While there are no cases yet challenging the ability of + parties in the United States to make transactions using bitcoins, there + are policymakers who have denounced the use of bitcoin. This has led to + the question of whether the federal government has the ability under +current federal law to prohibit the use of bitcoins between willing +parties. This Comment will show that the federal government has no basis + to stop bitcoin users who engage in traditional consumer purchases and +transfers. This Comment further argues that the federal government +should refrain from passing any laws or regulations limiting the use of +bitcoins. Should any claim arise, this Comment argues that there is a +perfectly acceptable model with which to analogize bitcoin use: +community currencies. | +
| Date | +2012 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: HeinOnline | +
| Volume | +25 | +
| Pages | +111 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.2115203 | +
| ISSN | +1530-5449 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +S. Casale-Brunet | +
| Author | +P. Ribeca | +
| Author | +P. Doyle | +
| Author | +M. Mattavelli | +
| Abstract | +Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) as a decentralized proof of +ownership represent one of the main reasons why Ethereum is a disruptive + technology. This paper presents the first systematic study of the +interactions occurring in a number of NFT ecosystems. We illustrate how +to retrieve transaction data available on the blockchain and structure +it as a graph-based model. Thanks to this methodology, we are able to +study for the first time the topological structure of NFT networks and +show that their properties (degree distribution and others) are similar +to those of interaction graphs in social networks. Time-dependent +analysis metrics, useful to characterize market influencers and +interactions between different wallets, are also introduced. Based on +those, we identify across a number of NFT networks the widespread +presence of both investors accumulating NFTs and individuals who make +large profits. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +http://arxiv.org/abs/2110.12545 | +
| Extra | +_eprint: 2110.12545 | +
| Publication | +arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.12545 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:17:15 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:17:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Matthew A. Zook | +
| Author | +Joe Blankenship | +
| Abstract | +In less than a decade Bitcoin and the technology of blockchain + – a cryptographically-secured, algorithmically-regulated, +distributed-ledger – emerged as the enfant terrible of the global +economy. Ironically, as cryptocurrencies reached collective valuations +of hundreds of billions of dollars the Bitcoin project failed in its +original purpose as an alternative currency governed by code rather than + trust. Not only has Bitcoin not become a popular means of global +peer-to-peer transactions but the much vaulted purity of algorithmic +governance is heavily entangled in social relations. This article +reviews blockchain's computer architectures, its connections to +materiality and space and the complexity of its established practices. +This analysis shows that rather than occupying an algorithmic place +apart, blockchain contains multiple and conflicting agencies and is +messily embedded in the code/space of materiality. Nevertheless the +faith in the superiority of algorithmic governance has injected a +powerful discourse in economies that has proven more important and +disruptive than the actual practices of Bitcoin or blockchain. | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.08.023 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +96 | +
| Pages | +248–255 | +
| Publication | +Geoforum | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.08.023 | +
| Issue | +August | +
| ISSN | +00167185 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Tomicah Tillemann | +
| Author | +Jai Ramaswamy | +
| Author | +Miles Jennings | +
| Author | +James Rathmell | +
| Abstract | +When we released our policy agenda and legislative proposals +publicly last month, our goal was to catalyze a conversation about the +next generation of the internet and the role of technology in open +societies. We also hoped to inspire the … | +
| Date | +2021-11-04T22:19:11-07:00 | +
| Language | +en-US | +
| Short Title | +Next Steps to Win the Future | +
| URL | +https://a16z.com/2021/11/04/next-steps-to-win-the-future-new-ideas-for-our-web3-policy-platform/ | +
| Accessed | +01/03/2022, 11:12:36 | +
| Extra | +Section: cryptocurrencies & blockchains | +
| Website Title | +Andreessen Horowitz | +
| Date Added | +01/03/2022, 11:12:36 | +
| Modified | +01/03/2022, 11:12:36 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Chris Dixon | +
| Abstract | +Chris Dixon's blog. | +
| Date | +2021-02-27 | +
| Language | +en | +
| URL | +https://cdixon.org/2021/02/27/NFTs-and-a-thousand-true-fans | +
| Accessed | +28/02/2022, 17:23:57 | +
| Date Added | +28/02/2022, 17:24:01 | +
| Modified | +28/02/2022, 17:24:36 | +
Read/Eilidh
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +David Y. Aharon | +
| Author | +Ender Demir | +
| Abstract | +In this paper, we analyze the connectedness between returns +for non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and other financial assets (equities, +bonds, currencies, gold, oil, Ethereum) during the period from January +2018 to June 2021. By using the Time-Varying Parameter Vector +Autoregressions (TVP-VAR) approach, we show that the overall +connectedness between the returns for financial assets increased during +the COVID-19 period. Our static analysis shows that the behavior of the +majority of NFT returns is attributable to endogenous shocks and only a +small portion of this variation resulted from the impact of innovation +in other assets. The results suggest that NFTs are mainly independent of + shocks from common assets classes and even from their close relation, +Ethereum. The dynamic analysis across time reveals that during normal +times, NFTs act as transmitters of systemic risk to some degree, but +during stressful times, their role shifts, and they act as absorbers of +risk spillovers. This suggests that NFTs may have diversification +benefits during turbulent times, as apparent during the COVID-19 crisis, + and especially around the great March 2020 market plunge. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Pages | +102515 | +
| Publication | +Finance Research Letters | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.frl.2021.102515 | +
| ISSN | +15446123 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:17:15 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:17:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Pınar Çağlayan Aksoy | +
| Author | +Zehra Özkan Üner | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Volume | +16 | +
| Pages | +1115–1126 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice | +
| DOI | +10.1093/jiplp/jpab104 | +
| Issue | +10 | +
| ISSN | +1747-1532 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:17:15 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:17:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Simon Mackenzie | +
| Author | +Diāna Bērziņa | +
| Abstract | +The extraordinary current craze around NFTs reflects their +perceived value as a technological development that can bring greater +certainty to questions of ownership and authenticity in fields like art +and other collectibles. This is, among other things, the promise of +crime prevention through technology, as ownership and authenticity are +in the art world closely tied to criminal legal matters like theft, +handling stolen goods and fraud. The crime prevention promise looks to +fall flat though, as the technology seems to be less capable of +delivering these benefits than has been assumed by its promoters. Much +of the attraction of NFTs is therefore not actually based on effective +crime prevention, but rather on hype. This paper explores the hype, and +its relationship to the crime prevention promise of NFTs, through the +lens of ‘the social lives of things'. We argue that as well as social +lives, things have criminal lives. Analysis sensitive to the criminal +lives of things finds an NFT trading scene heated by emotion: +excitement, attraction, temptation, speculative euphoria and +acquisitive, possessive sentiment. This creates a sense of object agency + more active than the cold traditional vision of material structure +presented in standard criminological treatments of things-in-the-world +as passive opportunity structures. The hyped NFT market trades in +affecting objects that create crime in emotional as well as structural +ways. We therefore arrive at a conclusion opposite to starting +assumptions: far from preventing crime, NFTs are making it. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England | +
| Pages | +17416590211039797 | +
| Publication | +Crime, Media, Culture | +
| DOI | +10.1177/17416590211039797 | +
| ISSN | +17416604 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:17:16 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:17:16 | +
| Type | +Book | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Harry Markopolos | +
| Date | +2011 | +
| Publisher | +John Wiley & Sons | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Lennart Ante | +
| Abstract | +The market for non-fungible tokens (NFTs), transferrable and +unique digital assets on public blockchains, has received widespread +attention and experienced strong growth since early 2021. This study +provides an introduction to NFTs and explores the 14 largest submarkets +using data from the Ethereum blockchain between June 2017 and May 2021. +The analyses rely on (a) the number of NFT sales, (b) the dollar volume +of NFT trades and (c) the number of unique blockchain wallets that +traded NFTs. Based on the number of transactions and wallets, the +Ethereum-based NFT market peaked at the end of 2017 due to the success +of the CryptoKitties project. As of 2021, fewer transactions occur but +the traded value is much higher. We find that NFT submarkets are +cointegrated and feature various causal short-run connections between +them. The success or adoption of younger NFT projects is influenced by +that of more established markets. At the same time, the success of newer + markets has an impact on the more established projects. The results +contribute to the overall understanding of the NFT phenomenon and +suggest that NFT markets are immature or even inefficient. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.3904683 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:17:16 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:17:16 | +
| Type | +Book | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Mieszko Mazur | +
| Abstract | +This study examines the risk and return characteristics of the + NFT-based startups listed on the cryptocurrency exchange. Our +investigation is motivated by the recent surge in the NFT activity on +the part of creators, investors, and traders. We begin by proposing +novel classification of the existing NFTs that range from NFT +blockchains through NFT metaverse to NFT DeFi. Next, we establish that +NFTs: 1) earn 130% on the first-listing-day; 2) yield an average +investment multiple of 40 (roughly 4,000%) over long-term, which is four + times higher than bitcoin during the same period; 3) deliver positive +and significant alpha and exhibit above-average beta. We also show that +the NFT segment of the cryptocurrency market leads market recovery +following the mid-2021 crash and generate a return of close to 350%. In +the final analysis of the paper, we find that NFT infrastructure +integrated within the existing blockchains increase market valuations of + these networks. 1This | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publication Title: SSRN Electronic Journal +DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3953535 | +
| ISBN | +1-00-008723-9 | +
| Series Number | +October | +
| # of Pages | +1–34 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:17:16 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:17:16 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Adam Jason Kolber | +
| Abstract | +The first high-profile decentralized autonomous organization +formed in 2016. Called "TheDAO," it used smart contracts on a +bitcoin-style blockchain to allow strangers to come together online to +vote on and invest in venture capital proposals. Newspapers raved about +the $160 million it quickly raised, even though it purported to have no +central human authority, including no managers , executives, or board of + directors. Technologists have grand plans for smart contracts and +autonomous organizations. Rather than staying at traditional hotels with + elaborate human staff, we may pay for hotel rooms using bitcoin (or +another cryptocurrency) which will automatically unlock the room door. +If the toilet breaks, the room itself will contract with a plumber to +fix it. Similarly, a smart contract may allow us to hire a self-driving +car. The car will not only drive passengers around but arrange for its +own routine maintenance. TheDAO itself, however, is now a cautionary +tale. A bug in its smart contract code was exploited to drain more than +$50 million in value. Some purists denounced efforts to mitigate the +problem, arguing that the alleged hacker simply withdrew money in +accordance with the organization's agreed-upon contractual terms in the +form of computer code. Since the "code is the contract" in their minds, +the alleged hacker did nothing wrong. I defend two related claims. +First, contra the purists, I argue that the code does not reflect the +entirety of the parties' agreement, and so the "code is the contract" +slogan does not resolve whether TheDAO exploitation should have | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| URL | +https://law.stanford.edu/publications/not-so-smart-blockchain-contracts-and-artificial-responsibility/ | +
| Volume | +21 | +
| Pages | +198–234 | +
| Publication | +Stanford Technology Law Review | +
| DOI | +https://law.stanford.edu/publications/not-so-smart-blockchain-contracts-and-artificial-responsibility/ | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Wessel Reijers | +
| Author | +Iris Wuisman | +
| Author | +Morshed Mannan | +
| Author | +Primavera De Filippi | +
| Author | +Christopher Wray | +
| Author | +Vienna Rae-Looi | +
| Author | +Angela Cubillos Vélez | +
| Author | +Liav Orgad | +
| Abstract | +The invention of Bitcoin in 2008 as a new type of electronic +cash has arguably been one of the most radical financial innovations in +the last decade. Recently, developer communities of blockchain +technologies have started to turn their attention towards the issue of +governance. The features of blockchain governance raise questions as to +tensions that might arise between a strictly “on-chain” governance +system and possible applications of “off-chain” governance. In this +paper, we approach these questions by reflecting on a long-running +debate in legal philosophy regarding the construction of a positivist +legal order. First, we argue that on-chain governance shows striking +similarities with Kelsen's notion of a positivist legal order, +characterised by Schmitt as the machine that runs itself. Second, we +illustrate some of the problems that emerged from the application of +on-chain governance, with particular reference to a calamity in a +blockchain-based system called the DAO. Third, we reflect on Schmitt's +argument that the coalescence of private interests is a vulnerability of + positivist legal systems, and accordingly posit this as an inherent +vulnerability of on-chain governance of existing blockchain-based +systems. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +ISBN: 1124501896265 | +
| Volume | +40 | +
| Pages | +821–831 | +
| Publication | +Topoi | +
| DOI | +10.1007/s11245-018-9626-5 | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| ISSN | +15728749 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Stefan Eich | +
| Abstract | +Cryptocurrencies are frequently framed as future-oriented, +technological innovations that decentralize money, thereby liberating it + from centralized governance and the political tentacles of the state. +This is misleading on several counts. First, electronic currencies +cannot leave the politics of money behind even where they aim to disavow + it. Instead, we can understand their impact as a political attempt to +depoliticize money. Second, the dramatic price swings of +cryptocurrencies challenge their self-fashioning as a new form of money +and reveal them instead as speculative assets and securities in need of +regulation. While the preferential tax and regulatory treatment of +cryptocurrencies hinges on their nominal currency status, it is +ironically precisely their success as speculative assets that has +undermined these claims. Finally, far from heralding a radical break +with the past, electronic currencies serve as a reminder of the +unresolved global politics of money since the 1970s. To support these +three interrelated theses this chapter places the rise of +cryptocurrencies in the historical context of the international politics + of money between the end of the Bretton Woods system and the response +to the 2008 Financial Crisis. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198842187.001.0001/oso-9780198842187-chapter-5 | +
| Extra | +ISBN: 978-0-19-187820-6 | +
| Pages | +85–98 | +
| Publication | +Regulating Blockchain: Techno-Social and Legal Challenges | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Type | +Thesis | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Bitcoin Valley | +
| Abstract | +The present research engages with theoretical notions related +to anarchy, currency systems and the intersubjectivity ofmoney to +develop a critical analysis of the individual attitudes and motivations +relevant to the usage of Bitcoin for what concerns users in Rovereto, +Italy. Through the use of ethnography, this research explores the +reasons behind the spread of use of Bitcoin in the area of Rovereto and +how those reasons may be connected to the way the Bitcoin network was +designed and the socio-political set of values of its creators. New +theoretical paradigms and a re-interpretation of old theoretical notions + is proposed, in order to overcome the lack of literature and fieldwork +material related to the subject of cryptocurrency users, for what +concerns anthropological research. General reflections on the impact of +new technologies such as cryptocurrencies on individuals are also +produced, in connection with the material collected on the field in +Rovereto. 2 | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| URL | +https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/374186%0A | +
| Extra | +DOI: https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/374186 +Issue: August | +
| Type | +PhD Thesis | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | +
| Type | +Thesis | +
|---|---|
| Author | +G D Starita | +
| Abstract | +The present research engages with theoretical notions related +to anarchy, currency systems and the intersubjectivity of money to +develop a critical analysis of the individual attitudes and motivations +relevant to the usage of Bitcoin for what concerns users in Rovereto, +Italy. Through the use of ethnography, this research explores the +reasons behind the spread of use of Bitcoin in the area of Rovereto and +how those reasons may be connected to the way the Bitcoin network was +designed and the socio-political set of values of its creators. New +theoretical paradigms and a re-interpretation of old theoretical notions + is proposed, in order to overcome the lack of literature and fieldwork +material related to the subject of cryptocurrency users, for what +concerns anthropological research. General reflections on the impact of +new technologies such as cryptocurrencies on individuals are also +produced, in connection with the material collected on the field in +Rovereto. show less | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| URL | +https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/374186%0A | +
| Extra | +DOI: https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/374186 | +
| Type | +Master's Thesis | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +J. Z. Garrod | +
| Abstract | +The last few years have seen the emergence of a growing +academic literature on the blockchain. On one side are the supporters, +who see its potential to create a true, peer-to-peer (p2p) sharing +economy. On the other side are the critics, who argue that the +blockchain is more likely to reproduce capitalism than to disrupt it. +Using the insights generated by the critical literature on the +blockchain, this paper seeks to ask new questions and provide new +insights about the development of this technology and how it is likely +to transform the global political economy through its capacity to +enforce global property rights. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2019.1678316 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Volume | +48 | +
| Pages | +602–623 | +
| Publication | +Economy and Society | +
| DOI | +10.1080/03085147.2019.1678316 | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| ISSN | +14695766 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Stephen Diehl | +
| Date | +2021-07-23 | +
| URL | +https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/crypto-scams.html | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 10:56:49 | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 10:56:49 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:43:31 | +
| Type | +Conference Paper | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Jens Neisius | +
| Author | +Richard Clayton | +
| Date | +2014 | +
| Publisher | +IEEE | +
| Pages | +48–58 | +
| Proceedings Title | +2014 APWG Symposium on Electronic Crime Research (eCrime) | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Manuscript | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Herminio Bodon | +
| Author | +Pedro Bustamante | +
| Author | +Marcela Gomez | +
| Author | +Prashabnt Krishnamurthy | +
| Author | +Michael J Madison | +
| Author | +Ilia Murtazashvili | +
| Author | +Jennifer B Murtazashvili | +
| Author | +Tymofiy Mylovanov | +
| Author | +Martin B Weiss | +
| Abstract | +Blockchains are distributed ledger technologies that allow the + recording of any data structure, including money, property titles, and +contracts. In this paper, we suggest that Hayekian political economy is +especially well suited to explain how blockchain emerged, but that +Elinor Ostrom's approach to commons governance is particularly useful to + understand why blockchain anarchy is successful. Our central +conclusions are that the blockchain can be thought of as a spontaneous +order, as Hayek anticipated, as well as a knowledge commons, as Ostrom's + studies of self-governance anticipated. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +https://ssrn.com/abstract=3462648 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Type | +Newspaper Article | +
|---|---|
| Abstract | +Bitcoin is only the future if you think 1789 wasn't in the past. | +
| Language | +en-US | +
| Library Catalog | +www.washingtonpost.com | +
| URL | +https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/01/08/bitcoin-is-the-new-middle-ages/ | +
| Accessed | +03/03/2022, 13:03:34 | +
| Publication | +Washington Post | +
| ISSN | +0190-8286 | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 13:03:34 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 13:03:34 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Andrew M. Bailey | +
| Author | +Bradley Rettler | +
| Author | +Craig Warmke | +
| Abstract | +In this article, we describe what cryptocurrency is, how it +works, and how it relates to familiar conceptions of and questions about + money. We then show how normative questions about monetary policy find +new expression in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. These questions +can play a role in addressing not just what money is, but what it should + be. A guiding theme in our discussion is that progress here requires a +mixed approach that integrates philosophical tools with the purely +technical results of disciplines like computer science and economics. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Volume | +16 | +
| Pages | +1–15 | +
| Publication | +Philosophy Compass | +
| DOI | +10.1111/phc3.12785 | +
| Issue | +11 | +
| ISSN | +17479991 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Andrew M. Bailey | +
| Author | +Bradley Rettler | +
| Author | +Craig Warmke | +
| Abstract | +In this article, we identify three key design dimensions along + which cryptocurrencies differ – privacy, censorship-resistance, and +consensus procedure. Each raises important normative issues. Our +discussion uncovers new ways to approach the question of whether Bitcoin + or other cryptocurrencies should be used as money, and new avenues for +developing a positive answer to that question. A guiding theme is that +progress here requires a mixed approach that integrates philosophical +tools with the purely technical results of disciplines like computer +science and economics. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Volume | +16 | +
| Pages | +1–15 | +
| Publication | +Philosophy Compass | +
| DOI | +10.1111/phc3.12784 | +
| Issue | +11 | +
| ISSN | +17479991 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Katrin Becker | +
| Date | +2022 | +
| URL | +https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/48024 | +
| Publication | +Dalloz | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Abstract | +Token use case demonstrated in their ability to incentivize the previously unsustainable broadband distribution model | +
| Language | +en | +
| URL | +https://cointelegraph.com/news/platform-leverages-blockchain-to-solve-digital-divide-in-africa | +
| Accessed | +22/02/2022, 21:26:16 | +
| Website Title | +Cointelegraph | +
| Date Added | +22/02/2022, 21:26:16 | +
| Modified | +22/02/2022, 21:29:16 | +
| Type | +Blog Post | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Cory Doctorow | +
| Date | +2022-02-03 | +
| Language | +en-US | +
| Short Title | +Pluralistic | +
| URL | +https://pluralistic.net/2022/02/03/liquidation-preference/ | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 12:18:05 | +
| Extra | +Why state backed money is a good thing (a feature not a bug). | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 12:18:05 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 12:18:53 | +
If you've spent much time around cryptocurrency people, you've +probably heard a rant or two about "sound money" and the need to +"depoliticize money." This is a foundation of blockchainism: the belief +that money is born separate from states, and states invade on the +private realm when they "meddle" in the money system.
+There are at least two serious problems with this ideology. First, +it's plain wrong on the historical facts. Money did not emerge from +barter systems among people. Money was and is a product of state.
+But even if you stipulate that money didn't originate among private +markets there's another serious historical problem with "sound money." +... It's this: central banks didn't emerge to usurp the private sector's + control over money. Central banks were created because without them, +finance was subject to wild, terrifying, ruinous boom/bust cycles. +What's more, without a central bank, money was subject to naked +political meddling, which central banks (sometimes) moderated.
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Josh Cincinnati | +
| Date | +2017 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Conference Paper | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Efpraxia D Zamani | +
| Author | +Zamani / Power | +
| Author | +Bitcoins | +
| Abstract | +In this study, through the lens of critical realism to power, +we take a close look into the power dynamics behind the Bitcoin protocol + in relation to its Cypherpunk philosophical underpinnings. We focus on +some of its main components that can be seen as constraining structures, + and we discuss how these structures generate constraining mechanisms +that restrict users' power to act, further reinforcing other entities” +power over them. In doing so, we illustrate that the Bitcoin Protocol, +as it is used today, is in tension with the principles on which it was +developed. In addition, we show that power, instead of being +decentralised and distributed to the many, it has merely shifted from +traditional actors to what can be seen as newcomers or atypical +regulators. In line with the paradigm of critical realism, we note that +the identified mechanisms and structures we discuss in this paper, are +those that we were able to observe through our subjective lens; others +may exist but may require different contextual conditions to be +activated and observed. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/150495/ | +
| Pages | +27–28 | +
| Proceedings Title | +13th Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems, 27-28 Sep 2019 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Robert W. Gehl | +
| Abstract | +This essay is an early ethnographic exploration of the Dark +Web Social Network (DWSN), a social networking site only accessible to +Web browsers equipped with The Onion Router. The central claim of this +essay is that the DWSN is an experiment in power/freedom, an attempt to +simultaneously trace, deploy, and overcome the historical conditions in +which it finds itself: the generic constraints and affordances of social + networking as they have been developed over the past decade by Facebook + and Twitter, and the ideological constraints and affordances of public +perceptions of the dark web, which hold that the dark web is useful for +both taboo activities and freedom from state oppression. I trace the +DWSN's experiment with power/freedom through three practices: +anonymous/social networking, the banning of child pornography, and the +productive aspects of techno-elitism. I then use these practices to +specify particular forms of power/freedom on the DWSN. | +
| Date | +2016 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Sage Publications Sage UK: London, England | +
| Volume | +18 | +
| Pages | +1219–1235 | +
| Publication | +New Media and Society | +
| DOI | +10.1177/1461444814554900 | +
| Issue | +7 | +
| ISSN | +14617315 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:00 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Syed Omer Hussain | +
| Abstract | +Critically engaging with literature on post-politics, +blockchain and algorithmic governance, and drawing also on knowledge +gained from undertaking a three-year empirical study, the purpose of +this article is to better understand the transformative capacity of +government-led blockchain projects. Analysis of a diversity of empirical + material, which was guided by a digital ethnography approach, is used +to support the furthering of the existing debate on the nature of the +post-political as a condition and/or strategy. Through these theoretical + and empirical explorations, the article concludes that while the +post-political represents a contingent political strategy by +governmental actors, it could potentially impose an algorithmically +enforced post-political 'condition' for the citizen. It is argued that +the design, features and mechanisms of government-led projects are +deliberately and strategically used to delimit a citizens' political +agency. In order to address this scenario, we argue that there is a need + not only to analyse and contribute to the algorithmic design of +blockchain projects (i.e. the affordances and constraints they set), but + also to the metapolitical narrative underpinning them (i.e. the +political imaginaries underlying the various government-led projects). | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: The British Blockchain Association | +
| Volume | +3 | +
| Pages | +1–11 | +
| Publication | +The Journal of The British Blockchain Association | +
| DOI | +10.31585/jbba-3-1-(2)2020 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +25163949 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Peter Howson | +
| Author | +Alex de Vries | +
| Abstract | +The rate of adoption of some cryptocurrencies is triggering +alarm from energy researchers and social scientists concerned about the +industry's growing environmental and social impacts. In this paper we +argue that the unsustainable trajectory of some cryptocurrencies +disproportionately impacts poor and vulnerable communities where +cryptocurrency producers and other actors take advantage of economic +instabilities, weak regulations, and access to cheap energy and other +resources. Globally, over 100 million people hold cryptocurrency, mostly + as a speculative asset. The digital infrastructure behind the most +popular cryptocurrency, bitcoin, currently requires as much energy as +the whole of Thailand, with a carbon footprint exceeding the gold mining + industry. Should bitcoin's mass adoption continue, an escalating +climate crisis is inevitable, disproportionately exacerbating social and + environmental challenges for communities already experiencing multiple +dimensions of deprivation. In mitigating these impacts, the paper +considers 4 potential regulatory pathways, including: 1) promoting +voluntary private-sector commitments to using only renewable energy, 2) +encouraging a system of voluntary carbon offsetting, 3) using existing +financial regulations and tax frameworks, and 4) imposing national +and/or international bans on cryptocurrency ‘mining'. The paper argues +that effective environmental regulation of cryptocurrencies is urgently +required, both to reduce the threat of catastrophic climate change, and +to help the world's poorest towards sustainable development. However, +regulating cryptocurrency mining in any context is likely to require a +combination of efforts and is unlikely to result in win-win outcomes for + all. | +
| Date | +2022 | +
| Volume | +84 | +
| Pages | +102394 | +
| Publication | +Energy Research and Social Science | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.erss.2021.102394 | +
| Issue | +xxxx | +
| ISSN | +22146296 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Patrick D. Anderson | +
| Abstract | +WikiLeaks is among the most controversial institutions of the +last decade, and this essay contributes to an understanding of WikiLeaks + by revealing the philosophical paradigm at the foundation of Julian +Assange's worldview: cypherpunk ethics. The cypherpunk movement emerged +in the early-1990s, advocating the widespread use of strong cryptography + as the best means for defending individual privacy and resisting +authoritarian governments in the digital age. For the cypherpunks, +censorship and surveillance were the twin evils of the computer age, but + they viewed encryption as a means to circumvent both. As a cypherpunk, +Assange advocates for the use of cryptography in the fight for +individual privacy as well as the fight for global justice. His +cosmopolitan disposition is informed by his hacker background, antiwar +principles, and Enlightenment outlook. This essay places Assange's +philosophical idea in historical context, exploring his views on +censorship, surveillance, and the right to communicate. It also connects + his cypherpunk principles to WikiLeaks, showing that the strategy of +encouraging data leaks from powerful political and economic +organizations is classic cypherpunk political praxis. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Springer | +
| Volume | +23 | +
| Pages | +295–308 | +
| Publication | +Ethics and Information Technology | +
| DOI | +10.1007/s10676-020-09571-x | +
| Issue | +3 | +
| ISSN | +15728439 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:01 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:01 | +
| Type | +Book | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Daniel S Shaffer | +
| Date | +2010 | +
| Publisher | +John Wiley & Sons | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Franz J Hinzen | +
| Author | +Kose John | +
| Author | +Fahad Saleh | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Publication | +NYU Stern School of Business | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Jongchul Kim | +
| Abstract | +The literature on law and finance considers that law and +finance influence each other but are separate spheres that do not +constitute each other's nature. This paper opposes this conventional +dichotomy and argues that the current legal structure and legal +decisions have determined the very nature of shares, including money +market fund (MMF) shares. Western law has Roman origins and is +structured by the Roman legal division between property (rights in rem) +and contract (rights in personam). This paper examines how, in shares — +including MMF shares — contractual rights have been granted their +opposite, property rights. This paper argues that this property-ization +of contractual claims has led to the rise of financial corporate power, +especially MMFs. The paper then explores how the property-ization of MMF + shares contributed to generating the financial crisis of 2008, and it +ends by briefly discussing an MMF reform policy from a legal +perspective. | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Pages | +58–82 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.2478294 | +
| ISSN | +1556-5068 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:45 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:45 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Nathaniel Popper | +
| Date | +2020-02 | +
| Publication | +New York Times | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Bander Ali Saleh Al-rimy | +
| Author | +Mohd Aizaini Maarof | +
| Author | +Syed Zainudeen Mohd Shaid | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +74 | +
| Pages | +144–166 | +
| Publication | +Computers & Security | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 09:05:55 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 09:05:55 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Bill Maurer | +
| Date | +2016 | +
| Volume | +9 | +
| Pages | +82–96 | +
| Publication | +Behemoth-A Journal on Civilisation | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Sean Doody | +
| Abstract | +This paper outlines a critical social history of reactionary +media, political, and information networks—what I refer to generally as +technopolitics—in the United States and their significance to the +hostility towards truth and fact that is a central feature of our +political present. I begin with a critical review of the unique +right-wing media and political ecosystem that emerged from the alliance +between neoliberalism and social conservatism in the twentieth-century. +In the second section, I focus on digitization, Trump, and the +alt-right, and discuss the historical tethers connecting the latter to +the cyber-libertarians and white supremacists operating on the early +internet. Next, I take stock of the history covered in the paper, and +argue that we can see three general sociopolitical tendencies emerging +from our current juncture: something like a paleoconservative hardening +of the Republican Party's base; the degeneration of the core alt-right +into white supremacist terrorism; and the rise of an “intellectualist” +reactionary assemblage epitomized by the Intellectual Dark Web (IDW). I +provide a brief analysis of the IDW and discuss its chief political and +social significance in the post-Trump, post-alt-right social landscape +of what Jodi Dean describes as communicative capitalism. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Volume | +17 | +
| Pages | +143–164 | +
| Publication | +Fast Capitalism | +
| DOI | +10.32855/fcapital.202001.009 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +1930-014X | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Rufus Pollock | +
| Date | +2016-07-02 | +
| URL | +https://rufuspollock.com/2016/07/02/reflections-on-the-blockchain/ | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 11:52:48 | +
| Extra | +mainly a critique of early DAOs and techno-solutionism | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 11:52:48 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:53:46 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Carlo Amenta | +
| Author | +E Riva Sanseverino | +
| Author | +Carlo Stagnaro | +
| Abstract | +Blockchain technology has found several innovative +applications in the electricity industry. However, its potential has +still to be discovered. This is partly due to the role that regulation +plays in electricity markets. To be introduced, experimented with, and +eventually adopted on a commercial scale, blockchain-supported +innovations need to fit the existing regulatory framework or the rules +to be reshaped or updated. We focus on energy regulators' possible +responses to the blockchain-enhanced market operations (both from the +incumbents and potential newcomers), suggesting a monitoring mechanism +that can support innovation. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629621001535 | +
| Volume | +76 | +
| Pages | +102060 | +
| Publication | +Energy Research & Social Science | +
| DOI | +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102060 | +
| ISSN | +2214-6296 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Type | +Book | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Michael Levi | +
| Date | +2013 | +
| Publisher | +Routledge | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Dirk A. Zetzsche | +
| Author | +Ross P. Buckley | +
| Author | +Douglas W. Arner | +
| Abstract | +Libra is the first private cryptocurrency with the potential +to change the landscape of global payment and monetary systems. Due to +the scale and reach provided by its affiliation with Facebook, the +question is not whether, but how, to regulate it. This article +introduces the Libra project and analyses the potential responses open +to regulators worldwide. We conclude that perhaps the greatest impact +will come not from Libra itself, but rather from reactions to it, +particularly by other BigTechs, incumbent financial institutions and +governments around the world. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Oxford University Press | +
| Volume | +41 | +
| Pages | +80–113 | +
| Publication | +Oxford Journal of Legal Studies | +
| DOI | +10.1093/ojls/gqaa036 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +14643820 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Agata Ferreira | +
| Abstract | +Blockchain-based smart contracts have triggered polarised +discussions. They have been applauded as a significant technological +achievement, but also criticised as a dumb idea. Their application is +rapidly expanding in the financial sector, public sector, supply chain +management, and the automobile, real estate, insurance, and health care +industries. With the growing use of smart contracts and an increasing +variety of smart contracts applications, the debate over the legal +implications of this phenomenon has intensified and many legal issues +related to smart contracts are being examined. Legal scholars have +highlighted potential legal pitfalls, controversies and +incompatibilities with existing legal frameworks. Blockchain technology +and smart contracts have also been fuelling an interest of legislators, +who have begun to recognise regulatory uncertainties and are making the +first attempts to introduce legislative solutions to address them. This +paper aims to highlight the fervour of the scholarly debate surrounding +smart contracts and contrast it with a rather modest response from the +legislators thus far. The paper reiterates that smart contracts +represent the future. Even though they challenge practitioners, +scholars, and legislators, current legislative initiatives indicate that + under most legal systems there are no major obstacles for smart +contracts and to accommodate smart contracts within the existing legal +frameworks we should expect legal evolution rather than revolution. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +45 | +
| Pages | +102081 | +
| Publication | +Telecommunications Policy | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.telpol.2020.102081 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +03085961 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Karen Yeung | +
| Abstract | +This paper critically examines the intersection and +interactions between conventional law produced and enforced by national +legal systems (ie the ‘code of law') and the internal rules of +blockchain systems, which take the form of executable software code and +cryptographic algorithms operating across a distributed computing +network (‘code as law'). In so doing, it seeks to identify whether, and +to what extent, ‘regulation by blockchain' will successfully avoid +governance by conventional law. It identifies three different ways in +which the code of law is likely to interact with code as law, based +primarily on the intended motives and purposes of those engaged in +activities in developing, maintaining or undertaking transactions upon +the network. It argues that these different classes of case are likely +to generate different kinds of dynamic interaction between the +blockchain code and conventional legal systems, and critically examines +the normative foundations of these emerging and anticipated +interactions. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Wiley Online Library | +
| Volume | +82 | +
| Pages | +207–239 | +
| Publication | +Modern Law Review | +
| DOI | +10.1111/1468-2230.12399 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +14682230 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Anastasiia Morozova Cristina Cuervo | +
| Date | +2020-01 | +
| URL | +https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fintech-notes/Issues/2020/01/09/Regulation-of-Crypto-Assets-48810 | +
| Publisher | +International Monetary Fund | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Vlad Burilov | +
| Abstract | +Much like initial public offerings produce publicly traded +securities, Initial Coin Offerings (icos) produce crypto tokens +tradeable on crypto exchanges. Despite an apparent need for investor +protection the ico and the tokenisation phenomenon have yet to be +addressed by legislative action on the EU level. The paper studies the +suitability of the EU regulatory framework to capture tokenised +financial instruments and utility tokens based on the views of the EU +supervisory and national competent authorities. It is argued that EU +regulators shall first ensure legal certainty by defining the scope of +tokenised financial instruments subject to MiFID. Further, authorisation + and ongoing requirements shall be adapted to address the risks posed by + distributed technology and direct global access of investors to crypto +markets. Finally, there is no immediate need for a bespoke EU-wide +regime governing utility tokens; fragmentation of the market is a +positive development providing a testing field for future supranational +initiatives. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Brill Nijhoff | +
| Volume | +6 | +
| Pages | +146–186 | +
| Publication | +European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance | +
| DOI | +10.1163/22134514-00602003 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +22134514 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Carol R. Goforth | +
| Abstract | +SEC v. Telegram and SEC v. Kik, both decided in 2020, +establish some ground-breaking rules about how the federal securities +laws apply to cryptotransactions. In both cases, the court concluded +that a large, reputable social media company had conducted a crypto +offering in violation of federal law. In neither case was fraud or other + criminal conduct an issue; the sole problem was failure to register the + sales or comply with an exemption from registration. To find a +violation, both opinions collapsed a two-phase offering into a single, +integrated scheme. This approach appears to be an unnecessarily +overbroad application of the law, protecting neither investors nor +capital markets. A cost of this approach is that crypto entrepreneurs +are being forced away from the United States, and American investors are + denied opportunities to participate in a potentially desirable +technological revolution. This article examines the rationale employed +in these two decisions in light of the existing statutory and regulatory + framework. It also considers recent amendments to federal rules +defining the “integration doctrine,” which was relied on explicitly in +the Kik decision. This article suggests how future crypto offerings +might be structured to avoid the pitfalls created by the Kik and +Telegram opinions. It advocates a more limited approach than the one +urged by regulators. Its suggestions depend not on a change in law but +only a change in understanding what is required in order to conduct a +compliant crypto offering. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Wiley Online Library | +
| Volume | +58 | +
| Pages | +643–705 | +
| Publication | +American Business Law Journal | +
| DOI | +10.1111/ablj.12192 | +
| Issue | +3 | +
| ISSN | +17441714 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:22:22 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Douglas J. Cumming | +
| Author | +Sofia Johan | +
| Author | +Anshum Pant | +
| Abstract | +Distributed ledger technology, also known as the blockchain, +is gaining traction globally. Blockchain offers a secure validation +mechanism and decentralized mass collaboration. Cryptocurrencies make +use of this technology as a new asset class for investors worldwide. +Cryptocurrencies are being used by companies to raise capital via +initial coin offerings (ICOs). The substantial inflow of unregulated +capital into a transactional and transnational industry has aroused +interest from not just investors, but also national securities and +monetary regulatory agencies. In this paper, we review the Security and +Exchange Commission's initial statements and subsequent pronouncements +on ICO's to illustrate the potential problems with applying an older +legal framework to an ever-evolving ecosystem. Recognizing the inability + of enforcement within existing regulatory frameworks, we discuss the +importance of regulation of the crypto asset class and internal +collaboration between government agencies and developers in the +establishment of an ecosystem that integrates investor protection and +investments. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute | +
| Volume | +12 | +
| Pages | +126 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Risk and Financial Management | +
| DOI | +10.3390/jrfm12030126 | +
| Issue | +3 | +
| ISSN | +1911-8074 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:22:23 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:22:23 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Eva Micheler | +
| Author | +Anna Whaley | +
| Abstract | +In the UK both the Bank of England and the Financial Conduct +Authority have recently carried out experiments using new digital +technology for regulatory purposes. The idea is to replace rules written + in natural legal language with computer code and to use artificial +intelligence for regulatory purposes. This new way of designing +regulatory rules is in line with the UK government's vision for the +country to become a global leader in digital technology. It is also +reflected in the FCA's business plan. The article reviews the technology + and the advantages and disadvantages of combining the technology with +regulatory law. It then informs the discussion from a broader +perspective. It analyses regulatory technology through criteria +developed in the mainstream regulatory debate. It contributes to that +debate by anticipating problems that will arise as the technology +evolves. In addition, the hope is to assist the government in avoiding +mistakes that have occurred in the past and creating a better system +from the start. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Springer | +
| Volume | +21 | +
| Pages | +349–377 | +
| Publication | +European Business Organization Law Review | +
| DOI | +10.1007/s40804-019-00151-1 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +17416205 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Sarah Manski | +
| Author | +Michel Bauwens | +
| Abstract | +Distributed ledger technology (DLT) is increasingly proposed +as a powerful tool to address the social and ecological challenges in +the Global South. DLTs are opening up possible futures, one of which is a + wave of infrastructure decentralization with common-centric and +cosmo-local production. Shared logistics and supply chains for a +circular economy, with collaborative and networked “flow” accounting +allow the integration of contributive logics as well as the integration +of social and ecological externalities, including practical knowledge on + resource use limitations linked to planetary boundaries, as an integral + part of ecosystems of productive collaboration. Indeed, DLTs remove the + need for central intermediaries to validate transaction between +parties, who instead place their trust in the encrypted, +disintermediated system software. DLTs can be designed as a new +unencloseable (non-commodifiable) medium of communication, which could +lead to radically new forms of cooperation, organization, and +governance. Yet these revolutionary possibilities will not be realized +unless technologists consciously and strategically design systems +redistributing sovereignty from elites to the people in financial, +service, and national infrastructures. This paper concludes with a +critical examination of the application of DLT in Puerto Rico and how +DLTs could alter the production and exchange of “value” in service of a +global popular sovereignty. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Volume | +2 | +
| Pages | +1–17 | +
| Publication | +Frontiers in Blockchain | +
| DOI | +10.3389/fbloc.2019.00029 | +
| Issue | +January | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | +
| Type | +Book | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Edwin Lefevre | +
| Date | +2004 | +
| Volume | +175 | +
| Publisher | +John Wiley & Sons | +
| Date Added | +04/03/2022, 03:05:08 | +
| Modified | +04/03/2022, 03:05:08 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Alex de Vries | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +3 | +
| Pages | +893–898 | +
| Publication | +Joule | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Amanda Ahl | +
| Author | +Masaru Yarime | +
| Author | +Kenji Tanaka | +
| Author | +Daishi Sagawa | +
| Abstract | +The future of energy is complex, with fluctuating renewable +resources in increasingly distributed systems. It is suggested that +blockchain technology is a timely innovation with potential to +facilitate this future. Peer-to-peer (P2P) microgrids can support +renewable energy as well as economically empower consumers and +prosumers. However, the rapid development of blockchain and prospects +for P2P energy networks is coupled with several grey areas in the +institutional landscape. The purpose of this paper is to holistically +explore potential challenges of blockchain-based P2P microgrids, and +propose practical implications for institutional development as well as +academia. An analytical framework for P2P microgrids is developed based +on literature review as well as expert interviews. The framework +incorporates 1) Technological, 2) Economic, 3) Social, 4) Environmental +and 5) Institutional dimensions. Directions for future work in practical + and academic contexts are identified. It is suggested that bridging the + gap from technological to institutional readiness would require the +incorporation of all dimensions as well as their inter-relatedness. +Gradual institutional change leveraging community-building and +regulatory sandbox approaches are proposed as potential pathways in +incorporating this multi-dimensionality, reducing cross-sectoral silos, +and facilitating interoperability between current and future systems. By + offering insight through holistic conceptualization, this paper aims to + contribute to expanding research in building the pillars of a more +substantiated institutional arch for blockchain in the energy sector. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032119301352 | +
| Volume | +107 | +
| Pages | +200–211 | +
| Publication | +Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews | +
| DOI | +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.002 | +
| ISSN | +1364-0321 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Type | +Video Recording | +
|---|---|
| Director | +Revolution Now! | +
| Abstract | +*Special 1 hour show.In this episode, Bitcoin, Wall St and the + toxic evolution of Financialization is discussed, with secondary focus +on core principles of s... | +
| Date | +2021-05-22 | +
| Language | +en | +
| Library Catalog | +www.youtube.com | +
| URL | +https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsghxd1cdeA | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 12:25:01 | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 12:25:01 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 12:25:36 | +
| Type | +Report | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Yukun Liu | +
| Author | +Aleh Tsyvinski | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Institution | +National Bureau of Economic Research | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Yukun Liu | +
| Author | +Aleh Tsyvinski | +
| Abstract | +We establish that cryptocurrency returns are driven and can be + predicted by factors that are specific to cryptocurrency markets. +Cryptocurrency returns are exposed to cryptocurrency network factors but + not cryptocurrency production factors. We construct the network factors + to capture the user adoption of cryptocurrencies and the production +factors to proxy for the costs of cryptocurrency production. Moreover, +there is a strong time-series momentum effect, and proxies for investor +attention strongly forecast future cryptocurrency returns. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Oxford University Press | +
| Volume | +34 | +
| Pages | +2689–2727 | +
| Publication | +Review of Financial Studies | +
| DOI | +10.1093/rfs/hhaa113 | +
| Issue | +6 | +
| ISSN | +14657368 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Nicholas Weaver | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: ACM New York, NY, USA | +
| Volume | +61 | +
| Pages | +20–24 | +
| Publication | +Communications of the ACM | +
| Issue | +6 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Hester M. Peirce | +
| Date | +2020-02 | +
| URL | +https://www.sec.gov/news/speech/peirce-remarks-blockress-2020-02-06 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Securities and Exchange Commission | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +David Gerard | +
| URL | +https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/06/bitcoin-city-el-salvador-nayib-bukele/ | +
| Accessed | +03/03/2022, 13:05:58 | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 13:05:58 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 13:10:01 | +
| Type | +Blog Post | +
|---|---|
| Abstract | +Tether minted and sold USDT to many other companies and +individuals. None came close to the numbers Alameda Research and +Cumberland put up. | +
| Date | +2021-08-12T14:17:00+00:00 | +
| Language | +en-US | +
| Short Title | +SCOOP | +
| URL | +https://protos.com/tether-minted-usdt-stablecoin-crypto-two-alameda-cumberland/ | +
| Accessed | +02/03/2022, 14:26:28 | +
| Blog Title | +Protos | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 14:26:28 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 14:26:28 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +US Securities | +
| Author | +Exchange Commission | +
| Author | +others | +
| Date | +2017 | +
| Volume | +25 | +
| Pages | +2017–131 | +
| Publication | +US Securities and Exchange Commission | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Date | +1946 | +
| Extra | +Issue: No. 843 +Pages: 293 +Publication Title: US +Volume: 328 | +
| Publisher | +Supreme Court | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Issue: No. 19 Civ. 11325 (LLS) | +
| Publisher | +Dist. Court, SD New York | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Issue: No. 19 Civ. 5244 (AKH) | +
| Publisher | +Dist. Court, SD New York | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Issue: No. 1: 20-CV-273-RP | +
| Publisher | +Dist. Court, WD Texas | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Issue: Case No. 9: 19-CV-80633-ROSENBERG/REINHART | +
| Publisher | +Dist. Court, SD Florida | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Issue: No. 19 Civ. 9439 (PKC) | +
| Publisher | +Dist. Court, SD New York | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Dmitri Boreiko | +
| Author | +Dimche Risteski | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Springer | +
| Pages | +1–19 | +
| Publication | +Small Business Economics | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Sean Foley | +
| Author | +Jonathan R Karlsen | +
| Author | +Tālis J Putniņš | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Oxford University Press | +
| Volume | +32 | +
| Pages | +1798–1853 | +
| Publication | +The Review of Financial Studies | +
| Issue | +5 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Ilias Kapsis | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +ISBN: 9781000412628 +Publisher: Routledge | +
| Pages | +85–104 | +
| Publication | +FinTech, Artificial Intelligence and the Law: Regulation and Crime Prevention | +
| DOI | +10.4324/9781003020998-9 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:22:23 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:22:23 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Chloe Cornish | +
| Author | +Richard Waters | +
| Date | +2018-01 | +
| URL | +https://www.ft.com/content/790d9506-0175-11e8-9650-9c0ad2d7c5b5 | +
| Publication | +Financial Times | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Anthony Masure | +
| Author | +Guillaume Helleu | +
| Abstract | +Parmi les technologies majeures qui se sont succédé depuis la +fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la blockchain (2009), dont Bitcoin, +reste encore mal comprise en dehors de ses applications monétaires. Elle + a pourtant déjà des conséquences importantes dans le champ de la +création (art, design, jeu vidéo, etc.) à travers le développement, +depuis 2015, des « Non Fungible Tokens » (NFT) – à savoir la production +d'un certificat numérique infalsifiable et décentralisé attaché à une +entité numérique tangible. Contrairement à la pensée des « communs » et à + la culture du libre, les NFT promettent de créer de la « rareté +numérique » : sans eux, une fois mis en ligne sur le Web, une image, une + vidéo, un film ou une musique peuvent être dupliqués et circuler sans +aucune possibilité de contrôle. Mis en lumière depuis le début de +l'année 2021 par une multitude de ventes aux sommes record (69 millions +de dollars pour un NFT de l'artiste Beeple) et par le développement de +places de marché spécifiques, les NFT soulèvent des enjeux relatifs à la + valeur, à la circulation et à l'exposition des productions artistiques +et culturelles. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Association Multitudes | +
| Volume | +85 | +
| Pages | +210–219 | +
| Publication | +Multitudes | +
| DOI | +10.3917/mult.085.0210 | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:17:16 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:17:16 | +
| Type | +Book Section | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Giesela Rühl | +
| Abstract | +The law applicable to smart contracts is a neglected topic. At + times it is even discarded as irrelevant or unnecessary. In fact, many +authors claim that smart contracts especially when stored and executed +with the help of blockchain technology make contract law and, in fact, +the entire legal system obsolete. “Code is law” is the frequently cited +catchphrase. In the following chapter I will challenge this view and +argue, first, that smart contracts need contract law just as other, +traditional contracts, and, second, that the applicable contract law +can—at least in most cases—be determined with the help of the +traditional rules of private international law. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-52722-8_11 | +
| Publisher | +Springer | +
| Pages | +159–180 | +
| Book Title | +Blockchain, Law and Governance | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Lennart Ante | +
| Abstract | +Smart contracts are decentrally anchored scripts on +blockchains or similar infrastructures that allow the transparent +execution of predefined processes. Using smart contracts, assets like +money become programmable, which opens up previously inaccessible +application potential. To date, smart contracts control billions in +value. This paper analyzes 468 peer-reviewed articles on the topic of +smart contracts and their 20,188 references, providing a summary and +analysis of the current state of research on smart contracts. Using +exploratory factor analysis for co-citation analysis, we identify six +different strands of research that concern technical, social, economic +and legal disciplines: I) technical foundations, development and open +questions of blockchain networks, II) blockchain and smart contracts for + the Internet of Things, III) smart contract standardization, +verification and security, IV) blockchain and smart contracts for the +disruption of existing processes and industries, V) potentials and +challenges of smart contracts, and VI) smart contracts and the law. The +interrelations between these groups are visualized using social network +analysis. We thus obtain a structured overview of the main strands of +research concerning smart contracts, their development over time, the +relevance of smart contract platforms in research, and conceptual +connections between publications and discourses. The results offer +researchers and practitioners a substantial basis for their work on +smart contracts. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Pages | +1–48 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.3576393 | +
| Issue | +10 | +
| ISSN | +1556-5068 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:11 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Lennart Ante | +
| Abstract | +Smart contracts are decentrally anchored scripts on +blockchains or similar infrastructures that allow the transparent +execution of predefined processes. Using smart contracts, business logic + can be automated and assets such as money become programmable, which +opens up previously inaccessible application potential. To date, smart +contracts control billions in value. This paper analyzes 468 articles on + the topic of smart contracts and their 20,188 references, providing a +summary and analysis of the current state of research on smart contracts + and identifying intellectual structures and emerging trends. Using +exploratory factor analysis for co-citation analysis, six different +strands of research are identified that concern technical, social, +economic and legal disciplines: I) technical foundations, development +and open questions of blockchain networks, II) blockchain and smart +contracts for the Internet of Things, III) smart contract +standardization, verification and security, IV) blockchain and smart +contracts for the disruption of existing processes and industries, V) +potentials and challenges of smart contracts, and VI) smart contracts +and the law. The interrelations between these groups and individual +high-impact publications are visualized using social network analysis. A + structured overview of the main strands of research concerning smart +contracts, their development over time, the relevance of smart contract +platforms in research, and conceptual connections between publications +and discourses is obtained. Based on the results, starting points for +future research are derived, which offer researchers and practitioners a + substantial basis for their work on smart contracts. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Pergamon | +
| Volume | +57 | +
| Pages | +101519 | +
| Publication | +Telematics and Informatics | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.tele.2020.101519 | +
| ISSN | +07365853 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Eliza Mik | +
| Abstract | +If one is to believe the popular press and many “technical +writings,” blockchains create not only a perfect transactional +environment but also obviate the need for banks, lawyers and courts. The + latter will soon be replaced by smart contracts: unbiased and +infallible computer programs that form, perform and enforce agreements. +Predictions of future revolutions must, however, be distinguished from +the harsh reality of the commercial marketplace and the technical +limitations of blockchains. The fact that a technological solution is +innovative and elegant need not imply that it is commercially useful or +legally viable. Apart from attempting a terminological “clean-up” +surrounding the term smart contract, this paper presents some +technological and legal constraints on their use. It confronts the +popular claims concerning their ability to automate transactions and to +ensure perfect performance. It also examines the possibility of reducing + contractual relationships to code and the ability to integrate smart +contracts with the complexities of the real world. A closer analysis +reveals that smart contracts can hardly be regarded as a semi-mythical +technology liberating the contracting parties from the shackles of +traditional legal and financial institutions. | +
| Date | +2017 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Volume | +9 | +
| Pages | +269–300 | +
| Publication | +Law, Innovation and Technology | +
| DOI | +10.1080/17579961.2017.1378468 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +1757997X | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Angela Walch | +
| Abstract | +This chapter addresses the myth of decentralized governance of + public blockchains, arguing that certain people who create, operate, or + reshape them function much like fiduciaries of those who rely on these +powerful data structures. Explicating the crucial functions that leading + software developers perform, the chapter compares the role to Tamar +Frankel's conception of a fiduciary, and finds much in common, as users +of these technologies place extreme trust in the leading developers to +be both competent and loyal (ie, to be free of conflicts of interest). +The chapter then frames the cost-benefit analysis necessary to evaluate +whether, on balance, it is a good idea to treat these parties as +fiduciaries, and outlines key questions needed to flesh out the +fiduciary categorization. For example, which software developers are +influential enough to resemble fiduciaries? Are all users of a +blockchain ‘entrustors' of the fiduciaries who operate the blockchain, +or only a subset of those who rely on the blockchain? Finally, the +chapter concludes with reflections on the broader implications of +treating software developers as fiduciaries, given the existing +accountability paradigm that largely shields software developers from +liability for the code they create. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Chapter in Regulating Blockchain. Techno-Social and Legal Challenges, edited$\sim$\ldots | +
| Publication | +Regulating Blockchain. Techno-Social and Legal Challenges, ed. + by Philipp Hacker, Ioannis Lianos, Georgios Dimitropoulos & Stefan +Eich, Oxford University Press, 2019. | +
| DOI | +https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3203198 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Type | +Blog Post | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Ed Z | +
| Abstract | +Yesterday I had a quasi-viral tweet about how I cannot for the + life of me find an explanation as to why Web3 and the blockchain are so + inevitably the future. Charlie Warzel, ever the optimist for no given +reason suggested the following: Instead of a technology achieving mass +adoption and creating a culture in its wake, much of the crypto movement + is a durable culture that is waiting for its mass-adoption product and +trying to spin up technologies that augment the culture. | +
| Date | +2022-02-23 | +
| URL | +https://ez.substack.com/p/solutions-that-create-problems | +
| Accessed | +23/02/2022, 16:14:48 | +
| Blog Title | +Ed Zitron's Where's Your Ed At | +
| Website Type | +Substack newsletter | +
| Date Added | +23/02/2022, 16:14:48 | +
| Modified | +23/02/2022, 16:14:48 | +
| Type | +Report | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Christian Catalini | +
| Author | +Joshua S Gans | +
| Date | +2016 | +
| Institution | +National Bureau of Economic Research | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Shane Shifflett | +
| Author | +Paul Vigna | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Publication | +The Wall Street Journal | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Brian Ellsworth | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Pages | +30–08 | +
| Publication | +Reuters | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Bruce Mizrach | +
| Abstract | +Seven of the ten largest stablecoins are backed by fiat +assets. The 2016 and 2017 vintages of stablecoins have failure rates of +100% and 50% respectively. More than one-third of stablecoins have +failed. Tether has a 39% share of 1.77 trillion USD in 2021Q2 +transactions, and USD Coin 28%. The top three stablecoins have an +average velocity of 28.3. Tether transacted between 3.8 million unique +addresses, 63% of the ERC-20 token network. Six of the top ten tokens +have unconcentrated Herfindahl indices, but Gemini, Pax and Huobi have +single holders with more than 50% of the supply. The median Tether +transaction fee is similar to the cost of an ATM transaction, but they +are three to four times more for Dai and USDC. Fees, which are +proportional to the price of Ethereum, are rising though. Median fees +for Tether rose 3,628% over the last year, and 1,897% for USD Coin. 24 +hour exchange turnover in Tether is nearly $120 billion. This is +comparable to the daily volume at the NYSE and almost 15 times the daily + flow in money market mutual funds. Narrow bid-ask spreads and depth +have attracted active HFT participation. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.3835219 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | +
| Type | +Video Recording | +
|---|---|
| Director | +Computerphile | +
| Date | +2018-03-23 | +
| URL | +https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlLN0QERWBs&ab_channel=Computerphile | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 12:16:14 | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 12:16:14 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 12:17:01 | +
| Type | +Manuscript | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Rath Johanna | +
| Abstract | +This study contrasts different effects of applying blockchain +technology on a social norm of trust and individual behaviour. The +advanced technological features of blockchain could either complete +contractual information and prevent coordination failures by +substituting the need for trust or allow for some degree of +incompleteness in information and favour a reciprocal mechanism of trust + to solve for inefficiencies arising out of it. Either way, incomplete +information is a necessary condition for the emergence of social norms +of trust and reciprocity; hence a change in the completion of +contractual information influences the institutional setting that market + mechanisms are embedded in. One evolutionary process drives both, the +degree of information available and behavioural traits within the +society. Technology is neutral, but the way it is applied has different +consequences on the institutional setting and thus favours different +individual behavioural traits. Blockchain technology might either +substitute or complement the need for trust | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/216850 | +
| Extra | +DOI: https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/216850 +ISSN: 00029211 +Publication Title: ICAE Working Paper Series, No. 107 Provided +PMID: 14005845 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:08 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:08 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +David Gerard | +
| URL | +https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/23/cryptocurrency-chia-waste-resources-bitcoin/ | +
| Accessed | +03/03/2022, 13:04:48 | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 13:04:48 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 13:10:10 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Sarah Myers West | +
| Abstract | +This article explores an inflection point for the crypto +community as it grappled with a series of cascading failures. Drawing on + 3 years of ethnographic observation and interviews at conferences +devoted to building privacy systems, I consider how a determinist +conception of encryption technologies inhibited the widespread adoption +of privacy technologies. I develop the frame of “survival of the +cryptic” to call attention to the way this conception fails to +acknowledge how power shapes the conditions of surveillance: that race +and racism, gender and misogyny affect not only who is most impacted by +surveillance but also how the encryption technologies developed to +inhibit surveillance were designed—and, as importantly, who they were +designed for. I conclude by offering a new imaginary for encryption that + draws on queer, black and feminist thought by centering the need to +create safe and autonomous spaces for collective survival under +conditions of mass surveillance. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England | +
| Pages | +1461444820983017 | +
| Publication | +New Media and Society | +
| DOI | +10.1177/1461444820983017 | +
| ISSN | +14617315 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:01 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:01 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Peter Howson | +
| Abstract | +Concern about the carbon footprint of Bitcoin is not holding +back blockchain developers from leveraging the technology for action on +climate change. Although blockchain technology is enabling individuals +and businesses to manage their carbon emissions, the social and +environmental costs and benefits of doing so remain unclear. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0567-9 | +
| Volume | +9 | +
| Pages | +644–645 | +
| Publication | +Nature Climate Change | +
| DOI | +10.1038/s41558-019-0567-9 | +
| Issue | +9 | +
| ISSN | +17586798 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Thomas Slattery | +
| Date | +2014 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: HeinOnline | +
| Volume | +39 | +
| Pages | +829 | +
| Publication | +Brook. J. Int'l L. | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 09:06:57 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 09:06:57 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Robert Herian | +
| Abstract | +In the present techno-political moment it is clear that +ignoring or dismissing the hype surrounding blockchain is unwise, and +certainly for regulatory authorities and governments who must keep a +grip on the technology and those promoting it, in order to ensure +democratic accountability and regulatory legitimacy within the +blockchain ecosystem and beyond. Blockchain is telling (and showing) us +something very important about the evolution of capital and neoliberal +economic reason, and the likely impact in the near future on forms and +patterns of work, social organization, and, crucially, on communities +and individuals who lack influence over the technologies and data that +increasingly shape and control their lives. In this short essay I +introduce some of the problems in the regulation of blockchain and offer + counter-narratives aimed at cutting through the hype fuelling the +ascendency of this most contemporary of technologies. | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Volume | +29 | +
| Pages | +163–171 | +
| Publication | +Law and Critique | +
| DOI | +10.1007/s10978-018-9226-y | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +15728617 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Gary B Gorton | +
| Author | +Jeffery Zhang | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Publication | +Available at SSRN 3888752 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Gary B. Gorton | +
| Author | +Jeffery Zhang | +
| Abstract | +Cryptocurrencies are all the rage, but there is nothing new +about privately produced money. The goal of private money is to be +accepted at par with no questions asked. This did not occur during the +Free Banking Era in the United States—a period that most resembles the +current world of stablecoins. State-chartered banks in the Free Banking +Era experienced panics, and their private monies made it very hard to +transact because of fluctuating prices. That system was curtailed by the + National Bank Act of 1863, which created a uniform national currency +backed by U.S. Treasury bonds. Subsequent legislation taxed the +state-chartered banks' paper currencies out of existence in favor of a +single sovereign currency. The newest type of private money is now upon +us—in the form of stablecoins like “Tether” and Facebook's “Diem” +(formerly “Libra”). Based on lessons learned from history, we argue that + privately produced monies are not an effective medium of exchange +because they are not always accepted at par and are subject to runs. We +present proposals to address the systemic risks created by stablecoins, +including regulating stablecoin issuers as banks and issuing a central +bank digital currency | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.3888752 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:18:47 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Ashish Rajendra Sai | +
| Author | +Jim Buckley | +
| Author | +Brian Fitzgerald | +
| Author | +Andrew Le Gear | +
| Abstract | +Bitcoin introduced delegation of control over a monetary +system from a select few to all who participate in that system. This +delegation is known as the decentralization of controlling power and is a + powerful security mechanism for the ecosystem. After the introduction +of Bitcoin, the field of cryptocurrency has seen widespread attention +from industry and academia, so much so that the original novel +contribution of Bitcoin, i.e., decentralization, may be overlooked, due +to decentralizations' assumed fundamental existence for the functioning +of such crypto-assets. However, recent studies have observed a trend of +increased centralization in cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and +Ethereum. As this increased centralization has an impact the security of + the blockchain, it is crucial that it is measured, towards adequate +control. This research derives an initial taxonomy of centralization +present in decentralized blockchains through rigorous synthesis using a +systematic literature review. This is followed by iterative refinement +through expert interviews. We systematically analyzed 89 research papers + published between 2009 and 2019. Our study contributes to the existing +body of knowledge by highlighting the multiple definitions and +measurements of centralization in the literature. We identify different +aspects of centralization and propose an encompassing taxonomy of +centralization concerns. This taxonomy is based on empirically +observable and measurable characteristics. It consists of 13 aspects of +centralization, classified over six architectural layers: Governance, +Network, Consensus, Incentive, Operational, and Application. We also +discuss how the implications of centralization can vary depending on the + aspects studied. We believe that this review and taxonomy provides a +comprehensive overview of centralization in decentralized blockchains +involving various conceptualizations and measures. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier +_eprint: 2009.12542 | +
| Volume | +58 | +
| Pages | +102584 | +
| Publication | +Information Processing and Management | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102584 | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| ISSN | +03064573 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:40 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:40 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Paul Krugman | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Volume | +21 | +
| Publication | +The New York Times | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Matilde Massó | +
| Author | +Anastasiya Shevchenko | +
| Author | +Nazaret Abalde-Bastero | +
| Abstract | +Despite the increase in literature on financial innovation as a + force of change in the financial system, most contributions fail to +analyze the relationship between the socio-institutional and +technological design of cryptocurrencies. This paper aims to fill this +gap by providing a case study of Bitcoin, the most representative of the + virtual and cryptocurrencies. We begin by addressing the concept of +financial innovation as a social phenomenon embedded in networks of +users, technologists, regulations, institutions, culture and history. +Secondly, we examine the disruptive and evolutionary nature of the +Bitcoin, comparing it with the characteristics of legal tender money. +The main conclusions indicate that although Bitcoin represents a +disruptive technology in the process of monetary creation through a +peer-to-peer network, it is not a new conception of money in its +institutional dimension. | +
| Date | +2022 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Pages | +1–17 | +
| Publication | +International Review of Sociology | +
| DOI | +10.1080/03906701.2021.2015981 | +
| ISSN | +0390-6701 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:44 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Carola Binder | +
| Abstract | +In recent years, warnings of a populist threat to central bank + independence have proliferated. These warnings are based on a +deep-seated antagonism between technocracy and populism. I argue that to + understand current challenges for central banks, we should question the + assumed antagonism between populism and technocracy. Political +scientists Chris Bickerton and Carlo Accetti (2021) claim that advanced +democratic states today are in a technopopulist age, “increasingly +ordered around the combination of appeals to the people and to expertise + and competence” (pg. 157). This paper discusses central bank +independence in the technopopulist age. First, I describe the inherent +tension around the role of expertise in a democracy, and how this +tension has been approached in the delegation of monetary policymaking +to independent central banks. Next, I discuss the transition from an era + of ideological political logic to the current era of technopopulism. +Then I explain how the technopopulist influence is especially evident in + recent pressures on central banks, changes in central bank +communication, and recent amendments to the Federal Reserve's longer-run + strategy. An important point is that under technopopulism, populists do + not reject technocratic expertise, but instead rely on it to translate +their causes into policy. Central banks thus face pressure to use their +technocratic discretion to do more to serve the people, and to be +directly accountability to the people rather than to elected +representatives. In return for greater responsiveness, they gain even +greater power and discretion. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3823456 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3823456 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:45 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:45 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Kai Stinchcombe | +
| Date | +2017-12-22 | +
| Language | +en | +
| URL | +https://hackernoon.com/ten-years-in-nobody-has-come-up-with-a-use-case-for-blockchain-ee98c180100 | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 12:18:51 | +
| Website Title | +Hackernoon | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 12:18:51 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 12:20:29 | +
"Each purported use case — from payments to legal documents, +from escrow to voting systems—amounts to a set of contortions to add a +distributed, encrypted, anonymous ledger where none was needed. What if +there isn’t actually any use for a distributed ledger at all? What if, +ten years after it was invented, the reason nobody has adopted a +distributed ledger at scale is because nobody wants it?"
Part of Kai Stinchcombe series that discusses whether blockchain + can solve various real world use-cases better than traditional +technologies
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Nathaniel Popper | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Pages | +92–4 | +
| Publication | +The New York Times | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Tomlin Bennet | +
| URL | +https://bennettftomlin.com/2021/08/08/tether-and-bitfinex-introduction/ | +
| Accessed | +02/03/2022, 09:46:17 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 09:46:17 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 09:46:59 | +
| Type | +Blog Post | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Charlie Warzel | +
| Abstract | +"I feel like a moron typing all of this. But I just have to type it!" | +
| Date | +2021-05-11 | +
| URL | +https://warzel.substack.com/p/the-absurdity-is-the-point | +
| Accessed | +02/03/2022, 11:14:54 | +
| Blog Title | +Galaxy Brain | +
| Website Type | +Substack newsletter | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 11:14:54 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 11:15:06 | +
| Type | +Thesis | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Zhexi Zhang | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/123614 | +
| Extra | +DOI: https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/123614 | +
| Type | +PhD Thesis | +
| University | +Massachusetts Institute of Technology | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:39 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:39 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Author | +A Stivers | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +http://ssrn.com/paper=3497682 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Primavera De Filippi | +
| Author | +Morshed Mannan | +
| Author | +Wessel Reijers | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4001696 | +
| Publication | +Policy and Society, Cambridge University Press | +
| DOI | +https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4001696 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Paolo Dini | +
| Author | +Alexandros Kioupkiolis | +
| Abstract | +This paper addresses the question whether complementary +currencies can help us think and practice politics in new and different +ways which contribute to democratic change and civic empowerment in our +times. The space created by the Sardex complementary currency circuit in + Sardinia (2009-to date) seems to leave enough room for the emergence of + a collective micropolitical consciousness. At the same time, the design + of a technological and financial infrastructure is also an alternative +political, or “alter-political” choice. Both are alternative to +hegemonic politics and to typical modes of mobilization and +contestation. Thus, the Sardex circuit can best be understood as an +alter-political combination of the bottom-up micropolitics of personal +interactions within the circuit and of the politics of technology +implicit in the top-down design of the technological and financial +infrastructure underpinning the circuit. The Sardex experience suggests +that a market that mediates the (local) real economy only and shuts out +the financial economy can provide economic sustainability by supporting +SMEs, supply a shield against the adverse effects of financial crises, +and counteract the fetishization of money by disclosing daily its roots +in social construction within a controlled environment of mutual +responsibility, solidarity, and trust. We broached the Sardex currency +and circuit in such terms in order to illustrate a significant and +effective instance of alter-politics in our times and also to indicate, +more specifically, community financial innovations which could be taken +up and re-deployed to democratize or “commonify” local economies. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2019.1646625 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Cogent | +
| Volume | +5 | +
| Publication | +Cogent Social Sciences | +
| DOI | +10.1080/23311886.2019.1646625 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +23311886 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | +
| Type | +Conference Paper | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Jiahua Xu | +
| Author | +Benjamin Livshits | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Pages | +1609–1625 | +
| Proceedings Title | +28th USENIX Security Symposium | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Thesis | +
|---|---|
| Author | +M Crepaldi | +
| Abstract | +The subjects of this dissertation are distributed consensus +systems (DCS). These systems gained prominence with the implementation +of cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin. This work aims at understanding +the drivers and motives behind the adoption of this class of +technologies, and to – consequently – evaluate the social and normative +implications of blockchains and distributed ledgers. To do so, a +phenomenological account of the field of distributed consensus systems +is offered, then the core claims for the adoption of systems are taken +into consideration. Accordingly, the relevance of these technologies on +trust and governance is examined. It will be argued that the effects on +these two elements do not justify the adoption of distributed consensus +systems satisfactorily. Against this backdrop, it will be held that +blockchains and similar technologies are being adopted because they are +regarded as having a valid claim to authority as specified by Max Weber, + i.e., herrschaft. Consequently, it will be discussed whether current +implementations fall – and to what extent – within the legitimate types +of traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal authority. The +conclusion is that the conceptualization developed by Weber does not +capture the core ideas that appear to establish the belief in the +legitimacy of distributed consensus systems. Therefore, this +dissertation describes the herrschaft of systems such as blockchains by +conceptualizing a computational extension of the pure type of +rational-legal authority, qualified as algorithmic authority. The +foundational elements of algorithmic authority are then discussed. +Particular attention is focused on the idea of normativity cultivated in + systems of algorithmic rules as well as the concept of +decentralization. Practical suggestions conclude the following +dissertation. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9432/ | +
| Extra | +DOI: http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9432/ | +
| Type | +PhD Thesis | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Type | +Thesis | +
|---|---|
| Author | +M Crepaldi | +
| Abstract | +The subjects of this dissertation are distributed consensus +systems (DCS). These systems gained prominence with the implementation +of cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin. This work aims at understanding +the drivers and motives behind the adoption of this class of +technologies, and to – consequently – evaluate the social and normative +implications of blockchains and distributed ledgers. To do so, a +phenomenological account of the field of distributed consensus systems +is offered, then the core claims for the adoption of systems are taken +into consideration. Accordingly, the relevance of these technologies on +trust and governance is examined. It will be argued that the effects on +these two elements do not justify the adoption of distributed consensus +systems satisfactorily. Against this backdrop, it will be held that +blockchains and similar technologies are being adopted because they are +regarded as having a valid claim to authority as specified by Max Weber, + i.e., herrschaft. Consequently, it will be discussed whether current +implementations fall – and to what extent – within the legitimate types +of traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal authority. The +conclusion is that the conceptualization developed by Weber does not +capture the core ideas that appear to establish the belief in the +legitimacy of distributed consensus systems. Therefore, this +dissertation describes the herrschaft of systems such as blockchains by +conceptualizing a computational extension of the pure type of +rational-legal authority, qualified as algorithmic authority. The +foundational elements of algorithmic authority are then discussed. +Particular attention is focused on the idea of normativity cultivated in + systems of algorithmic rules as well as the concept of +decentralization. Practical suggestions conclude the following +dissertation. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9432/ | +
| Extra | +DOI: http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9432/ | +
| Type | +PhD Thesis | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | +
| Type | +Book | +
|---|---|
| Author | +William K Black | +
| Date | +2013 | +
| Publisher | +University of Texas Press | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Angela Walch | +
| Date | +2015 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: HeinOnline | +
| Volume | +18 | +
| Pages | +837 | +
| Publication | +NYUJ Legis. & Pub. Pol'y | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 09:31:26 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 09:31:26 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Angela Walch | +
| Date | +2015 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: HeinOnline | +
| Volume | +18 | +
| Pages | +837 | +
| Publication | +NYUJ Legis. & Pub. Pol'y | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 13:16:16 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 13:16:16 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Donncha Kavanagh | +
| Author | +Gianluca Miscione | +
| Author | +P. J. Ennis | +
| Abstract | +The global financial crisis and the contemporaneous emergence +of the digital currency Bitcoin invite us to think about money and how +it often functions almost imperceptibly in society. In this article, we +show that Bitcoin is a ‘new object of concern' that also compels us to +reimagine ethnography in a digital age. We present a method, which we +term ethno-resonance, that is both a reaction to the conditions +presented by the Bitcoin phenomenon and a way of maintaining critical +distance from its cyberlibertarian politics. We explicate six aspects of + the method, framed around answers to what, why, how, who, when and +where questions. Applied to cryptocurrencies, the method leads us to +depict Bitcoin as a game, and we analyse the game's dynamics through +mapping the interplay between four foundational myths that animate, +complicate and sustain the game. More broadly, this contributes to our +understanding of the nature of money and alternative currencies. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England | +
| Volume | +26 | +
| Pages | +517–536 | +
| Publication | +Organization | +
| DOI | +10.1177/1350508419828567 | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| ISSN | +14617323 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Sarah Jeong | +
| Date | +2013 | +
| Publication | +Available at SSRN 2294124 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Book | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Saifedean Ammous | +
| Abstract | +"Bitcoin is the digital age's novel, decentralized, and +automated solution to the problem of money: accessible worldwide, +controlled by nobody. Can this young upstart money challenge the global +monetary order? Economist Saifedean Ammous traces the history of the +technologies of money to seashells, limestones, cattle, salt, beads, +metals, and government debt, explaining what gave these technologies +their monetary role, what makes for sound money, and the benefits of a +sound monetary regime to economic growth, innovation, culture, trade, +individual freedom, and international peace"-- | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Short Title | +The bitcoin standard | +
| Library Catalog | +Library of Congress ISBN | +
| Call Number | +HG1710 | +
| Place | +Hoboken, New Jersey | +
| Publisher | +Wiley | +
| ISBN | +978-1-119-47391-6 978-1-119-47389-3 | +
| # of Pages | +1 | +
| Date Added | +23/02/2022, 16:09:00 | +
| Modified | +23/02/2022, 16:14:25 | +
Money -- Primitive moneys -- Monetary metals -- Government money + -- Digital money -- Sound money and time preference -- Money as +capitalism's information system -- Sound money and individual freedom -- + What is bitcoin good for? -- Bitcoin questions
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Stanton Heister | +
| Author | +Kristi Yuthas | +
| Abstract | +Blockchain technologies are rapidly being developed and tested + in a broad range of business and governmental settings. Their unique +cryptographic characteristics and configurations enable users +of these systems to transact directly and anonymously. The data these +users generate are timestamped and immutable. In open blockhains, +individual users take responsibility for managing and protecting their +own data and for ensuring the reliability of the parties with whom they +transact. The socio-material characteristics of these systems will +influence user attitudes and behaviors in ways that are profound and +difficult to predict. Outcomes have not yet been researched, and the +academy has adopted a stance of technological determinism despite the +fact that implicit assumptions about outcomes are literally coded in as +these systems are developed. We envision potential impacts that may +result from self-sovereign ownership of data including: commoditization +of the self and relationships with others, the need to police personal +data and reputation, and new perceptions of time and history that result + from transaction sequentialization and permanence. Further research on +the societal impacts of blockchain technologies is needed as these +systems become ubiquitous. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +60 | +
| Pages | +101218 | +
| Publication | +Technology in Society | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.101218 | +
| ISSN | +0160791X | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | +
| Type | +Manuscript | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Nazli Cila | +
| Author | +Gabriele Ferri | +
| Author | +Martijn De Waal | +
| Author | +Inte Gloerich | +
| Author | +Tara Karpinski | +
| Abstract | +This paper addresses the design dilemmas that arise when +distributed ledger technologies (DLT) are to be applied in the +governance of artificial material commons. DLTs, such as blockchain, are + often presented as enabling technologies for self-governing +communities, provided by their consensus mechanisms, transparent +administration, and incentives for collaboration and cooperation. Yet, +these affordances may also undermine public values such as privacy and +displace human agency in governance procedures. In this paper, the +conflicts regarding the governance of communities which collectively +manage and produce a commons are discussed through the case of a +fictional energy community. Three mechanisms are identified in this +process: tracking use of and contributions to the commons; managing +resources, and negotiating the underlying rule sets and user rights. Our + effort is aimed at contributing to the HCI community by introducing a +framework of three mechanisms and six design dilemmas that can aid in +balancing conflicting values in the design of local platforms for +commons-based resource management. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +ISBN: 9781450367080 +Publication Title: Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings +DOI: 10.1145/3313831.3376660 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Wessel Reijers | +
| Author | +Mark Coeckelbergh | +
| Abstract | +In this paper, we engage in a philosophical investigation of +how blockchain technologies such as cryptocurrencies can mediate our +social world. Emerging blockchain-based decentralised applications have +the potential to transform our financial system, our bureaucracies and +models of governance. We construct an ontological framework of +“narrative technologies” that allows us to show how these technologies, +like texts, can configure our social reality. Drawing from the work of +Ricoeur and responding to the works of Searle, in postphenomenology and +STS, we show how blockchain technologies bring about a process of +emplotment: an organisation of characters and events. First, we show how + blockchain technologies actively configure plots such as financial +transactions by rendering them increasingly rigid. Secondly, we show how + they configure abstractions from the world of action, by replacing +human interactions with automated code. Third, we investigate the role +of people's interpretative distances towards blockchain technologies: +discussing the importance of greater public involvement with their +application in different realms of social life. | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Philosophy & Technology | +
| Volume | +31 | +
| Pages | +103–130 | +
| Publication | +Philosophy and Technology | +
| DOI | +10.1007/s13347-016-0239-x | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +22105441 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Lachlan Robb | +
| Author | +Felicity Deane | +
| Author | +Kieran Tranter | +
| Abstract | +Blockchain can be used to build a human-centric future. This +is a challenge to recent critical literature on blockchain that sees it +as another manifestation of digital capitalism that is profoundly +antisocial and anti-human. This argument is in three parts. The first +part identifies in the hype and critical literatures about blockchain, +the blockchain conundrum of the freedom/constraint dyad. While tempting +to see these literatures as forming a sealed hermeneutic of +over-positive meets over-negative, it is argued that the critical +discourse in locating blockchain within digital capitalism provides an +insight that could unravel the blockchain conundrum. The critical +literature identifies regulation as essential for human blockchain +futures. The second part unravels the blockchain conundrum through this +focus on regulation–through two accounts of law, technology and society; + Lessig's notion of actors as ‘pathetic dots' and Brownsword's reimaging + of regulation in technological societies. It is suggested that +Brownsword's emphasis provides a more nuanced way to make human-centric +blockchain futures. The final part builds from Brownsword's resolution +of the blockchain conundrum, to examine a particular blockchain +application in retail supply (BeefLedger) as representing assemblages +including blockchains in building human-centric futures through trusted +communities that enable, rather than restrict, meaningful human action. | +
| Date | +2021-09 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1080/17579961.2021.1977215 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Routledge | +
| Volume | +13 | +
| Pages | +355–376 | +
| Publication | +Law, Innovation and Technology | +
| DOI | +10.1080/17579961.2021.1977215 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +1757997X | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | +
doi: 10.1080/17579961.2021.1977215
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Marc Rocas-Royo | +
| Abstract | +Blockchain is a technology with many applications derived from + its properties. This article analyzes the case of 4 cooperative +agroecological supermarkets and in what circumstances blockchain is an +exciting technology to adopt. The analysis of the gathered data reveals +10 factors to consider, 5 internal and 5 external. Those factors derive +into 6 blockchain domains to develop. The article concludes that in 3 of + them, the drawbacks of implementing the technology, although it is +theoretically appropriate, are insuperable. The article contributes to +demystifying blockchain technology and applying the same business logic +we use with other technical options. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Volume | +4 | +
| Pages | +1–10 | +
| Publication | +Frontiers in Blockchain | +
| DOI | +10.3389/fbloc.2021.624810 | +
| Issue | +April | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:41 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Paul Krugman | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Volume | +21 | +
| Publication | +The New York Times | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Christian Stoll | +
| Author | +Lena Klaaßen | +
| Author | +Ulrich Gallersdörfer | +
| Abstract | +Blockchain technology has its roots in the cryptocurrency +Bitcoin, which was the first successful attempt to validate transactions + via a decentralized data protocol. This validation process requires +vast amounts of electricity, which translates into a significant level +of carbon emissions. Our approximation of Bitcoin's carbon footprint +underlines the need to tackle the environmental externalities that +result from cryptocurrencies. Blockchain solutions are increasingly +discussed for a broad variety of use cases beyond cryptocurrencies. +Although not all blockchain protocols are as energy intensive as +Bitcoin's protocol, environmental aspects, the risk of collusion, and +concerns about control must not be ignored in the debate on anticipated +benefits. Our findings for the first stage of blockchain diffusion and +the externalities we discuss may help policy-makers in setting the right + rules as the adoption journey of blockchain technology has just +started. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Volume | +3 | +
| Pages | +1647–1661 | +
| Publication | +Joule | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.joule.2019.05.012 | +
| Issue | +7 | +
| ISSN | +25424351 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Louis Larue | +
| Abstract | +Local Currencies, Local Exchange Trading Systems, and Time +Banks are all part of a new social movement that aims to restrict +money's purchasing power within a certain geographic area, or within a +certain community. According to their proponents, these restrictions may + contribute to building sustainable local economies, supporting local +businesses and creating “warmer” social relations. This article inquires + whether the overall enthusiasm that surrounds alternative currencies is + justified. It argues that the potential benefits of these currencies +are not sufficient to justify the restrictions they impose on money's +purchasing power. Turning these currencies into effective channels of +change, by increasing their scope and their strength, could severely +hinder the pursuit of social justice, in a way that is probably not even + necessary for achieving their objectives. The paper concludes that +large-scale limitations of money's purchasing power are, therefore, +undesirable. | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1177/1470594X211065784 | +
| Volume | +0 | +
| Pages | +1470594X211065784 | +
| Publication | +Politics, Philosophy & Economics | +
| DOI | +10.1177/1470594X211065784 | +
| Issue | +0 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Stephen Diehl | +
| URL | +https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/against-crypto.html | +
| Accessed | +17/02/2022, 17:04:02 | +
| Date Added | +17/02/2022, 17:04:02 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 09:49:16 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Martin O'Leary | +
| Abstract | +In this article Martin O'Leary, Watershed's +Creative Technologist, sets out the case against using cryptocurrency +and NFTs. | +
| Date | +Fri 3 Dec 2021 | +
| Language | +en | +
| URL | +http://www.watershed.co.uk/studio/news/2021/12/03/case-against-crypto | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 11:25:38 | +
| Website Title | +Watershed | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 11:25:38 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:36:00 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Wences Casares | +
| Abstract | +“The case for a small allocation to Bitcoin” by Wences +Casares, CEO of Xapo. Why most portfolios should allocate up to 1% to +Bitcoin. | +
| Date | +2019-03-01 | +
| Language | +en-US | +
| URL | +https://www.kanaandkatana.com/valuation-depot-contents/2019/4/11/the-case-for-a-small-allocation-to-bitcoin | +
| Accessed | +28/02/2022, 17:00:41 | +
| Website Title | +Kana and Katana | +
| Date Added | +28/02/2022, 17:00:41 | +
| Modified | +28/02/2022, 17:02:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Sam Dallyn | +
| Author | +Fabian Frenzel | +
| Abstract | +Postcapitalist commons are a growing area of interest in the +efforts to generate alternatives to capitalism in the present. Commons +are understood as self-organised collectives based around shared +resources; yet postcapitalist commons have an additional element, in +operating within while projecting an “after” capitalism. This can give +rise to tensions since commons striving for postcapitalism also require a + certain amount of capital to survive and function within capitalism. +FairCoop is a radical postcapitalist commons that adopted the +cryptocurrency FairCoin in 2014. FairCoop, through FairCoin, was able to + generate some trans-local connections through its use of peer2peer +technologies and was thus able to scale-up. Its design, however, was +ultimately unsustainable due to insufficiently clear boundaries from +capital. After highlighting the lack of commons boundaries around +FairCoop, we identify some additional commons-capital boundary design +principles which could contribute to the sustainability of future +postcapitalist commons experiments that are seeking to scale. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Volume | +53 | +
| Pages | +859–883 | +
| Publication | +Antipode | +
| DOI | +10.1111/anti.12705 | +
| Issue | +3 | +
| ISSN | +14678330 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:26 | +
| Type | +Magazine Article | +
|---|---|
| Abstract | +White power, dark money | +
| Date | +2022-02-05T00:00:00Z | +
| Library Catalog | +The Economist | +
| URL | +https://www.economist.com/united-states/2022/02/05/the-charm-of-cryptocurrencies-for-white-supremacists | +
| Accessed | +03/03/2022, 13:14:19 | +
| Publication | +The Economist | +
| ISSN | +0013-0613 | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 13:14:19 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 13:14:19 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Nathaniel Popper | +
| Date | +2020-03 | +
| URL | +https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/20/technology/venezuela-petro-cryptocurrency.html | +
| Publication | +New York Times | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Balázs Bodó | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Volume | +1 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.3843707 | +
| ISSN | +1556-5068 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:08 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:08 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Timothy May | +
| Date | +1992 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: MIT Press Cambridge, MA | +
| Publication | +High Noon on the Electronic Frontier: Conceptual Issues in Cyberspace | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 12:31:16 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 12:31:16 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Kaitlyn Tiffany | +
| Abstract | +Web3 is making some people very rich. It’s making other people very angry. | +
| Date | +2022-02-04T16:19:54Z | +
| Language | +en | +
| URL | +https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2022/02/crypto-nft-web3-internet-future/621479/ | +
| Accessed | +03/03/2022, 13:07:11 | +
| Extra | +Section: Technology | +
| Website Title | +The Atlantic | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 13:07:11 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 13:07:11 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Stephen Diehl | +
| Date | +2021-02-10 | +
| URL | +https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/chernobyl.html | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 10:58:06 | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 10:58:06 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:41:50 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Enrico Beltramini | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Lawrence and Wishart | +
| Volume | +29 | +
| Pages | +75–99 | +
| Publication | +Anarchist Studies | +
| DOI | +10.3898/AS.29.2.03 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:27 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:27 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Lei Yan | +
| Author | +Nawazish Mirza | +
| Author | +Muhammad Umar | +
| Abstract | +Due to the investment and diversification potential, +cryptocurrencies are considered to be attractive for both sophisticated +and amateur investors. However, the high levels of electricity +consumption of the hashing is a significant environmental concern, +specifically in China, with dominant coal-based electricity production. +This paper assesses the impact of price and policy uncertainties of the +cryptocurrencies on the investment flows of the funds that have been +sorted as per their exposure towards coal and natural gas firms. +Therefore, we have employed the data for 1920 funds, between the time +span pertaining to the years 2014 and 2021. Our findings show that both +policy and price uncertainty tend to have an impact on the investment +flows in high carbon funds, while these uncertainties have no +relationship with the low emission funds. The results also indicate that + the impact tends to be more profound for the younger funds. The +performance of cryptos and their link with investment flows can limit +the transition to low carbon sustainable options. We therefore propose +that policymakers further ensure a swift adoption of renewable resources + for electricity production, in order to successfully mitigate the +climate impact. This could ultimately aid in promoting green investment +flows. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Pages | +121326 | +
| Publication | +Technological Forecasting and Social Change | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121326 | +
| ISSN | +00401625 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:31 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Agata Ferreira | +
| Abstract | +Stablecoins is a blockchain-driven innovation and a new subset + of crypto assets. Even though they could transform how payments are +made, regulators paid little attention to them until recently. The +announcement of the Libra project in 2019 elevated stablecoins to the +top of the regulatory agenda. Libra's global scale and its capacity to +reach billions of potential users through a user-centric social network +platform that is already seamlessly integrated within the lives of the +global population and the potential impact of a global yet fast and +cheap payment solution raised many issues and concerns among authorities + related to not only financial stability, monetary policy, and +competition, but also money laundering, financing of terrorism, and +others. Addressing stablecoins has proven challenging for many +regulators as they face a difficult task of balancing financial +stability, with innovation. This paper analyzes how the official +perception of stablecoins has evolved, from dismissiveness and +underestimation to serious concern. It evaluates existing regulatory +responses, highlights regulatory dilemmas, and makes recommendations +regarding future regulatory approaches. To reap the benefits of +stablecoin innovation, regulators need to take a broader long-term view +of stablecoins beyond the perceived risks and embrace their advantages. +Regulations should not stifle this innovation but support a diverse +ecosystem of stablecoins and foster competition. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Oxford University Press UK | +
| Volume | +24 | +
| Pages | +755–778 | +
| Publication | +Journal of International Economic Law | +
| DOI | +10.1093/jiel/jgab036 | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| ISSN | +1369-3034 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:18:48 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:18:48 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Amy Castor | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://amycastor.com/2019/01/17/the-curious-case-of-tether-a-complete-timeline-of-events/ | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Robbie Morrison | +
| Author | +Natasha C. H. L. Mazey | +
| Author | +Stephen C. Wingreen | +
| Abstract | +This paper reviews the recent case of The DAO “hack” in June +2016 and analyzes The DAO's response in its time of crisis, and its +implications for corporate and IT governance. There was no human-led +governance in The DAO. Instead, The DAO placed its trust in the smart +contract they had built together on the blockchain, which became its +governance mechanism. The events that follow allow us to see hitherto +unobservable organizational behaviors that are unique to trustless +organizations, and hence The DAO gives us a glimpse at a new species of +corporate governance. This paper explores the implications of these +ideas: we propose the emergence of a spectrum of organizations based on +the alienation of trust, we consider the economic impact and legality of + decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), smart contracts, work +and job design, and what happens when corporate governance is managed +solely by IT governance. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Volume | +3 | +
| Publication | +Frontiers in Blockchain | +
| DOI | +10.3389/fbloc.2020.00025 | +
| Issue | +May | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Rupert Goodwins | +
| Abstract | +Put crypto back in the crypt | +
| Date | +2021-12-06 | +
| Language | +en | +
| URL | +https://www.theregister.com/2021/12/06/the_dark_equation_of_harm/ | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 12:12:31 | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 12:12:31 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 12:13:32 | +
| Type | +Conference Paper | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Martin Brennecke | +
| Author | +Benjamin Schellinger | +
| Author | +Nils Urbach | +
| Author | +Tobias Guggenberger | +
| Abstract | +Countless decentralized finance (DeFi) applications of the +past years have suffered from the high volatility and speculative +behavior surrounding their underlying crypto assets. While the academic +debate has been flourishing in these areas, Decentralized Autonomous +Organizations (DAOs) have not received as much attention. This is the +case even though they could offer an opportunity to solve some of the +underlying problems of existing cryptocurrencies and ecosystems, for +example, by providing lower volatility and, thus, exchange rate +stability. This paper presents an economic analysis of the MakerDAO, a +DAO in DeFi. In doing so, we use a single case study methodology based +on existing resources and expert interviews. It also uses monetary +theory instruments to provide researchers and developers with insights +into how DAOs are governed. Further, it serves to illustrate how IS +research may support the development of future IT artifacts aimed at +offering the infrastructure for DeFi applications. | +
| Date | +2022 | +
| URL | +https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354736149_The_De-Central_Bank_in_Decentralized_Finance_A_Case_Study_of_MakerDAO | +
| Proceedings Title | +55th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (2022) | +
| DOI | +10.24251/HICSS.2022.737 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:18:00 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Martin Brennecke | +
| Author | +Benjamin Schellinger | +
| Author | +Nils Urbach | +
| Author | +Tobias Guggenberger | +
| Date | +2022 | +
| URL | +https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354736149_The_De-Central_Bank_in_Decentralized_Finance_A_Case_Study_of_MakerDAO | +
| DOI | +10.24251/HICSS.2022.737 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Timothy Endicott | +
| Author | +Karen Yeung | +
| Abstract | +The emergent power of big data analytics makes it possible to +replace impersonal general legal rules with personalized, particular +norms. We consider arguments that such a move would be generally +beneficial, replacing crude, general laws with more efficiently targeted + ways of meeting public policy goals and satisfying personal +preferences. Those proposals pose a radical, new challenge to the rule +of law. Data-driven legal personalization offers some benefits that are +worth pursuing, but we argue that the benefits can only legitimately be +pursued where doing so is consistent with the agency that the law ought +to accord to individuals and with the agency that the law ought to +accord to public bodies. The principle of public agency is a +prerequisite for the rule of law. The principle of private agency +depends on the rule of law. Each is incompatible with the unrestrained +computational personalization of law. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: University of Toronto Press | +
| Pages | +e20210011 | +
| Publication | +University of Toronto Law Journal | +
| DOI | +10.3138/utlj-2021-0011 | +
| ISSN | +0042-0220 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Anton Klarin | +
| Abstract | +Recent advances in science mapping allowed to analyze the +entire intellectual structure of blockchain and cryptocurrencies in +business-related disciplines to identify 174 academic articles as well +as 1482 practitioner-oriented articles published since the inception of +cryptocurrencies in 2008 to highlight key trends of the published +outputs. The results demonstrate academic research done by 389 authors +in 296 organizations based in 50 countries that only just initiated the +conversation on four major streams of the literature—Bitcoin and +cryptocurrencies; blockchain adoption; cryptocurrency and blockchain +environment; and business model innovations. When comparing academic +scholarship to practitioner-oriented literature, the results demonstrate + that practitioners discussed investor-related themes, cryptocurrency +intrinsic value, political-economic sphere, and the impact of +cryptocurrency and blockchain technologies on the wider society in +greater detail. As a result, a number of themes are identified and +discussed that could align academic and practitioner interests and +provide guidance for further research in this important field. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Volume | +51 | +
| Publication | +Research in International Business and Finance | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.ribaf.2019.101067 | +
| Issue | +March | +
| ISSN | +02755319 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | +
| Type | +Book | +
|---|---|
| Author | +William J Bernstein | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Publisher | +Grove Press | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 09:02:58 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 09:02:58 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Shaen Corbet | +
| Author | +Douglas J Cumming | +
| Author | +Brian M Lucey | +
| Author | +Maurice Peat | +
| Author | +Samuel A Vigne | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +191 | +
| Pages | +108741 | +
| Publication | +Economics Letters | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +B. Dindar | +
| Author | +Ö. Gül | +
| Abstract | +Illegal use of electricity is very common in cryptocurrency +mining farms, as energy bills are the most important component of the +cost of cryptocurrency production. In this case, it raises the issue of +how to detect illegal cryptocurrency mining. Innovative approaches are +needed to identify data centers that illegally mine cryptocurrencies. +This study proposes the use of unique noise and/or harmonic features of +cryptocurrency generating machines to detect illegal cryptocurrency +mining farms. Within the scope of this study, the characteristic +harmonics originating from the data centers were determined by +performing field tests on the neutral line of the electrical grid. In +this study, it has been shown that electricity distribution companies +can detect illegal cryptocurrency data centers using potential illegal +electricity by monitoring energy quality data. Legal permissions can be +obtained easily for detailed examination and detection in cryptocurrency + data centers of using illegal electricity. With the proposed innovative + approach, the time taken to detect illegal cryptocurrency mining farms +using illegal electricity is reduced. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England | +
| Pages | +0958305X211045066 | +
| Publication | +Energy & Environment | +
| DOI | +10.1177/0958305x211045066 | +
| Issue | +April | +
| ISSN | +0958-305X | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Shuai Zhu | +
| Author | +Malin Song | +
| Author | +Ming Kim Lim | +
| Author | +Jianlin Wang | +
| Author | +Jiajia Zhao | +
| Abstract | +With technology progressing and the decreasing cost of +renewable energy, consumers require energy supply to be smarter, +cleaner, and more sustainable than before. By providing a decentralized +trading mechanism, blockchain technology can facilitate sustainable +energy consumption and achieve a circular economy. This study analyzes +how China can employ blockchain technology to reform its energy sector. +We survey the progress of blockchain technology in the energy sector and + explore typical cases of energy blockchains in the world. We discuss +the advantages and disadvantages of applying blockchain to China's +energy sector. China's monopoly market structure in energy supply +impedes the application of blockchain technology, but the expansion of +clean energy provides a huge opportunity for it. Although China's +technological level is lagging, the biggest obstacle is not technology +but rather policy. We conclude that China should loosen its regulatory +environment, amend the relevant laws, and balance the conflict between +management and innovation. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +66 | +
| Pages | +101595 | +
| Publication | +Resources Policy | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101595 | +
| ISSN | +03014207 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Alberto Cossu | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Cossu, A.(2022). The Digital Traces of Crypto-Finance, in E. Armano, M$\sim$\ldots | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Fiammetta Corradi | +
| Author | +Philipp Höfner | +
| Abstract | +Bitcoin and its peculiar, decentralized transaction system, +have already ignited interest by professional and retail traders in +search for profits and by economists and legal experts, looking for +possible regulation to contain illegal uses. We instead examine the +unexpected and ongoing success of Bitcoin from a sociological +perspective, first questioning its unusual legitimation system, backed +by the so called ‘blockchain technology', instead of by governmental +authorities. Then we collect data and elements to reconstruct Bitcoin's +history as a cryptocurrency, starting from the mysterious story +surrounding its birth. We then follow its spread and development through + social networks and words of mouth, together with its sudden booms and +bursts, finally to suggest that both users and institutional regulators +should be aware of the risks of Bitcoin and of its alleged power to +challenge our very notion of money. | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Volume | +28 | +
| Pages | +193–207 | +
| Publication | +International Review of Sociology | +
| DOI | +10.1080/03906701.2018.1430067 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +14699273 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Jaya Klara Brekke | +
| Author | +Kate Beecroft | +
| Author | +Francesca Pick | +
| Abstract | +Peer-to-peer networks and protocols have inspired new ideas +and ideologies about governance, with the aim of using technology to +enable horizontal and decentralized decision-making at scale. This +article introduces the concept of “dissensus” from political theory to +debates about peer governance in online communities. Dissensus describes + the emergence of incompatible differences. Among peer-to-peer +technologies, blockchain stands out as a set of ideas that explicitly +seek to resolve dissensus through consensus protocols. In this article, +we propose dissensus as a “protocol” for foregrounding the often +sidelined yet productive aspects of incompatible differences. The +concept highlights that there might not always be consensus about a +consensus algorithm, and that indeed, dissensus is the precondition for +new possibilities and perspectives to emerge. We discuss the concept in +relation to the histories of governance ideas in blockchain, namely, a +“materialist,” “design,” and “emergent” approach. We then describe +moments of dissensus in practice through two cases of online +communities, Genesis DAO and Ouishare, discussing their different ways +of recognizing and navigating dissensus. Finally, we give a critical +overview of consensus algorithms, voting, staking, and forking as the +mechanisms that make out blockchain governance ideologies. In +conclusion, we argue that dissensus can serve as a useful concept for +pointing attention to governance as it is conducted in practice, as +historically and culturally specific practices, rather than as a problem + to be solved through supposedly universal mechanisms. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Volume | +3 | +
| Pages | +1–15 | +
| Publication | +Frontiers in Human Dynamics | +
| DOI | +10.3389/fhumd.2021.641731 | +
| Issue | +May | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Fiammetta Corradi | +
| Abstract | +Revisiting analytically the notion of embeddedness and its +connections with the concept of trust, this paper shows that contrary to + Bitcoin's premises and promises to be a trust-low or even trust-less +currency, trust enters the system at many various levels and with +different nuances. Applying a conceptual framework that conceives +embeddedness as both the possible source and outcome of trust, it is +pointed out that Bitcoin should better be regarded as doubly embedded: +in technology and in its peculiar social structure. Due to the existence + of computational and cognitive asymmetries within the system, in fact, +trust is necessary for the very functioning of this new form of money, +as well as for its future prospects. | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: HeinOnline | +
| Volume | +6 | +
| Pages | +33 | +
| Publication | +International Journal of Social Science Studies | +
| DOI | +10.11114/ijsss.v6i6.3289 | +
| Issue | +6 | +
| ISSN | +2324-8033 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Galit Ailon | +
| Abstract | +How does monetization affect interpersonal relationships? +Drawing on social phenomenology, I argue that an answer must account for + money's symbolic dualism: On the one hand, as Zelizer has shown, money +is differentially earmarked according to the interpersonal relationships + it flows through. On the other hand, in everyday life, people tend to +associate money with cold impersonality. Money's dual association with +both the interpersonal and the impersonal imbues the relationships it +flows through with a sense of risk, which I call “the risk of lost +meanings.” Analyzing the implications of this sense of risk, I argue +that it turns trust into a relational preoccupation and constrains +intersubjective experience. The risk of lost meanings may motivate +risk-avoidance strategies, but these strategies are largely +counterproductive. Shedding new light on a long-standing debate in the +sociology of money, I discuss the implications of this argument for +analyses of monetary developments and local currencies. | +
| Date | +2022 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA | +
| Pages | +073527512110711 | +
| Publication | +Sociological Theory | +
| DOI | +10.1177/07352751211071121 | +
| ISSN | +0735-2751 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | +
| Type | +Newspaper Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Ephrat Livni | +
| Author | +Andrew Ross Sorkin | +
| Abstract | +Just last month, the ICP crypto token, tied to a project +backed by prestigious venture capitalists, was worth tens of billions of + dollars. Then, its value collapsed. | +
| Date | +2021-06-28 | +
| Language | +en-US | +
| Library Catalog | +NYTimes.com | +
| URL | +https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/28/business/dealbook/icp-cryptocurrency-crash.html | +
| Accessed | +22/02/2022, 18:18:32 | +
| Section | +Business | +
| Publication | +The New York Times | +
| ISSN | +0362-4331 | +
| Date Added | +22/02/2022, 18:18:32 | +
| Modified | +22/02/2022, 18:18:32 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Liana Badea | +
| Author | +Mariana Claudia Mungiu-Pupazan | +
| Abstract | +The controversies surrounding Bitcoin, one of the most +frequently used and advertised cryptocurrency, are focused on +identifying its qualities, the advantages and disadvantages of using it +and, last but not least, its ability to survive over time and become a +viable alternative to the traditional currency, taking into account the +effects on the environment of the technology used to extract and trade +it. Based on such considerations, this article aims to provide an +overview of this cryptocurrency, from the perspective of conducting a +systematic review of the literature dedicated to the economic and +environmental impact of Bitcoin. Using peer-reviewed articles collected +from academic databases, we aimed at synthesizing and critically +evaluating the points of view in the scientific literature regarding the + doctrinal source of the emergence of Bitcoin, the identity of this +cryptocurrency from an economic point of view, following its +implications on the economic and social environment. Subsequently, this +research offers the opportunity of evaluating the level of knowledge +considering the impact of Bitcoin mining process on the environment from + the perspective of the energy consumption and CO2 emissions, in order +to finally analyze Bitcoin regulation and identify possible solutions to + reduce the negative impact on the environment and beyond. The findings +suggest that, despite high energy consumption and adverse environmental +impact, Bitcoin continues to be an instrument used in the economic +environment for a variety of purposes. Moreover, the trend of regulating + it in various countries shows that the use of Bitcoin is beginning to +gain some legitimacy, despite criticism against this cryptocurrency. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Volume | +9 | +
| Pages | +48091–48104 | +
| Publication | +IEEE Access | +
| DOI | +10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3068636 | +
| ISSN | +21693536 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | +
| Type | +Report | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Eric Budish | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Institution | +National Bureau of Economic Research | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +JT Hamrick | +
| Author | +Farhang Rouhi | +
| Author | +Arghya Mukherjee | +
| Author | +Amir Feder | +
| Author | +Neil Gandal | +
| Author | +Tyler Moore | +
| Author | +Marie Vasek | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP13404 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Kelvin F K Low | +
| Abstract | +The latest wave of cryptomania has brought us yet another +acronym after ICOs (initial coin offerings) – NFTs (non-fungible +tokens). Touted as a means to render readily replicable digital art (and + possibly other objects) rare and scarce, NFT-mania reached its apogee +with the auction of Beeple's Everydays: the First 5,000 Days for US$69m. + But did the buyer actually acquire, through the NFT, any art? What is +art abstracted from the medium upon which it is embedded and dissociated + from its copyright? | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3978241 | +
| Publication | +Art & Property | +
| DOI | +https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3978241 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:17:16 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:17:16 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Ulrich Bindseil | +
| Author | +Patrick Papsdorf | +
| Author | +Jürgen Schaaf | +
| Date | +2022-01-07 | +
| URL | +https://web.archive.org/web/20220107084533/https://www.suerf.org/docx/f_88b3febc5798a734026c82c1012408f5_38771_suerf.pdf | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 11:26:46 | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 11:27:33 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:32:49 | +
A comprehensive study by SUERF - The European Money and Finance +Forum that details the net negative effects of bitcoin to society.
+
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Ulrich Bindseil | +
| Author | +Patrick Papsdorf | +
| Author | +Jü rgen Schaaf | +
| Date | +2022 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 09:59:15 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 09:59:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Jacob Huston | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +ISBN: 2017121010 +Publisher: HeinOnline | +
| Volume | +11 | +
| Pages | +32–41 | +
| Publication | +George Washington Journal of Energy and Environmental Law | +
| DOI | +https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/gwjeel11§ion=6 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Johannes Sedlmeir | +
| Author | +Hans Ulrich | +
| Author | +Buhl Gilbert | +
| Author | +Robert Keller | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-020-00656-x | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden | +
| Volume | +62 | +
| Pages | +599–608 | +
| Publication | +Business & Information Systems Engineering | +
| DOI | +10.1007/s12599-020-00656-x | +
| Issue | +6 | +
| ISSN | +1867-0202 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | +
| Type | +Magazine Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Gilad Edelman | +
| Abstract | +Gavin Wood, who coined the term Web3 in 2014, believes +decentralized technologies are the only hope of preserving liberal +democracy. | +
| Date | +2021-11-29 | +
| Language | +en-US | +
| Library Catalog | +www.wired.com | +
| URL | +https://www.wired.com/story/web3-gavin-wood-interview/ | +
| Accessed | +28/02/2022, 11:13:17 | +
| Extra | +Gavin Wood, who coined the term Web3 in 2014, believes +decentralized technologies are the only hope of preserving liberal +democracy. | +
| Publication | +Wired | +
| ISSN | +1059-1028 | +
| Date Added | +28/02/2022, 11:13:17 | +
| Modified | +28/02/2022, 11:15:39 | +
Read/Eilidh
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Joseph Vogl | +
| Abstract | +Starting from the premise that the financial regime has become + a power in and of itself-a fourth, 'monetative' power as it were-this +essay gives an account of the ascendancy of finance and the shift from +geopolitical to geo-economical order, within which there is no +democratic legitimacy and no legal accountability and within which a new + class conflict also emerges. It goes on to advance five theses on this +new financial sovereignty, concluding that sovereign is he, who can +transform his risks into other's dangers and position himself as the +creditor of last resort. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +https://tidsskrift.dk/nja/article/view/122847 | +
| Volume | +29 | +
| Pages | +175–182 | +
| Publication | +Nordic Journal of Aesthetics | +
| DOI | +10.7146/nja.v29i60.122847 | +
| Issue | +60 | +
| ISSN | +20009607 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:45 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:45 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Christophe Schinckus | +
| Abstract | +Blockchain is a buzzword describing the current excitement for + an innovative technology that could change and disrupt major industries + and economic sectors. Blockchain technology has the promise to change +all existing business models and make financial services cheaper +contributing therefore to a better financial inclusion and, even a +better economic wealth distribution. Numerous studies optimistically +praise such potential societal benefits by listing all processes that +could be optimized through this technology. However, the picture is not +necessary all bright. Blockchain can indeed disrupt and significantly +improve our societies but there still exist some societal costs in the +way this technology is implemented. This paper provides a perspective +overviewing of the current trends related to the development of the most + widely used implementation of blockchain technology based on the +proof-of-work consensus algorithm. These trends will be discussed in +three steps: the ‘Good Blockchain' overviews how this technology can +improve our societies; the ‘Bad blockchain' offers a more nuanced +perspective by discussing the potential polluting activities generated +by some mining activities. Finally, the ‘Ugly blockchain' investigates +how this technology might generate a risk of concentration in the mining + industry affecting therefore the nature and even the existence of the +blockchain technology. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101614 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +69 | +
| Pages | +101614 | +
| Publication | +Energy Research and Social Science | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.erss.2020.101614 | +
| Issue | +May | +
| ISSN | +22146296 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Nouriel Roubini | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/cryptocurrency-exchanges-are-financial-scams-by-nouriel-roubini-2019-07 | +
| Volume | +16 | +
| Publication | +Project Syndicate | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Stephen Diehl | +
| Date | +2021-11-24 | +
| URL | +https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/nothing-burger.html | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 10:55:38 | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 10:55:38 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:44:17 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Dirk A Zetzsche | +
| Author | +Ross P Buckley | +
| Author | +Douglas W Arner | +
| Author | +Linus Föhr | +
| Date | +2017 | +
| Pages | +17–83 | +
| Publication | +University of Luxembourg Law Working Paper | +
| Issue | +11 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Jemima Kelly | +
| Date | +2019-09 | +
| URL | +https://www.ft.com/content/57805b32-0bbe-34cb-940c-66cdd1aec5e2 | +
| Extra | +Publication Title: Financial Times | +
| Publisher | +Financial Times | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Brian D Feinstein | +
| Author | +Kevin Werbach | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +http://ssrn.com/paper=3649475 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Brian D. Feinstein | +
| Author | +Kevin Werbach | +
| Abstract | +The meteoric growth of global cryptocurrency markets presents +novel challenges to regulators. Some policymakers and scholars view +cryptocurrencies as conduits of illegality and fraud and call for their +strict regulation, even outright bans. Others warn that regulation will +cause trading activity to cross borders into less-regulated +jurisdictions-or even smother a promising new financial asset class. Yet + this debate has, to date, been conducted almost entirely without data. +To assess the claims of both sides, we assemble original data on +cryptocurrency regulations worldwide and use them to empirically examine + global movement in trading activity following key regulatory +announcements. Our findings are surprising. A wide variety of models +yields almost entirely null results. From the creation of bespoke +licensing regimes to more targeted anti-money-laundering and anti-fraud +enforcement actions, as well as many other categories of government +activities, we find no systemic evidence that regulatory measures cause +traders to flee, or enter into, the affected jurisdictions. These +findings at last provide an empirical basis for regulatory decisions +concerning cryptocurrency trading. Among other things, they call into +question the notion that capital flight should be a first-order concern. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Oxford University Press | +
| Volume | +7 | +
| Pages | +48–99 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.3649475 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Olivier Rikken | +
| Author | +Marijn Janssen | +
| Author | +Zenlin Kwee | +
| Publication | +Available at SSRN 3989559 | +
| DOI | +https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3989559 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Stephen Diehl | +
| Date | +2021-11-7 | +
| URL | +https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/crypto-absurd.html | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 10:56:11 | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 10:56:11 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:43:57 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Stephen Diehl | +
| Date | +2021-12-01 | +
| URL | +https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/casino-boats.html | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 10:55:13 | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 10:55:13 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:44:34 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Primavera De Filippi | +
| Author | +Benjamin Loveluck | +
| Abstract | +Bitcoin is a decentralised currency and payment system that +seeks to eliminate the need for trusted authorities. It relies on a +peer-to-peer network and cryptographic protocols to perform the +functions of traditional financial intermediaries, such as verifying +transactions and preserving the integrity of the system. This article +examines the political economy of Bitcoin, in light of a recent dispute +that divided the Bitcoin community with regard to a seemingly simple +technical issue: Whether or not to increase the block size of the +Bitcoin blockchain. By looking at the socio-technical constructs of +Bitcoin, the article distinguishes between two distinct coordination +mechanisms: Governance by the infrastructure (achieved via the Bitcoin +protocol) and governance of the infrastructure (managed by the community + of developers and other stakeholders). It then analyses the invisible +politics inherent in these two mechanisms, which together display a +highly technocratic power structure. On the one hand, as an attempt to +be self-governing and self-sustaining, the Bitcoin network exhibits a +strong market-driven approach to social trust and coordination, which +has been embedded directly into the technical protocol. On the other +hand, despite being an open source project, the development and +maintenance of the Bitcoin code ultimately relies on a small core of +highly skilled developers who play a key role in the design of the +platform. | +
| Date | +2016 | +
| Volume | +5 | +
| Publication | +Internet Policy Review | +
| DOI | +10.14763/2016.3.427 | +
| Issue | +3 | +
| ISSN | +21976775 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Georgios Dimitropoulos | +
| Abstract | +Blockchain technology is a new general-purpose technology that + poses significant challenges to the existing state of law, economy, and + society. Blockchain has one feature that makes it even more distinctive + than other disruptive technologies: It is, by nature and design, global + and transnational. Moreover, blockchain operates based on its own rules + and principles that have a law-like quality. What may be called the lex + cryptographia of blockchain has been designed based on a rational +choice vision of human behavior. Blockchain adopts a framing derived +from neoclassical economics, and instantiates it in a new machinery that + implements rational choice paradigms using blockchain in a +semi-automatic way, across all spheres of life, and without regard to +borders. Accordingly, a global law and cryptoeconomics movement is now +emerging owing to the spread of blockchain. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: HeinOnline | +
| Volume | +95 | +
| Pages | +1117–1192 | +
| Publication | +Washington Law Review | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.3559970 | +
| Issue | +3 | +
| ISSN | +00430617 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Martin Wolf | +
| Date | +2019-02 | +
| URL | +https://www.ft.com/content/eeeacd7c-2e0e-11e9-ba00-0251022932c8 | +
| Publication | +Financial Times | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Yoan Hermstrüwer | +
| Abstract | +Should political elections be implemented on the blockchain? +Blockchain evangelists have argued that they should. This article sheds +light on the potential of blockchain voting procedures and the legal +constraints they need to accommodate. In a first step, I discuss +potential “democracy benefits” of distributed ledger technology and the +legal framework ordering the use of electronic voting systems in +general. Comparing U.S. and German constitutional law, I then distill +specific normative principles guiding the use of blockchain voting +systems. In a second step, I analyze the technical, economic, and +normative limitations of blockchain voting procedures. I show that major + limitations result from the rules and incentives set by different +consensus mechanisms. Moreover, it is not clear whether blockchain +technology provides sufficient safeguards to ensure identity +verification, the secrecy of ballots, and the verification that ballots +are cast as intended, recorded as cast, and counted as recorded. +Building on principles from constitutional law, I contend that +blockchain technology does not provide sufficient safeguards to satisfy +the requirements of democratic voting procedures – at least not in the +near future. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://www.nyujll.com/volume-14/blog-post-title-one-n275l-tsgjf-ydptd | +
| Extra | +Publisher: HeinOnline | +
| Volume | +14 | +
| Publication | +New York University Journal of Law & Liberity | +
| DOI | +https://www.nyujll.com/volume-14/blog-post-title-one-n275l-tsgjf-ydptd | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +1432-122X | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Ben Kaiser | +
| Author | +Mireya Jurado | +
| Author | +Alex Ledger | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Publication | +arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.02466 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Report | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Michael Cembalest | +
| Date | +2022-02-03 | +
| Language | +en | +
| Library Catalog | +Zotero | +
| Pages | +31 | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 11:08:07 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:40:48 | +
Critique of bitcoin and financial properties of crypto assets from the CIO of JP Morgan bank
| Type | +Book Section | +
|---|---|
| Author | +George A Akerlof | +
| Date | +1978 | +
| Publisher | +Elsevier | +
| Pages | +235–251 | +
| Book Title | +Uncertainty in economics | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 09:19:38 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 09:19:38 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Inês Faria | +
| Abstract | +This article presents a socio-anthropological analysis of the +formation of a business ecosystem around blockchain technology in the +Netherlands, within the broader context of the European Union and the +digital single market. I argue that while reproducing widespread global +models of business group and network formation, the relations created by + these networks also reveal particularities of local business and +governance cultures. Such particularities emerge from the pragmatics of +collaboration and competitive market relationships, as well as legal +heterogeneity and plans for legal harmonisation in digital innovation +and governance in Europe. They also emerge from the challenges and +transformations that current experimentation cultures for digital +innovation bring to the interactions between market players, regulators, + and government. These challenges and transformations materialise in +increasingly informal connections and strategies for experimental +legitimisation, which occur in parallel to more formal and traditional +forms of regulatory and governmental interaction. The article is based +on ethnographic fieldwork in the Netherlands and in online terrains, +including observation periods and 32 interviews with entrepreneurial +project teams, as well as with individuals involved in financial +incumbents' innovation labs. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Volume | +7 | +
| Pages | +40–56 | +
| Publication | +Finance and Society | +
| DOI | +10.2218/finsoc.v7i1.5590 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +2059-5999 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:16 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Dirk A. Zetzsche | +
| Author | +Filippo Annunziata | +
| Author | +Douglas W. Arner | +
| Author | +Ross P. Buckley | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: European Banking Institute Working Paper Series | +
| Volume | +16 | +
| Pages | +203–225 | +
| Publication | +Capital Markets Law Journal | +
| DOI | +10.1093/cmlj/kmab005 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +17507227 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:22:23 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:22:23 | +
| Type | +Blog Post | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Vitalik Buterin | +
| Abstract | +“Decentralization” is one of the words that is used in the +cryptoeconomics space the most frequently, and is often even viewed as +a… | +
| Date | +2017-02-06T14:11:28.253Z | +
| Language | +en | +
| URL | +https://medium.com/@VitalikButerin/the-meaning-of-decentralization-a0c92b76a274 | +
| Accessed | +28/02/2022, 11:28:01 | +
| Blog Title | +Medium | +
| Date Added | +28/02/2022, 11:28:01 | +
| Modified | +28/02/2022, 11:28:01 | +
Eilidh/Read
| Type | +Thesis | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Lynette Shaw | +
| Abstract | +In the wake of the Great Recession, a novel monetary object +was introduced to the world: Bitcoin. As its collective valuation has +risen into the billions (USD), it has brought with it a sustained +disruption to some of the most deeply taken-for-granted aspects of +modern life: money and value. This dissertation undertakes a set of +interrelated investigations into the collective processes of social +construction and valuation that have been part of this ascent. The first + study begins by considering the challenge that digital currencies pose +to established economic models of the origins of money and value. Using a + series of agent-based models (ABM) based on Bayesian updating agents, +it shows how sociological models of value construction may be able to +help solve this theoretical problem. Specifically, it shows how treating + valuation as a process of learning under uncertainty clarifies how +“something” can legitimately come from “nothing” in social valuation +processes. It also shows how this model can be used to systematically +explore the differences between social versus non-social valuation +processes, the dependency of social valuation processes on time, initial + states, and early actors, and how a mix of non-social and social +feedbacks can impede a system's ability to arrive at the “correct” +assessment of an object's underlying value. The second study uses text +gathered from 100,000s of messages posted by individuals in the main +communities surrounding Bitcoin and a combination of automated and +traditional content analysis to explore the “talks” (Swidler 2001) of +money and value that individuals have employed to make sense of this new + monetary object. The resulting analysis traces the manner in which the +initial metallist views that first inspired Bitcoin's creation continue +to influence the discourses surrounding it, and then goes further to +unpack the ways in which members have had to go beyond those founding +ideas in order to account for how the new digital currency has come to +hold value. In exploring these variegated, sometimes contradictory, +discussions of the economic, political, and social origins of money and +value, this analysis sheds light on the ways the individuals at the +advent of digital currency are making sense of this new arena of +economic activity and how they are creatively reworking established +notions of money and value in order to understand what Bitcoin is and +where its worth comes from. The final study takes on the puzzle of how +Bitcoin has gone from being an obscure monetary experiment of a small +group of “techno-Libertarians” to becoming the basis of a new +multi-billion dollar financial technology industry – an industry +dominated by the very same actors it was initially intended to subvert. +Using the documented history of Bitcoin's evolution, the application of +automated content analysis and topic modeling methods to thousands of +news reports, and analyses of trends in quantitative measures of Bitcoin + related Google searches, venture capital funding, and price and market +transaction volumes, this chapter shows how Bitcoin's multivalent +identity has facilitated its adoption by a multiplicity of groups, but +also, ultimately left it vulnerable to being preferentially defined in +ways that benefit powerful actors. In charting the rise of Bitcoin and +linking it to the collective definitional processes that have surrounded + it, this study chapter examines the social dynamics that surround +“robust objects” and the role that these processes play in the +reproduction of power structures in new social and economic fields. | +
| Date | +2016 | +
| URL | +https://search.proquest.com/docview/1844057890?accountid=17242 | +
| Extra | +ISBN: 9781369171426 +Publication Title: ProQuest Dissertations and Theses | +
| # of Pages | +173 | +
| Type | +PhD Thesis | +
| University | +University of Washington | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Graham Steele | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Publication | +Technology and Government, Emerald Studies in Media and Communications, Forthcoming | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Sandra Faustino | +
| Author | +Inês Faria | +
| Author | +Rafael Marques | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Pages | +1–14 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Cultural Economy | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Sandra Faustino | +
| Author | +Inês Faria | +
| Author | +Rafael Marques | +
| Abstract | +In this paper, we present an ethnographic account of the +quasi-religious romanticism of the crypto-community towards blockchain +technologies. To do so, we explore the cultural significance of +phenomena such as myth, faith, and ritual, without excluding both the +realms of technological practices and techno-scientific narrative. +Drawing on a comparison with the legend of King Arthur, we analyse how +the legendary creator of Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto, translates +contemporary anxieties resulting from the financial crisis and the +centralisation of power. By analysing white papers, we further explore +the persuasive narratives which convey how ethics and virtue can be +encoded into software, and, finally, we describe the secular rituals +that reinforce cohesion among the community–in moments which are often +guided by charismatic preachers and specialists. We argue that +blockchain technologies have had a symbolic impact in re-invigorating +enchantment and material romanticism towards finance and technology, +which has had a wider impact on the social perception and acceptance of +the transition to a digital society. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2021.1921830 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Volume | +0 | +
| Pages | +1–14 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Cultural Economy | +
| DOI | +10.1080/17530350.2021.1921830 | +
| Issue | +0 | +
| ISSN | +17530369 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:27 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:27 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Stephen Diehl | +
| Date | +2021-07-7 | +
| URL | +https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/non-innovation.html | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 10:57:10 | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 10:57:10 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:42:45 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Stephen Diehl | +
| Date | +2021-05-11 | +
| URL | +https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/ransomware.html | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 10:57:19 | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 10:57:19 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:42:26 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Stephen Diehl | +
| Date | +2021-03-30 | +
| URL | +https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/banbitcoin.html | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 10:57:38 | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 10:57:38 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:42:01 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Syed Omer Husain | +
| Author | +Alex Franklin | +
| Author | +Dirk Roep | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Springer | +
| Pages | +1–16 | +
| Publication | +Sustainability Science | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:10 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:10 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Syed Omer Husain | +
| Author | +Alex Franklin | +
| Author | +Dirk Roep | +
| Abstract | +There is a wealth of information, hype around, and research +into blockchain's ‘disruptive' and ‘transformative' potential concerning + every industry. However, there is an absence of scholarly attention +given to identifying and analyzing the political premises and +consequences of blockchain projects. Through digital ethnography and +participatory action research, this article shows how blockchain +experiments personify ‘prefigurative politics' by design: they embody +the politics and power structures which they want to enable in society. +By showing how these prefigurative embodiments are informed and +determined by the underlying political imaginaries, the article proposes + a basic typology of blockchain projects. Furthermore, it outlines a +frame to question, cluster, and analyze the expressions of political +imaginaries intrinsic to the design and operationalization of blockchain + projects on three analytic levels: users, intermediaries, and +institutions. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +ISBN: 1162502000786 | +
| Volume | +15 | +
| Pages | +379–394 | +
| Publication | +Sustainability Science | +
| DOI | +10.1007/s11625-020-00786-x | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +18624057 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:27 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:27 | +
| Type | +Book | +
|---|---|
| Author | +David Golumbia | +
| Date | +2016 | +
| Publisher | +U of Minnesota Press | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Quinn DuPont | +
| Date | +2016 | +
| URL | +http://peerproduction.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/DuPont_draft_submission.pdf | +
| Volume | +1 | +
| Pages | +1–23 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Peer Production | +
| DOI | +http://peerproduction.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/DuPont_draft_submission.pdf | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:01 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:01 | +
| Type | +Book Section | +
|---|---|
| Series Editor | +David Hutchison | +
| Series Editor | +Takeo Kanade | +
| Series Editor | +Josef Kittler | +
| Series Editor | +Jon M. Kleinberg | +
| Series Editor | +Friedemann Mattern | +
| Series Editor | +John C. Mitchell | +
| Series Editor | +Moni Naor | +
| Series Editor | +Oscar Nierstrasz | +
| Series Editor | +C. Pandu Rangan | +
| Series Editor | +Bernhard Steffen | +
| Series Editor | +Madhu Sudan | +
| Series Editor | +Demetri Terzopoulos | +
| Series Editor | +Doug Tygar | +
| Series Editor | +Moshe Y. Vardi | +
| Series Editor | +Gerhard Weikum | +
| Editor | +Angelos D. Keromytis | +
| Author | +Tyler Moore | +
| Author | +Jie Han | +
| Author | +Richard Clayton | +
| Date | +2012 | +
| Short Title | +The Postmodern Ponzi Scheme | +
| Library Catalog | +DOI.org (Crossref) | +
| URL | +http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-32946-3_4 | +
| Accessed | +18/02/2022, 16:43:07 | +
| Extra | +Series Title: Lecture Notes in Computer Science +DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-32946-3_4 | +
| Volume | +7397 | +
| Place | +Berlin, Heidelberg | +
| Publisher | +Springer Berlin Heidelberg | +
| ISBN | +978-3-642-32945-6 978-3-642-32946-3 | +
| Pages | +41-56 | +
| Book Title | +Financial Cryptography and Data Security | +
| Date Added | +18/02/2022, 16:43:07 | +
| Modified | +18/02/2022, 16:43:07 | +
| Type | +Conference Paper | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Tyler Moore | +
| Author | +Jie Han | +
| Author | +Richard Clayton | +
| Date | +2012 | +
| Publisher | +Springer | +
| Pages | +41–56 | +
| Proceedings Title | +International Conference on financial cryptography and data security | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Video Recording | +
|---|---|
| Director | +Dan Olson | +
| Abstract | +If someone pitches you on a "great" Web3 project, ask them if +it requires buying or selling crypto to do what they say it does.Sources + and Further Readinghtt... | +
| Date | +2022-01-21 | +
| Language | +en | +
| Library Catalog | +www.youtube.com | +
| URL | +https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQ_xWvX1n9g | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 12:23:43 | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 12:23:43 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 12:27:09 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +M C (Annemarie) Buth | +
| Author | +A J (Anna) Wieczorek | +
| Author | +G P J (Geert) Verbong | +
| Abstract | +This paper considers the potential of blockchain technology to + empower distributed and decentralized local electricity markets. +Although blockchain has gained considerable attention in the last few +years as a facilitator for new electricity markets, no attention has yet + been given to its potential influence on the configuration of the +actors in the electricity system and its ability to transform the +existing system. Based on a social network analysis, this paper +investigates how blockchain can influence the actor configuration of the + electricity system in the Netherlands. After describing the Dutch +system, we compare the existing with the potential future system' actor +configuration and the corresponding expected shifts in functions and +network position of the actors. We conclude that although many functions + are likely to remain and new central authorities may be formed, the +impact of blockchain does not seem to be as disruptive and +decentralizing as may be expected. This study provides first +contributions to the ongoing discussion about the potential of +blockchain to disrupt and reshape the electricity system. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629618308296 | +
| Volume | +53 | +
| Pages | +194–205 | +
| Publication | +Energy Research & Social Science | +
| DOI | +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.02.021 | +
| ISSN | +2214-6296 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +J. Z. Garrod | +
| Abstract | +Many commentators have been quick to note the revolutionary +potential of Bitcoin 2.0 technology, with some even believing that it +represents the coming of a decentralized autonomous society in which +humans are freed from centralized forms of power and control. Influenced + by neoliberal theory, these individuals are implicitly working on the +assumption that ‘freedom' means freedom from the state. This neglects +that the state can also provide freedom from the vagaries of the market +by protecting certain things from commodification. Through an analysis +of (1) class and the role of the state; (2) the concentration and +centralization of capital; and (3) automation, I argue that the vision +of freedom that underpins Bitcoin 2.0 tech is one that neglects the +power that capital holds over us. In neglecting this power, I claim that + this technology might be far more dystopian than we comprehend, making +possible societies that are commodities all the way down. | +
| Date | +2016 | +
| Volume | +14 | +
| Pages | +62–77 | +
| Publication | +TripleC | +
| DOI | +10.31269/triplec.v14i1.692 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +1726670X | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:40 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:40 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Valeria Ferrari | +
| Abstract | +Based on the guidelines issued by the European Securities and +Market Authority and by the European Banking Authority, the article +deals with the legal qualification of blockchain-based crypto-assets +under EU law. Focusing on crypto-assets that function as a) investment +instruments (that is, investment tokens) and as b) electronic money +(that is, payment tokens), the work outlines shortages and drawbacks in +the applicability and enforcement of existing EU legal frameworks +regulating investment activities and payment services. With such +analysis, the article seeks to inform the ongoing debate within European + institutions on the need of regulatory intervention in this area, and +it points out pressing questions to be tackled by further research. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Volume | +27 | +
| Pages | +325–342 | +
| Publication | +Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law | +
| DOI | +10.1177/1023263X20911538 | +
| Issue | +3 | +
| ISSN | +23995548 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:22:23 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:22:23 | +
| Type | +Thesis | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Matthew Bellinger | +
| Abstract | +The rise of Bitcoin and related digital currencies has been +accompanied by a proliferation of discourse about these technologies, +including debates about their value and status as forms of money. This +dissertation examines digital currency discourse from a rhetorical +perspective, and traces the development and impact of a key trope of +early Bitcoin discourse—the application of commodity money rhetoric to +Bitcoin—to understand the rhetorical construction of Bitcoin. It argues +that early attempts to establish Bitcoin as a form of money, which +figured Bitcoin as a "natural" entity beyond the reach of community +politics, produced an unanticipated rhetorical fallout: the displacement + of the politics of the Bitcoin community onto the development of +Bitcoin as a technology. It further argues that this early displacement +continues to influence the rhetorical dynamics of Bitcoin and its heirs +by shaping subsequent debates over digital currency governance and +valuation. | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| URL | +https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/43342 | +
| Extra | +DOI: https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/43342 +ISBN: 978-0-438-86971-4 +Publication Title: ResearchWorks Archive +PMID: 2186898171 | +
| # of Pages | +223 | +
| Type | +PhD Thesis | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:27 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:27 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Christopher J Jarvis | +
| Date | +2000 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: International Monetary Fund | +
| Volume | +37 | +
| Publication | +Finance & Development | +
| Issue | +001 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Christopher J Jarvis | +
| Date | +2000 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: International Monetary Fund | +
| Volume | +37 | +
| Publication | +Finance & Development | +
| Issue | +001 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Balázs Bodó | +
| Author | +Alexandra Giannopoulou | +
| Author | +João Quintais | +
| Author | +Péter Mezei | +
| Date | +2022 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: These aren't the droids you're looking for (January 4, 2022). European$\sim$\ldots | +
| DOI | +https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4000423 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:17:17 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:17:17 | +
| Type | +Book | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Friedrich August Hayek | +
| Author | +Bruce Caldwell | +
| Date | +2014 | +
| Publisher | +Routledge | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 09:17:56 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 13:08:10 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Jack Parkin | +
| Abstract | +In recent years the development of cryptocurrencies and wider +implementations of blockchain technology have been valourized as +digitally decentralized networks that dissipate control evenly among +their peers. With Bitcoin, the first blockchain-based cryptocurrency, +monetary policy is enacted via software built through an open source +consensus model. This promotes a techno-decentralist ideology that +promises to democratize societies by eradicating centralized points of +control in economic systems. Contrastingly, this paper demonstrates how +Bitcoin's production process operates through strict authoritative +channels. The overall political framework for altering the Bitcoin code +is described as senatorial governance: a (de)centralized model of +bureaucratic parties who compete to change the monetary policy (codified + rules) of the protocol. This model shows how Bitcoin is not an +autonomous system but is assembled and maintained via human discretion. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Volume | +48 | +
| Pages | +463–487 | +
| Publication | +Economy and Society | +
| DOI | +10.1080/03085147.2019.1678262 | +
| Issue | +4 | +
| ISSN | +14695766 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Nigel Dodd | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Sage Publications Sage UK: London, England | +
| Volume | +35 | +
| Pages | +35–56 | +
| Publication | +Theory, culture & society | +
| Issue | +3 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Laura Sartori | +
| Abstract | +We offer the first informed comparison of two regional mutual +credit systems-Sardex and Liberex-aimed at sustaining the local economy. + Building on previous research on Sardex, we develop an equivalent +qualitative research investigating both organizers and members of the +local circuit in Emilia Romagna. Within a theoretical framework that +considers money as a social institution, socially and politically +con-structed, we first give an overview of the plurality of existing +money pointing out a heated debate over the nature of money itself. +Then, we move to evaluate whether the same monetary architecture-adopted + by the two mutual credit systems-concretely comes with a similar social + life. We confirm how social life of money is strictly intertwined with +its monetary architecture by design, and discover how deeply it is also +rooted in the institutional and relational contexts where it concretely +operates. Money differs not only by nature and design, but also by +context. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Volume | +13 | +
| Pages | +487–513 | +
| Publication | +Partecipazione e Conflitto | +
| DOI | +10.1285/i20356609v13i1p487 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +20356609 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Moritz Hütten | +
| Abstract | +The emerging blockchain technology is expected to contribute +to the transformation of ownership, government services and global +supply chains. By analysing a crisis that occurred with one of its +frontrunners, Ethereum, in this article I explore the discrepancies +between the purported governance of blockchains and the de facto control + of them through expertise and reputation. Ethereum is also thought to +exemplify libertarian techno-utopianism. When ‘The DAO', a highly +publicized but faulty crowd-funded venture fund was deployed on the +Ethereum blockchain, the techno-utopianism was suspended, and developers + fell back on strong network ties. Now that the blockchain technology is + seeing an increasing uptake, I shall also seek to unearth broader +implications of the blockchain for the proliferation or blockage of +global finance and beyond. Contrasting claims about the disruptive +nature of the technology, in this article I show that, by redeeming the +positive utopia of ontic, individualized debt, blockchains reinforce our + belief in a crisis-ridden, financialized capitalism. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Volume | +19 | +
| Pages | +329–348 | +
| Publication | +Global Networks | +
| DOI | +10.1111/glob.12217 | +
| Issue | +3 | +
| ISSN | +14710374 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:47 | +
| Type | +Newspaper Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Paul Krugman | +
| Abstract | +Crusading for God, family … and Bitcoin? | +
| Date | +2022-01-11 | +
| Language | +en-US | +
| Library Catalog | +NYTimes.com | +
| URL | +https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/10/opinion/crypto-cryptocurrency-money-conspiracy.html | +
| Accessed | +03/03/2022, 13:17:33 | +
| Section | +Opinion | +
| Publication | +The New York Times | +
| ISSN | +0362-4331 | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 13:17:33 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 13:18:21 | +
| Type | +Blog Post | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Tante | +
| Abstract | +(This text is very long. Maybe too long. You can find a PDF +and an EPUB of it below.The current version of this text will always +live at https://web3.tante.ccSatya has created an audio version of this +essay. Eine deutsche Version findet sich hier. Una versione italiana di +questo testo è qui – grazie Nebbia! En […] | +
| Date | +2021-12-17T00:28:12+00:00 | +
| Language | +en-US | +
| URL | +https://tante.cc/2021/12/17/the-third-web/ | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 11:52:10 | +
| Extra | +long critical essay including detailed history by Tante | +
| Blog Title | +Nodes in a social network | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 11:52:10 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:52:48 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Johanna Gibson | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd | +
| Volume | +11 | +
| Pages | +249–269 | +
| Publication | +Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property | +
| DOI | +10.4337/qmjip.2021.03.00 | +
| Issue | +3 | +
| ISSN | +20459815 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:17:17 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:17:17 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Stephen Diehl | +
| Date | +2021-11-19 | +
| URL | +https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/tinkerbell.html | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 10:55:57 | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 10:55:57 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:44:04 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Stephen Diehl | +
| Date | +2021-11-27 | +
| URL | +https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/disconnect.html | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 10:55:29 | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 10:55:29 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:44:27 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Hoobin Lee | +
| Author | +Dasom Hong | +
| Abstract | +This paper analyzes two cases of space tokenization, Meridio +and QuantmRE, to explore the potential of tokenization as a new means of + space financialization. Space tokenization is based on blockchain +technology and security token offering (STO). Although some financial +geographers noted the possible impact of blockchain technology on space +financialization, it has not been examined in depth. Therefore, this +paper demonstrates space tokenization cases in detail. Meridio and +QuantmRE suggest financial structures that convert space into tokens +based on fractional ownership transactions. QuantmRE, specifically, +allows a homeowner to secure cash without either debt or ownership +relinquishment through sales of tokenized home equity. As this method +takes a form of sale transaction rather than a loan, it enables +financial institutions to circumvent strengthened regulation on loans +after the 2008 global financial crisis. Moreover, even "house poor" +households, who own houses but lack cash due to excessive loans, can +cash out from their properties through QuantmRE. As such, space +tokenization enables financial institutions to overcome constrained +conditions after the global financial crisis, thereby reproducing space +financialization. Space tokenization also has the potential to +geographically expand space financialization through stimulating +investment in the depressed housing market. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO202113259286501.page | +
| Volume | +24 | +
| Pages | +76–101 | +
| Publication | +Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Andres Guadamuz | +
| Abstract | +This paper examines Bitcoin from a legal and regulatory +perspective, answering several important questions. We begin by +explaining what Bitcoin is, and why it matters. We describe problems +with Bitcoin as a method of implementing a cryptocurrency. This +introduction to cryptocurrencies allows us eventually to ask the +inevitable question: Is it legal? What are the regulatory responses to +the currency? Can it be regulated? We make clear why virtual currencies +are of interest, how self-regulation has failed, and what useful lessons + can be learned. Finally, we produce useful and semi-permanent findings +into the usefulness of virtual currencies in general, blockchains as a +means of mining currency, and the profundity of Bitcoin as compared with + the development of block chain technologies. We conclude that though +Bitcoin may be the equivalent of Second Life a decade later, so +blockchains may be the equivalent of Web 2.0 social networks, a truly +transformative social technology. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Oxford University Press UK | +
| Volume | +16 | +
| Pages | +1367–1385 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.3905452 | +
| Issue | +12 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:17:17 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:17:17 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Marco Iansiti | +
| Author | +Karim R Lakhani | +
| Date | +2017 | +
| Volume | +2 | +
| Pages | +2019 | +
| Publication | +Harvard University, hbr. org/2017/01/the-truth-about-blockchain, accessed date: February | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Type | +Book | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Nathaniel Popper | +
| Date | +2015 | +
| Publisher | +Allen Lane | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Author | +MIKE McQuade | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Publisher | +Wired | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Blog Post | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Bill Miller | +
| Abstract | +Our thought process on Bitcoin is a representative example of +our probabilistic value approach, even though the asset may not hit the +radar screens of more traditional value investors. | +
| Date | +2015-09-08 | +
| Language | +en-US | +
| Short Title | +The Value Investor's Case for... Bitcoin? | +
| URL | +https://millervalue.com/a-value-investors-case-for-bitcoin/ | +
| Accessed | +28/02/2022, 17:15:24 | +
| Blog Title | +Miller Value Partners | +
| Date Added | +28/02/2022, 17:15:24 | +
| Modified | +28/02/2022, 17:16:06 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Christian Papillouda | +
| Author | +Aldo Haeslerb | +
| Abstract | +Electronic money is a compound of currency and technology +which takes its rise around 1970 while benefiting at the same time from +the miniaturization in electronics and the democratization of +informatics. Electronic money covers the payment cards with magnetic +tape, chip cards, the contact-less payments by card, mobile phone, or +tablet PC, and the logical moneys (often called ‘virtual moneys' such as + the Bitcoin, the Litecoin, the PPCoin, the Ven, the Linden dollar, the +‘gold' as in the digital game World of Warcraft). These forms of +electronic moneys have three common properties: the cryptography, the +network, and the privileges. Cryptography conditions the ways to access +the money. The network represents the kind of regulation of electronic +moneys. The privileges differentiate the use of electronic moneys. Each +form of electronic money does not match these three conditions +identically because all are not equipped with the same technologies and +the same related services. Nevertheless, the presence of these three +properties within all forms of electronic money leads to a better +understanding of how such functionalized money deeply changes our view +on modern society. Indeed, whereas the economic standard model considers + money as a veil hiding economic reality, the case of electronic money +lets us think, on the contrary, since the swell period of the early +1970s, of the real economy as veiling socio-economic reality, which has +to be considered as a kind of a Ponzi scheme. While this scheme becomes +the core of societal reality, the economic laws and their sociological +as well as political equivalents, functional differentiation, and +democracy are no longer the pillars of modernity. They hide this reality + as fetishes enabling its order. | +
| Date | +2014 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Volume | +15 | +
| Pages | +54–68 | +
| Publication | +Distinktion | +
| DOI | +10.1080/1600910X.2014.882853 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +21599149 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Dirk G. Baur | +
| Author | +Thomas Dimpfl | +
| Abstract | +Bitcoin is designed as a peer-to-peer cash system. To work as a + currency, it must be stable or be backed by a government. In this +paper, we show that the volatility of Bitcoin prices is extreme and +almost 10 times higher than the volatility of major exchange rates (US +dollar against the euro and the yen). The excess volatility even +adversely affects its potential role in portfolios. Our analysis implies + that Bitcoin cannot function as a medium of exchange and has only +limited use as a risk-diversifier. In contrast, we use the deflationary +design of Bitcoin as a theoretical basis and demonstrate that Bitcoin +displays store of value characteristics over long horizons. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Springer | +
| Volume | +61 | +
| Pages | +2663–2683 | +
| Publication | +Empirical Economics | +
| DOI | +10.1007/s00181-020-01990-5 | +
| Issue | +5 | +
| ISSN | +14358921 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:23 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Nicholas Weaver | +
| Date | +2021-12-16T13:35:57-08:00 | +
| Language | +en | +
| URL | +https://www.usenix.org/publications/loginonline/web3-fraud | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 11:54:58 | +
| Website Title | +USENIX | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 11:54:58 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:55:16 | +
| Type | +Book | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Helmut Frisch | +
| Date | +1983 | +
| Publisher | +Cambridge University Press | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Alex Vasquez | +
| Date | +2019-12 | +
| URL | +https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-12-03/there-are-more-dollars-in-venezuela-now-than-there-are-bolivars | +
| Extra | +Publication Title: Bloomberg.com | +
| Publisher | +Bloomberg | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Sabine Dörry | +
| Author | +Gary Robinson | +
| Author | +Ben Derudder | +
| Abstract | +This article explores the changing infrastructural +architecture of global finance through the lens of Global Production +Networks (GPNs). Financial markets infrastructure (FMI) for +international payments and securities trading form the backbone of +global finance. However, this FMI is typically hidden from observation, +debate, and analysis, partly because international payments have +functioned in broadly the same way for almost 50 years, governed by +large global banks and the co-operative Society for Worldwide Interbank +Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT). A global monopoly sensitive to +geo-political upheavals, SWIFT is increasingly influential in acting to +the benefit of the world's most powerful financial and political +players. Thus, more than a mere passive facilitator of global economic +activity, we argue in this paper that FMI forms a carefully crafted +socio-economic system of geo-political relevance, whose core components +‘power' and ‘embeddedness' we seek to comprehend with the GPN framework. + We introduce SWIFT as a key player in global FMI and establish a +conceptual dialogue between the recently introduced notion of the GPNs +of finance and the newly developed idea of the GPNs of financial +infrastructure. Incorporating Allen's (1997) power dimensions, we +demonstrate their coexistence and complementarity in their carefully +orchestrated, tightly intertwined global organizational arrangements. We + show that SWIFT's proneness to technological and organizational change +threatens to reconfigure long-established actors, processes and +relationships in and beyond finance, and argue that this makes an +in-depth understanding of FMI vital. | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Extra | +ISBN: 22 | +
| Publication | +Financial Geography Working Paper Series | +
| Issue | +December | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:23:45 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:23:45 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Bruce Schneier | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +https://www.wired.com/story/theres-no-good-reason-to-trust-blockchain-technology/ | +
| Extra | +Publication Title: Wired Magazine | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Mike Orcutt | +
| Date | +2020-04 | +
| URL | +http://www.technologyreview.com/2020/03/05/916688/north-korean-hackers-cryptocurrency-money-laundering/ | +
| Extra | +Publication Title: MIT Technology Review | +
| Publisher | +MIT Technology Review | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Type | +Report | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Carmen M Reinhart | +
| Author | +Kenneth S Rogoff | +
| Date | +2008 | +
| Institution | +National Bureau of Economic Research | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Robin Renwick | +
| Author | +Rob Gleasure | +
| Abstract | +Blockchain systems afford new privacy capabilities. This +threatens to create conflict, as different social groups involved in +blockchain development often disagree on which capabilities specific +systems should enact. This article adopts a boundary object perspective +to make sense of disagreements between collaborating social worlds. We +perform a case study of privacy attitudes among collaborating actors in +Monero, a cryptocurrency community that emphasises privacy and +decentralisation alongside a set of values sometimes described as +anti-establishment, crypto-anarchist, and/or cypherpunk. The case study +performs a series of interviews with users, developers, cryptographic +researchers, corporate architects, and government regulators. Three +novel and important findings emerge. The first is that none of the +social worlds express a desire to monitor routine transactions, despite +the obvious business and tax-collection value of such data. The second +is that regulators are happy to postpone active involvement, based on +the flawed assumption they can impose privacy-related regulation later, +once risks have become clear. Such regulation may not be possible as +protocols and rulesets currently being coded into the system may be +impossible to amend in the future (unless they can obtain either +developer or network consensus). The third is that regulators assume +methods for overseeing extraordinary transaction are necessary to avoid +widespread, near-effortless money laundering. Yet, each of the other +social worlds is operating under the assumption that this trade-off has +already been accepted. These findings demonstrate subtle power +transitions and changes in privacy attitudes that have implications for +research on blockchain, management, and boundary objects in general. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1177/0268396220944406 | +
| Volume | +36 | +
| Pages | +16–38 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Information Technology | +
| DOI | +10.1177/0268396220944406 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +14664437 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:48 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:48 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Casey Newton | +
| Abstract | +"The Problem With NFTs" can’t be dismissed. | +
| Date | +2022-01-28T12:00:00-05:00 | +
| Language | +en | +
| URL | +https://www.theverge.com/2022/1/28/22906010/web3-nft-internet-history-video-platformer | +
| Accessed | +18/02/2022, 16:35:35 | +
| Website Title | +The Verge | +
| Date Added | +18/02/2022, 16:35:35 | +
| Modified | +18/02/2022, 16:35:35 | +
a response to The Problem with NFTs - 28 Jan 2022
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Frida Erlandsson | +
| Author | +Gabriela Guibourg | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Publication | +Economic Commentaries | +
| Issue | +6 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Josh Kamps | +
| Author | +Bennett Kleinberg | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Springer | +
| Volume | +7 | +
| Pages | +18 | +
| Publication | +Crime Science | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Jamie Zawinski | +
| Abstract | +Or, the through-line from Assassination Politics to monkey +JPEGs. The joke goes, "Stop saying you were promised flying cars. Unless + you were born in 1935, you weren't promised flying cars, you were +promised a cyberpunk corporate dystopia. You're welcome." Or, in the +immortal words of Blank Reg, "You know how we said 'No Future'? Well. +This is it." In the 80s and 90s, hacker culture was flush ... | +
| Date | +2022-01-04T15:01:51-08:00 | +
| Language | +en-US | +
| Short Title | +Today on Sick Sad World | +
| URL | +https://www.jwz.org/blog/2022/01/today-on-sick-sad-world-how-the-cryptobros-have-fallen/ | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 11:21:38 | +
| Extra | +Jamie Zawinski is a legendary coder and co-founder of Mozilla | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 11:21:38 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:41:00 | +
| Type | +Conference Paper | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Nina-Birte Schirrmacher | +
| Author | +Johannes Rude Jensen | +
| Author | +Michel Avital | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2021 | +
| Proceedings Title | +The 42nd International Conference on Information Systems: ICIS + 2021: Building Sustainability and Resilience With is: A Call for Action | +
| DOI | +https://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2021/is_future_work/is_future_work/17/ | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:21:24 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Raffaele Fabio Ciriello | +
| Abstract | +In response to the bleak prospects of today's financial +markets, a wave of financial and technological innovations emerges, +bringing about potential benefits but also new challenges. For instance, + tokenized securities are a new kind of blockchain-based asset enabling +price stability, programmability, pseudonymity, and transaction +efficiency, while also introducing new regulatory challenges and +uncertainties. Conversely, index funds are an established investment +device enabling broad diversification in a cost-effective, +tax-efficient, and transparent way, while potentially also contributing +to concentration of market power, intermediation cost, access barriers +for underbanked or impoverished investors, increased market volatility, +and human behavioral challenges. This paper conceptually develops +Tokenized Index Funds as a hybrid approach that combines the benefits of + tokenized securities and index funds while alleviating some of their +drawbacks. Based thereupon, a corresponding multidisciplinary research +framework is presented, with sample research questions along the +activities of design and features, business and economics, management +and organization, and law and regulation. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +61 | +
| Pages | +102400 | +
| Publication | +International Journal of Information Management | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102400 | +
| ISSN | +02684012 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:18:01 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:18:01 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Joshua Fairfield | +
| Abstract | +Markets for unique digital property-digital equivalents of +rare artworks, collectible trading cards, and other assets that gain +value from scarcity-have exploded in the past several months. At root is + the next iteration of blockchain technology, unique digital assets +called non-fungible tokens. Unlike Bitcoin, where one coin is the same +as another, NFTs are unique, each with different attributes. An NFT that + represented ownership of Boardwalk would be quite different from one +that represented Baltic Avenue. NFTs have grown from a few early +breakout successes to a rapidly developing market for unique digital +treasures. The attraction to buyers is that unlike digital assets like +e-books or licensed movies, NFTs can be bought, sold, displayed, gifted, + or even destroyed just like personal property. Yet law has not kept +pace with demand for unique digital property. In particular, the rules +designed for the 2000s internet focused on expanding intellectual +property licenses and online contracts to the point that we are mere +users, not owners, of digital assets. This article proposes a clear path + for the evolution of the legal underpinnings of NFTs. It argues that +NFTs are personal property, not contracts (despite the "smart contracts" + popular nomenclature) or pure intellectual property licenses (despite +the currently governing law of digital assets like e-books). Because +transactions in NFTs are in the form of a sale, the law of sales of +personal property should apply. And finally, the article notes | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3821102 | +
| Pages | +1–99 | +
| Publication | +Indiana Law Journal | +
| DOI | +https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3821102 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:17:17 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:17:17 | +
| Type | +Thesis | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Kristopher Anders Jones | +
| Abstract | +This thesis project was intended to take an exploratory look +at blockchain technology using an interdisciplinary social lens. Drawing + on a variety of sources, including Actor-Network Theory, multiplicity, +prefigurative politics, Marx's early writings on technology, and +ideological aspects of both hacker culture and free and open source +software development, a complex but useful theoretical framework is +proposed. Using a multiple methodological approach combining digital +ethnography, semi-structured interviews, and content analysis, social +aspects of the blockchain space are explored and an initial first +description of demographics and characteristics of the blockchain +community is proposed. The thesis finds that the utilization of +blockchain technology is playing out in many ways, and there are widely +varying positions taken from different groups on development and +essential technological characteristics as well as potential +motivations. The blockchain area is rapidly evolving, and interest from +institutions has been growing. Given the potential prefigurative +attributes of the space, there is the potential for institutional and +capitalist interests to co-opt and integrate within the space, but this +could stand to fundamentally change the uses of the technology. The +thesis concludes that it is absolutely imperative that social scientists + begin to think seriously about this technological development and its +social characteristics and implications prior to widespread and +institutional adoption. | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| URL | +https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/24924 | +
| Extra | +DOI: https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/24924 | +
| Type | +PhD Thesis | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:27:45 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Marvin Landwehr | +
| Author | +Volker Wulf | +
| Abstract | +Money underpins everyone's daily life. Possible solutions for +the global problems fail if there is not enough money. Yet changes to +our monetary system are rarely included in the discussion. Against this +backdrop, cryptocurrencies create important new precedents regarding how + money can be created. Libra is a recent cryptocurrency project launched + by one of the dominant social media companies, which has been the +subject of intense international discussion. Because the details of +Libra are not yet fully specified, we present different scenarios of how + a successful Libra currency might play out and some of the problems +that might follow. These scenarios include the monetization of the +payment infrastructure, (ab)use of sanctioning power, a reduction of the + reserve ratio, and an abandonment of reconvertability. These problems +suggest a number regulatory strategies in response. Finally, we describe + values and design requirements that might help guide future +cryptocurrency innovation and provide ways of evaluating their success +or failure. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +ISBN: 9781450375955 | +
| Pages | +236–246 | +
| Publication | +PervasiveHealth: Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare | +
| DOI | +10.1145/3401335.3401365 | +
| ISSN | +21531633 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:18:48 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:18:48 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Ashish Rajendra Sai | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: University of Limerick | +
| DOI | +https://ulir.ul.ie/handle/10344/10766 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:40 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:40 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Enrico Rossi | +
| Author | +Carsten Sorensen | +
| Abstract | +Global digital platforms are conquering the world and rely +critically on digital infrastructures to function, yet little research +has explored the fundamental interrelationship between the two. This +working paper argues that understanding centralization and +decentralization in digital networks as asymmetry and symmetry in mutual + interdependencies between the constitutive elements of a digital +network can help us understand the platform-infrastructure relationship +more fundamentally (and vice versa). To this end, the paper proposes, as + a starting point, the in-depth analytical and literature study of +blockchain networks as a particularly revealing type of digital +platform/infrastructure duality. The paper proposes an analytical model +for characterizing de/centralization in digital networks and maps this +onto blockchain networks. Based on this, the paper explores the +de/centralization of blockchain, arguing that the extant blockchain +literature largely has failed in providing a comprehensive understanding + of de/centralization by not considering the complex second-order +interdependencies between the different constitutive dimensions of a +blockchain: the symbolic, technological and political dimension. Based +on this, the paper provides an analysis of the meaning of +de/centralization in blockchain networks by studying the +interdependencies between its constitutive elements of coin, network +technology, and social community. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Pages | +1–119 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.3503609 | +
| ISSN | +1556-5068 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:48 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:48 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Igor Makarov | +
| Author | +Antoinette Schoar | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Elsevier | +
| Volume | +135 | +
| Pages | +293–319 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Financial Economics | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:11 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Paul Krugman | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Volume | +21 | +
| Publication | +The New York Times | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Balázs Bodó | +
| Abstract | +Many public institutions, government bodies, municipalities +are experimenting with blockchain based systems, decentralized ledgers, +smart contracts to deliver new innovative services to citizens, or +improve the speed, efficiency, accuracy of existing ones. This short +policy analysis looks at the potential mismatch between usually +high-trust public institutions, and trust-minimizing technological +infrastructures. We warn that, in general, we should avoid replacing a +high-trust environment with a trust-minimizing technology. Pre-existing +trust is very valuable, and no new technology should endanger trust +which is extremely hard to build but very easy to destroy. Of course, +not all institutions enjoy the trust of the citizenry. In low-trust +environments the implementation of trust minimizing technologies need to + consider the relative benefits and harms of the different approaches to + dealing with low-trust environments. One can decide to implement a +technology that is able to operate in such low-trust settings. The +alternative to this is to try to implement technologies and policies +that foster the emergence of trust. What is the preferable way forward: +replacing distrusted public entities with trust-minimizing technologies, + or improving their trustworthiness? Should we implement a +trust-minimizing architecture, or a trust-maximizing one? Our +institutions may be imperfect, and often produce arbitrary outcomes; +sometimes they are downright oppressive. But at least there are clear +lines of social, public, institutional, political and economic +accountability and oversight. Such mechanisms of trust are yet to mature + with regard to blockchain technologies. Unless these technologies can +be brought into the fold, they remain largely unaccountable, thus +fundamentally untrustworthy. And even if they are, we still don't know +which is preferable: a polycentric system of power of checks and +balances, which involves democratic oversight, or an ideally +decentralized and disintermediated one, where power concentration is +prevented? This should be a warning to well-intentioned public servants, + institutions and private actors who are looking at implementing +blockchain systems in order to better their domain or be seen as +innovative, or simply because they fear missing out on a technology +development sold to them as a revolution. It may be worth their while +not to rush. It is OK to be slow and cautious. Disruptive digital +innovation that targets trust should be treated with extreme caution. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.3641501 | +
| ISSN | +1556-5068 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:08 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:08 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Kevin D. Werbach | +
| Abstract | +The blockchain could be the most consequential development in +information technology since the internet. Created to support the +Bitcoin digital currency, the blockchain is actually something deeper: A + novel solution to the age-old human problem of trust. Its potential is +extraordinary. Yet without effective governance, this approach may not +promote trust at all. Wholly divorced from legal enforcement, +blockchain-based systems may be counterproductive or even dangerous. And + they are less insulated from the law's reach than it seems. The central + question is not how to regulate blockchains, but how blockchains +regulate. They may supplement, complement, or substitute for legal +enforcement. Excessive or premature application of rigid legal +obligations will stymie innovation and forego opportunities to leverage +technology to achieve public policy objectives. Blockchain developers +and legal institutions can work together. Each must recognize the unique + affordances of the other system. | +
| Date | +2016 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.2844409 | +
| ISSN | +1086-3818 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | +
| Type | +Book Section | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Enrico Beltramini | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +DOI: 10.4324/9781315172606-19 | +
| Publisher | +Routledge | +
| Pages | +184–195 | +
| Book Title | +Anarchism, Organization and Management | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:01 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:01 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Inês Faria | +
| Abstract | +This article departs from the post 2008 financial crisis +context, from its intersection with technological developments, and from + the socio-technical arrangements configured by this conjuncture. It +explores plans and actions – of mainstream financial institutions, and +of a community seeking for alternatives to centralised economy and +governance – for the use of digital platforms supported by blockchain +infrastructure. In particular, it explores how such plans and actions +relate to conceptions of public and peer trust and how they appear to +produce, or reinforce, reputational imaginaries and quantification +practices within added value philosophies. By illuminating a tension +between the two identified case examples, I seek to render alternative +communities' and financial institutions' conceptions, imaginaries and +practices (more) visible and to analyse their organisational marketing +strategies – where there is a pragmatic and discursive +operationalisation of technology as well as of trust as means to gain +more self-sovereignty in action, while navigating markets and regulated +actual world contexts. | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2018.1547986 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Volume | +12 | +
| Pages | +119–132 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Cultural Economy | +
| DOI | +10.1080/17530350.2018.1547986 | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +17530369 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:08 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:08 | +
| Type | +Manuscript | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Laizeau T Boon-Falleur M | +
| Abstract | +Blockchain technology emerged in 2008 in the midst of the +financial crisis to provide a decentralized alternative to financial +institutions. Members of the blockchain community, including the +pseudonymous inventor of the technology Satoshi Nokamoto, have often +expressed low levels of trust toward traditional institutions such as +central banks. In contrast, they argue that blockchain technology +applications such as cryptocurrencies or decentralized autonomous +organisations do not require the intervention of a third party and are +therefore more trustworthy while also allowing for more freedom. In this + context, members of the blockchain community are often described as +trustless and libertarian. In this study, we tested whether members of +the blockchain community indeed are different from the general +population in terms of their attitudes toward trust, politics, science +and the environment. We found that the blockchain community is less +trusting of people and institutions, favors more private poverty, and is + less pro-environmental than the general population. Given that trust in + institutions has been decreasing in recent years, decentralized systems + powered by blockchain technology may become appealing to a growing +number of people around the world. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://psyarxiv.com/ka7st | +
| Extra | +DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/ka7st | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:27 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:27 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Kartikay Mehrotra | +
| Date | +2020-08 | +
| URL | +https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-08-19/ucsf-hack-shows-evolving-risks-of-ransomware-in-the-covid-era | +
| Extra | +Publication Title: Bloomberg.com | +
| Publisher | +Bloomberg | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Alexander Nedashkovskiy | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| DOI | +https://lutpub.lut.fi/handle/10024/162989 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:18:01 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:18:01 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Giulio Caldarelli | +
| Abstract | +Scarce and niche in the literature just a few years ago, the +blockchain topic is now the main subject in conference papers and books. + However, the hype generated by the technology and its potential +implications for real-world applications is flawed by many +misconceptions about how it works and how it is implemented, creating +faulty thinking or overly optimistic expectations. Too often, +characteristics such as immutability, transparency, and censorship +resistance, which mainly belong to the bitcoin blockchain, are sought in + regular blockchains, whose potential is barely comparable. Furthermore, + critical aspects such as oracles and their role in smart contracts +receive few literature contributions, leaving results and theoretical +implications highly questionable. This literature review of the latest +papers in the field aims to give clarity to the blockchain oracle +problem by discussing its effects in some of the most promising +real-world applications. The analysis supports the view that the more +trusted a system is, the less the oracle problem impacts. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute | +
| Volume | +11 | +
| Pages | +1–19 | +
| Publication | +Information (Switzerland) | +
| DOI | +10.3390/info11110509 | +
| Issue | +11 | +
| ISSN | +20782489 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:25:12 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Cullen O Roche | +
| Date | +2011 | +
| URL | +http://ssrn.com/paper=1905625 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Abstract | +UNICEF Venture Fund and Giga Call for Blockchain-based Software Solutions to Build Capacity and Empower Communities | +
| Language | +en | +
| URL | +https://www.unicef.org/innovation/venturefund/funding-opportunity-blockchain-capacity-building | +
| Accessed | +22/02/2022, 21:24:20 | +
| Date Added | +22/02/2022, 21:24:20 | +
| Modified | +22/02/2022, 21:28:51 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Date | +2011 | +
| Publisher | +Court of Appeals, 2nd Circuit | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:16 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Florian Moslein | +
| Author | +Christopher Rennig | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Società editrice il Mulino | +
| Volume | +20 | +
| Pages | +135–148 | +
| Publication | +Analisi Giuridica dell'Economia | +
| Issue | +1-2 | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 09:08:59 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 09:08:59 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +https://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/recommendations/RBA-VA-VASPs.pdf | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Financial Action Task Force | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Corin Faife | +
| Date | +2018-12 | +
| URL | +https://breakermag.com/we-asked-crypto-news-outlets-if-theyd-take-money-to-cover-a-project-more-than-half-said-yes/ | +
| Extra | +Publication Title: BREAKERMAG | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Thesis | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Tonya Canning | +
| Abstract | +Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Dalhousie University. | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| URL | +https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/handle/10222/74190 | +
| Extra | +DOI: https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/handle/10222/74190 +Issue: August | +
| # of Pages | +415 | +
| Type | +PhD Thesis | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:28:35 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:28:35 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Stephen Diehl | +
| Date | +2021-12-04 | +
| URL | +https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/web3-bullshit.html | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 10:45:14 | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 10:45:14 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:45:12 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Matt Levine | +
| Date | +2022-01-10 | +
| URL | +https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2022-01-10/web3-takes-trust-too | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 10:51:54 | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 10:51:54 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:49:26 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Evgeny Morozov | +
| Abstract | +Web3 is self-referential in the extreme. The value of the +tokens is expected to grow as everything is to become more liquid and +interconnected: tokens from one DAO will be valuable in another; more +activities will be fractionalized; more institutions will turn into +DAOs; more objects into NFTs... | +
| Date | +2022-01-13T17:32:00.000Z | +
| Language | +en | +
| Short Title | +Web3 | +
| URL | +https://the-crypto-syllabus.com/web3-a-map-in-search-of-territory/ | +
| Accessed | +03/03/2022, 16:27:25 | +
| Website Title | +The Crypto Syllabus | +
| Date Added | +03/03/2022, 16:27:24 | +
| Modified | +03/03/2022, 16:28:54 | +
| Type | +Manuscript | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Alexander Bogensperger | +
| Author | +Andreas Zeiselmair | +
| Author | +Michael Hinterstocker | +
| Author | +Patrick Dossow | +
| Author | +Johannes Hilpert | +
| Author | +Maximilian Wimmer | +
| Author | +Carsten von Gneisenau | +
| Author | +Nikolas Klausmann | +
| Author | +Jens Strüker | +
| Author | +Nils Urbach | +
| Author | +Benjamin Schellinger | +
| Author | +Johannes Sedlmeir | +
| Author | +Fabiane Völter | +
| Abstract | +Die Blockchain-Technologie erfuhr die Spitze ihres ersten +großen Hypes im Jahr 2017. Bei der Blockchain-Technologie handelt es +sich um ein dezentrales elektronisches Register für digitale +Transaktionen. Zu den Eigenschaften der Technologie zählen u. a. eine +hohe Manipulationsresistenz, welche Vertrauen in digitale Daten erzeugen + kann, sowie die Möglichkeit, Prozesse und Transaktionen, ohne +Intermediär abzuwickeln. Diese besonderen Eigenschaften ermöglichen die +Entstehung eines "Internets der Werte". Während Kryptowährungen den +bekanntesten Anwendungsfall darstellen (oft auch "digitale Währungen" +oder "Krypto-Token" genannt), sind seit der Einführung der Technologie +im Jahr 2008 viele weitere Anwendungsfälle diskutiert worden. Dabei +bietet sich die Technologie nicht als Universallösung für jegliche +Problemstellungen an. Das nachfolgende Diskussionspapier soll aufzeigen, + in welchen Branchen sich die Technologie bereits etabliert hat, welche +allgemeinen Missverständnisse die Technologie umgeben und wo ihre +energiewirtschaftlichen Einsatzmöglichkeiten liegen. Zudem soll +aufgezeigt werden, welche technologieunabhängigen Hürden den Einsatz der + Technologie erschweren. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Extra | +DOI: https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/237670 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Abe De Jong | +
| Author | +Peter Roosenboom | +
| Author | +Tom van der Kolk | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| URL | +http://ssrn.com/paper=3250035 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Arvind Narayanan | +
| Date | +2013 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: IEEE | +
| Volume | +11 | +
| Pages | +75–76 | +
| Publication | +IEEE security & privacy | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:13 | +
| Type | +Podcast | +
|---|---|
| Podcaster | +Future Thinkers | +
| Abstract | +Vitalik Buterin talks about Ethereum, decentralized platforms, + crypto currency, smart contracts, and why those things matter for the +future of the economy | +
| Language | +en-US | +
| URL | +https://futurethinkers.org/vitalik-buterin-ethereum-decentralized-future/ | +
| Accessed | +28/02/2022, 11:21:39 | +
| Extra | +Section: Podcast | +
| Date Added | +28/02/2022, 11:21:39 | +
| Modified | +28/02/2022, 11:23:35 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Hannah Arendt | +
| Date | +1993 | +
| Publisher | +New York: Penguin | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:14 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Florian Knauer | +
| Author | +Andreas Mann | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: The British Blockchain Association | +
| Pages | +10484 | +
| Publication | +The Journal of the British Blockchain Association | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:12 | +
| Type | +Blog Post | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Yanis Varoufakis | +
| Abstract | +Recently, I argued that a central bank cryptocurrency can be a + useful tool in the struggle to democratise money. Such a tool is, of +course, not enough. The main task in democratising money is first to +democratise the central bank – before deploying useful instruments like a + central bank cryptocurrency. As many readers (correctly) pointed […] | +
| Date | +2021-08-02T10:47:46+00:00 | +
| Language | +en-GB | +
| Short Title | +What is money, really? | +
| URL | +https://www.yanisvaroufakis.eu/2021/08/02/what-is-money/ | +
| Accessed | +02/03/2022, 10:56:47 | +
| Blog Title | +Yanis Varoufakis | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 10:56:47 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 10:57:48 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Cameron Harwick | +
| Author | +James Caton | +
| Abstract | +Despite the past decade's rapid innovation in adapting +blockchain technology to new uses, financial intermediation remains +elusive except in basic and highly collateralized forms. We introduce +the concept of the technical frontier to delimit the kinds of +interactions that can feasibly be structured algorithmically among +pseudonymous agents, as on a blockchain, and show that lending and +financial intermediation – unlike monetary exchange – lie outside it, +even in simple forms. The path forward for truly blockchain-native +financial applications, therefore, must involve the integration of +real-world identity information in order to disincentivize defection. We + discuss several potential technologies for doing so, and conclude that +such integration is possible without compromising pseudonymity, provided + real-world identity is available in the breach. | +
| Date | +2020-10 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: North-Holland | +
| Publication | +Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance | +
| DOI | +10.1016/j.qref.2020.09.006 | +
| ISSN | +10629769 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:18:01 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:18:01 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Matteo Benetton | +
| Author | +Giovanni Compiani | +
| Author | +Adair Morse | +
| Abstract | +Cryptomining, the clearing of cryptocurrency transactions, +uses large quantities of electricity. We document that cryptominers' use + of local electricity implies higher prices for existing small +businesses and households. Studying the electricity market in Upstate NY + and using the Bitcoin price as an exogenous shifter of the supply curve + faced by the community, we estimate the electricity demand functions +for small businesses and households, and find price elasticities of +-0.17 and -0.07 respectively. Based on our estimates, we calculate +counterfactual electricity bills, finding that small businesses and +households paid $79 million and $165 million extra annually in Upstate +NY because of increased electricity consumption from cryptominers. Using + data on China, where prices are fixed, we find that rationing of +electricity in cities with cryptomining entrants deteriorates wages and +investments, consistent with crowding-out effects on the local economy. +Local governments in both Upstate NY and China, however, realize more +business taxes, but only offsetting a small portion of the costs from +higher community electricity bills. Our results point to a yet-unstudied + negative spillover from technology processing to local communities, +which would need to be considered against welfare benefits | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Publication | +SSRN Electronic Journal | +
| DOI | +10.2139/ssrn.3779720 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:24:32 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Marcus Petz | +
| Abstract | +The article is a case study of several digitally based schemes + recently operating in Finland where some functions and properties of +money are evident. While working effectively as designed, they do not +fully meet the criteria of a well-functioning community currency. The +schemes include: sysmä, a digitally based hyperlocal system of account +introduced by the rural Sysmä municipality; Pisteet kotiin®, a housing +association points system in the city of Tampere, copied from a working +Dutch model; BookMooch, a global book-swapping site that has extended +its operations throughout Fin-land. Explored in the article are the +institutional enabling and inhibitory factors and implications for and +from other community currency projects. Data was collected by +participant observation and semi-structured interviews in all schemes. +Additional media surveying, internet webscrapes and online surveying +supplemented this data. Along with the demarcation problem between +currency and money, the technical issues about scale and purpose, if +such schemes are to develop their offerings to become fully fledged +currencies, are considered. The concept of "current-see" proposed by the + MetaCurrency Project, is used as a lens to evaluate if the schemes +achieve their purpose and whether further development is desirable or +possible. The concept of a proto-community currency is developed. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| URL | +http://dx.doi.org/10.15133/j.ijccr.2020.0010 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: University of Leicester | +
| Volume | +24 | +
| Pages | +30–53 | +
| Publication | +International Journal of Community Currency Research | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:28:36 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +David Rozas | +
| Author | +Antonio Tenorio-Fornés | +
| Author | +Silvia Díaz-Molina | +
| Author | +Samer Hassan | +
| Abstract | +Blockchain technologies have generated enthusiasm, yet their +potential to enable new forms of governance remains largely unexplored. +Two confronting standpoints dominate the emergent debate around +blockchain-based governance: discourses characterized by the presence of + techno-determinist and market-driven values, which tend to ignore the +complexity of social organization; and critical accounts of such +discourses which, while contributing to identifying limitations, +consider the role of traditional centralized institutions as inherently +necessary to enable democratic forms of governance. In this article, we +draw on Ostrom's principles for self-governance of communities to +explore the transformative potential of blockchain beyond such +standpoints. We approach blockchain through the identification and +conceptualization of six affordances that this technology may provide to + communities: tokenization, self-enforcement and formalization of rules, + autonomous automatization, decentralization of power over the +infrastructure, increasing transparency, and codification of trust. For +each affordance, we carry out a detailed analysis situating each in the +context of Ostrom's principles, considering both the potentials of +algorithmic governance and the importance of incorporating communities' +social practices into blockchain-based tools to foster forms of +self-governance. The relationships found between these affordances and +Ostrom's principles allow us to provide a perspective focused on +blockchain-based commons governance. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| Volume | +11 | +
| Publication | +SAGE Open | +
| DOI | +10.1177/21582440211002526 | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +21582440 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:48 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:48 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Inês Faria | +
| Abstract | +This paper is based on research among blockchain communities +in the Netherlands and online terrains. Through an empirical example, it + explores tales produced by projects based on the blockchain protocol +and on the premise that cryptocurrencies are money and that money has +generative potential for social and economic change. By unpacking the +pragmatics of a particular project–Bitnation and Pangea – I argue that +despite tales of decentralisation through the moneyness of +cryptocurrencies, and the distributed and automated character of the +blockchain protocol, these currencies, and projects, are deeply +entangled with fiat and mainstream economies and markets. This is +visible by looking at the ups and downs of cryptocurrency pricing and on + the effects this volatility has on (certain) projects. The lack of a +sustainable community of trust in cryptocurrencies as money – +particularly visible in initiatives following more libertarian and +utopian tales, detached from everyday life realities – and the way these + retain attention mainly due to speculation, have very real effects for +blockchain based projects. No matter how radical their tales for +decentralisation and socioeconomic revolution are, utterances for these +tales to become real have to be there, and seem absent. | +
| Date | +2021 | +
| URL | +https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2021.1974070 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Volume | +0 | +
| Pages | +1–12 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Cultural Economy | +
| DOI | +10.1080/17530350.2021.1974070 | +
| Issue | +0 | +
| ISSN | +17530369 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:20:08 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:20:08 | +
| Type | +Blog Post | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Dirty Bubble Media | +
| Abstract | +The money traces back to a resurrected blockchain company, a sketchy token, and an obscure crypto exchange | +
| Date | +2022-02-14 | +
| Short Title | +Who spends $24 million on an NFT? | +
| URL | +https://dirtybubblemedia.substack.com/p/who-spends-24-million-on-an-nft-meet | +
| Accessed | +18/02/2022, 11:12:51 | +
| Blog Title | +Dirty Bubble Media | +
| Website Type | +Substack newsletter | +
| Date Added | +18/02/2022, 11:12:51 | +
| Modified | +18/02/2022, 11:12:51 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Elizabeth M. Renieris | +
| Abstract | +There is already evidence of identity information being used +to target populations in the Tigray conflict. Imagine the implications +of a national ID scheme built on an immutable ledger, driven by +commercial incentives and operated from offshore. | +
| Language | +en | +
| URL | +https://www.cigionline.org/articles/why-a-little-known-blockchain-based-identity-project-in-ethiopia-should-concern-us-all/ | +
| Accessed | +22/02/2022, 21:25:31 | +
| Website Title | +Centre for International Governance Innovation | +
| Date Added | +22/02/2022, 21:25:31 | +
| Modified | +22/02/2022, 21:28:28 | +
| Type | +Video Recording | +
|---|---|
| Director | +Computerphile | +
| Abstract | +Bitcoin shouldn't be regulated because it works like cash. +Professor Ross Anderson of University of Cambridge on why Bitcoin isn't +cash. Tracing Stolen Bitco... | +
| Date | +2018-04-10 | +
| Language | +en | +
| Library Catalog | +www.youtube.com | +
| URL | +https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9HH_dFcoLc | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 12:19:42 | +
| Extra | +walks through why bitcoin is not cash and the complex legal questions it would need to deal with if it wanted to be. | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 12:19:42 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 12:20:59 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Rain Xie | +
| Abstract | +The cryptocurrency market grew from a $1.5 billion market +capitalization in early 2013 to over $795 billion in January +2018.'Bitcoin, an exemplar cryptocurrency, gained value from $0.08 +before 2010 to over $17,000 per bitcoin in December 2017.2 While +cryptocurrencies \ldots | +
| Date | +2019 | +
| URL | +https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1684&context=law_globalstudies | +
| Extra | +ISBN: 9781137382559 +Publisher: HeinOnline | +
| Volume | +18 | +
| Pages | +457– 489 | +
| Publication | +Wash. U. Global Stud. L. Rev. | +
| DOI | +https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1684&context=law_globalstudies | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +1546-6981 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:22:23 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:22:23 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +John Harvey | +
| Author | +Ines Branco-Illodo | +
| Abstract | +New currencies designed for user anonymity and privacy–widely +referred to as “privacy coins”–have forced governments to listen and +legislate, but the political motivations of these currencies are not +well understood. Following the growing interest of political brands in +different contexts, we provide the first systematic review of political +motivations expressed in cryptocurrency whitepapers whose explicit goal +is “privacy.” Many privacy coins deliberately position themselves as +alternative political brands. Although cryptocurrencies are often +closely associated with political philosophies that aim to diminish or +subvert the power of governments and banks, advocates of privacy occupy +much broader ideological ground. We present thematic trends within the +privacy coin literature and identify epistemic and ethical tensions +present within the communities of people calling for the adoption of +entirely private currencies. | +
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Taylor & Francis | +
| Volume | +19 | +
| Pages | +107–136 | +
| Publication | +Journal of Political Marketing | +
| DOI | +10.1080/15377857.2019.1652223 | +
| Issue | +1-2 | +
| ISSN | +15377865 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:26:27 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:26:27 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Chris Dixon | +
| Abstract | +Chris Dixon's blog. | +
| Language | +en | +
| URL | +https://cdixon.org/2018/02/18/why-decentralization-matters | +
| Accessed | +28/02/2022, 16:35:01 | +
| Date Added | +28/02/2022, 16:35:01 | +
| Modified | +28/02/2022, 16:36:10 | +
Read/Eilidh
| Type | +Blog Post | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Charlie Stross | +
| Date | +2013-12-18 | +
| URL | +https://www.antipope.org/charlie/blog-static/2013/12/why-i-want-bitcoin-to-die-in-a.html | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 11:20:10 | +
| Blog Title | +Charlie's Diary | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 11:20:10 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 11:52:40 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Tim O’Reilly | +
| Date | +2021-12-13 | +
| Language | +en-US | +
| URL | +https://www.oreilly.com/radar/why-its-too-early-to-get-excited-about-web3/ | +
| Accessed | +25/02/2022, 11:27:10 | +
| Website Title | +O’Reilly Media | +
| Date Added | +25/02/2022, 11:27:10 | +
| Modified | +25/02/2022, 12:15:54 | +
Tim O'Reilly is an internet pioneer/Silicon Valley legend
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Essentia 1 | +
| Abstract | +There’s plenty of buzz around the web 3.0 and the sweeping +changes it will bring to the industry, but few people actually know why +it… | +
| Date | +2021-06-03T09:21:01.713Z | +
| Language | +en | +
| URL | +https://medium.com/@essentia1/why-the-web-3-0-matters-and-you-should-know-about-it-a5851d63c949 | +
| Accessed | +01/03/2022, 10:49:27 | +
| Website Title | +Medium | +
| Date Added | +01/03/2022, 10:49:27 | +
| Modified | +01/03/2022, 10:49:27 | +
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Gavin Wood | +
| Abstract | +Ethereum co-founder Gavin Wood on why today’s internet is broken — and how we can do better next time around | +
| Date | +2018-09-12T16:03:45.469Z | +
| Language | +en | +
| URL | +https://gavofyork.medium.com/why-we-need-web-3-0-5da4f2bf95ab | +
| Accessed | +01/03/2022, 08:39:48 | +
| Website Title | +Medium | +
| Date Added | +01/03/2022, 08:39:48 | +
| Modified | +01/03/2022, 08:39:56 | +
Read/Eilidh
| Type | +Web Page | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Chris Dixon | +
| Abstract | +We are now at the beginning of the web3 era, which combines +the decentralized, community-governed ethos of web1 with the advanced, +modern functionality of web2. | +
| Date | +2021-10-07T13:00:46+00:00 | +
| Language | +en | +
| URL | +https://future.a16z.com/why-web3-matters/ | +
| Accessed | +28/02/2022, 16:35:16 | +
| Website Title | +Future | +
| Date Added | +28/02/2022, 16:35:16 | +
| Modified | +28/02/2022, 16:36:21 | +
Read/Eilidh
| Type | +Newspaper Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Claer Barrett | +
| Abstract | +The racy, high-risk asset class has filled a void of investment advice for the average young person | +
| Date | +2021-05-28 | +
| URL | +https://www.ft.com/content/162839aa-0437-478b-a4d4-4a8d7ab71458 | +
| Accessed | +18/02/2022, 13:31:31 | +
| Publication | +Financial Times | +
| Date Added | +18/02/2022, 13:31:31 | +
| Modified | +18/02/2022, 13:31:31 | +
| Type | +Newspaper Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Claer Barrett | +
| Abstract | +The racy, high-risk asset class has filled a void of investment advice for the average young person | +
| Date | +2021-05-28 | +
| URL | +https://www.ft.com/content/162839aa-0437-478b-a4d4-4a8d7ab71458 | +
| Accessed | +02/03/2022, 10:51:12 | +
| Publication | +Financial Times | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 10:51:12 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 10:51:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Giorel Curran | +
| Author | +Morgan Gibson | +
| Abstract | +WikiLeaks is a controversial organisation that attracts +polarised responses. This is not unexpected given its key objective of +exposing the secrets and social control ambitions of the powerful. While + its supporters laud its pursuit of an informational commons, its +detractors condemn its antisocial character, its megalomania-and its +anarchism. It is the latter that particularly interests us here. This +paper treats the "charge" of anarchism seriously, however, giving it the + analytical attention it warrants. It does this by first identifying +those characteristics of the organisation that would render it +anarchist, and then to conceptualise what this anarchism means. It +highlights two important elements of the WikiLeaks story: the anarchical + character of the technologies it utilises to foment its dissent; and +the anarchical ethos of the organisation's radical politics. We conclude + by also considering the tensions and contradictions in WikiLeaks that +temper both its anarchism and its social change objectives. © 2012 The +Author. Antipode. © 2012 Antipode Foundation Ltd. | +
| Date | +2013 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: Wiley Online Library | +
| Volume | +45 | +
| Pages | +294–314 | +
| Publication | +Antipode | +
| DOI | +10.1111/j.1467-8330.2012.01009.x | +
| Issue | +2 | +
| ISSN | +00664812 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:01 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:01 | +
| Type | +Document | +
|---|---|
| Date | +2020 | +
| Extra | +Issue: No. 20-cv-2809 (LAK) | +
| Publisher | +Dist. Court, SD New York | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +Jessica L. Beyer | +
| Author | +Fenwick Mckelvey | +
| Abstract | +In a historical review focused on digital piracy, we explore +the relationship between hacker politics and the state. We distinguish +between two core aspects of piracy-the challenge to property rights and +the challenge to state power-and argue that digital piracy should be +considered more broadly as a challenge to the authority of the state. We + trace generations of peer-to-peer networking, showing that digital +piracy is a key component in the development of a political platform +that advocates for a set of ideals grounded in collaborative culture, +nonhierarchical organization, and a reliance on the network. We assert +that this politics expresses itself in a philosophy that was formed +together with the development of the state-evading forms of +communication that perpetuate unmanageable networks. | +
| Date | +2015 | +
| Volume | +9 | +
| Pages | +890–908 | +
| Publication | +International Journal of Communication | +
| Issue | +1 | +
| ISSN | +19328036 | +
| Date Added | +02/03/2022, 08:29:01 | +
| Modified | +02/03/2022, 08:29:01 | +
| Type | +Journal Article | +
|---|---|
| Author | +David Golumbia | +
| Date | +2018 | +
| Extra | +Publisher: JSTOR | +
| Pages | +102–111 | +
| Publication | +The Baffler | +
| Issue | +38 | +
| Date Added | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +
| Modified | +21/02/2022, 13:52:15 | +