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# Bond
A bond is a [security](security.md) financial product that represents a promise by a borrower to pay a lender their principal and periodic interest (called a coupon) on a loan.

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# Central Bank Digital Currency
A digital currency issued by a [central-banks](concepts/central-banks.md).
A digital currency issued by a [central-banks](central-banks.md).
## Examples

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# Censorship Resistance
#todo

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# Central Banks
A financial institution that manages the [[currency]] and monetary supply of a nation state.
A financial institution that manages the [currency](currency.md) and monetary supply of a nation state.
The mandate of central banks is often to control domestic employment and maintain price stability of a national currency.

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# Crypto Exchanges
A corporate entity that acts as an interemdiary between people to exchange currency for crypto assets.
A corporate entity that acts as an interemdiary between people to exchange currency for [crypto assets](cryptoasset.md)
See [market-manipulation](market-manipulation.md).

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# Crypto Asset
A digital asset that is traded on a [[blockchain]].
A digital asset that is traded on a [blockchain](blockchain.md).
Crypto assets have no [use-value](use-value.md), no [fundamental-value](fundamental-value.md), and no [income-cashflows](income-cashflows.md) and are a pure manifestation of the [greater-fool-theory](greater-fool-theory.md).
## Comparables
* Zero-coupon perpetual bond
* Unspendable [currency](concepts/currency.md)
* [equity](concepts/security.md) with no cash flows or dividends
* [commodity](concepts/commodity.md) with no use value
* Unspendable [currency](currency.md)
* [equity](security.md) with no cash flows or dividends
* [commodity](commodity.md) with no use value
* Exchange traded pyramid schemes
* [derivative](concepts/derivative.md) contract with no underlying
* [derivative](derivative.md) contract with no underlying
* [libertarianism](ideologies/libertarianism.md) performance art

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# Derivative
#todo
A derivative is a type of financial contract whose value is dependent on an underlying asset, group of assets, or benchmark.
Underlying assets for derivatives are most often stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, interest rates, and market indexes. The value of the contract itself depend on changes in the prices of the underlying asset.
## Examples
* Futures
* Forwards
* Swaps
* Options
* Interest Rate Swaps
* Credit Default Swaps

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# DEX = Decentralized EXchange
Order-book based but p2p (i.e. without market makers). This contrasts with [[concepts/AMM]] (automated market makers) who don't have an order book.
Order-book based but p2p (i.e. without market makers). This contrasts with [[amm]] (automated market makers) who don't have an order book.
## Limitations

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# Gambling
An economic activity in which one party pays for the privilege of risking money on a probabilistic activity with negative [expected-return](concepts/expected-return.md). Often gambling games are [negative-sum](claims/negative-sum.md).
An economic activity in which one party pays for the privilege of risking money on a probabilistic activity with negative [expected-return](expected-return.md). Often gambling games are [negative-sum](zero-sum-game.md).
Trading crypto assets is often compared to gambling.
Trading [crypto assets](cryptoasset.md) is often compared to gambling.

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# Greater Fool Theory
The greater fool theory is a thesis in economics that market participants can sometimes profit from the purchase of overvalued assets, assets whose [market-value](market-value.md) drastically exceeding their [fundamental-value](fundamental-value.md), if those assets can later be resold at an even higher price to another market participant who makes the same assumption and so on ad infinitum.
The greater fool theory presumes an infinite chain of fools in order for all participants to "make it" or profit from the [bubble](bubble.md).

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# High Control Group

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# Initial Coin Offerings
Initial coin offerings are proxy [equity](security.md) fundraising structure that allows enterpeuers to raise crypto assets in a common enterprise outside of existing securities regulation.
Initial coin offerings are proxy [equity](security.md) fundraising structure that allows entrepeneurs to raise crypto assets in a common enterprise outside of existing securities regulation. Initial coin offerings are an exammple of [regulatory-arbitrage](regulatory-arbitrage.md) of [security](security.md) regulation.
Initial coin offerings are illegal in the United States.

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# Leverage
#todo
Leverage refers to the use of debt to increase the size of a position in an investment.

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# Mining
The technical process of
The technical process of confirming transactions in a [blockchain](blockchain.md) using the proof of work [consensus-algorithm](consensus-algorithm.md). Mining is typically centralized by companies known as mining pools which pool physical compute resources in order to increase their probability of confirming blocks.
Mining is an energy intensive process with a large environmental footprint.

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# Non Fungible Token
A type of [smart-contracts](smart-contracts.md) that associates a tradable [cryptoasset](cryptoasset.md) with a unique piece of data, often a url to hosted image representing some abstract or perceived notion of ownership in art or [sign-value](concepts/sign-value.md)
A type of [smart-contracts](smart-contracts.md) that associates a tradable [cryptoasset](cryptoasset.md) with a unique piece of data, often a url to hosted image representing some abstract or perceived notion of ownership in art or [sign-value](sign-value.md)
## Tinkerbell Effect
* [@diehl_tinkerbell_2021]
* [@bodo_rise_2022]
* [@diehl_tinkerbell_2021]
* [@olson_line_2022]

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A type of investment fraud in which old investors are paid out from an influx of new investors. These type of schemes are ultimately unsustainable and are destined to collapse when outflows exceed inflows or the operators abscond with the funds.
Economists often refer to [cryptoasset](cryptoasset.md) as obscured Ponzi schemes.
Economists often refer to [crypto asset](cryptoasset.md) as obscured Ponzi schemes.
s
## References
* [@krugman_bitcoin_2018]

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# Present Value
The value of an expected income stream determined as of the date of valuation.

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## References
*
* [@gorton_taming_2021]
* [@hockett_moneys_2019]

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# Ransomware
A form of crime involving hijacking of computer systems by which to demand ransoms to be paid to the attacker in the form of [cryptoasset](cryptoasset.md).
A form of crime involving hijacking of computer systems by which to demand ransoms to be paid to the attacker in the form of [crypto asset](cryptoasset.md).

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# Regulatory Arbitrage

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# Regulatory Capture

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# Securites
A legal framework in which counterparties to a country are given time-varying rights to [income-cashflows](concepts/income-cashflows.md) according to a contractual agreement.
A legal framework in which counterparties to a country are given time-varying rights to [income-cashflows](income-cashflows.md) according to a contractual agreement.
## Examples
* [stock](concepts/stock.md)
* [derivative](concepts/derivative.md)
* [stock](stock.md)
* [bond](bond.md)
* [derivative](derivative.md)

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# Shadow Bank
A shadow banking system refers to the unregulated financial intermediaries that facilitate the creation of credit across the global financial system.
A shadow banking system refers to a network of unregulated financial intermediaries that facilitate the creation of credit across the global financial system outside of the normal banking system.

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# Sign Value
Sign value denotes and describes the value accorded to an object because of the prestige or social status that it imparts upon the possessor, rather than the [use-value](concepts/use-value.md) and [income-cashflows](concepts/income-cashflows.md) derived from the function or use of the asset.
Sign value denotes and describes the value accorded to an object because of the prestige or social status that it imparts upon the possessor, rather than the [use-value](use-value.md) and [income-cashflows](income-cashflows.md) derived from the function or use of the asset.

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* [dao](dao.md)
* [ico](ico.md)
* [AMM](concepts/AMM.md)
* [DEX](concepts/DEX.md)
* [amm](amm.md)
* [dex](dex.md)
* ERC20

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# Speculation
Speculation is the taking of a position on an asset with the hope that it will become more valuable on a short time horizon. Speculators often care little for the [fundamental-value](fundamental-value.md) of the asset and instead focus purely on short-term price movements, sentiment and momentum.

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# Uniswap
Original and one of the largest [[concepts/AMM|Automated Market Maker]]s.
Original and one of the largest [[../concepts/amm|Automated Market Maker]]s.
![](Pasted%20image%2020220130012621.png)

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A heterodox school of economics that attempts to reason about human behaviour from first principles and deductive reasoning instead of quantitative analysis. Popular in the early 20th century but largely rejected by the modern academy.
This school of thought has seen a resurgence in relation to cryptocurrency.
This school of thought has seen a resurgence in relation to [crypto assets](../concepts/cryptoasset.md).
Often resonates with advocacy for the [gold-standard](gold-standard.md) and [libertarianism](libertarianism.md).
Often resonates with advocacy for the [gold-standard](../concepts/gold-standard.md) and [libertarianism](libertarianism.md).
## Prominent Thinkers