From 3a6c9155716b5ba41d3977ec0b657033bee5da25 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sdiehl <stephen.m.diehl@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 19 Mar 2022 09:54:29 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] Expand claims database

---
 claims/bitcoin-esg.md          |  1 +
 claims/blockchain-tech.md      | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 claims/crypto-decentralized.md |  9 ---------
 claims/crypto-unbanked.md      | 15 ++++++++++++++-
 claims/hedge-debasement.md     |  4 +++-
 claims/is-bitcoin-currency.md  | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 claims/is-bubble.md            | 12 ++++++++++++
 claims/is-legal.md             | 12 ++++++++++++
 claims/is-predatory.md         | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 claims/is-private-money.md     | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 claims/negative-sum.md         | 15 +++++++++++++++
 claims/new-internet.md         | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 claims/web3-decentralized.md   | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 claims/web3-green.md           |  0
 claims/weird-culture.md        |  8 +++++++-
 claims/well-defined.md         | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 guide/index.md                 |  2 +-
 meta/concepts-todo.md          |  2 +-
 site/pages/contribute.md       |  1 -
 19 files changed, 209 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 claims/bitcoin-esg.md
 delete mode 100644 claims/crypto-decentralized.md
 create mode 100644 claims/web3-decentralized.md
 create mode 100644 claims/web3-green.md

diff --git a/claims/bitcoin-esg.md b/claims/bitcoin-esg.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09b7e03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/claims/bitcoin-esg.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Is bitcoin compatible with ESG investing?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/claims/blockchain-tech.md b/claims/blockchain-tech.md
index e5dee03..ea7ce83 100644
--- a/claims/blockchain-tech.md
+++ b/claims/blockchain-tech.md
@@ -3,6 +3,23 @@ Blockchain technology, detached from the sale of tokens or [crypto assets](../co
 
 The technical purpose of blockchains is to create [censorship resistent](../concepts/censorship-resistence.md) networks for the issuance of [crypto asset](../concepts/cryptoasset.md) for [regulatory arbitrage](../concepts/regulatory-arbitrage.md) of [securities](../concepts/security.md) law and [illicit financing](../concepts/illicit-financing.md) purposes. There is no proven use case for the technology outside of scofflawing. 
 
+## References
+1. Orlowski, A. 2018. ‘Blockchain Study Finds 0.00% Success Rate and Vendors Don’t Call Back When Asked for Evidence’. The Register.
+1. Diehl, Stephen. 2021. ‘Blockchainism’. 11 December 2021. https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/blockchainism.html.
+1. Manski, Sarah, and Michel Bauwens. 2020. ‘Reimagining New Socio-Technical Economics Through the Application of Distributed Ledger Technologies’. Frontiers in Blockchain 2 (January): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2019.00029.
+1. Pardo-Guerra, Juan Pablo. 2019. Automating Finance. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108677585.
+1. Rauchs, Michel, Apolline Blandin, Keith Bear, and Stephen B McKeon. 2019. ‘2nd Global Enterprise Blockchain Benchmarking Study’. http://ssrn.com/paper=3461765.
+1. Diehl, Stephen. 2021a. ‘The Non-Innovation of Cryptocurrency’. 7 July 2021. https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/non-innovation.html.
+———. 2021b. ‘The Handwavy Technobabble Nothingburger’. 24 November 2021. https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/nothing-burger.html.
+1. Plant, Luke. 2022. ‘The Technological Case against Bitcoin and Blockchain’. Luke Plant’s Home Page. 5 March 2022. https://lukeplant.me.uk/blog/posts/the-technological-case-against-bitcoin-and-blockchain/.
+1. Rosenthal, David. n.d. ‘Stanford Lecture on Cryptocurrency’. Accessed 2 March 2022. https://blog.dshr.org/2022/02/ee380-talk.html.
+1. Schneier, Bruce. 2019. ‘There’s No Good Reason to Trust Blockchain Technology’. Wired Magazine. https://www.wired.com/story/theres-no-good-reason-to-trust-blockchain-technology/.
+1. Weaver, Nicholas. 2018. Blockchains and Cryptocurrencies: Burn It With Fire. Berkeley School of Information. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xCHab0dNnj4.
+1. White, Molly. 2022a. ‘Blockchain-Based Systems Are Not What They Say They Are’. Molly White (blog). 9 January 2022. https://blog.mollywhite.net/blockchains-are-not-what-they-say/.
+1. ———. 2022b. ‘It’s Not Still the Early Days’. Molly White. 14 January 2022. https://blog.mollywhite.net/its-not-still-the-early-days/.
+1. Pollock, Rufus. 2016. ‘Reflections on the Blockchain · Rufus Pollock Online’. 2 July 2016. https://rufuspollock.com/2016/07/02/reflections-on-the-blockchain/.
+1. Bindseil, Ulrich, Patrick Papsdorf, and Jürgen Schaaf. 2022. ‘The Encrypted Threat: Bitcoin’s Social Cost and Regulatory Responses’. 7 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107084533/https://www.suerf.org/docx/f_88b3febc5798a734026c82c1012408f5_38771_suerf.pdf.
+
 ## References
 * [@orlowski_blockchain_2018]
 * [@rauchs_2nd_2019]
diff --git a/claims/crypto-decentralized.md b/claims/crypto-decentralized.md
deleted file mode 100644
index c59e4a4..0000000
--- a/claims/crypto-decentralized.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# Crypto is not decentralized
-
-## References
-* [@walch_deconstructing_2019]
-* [@sun_centralized_2021]
-* [@diehl_decentralized_2021]
-* [@schneider_decentralization_2019]
-* [@zhang_aesthetics_2019]
-* [@soatok_against_2021]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/claims/crypto-unbanked.md b/claims/crypto-unbanked.md
index 29ca575..611a868 100644
--- a/claims/crypto-unbanked.md
+++ b/claims/crypto-unbanked.md
@@ -3,7 +3,20 @@ Crypto is not a solution to unbanked, because by its [deflationary](../concepts/
 
 The purpose of retail banking services is to provide stable, reliable and safe means for citizens to transact with money that is safely custodied by a trusted third party with the guarantees of regulation by the government that the party will hold their accounts on their behalf. This includes practices like customer service, deposit insurance, fraud detection, transaction reversal and issuing of payment cards.
 
-[Crypto exchanges](../concepts/crypto-exchange.md) cannot function as banks because the do not custody customer deposits and have no deposit insurance. This pushes unnecessary counterparty risk down to consumers and in the event of fraud, insolvency or market shocks customers may be left with no access to their "deposits". This is an unnecessary risk that is strictly worse than traditional banking products and is a form of [predatory inclusion](../concepts/predatory-inclusion.md) with parallels to predatory lending done during the subprime mortgage crisis and alternative money service business like payday loans.
+[Crypto exchanges](../concepts/crypto-exchange.md) cannot function as [banks](../concepts/bank.md) because the do not custody customer deposits and have no [deposit insurance](../concepts/deposit-insurance.md). This pushes unnecessary counterparty risk down to consumers and in the event of fraud, insolvency or market shocks customers may be left with no access to their funds. This is an unnecessary risk that is strictly worse than traditional banking products and is a form of [predatory inclusion](../concepts/predatory-inclusion.md) with parallels to predatory lending done during the subprime mortgage crisis and alternative money service business like payday loans.
+
+## References
+1. Howson, P., & de Vries, A. (2022). Preying on the poor? Opportunities and challenges for tackling the social and environmental threats of cryptocurrencies for vulnerable and low-income communities. Energy Research and Social Science, 84(xxxx), 102394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102394
+1. Koning, J. P. (2020). Bitcoin Financial Literacy and Crypto-Twitter. In American Institute for Economic Research. https://www.aier.org/article/bitcoin-financial-literacy-and-crypto-twitter/
+1. Aitken, R. (2017). ‘All data is credit data’: Constituting the unbanked. Competition and Change, 21(4), 274–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/1024529417712830
+1. Babu, A. (2020). Behind the Veil of Decentralization: Analyzing Blockchain Frames and Sponsors in US News. In SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3749482
+1. Chen, Y., & Bellavitis, C. (2020). Blockchain disruption and decentralized finance: The rise of decentralized business models. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2019.e00151
+1. Crandall, J. (2019). Cryptoeconomic Geographies and Contestation in Puerto Rico [PhD Thesis]. In Thesis (Issue May). http://jilliancrandall.net/cryptoeconomic-geographies-and-contestation-in-pr/
+1. Greeley, B. (2019). Facebook’s Libra will not help the unbanked. Financial Times, 18.
+1. Kapsis, I. (2021). Should we trade market stability for more financial inclusion? The case of crypto-assets regulation in EU. FinTech, Artificial Intelligence and the Law: Regulation and Crime Prevention, 85–104. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003020998-9
+1. Sen, A., Lindquist, J., & Kolling, M. (2020). Who’s Cashing in? Contemporary Perspectives on New Monies and Global Cashlessness (Vol. 19). Berghahn Books.
+1. Swartz, L. (2020). New money: How payment became social media. Yale University Press. https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300233223/new-money
+1. Vasudevan, R. (2020). Libra and Facebook’s Money Illusion. Challenge, 63(1), 21–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/05775132.2019.1684662
 
 ## References
 * [@koning_bitcoin_2020]
diff --git a/claims/hedge-debasement.md b/claims/hedge-debasement.md
index 1ab6eb7..b93baf7 100644
--- a/claims/hedge-debasement.md
+++ b/claims/hedge-debasement.md
@@ -1 +1,3 @@
-# Are crypto assets a hedge against "debasement" of the dollar?
\ No newline at end of file
+# Are crypto assets a hedge against "debasement" of the dollar?
+
+## References
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/claims/is-bitcoin-currency.md b/claims/is-bitcoin-currency.md
index fa0ed40..122ec6d 100644
--- a/claims/is-bitcoin-currency.md
+++ b/claims/is-bitcoin-currency.md
@@ -9,6 +9,25 @@ Bitcoin cannot form the foundation for an economic system because its volatility
 
 Since bitcoin is [deflationary](../concepts/deflationary.md) it encourages hording instead of spending on [productive enterprises](../concepts/productive-asset.md). This results in mass [market](../concepts/market.md) consolidation and accumulation instead of an environment in which commerce is encouraged. This property makes bitcoin completely antithetical to the entire project of a [currency](../concepts/currency.md) which definitionally exists to be spent.
 
+## References
+1. Varoufakis, Yanis. 2021. ‘What Is Money, Really? And Why Bitcoin Is Not the Answer (Even If Blockchain Is Brilliant & Potentially Helpful in Democratising Money)’. Yanis Varoufakis (blog). 2 August 2021. https://www.yanisvaroufakis.eu/2021/08/02/what-is-money/.
+1. Taleb, Nassim Nicholas. 2021. ‘Bitcoin, Currencies, and Fragility’. ArXiv:2106.14204 [Physics, q-Fin], July. http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.14204.
+1. Corradi, Fiammetta, and Philipp Höfner. 2018. ‘The Disenchantment of Bitcoin: Unveiling the Myth of a Digital Currency’. International Review of Sociology 28 (1): 193–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2018.1430067.
+1. Bratspies, Rebecca M. 2018. ‘Cryptocurrency and the Myth of the Trustless Transaction’. Mich. Telecomm. & Tech. L. Rev 1. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3141605.
+1. Diehl, Stephen. 2021a. ‘The Non-Innovation of Cryptocurrency’. 7 July 2021. https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/non-innovation.html.
+1. ———. 2021b. ‘The Intellectual Incoherence of Cryptoassets’. 7 November 2021. https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/crypto-absurd.html.
+1. ———. n.d. ‘The Case Against Crypto’. Accessed 17 February 2022. https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/against-crypto.html.
+1. Gerard, David. 2017. Attack of the 50 Foot Blockchain: Bitcoin, Blockchain, Ethereum & Smart Contracts. David Gerard.
+1. Kolchinski, Alex. 2022. ‘Crypto Is an Unproductive Bubble’. Alex Kolchinski (blog). 18 March 2022. https://alexkolchinski.com/2022/03/18/crypto-is-an-unproductive-bubble/.
+1. Krugman, Paul. 2018. ‘Bitcoin Is Basically a Ponzi Scheme’. The Seattle Times 30.
+1. ———. 2021a. ‘Technobabble, Libertarian Derp and Bitcoin’. The New York Times 21.
+1. ———. 2021b. ‘The Brutal Truth About Bitcoin’. The New York Times 21.
+1. Olson, Dan. 2022. Line Goes Up – The Problem With NFTs. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQ_xWvX1n9g.
+1. Plant, Luke. 2022. ‘The Technological Case against Bitcoin and Blockchain’. Luke Plant’s Home Page. 5 March 2022. https://lukeplant.me.uk/blog/posts/the-technological-case-against-bitcoin-and-blockchain/.
+1. Stinchcombe, Kai. 2018. ‘Blockchain Is Not Only Crappy Technology but a Bad Vision for the Future’. Medium (blog). 9 April 2018. https://medium.com/@kaistinchcombe/decentralized-and-trustless-crypto-paradise-is-actually-a-medieval-hellhole-c1ca122efdec.
+1. White, Molly. 2022a. ‘Cryptocurrency Off-Ramps, and the Shift towards Centralization’. Molly White. 12 February 2022. https://blog.mollywhite.net/off-ramps/.
+1. ———. 2022b. ‘Cryptocurrency’s Robinhood Effect’. Molly White. 17 February 2022. https://blog.mollywhite.net/cryptocurrencys-robinhood-effect/.
+
 ## References
 * [@taleb_bitcoin_2021-1]
 * [@corradi_disenchantment_2018]
diff --git a/claims/is-bubble.md b/claims/is-bubble.md
index 95e2962..2262149 100644
--- a/claims/is-bubble.md
+++ b/claims/is-bubble.md
@@ -23,6 +23,18 @@ And several notable investors have also described it as a bubble:
 * Warren Buffet
 * George Soros
 
+## References
+
+1. Chancellor, Edward. 1999. ‘Devil Take the Hindmost: A History of Financial Speculation’.
+1. Blanchard, Olivier J, and Mark W Watson. 1982. ‘Bubbles, Rational Expectations and Financial Markets’. NBER Working Paper, no. w0945.
+1. Bernstein, William J. 2021. The Delusions of Crowds: Why People Go Mad in Groups. Grove Press.
+1. Demmler, Michael, and Amilcar Orlian Fernández Domínguez. 2021. ‘Bitcoin and the South Sea Company: A Comparative Analysis’. Revista Finanzas y Política Económica 13 (1): 197–224.
+1. Baur, Dirk G., and Thomas Dimpfl. 2021. ‘The Volatility of Bitcoin and Its Role as a Medium of Exchange and a Store of Value’. Empirical Economics 61 (5): 2663–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-020-01990-5.
+1. Caferra, Rocco, Gabriele Tedeschi, and Andrea Morone. 2021. ‘Bitcoin: Bubble That Bursts or Gold That Glitters?’ Economics Letters 205: 109942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2021.109942.
+1. Mackay, Charles. 2012. Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds. Simon and Schuster.
+1. Nabilou, Hossein, and André Prüm. 2019. ‘Ignorance, Debt, and Cryptocurrencies: The Old and the New in the Law and Economics of Concurrent Currencies’. Journal of Financial Regulation 5 (1): 29–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/jfr/fjz002.
+1. Smales, L. A. 2022. ‘Investor Attention in Cryptocurrency Markets’. International Review of Financial Analysis 79: 101972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2021.101972.
+
 ## References
 * [@blanchard_bubbles_1982]
 * [@caferra_bitcoin_2021]
diff --git a/claims/is-legal.md b/claims/is-legal.md
index 81df4d7..fafbe6c 100644
--- a/claims/is-legal.md
+++ b/claims/is-legal.md
@@ -1,6 +1,18 @@
 # Legality of crypto assets
 Crypto assets are unlicensed [security](../concepts/security.md) contracts for unregulated [speculative](../concepts/speculation.md) investments. The legality of this depends on jurisdiction. 
 
+## References
+
+1. Bindseil, Ulrich, Patrick Papsdorf, and Jü rgen Schaaf. 2022. ‘The Encrypted Threat: Bitcoin’s Social Cost and Regulatory Responses’.
+1. Diehl, Stephen. 2021a. ‘The Political Case for a Blanket Cryptocurrency Ban’. 30 March 2021. https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/banbitcoin.html.
+———. 2021b. ‘How to Destroy Bitcoin’. 13 July 2021. https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/destroy-bitcoin.html.
+1. ‘Guidance on Cryptoassets’. 2019. Financial Conduct Authority. https://www.fca.org.uk/publication/consultation/cp19-03.pdf#page=11.
+1. Hacker, Philipp, and Chris Thomale. 2018. ‘Crypto-Securities Regulation: ICOs, Token Sales and Cryptocurrencies under EU Financial Law’. European Company and Financial Law Review 15 (4): 645–96.
+1. Huang, Sherena Sheng. 2021. ‘Crypto Assets Regulation in the UK: An Assessment of the Regulatory Effectiveness and Consistency’. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance.
+1. Rae, Shaela W, and Lorraine Mastersmith. 2019. ‘Crypto Asset Trading in Canada: Entering a New Era of Regulation’. Banking & Finance Law Review 35 (1): 153–85.
+1. Shri T Rabi Sankar. n.d. ‘Cryptocurrencies – An Assessment’. Reserve Bank of India. Accessed 2 March 2022. https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_SpeechesView.aspx?Id=1196.
+1. Zwitter, Andrej, and Jilles Hazenberg. 2020. ‘Decentralized Network Governance: Blockchain Technology and the Future of Regulation’. Frontiers in Blockchain 3. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fbloc.2020.00012.
+
 ## References
 * [@hacker_crypto-securities_2018]
 * [@azgad-tromer_crypto_2018]
diff --git a/claims/is-predatory.md b/claims/is-predatory.md
index 7d19d08..d29a12b 100644
--- a/claims/is-predatory.md
+++ b/claims/is-predatory.md
@@ -7,6 +7,30 @@ The base economics of crypto assets make them [negative sum](negative-sum.md) wh
 
 Crypto assets are thus a form of predatory finance with negative [expected-return](../concepts/expected-return.md) much like [gambling](../concepts/gambling.md) in a rigged casino.
 
+## References
+1. Shri T Rabi Sankar. n.d. ‘Cryptocurrencies – An Assessment’. Reserve Bank of India. Accessed 2 March 2022. https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_SpeechesView.aspx?Id=1196.
+1. ‘Bitcoin Pyramid Schemes Wreak Havoc on Brazil’s “New Egypt”’. 2022. AP NEWS. 22 January 2022. https://apnews.com/article/cryptocurrency-technology-business-brazil-bitcoin-2dc801e5e3aa477ce7983d84dc8a64bb.
+1. Corbet, Shaen. 2021. Understanding Cryptocurrency Fraud: The Challenges and Headwinds to Regulate Digital Currencies. Vol. 2. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
+1. Diehl, Stephen. 2021. ‘On Unintentional Scams’. 23 July 2021. https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/crypto-scams.html.
+1. Griffin, John M, and Amin Shams. 2020. ‘Is Bitcoin Really Untethered?’ The Journal of Finance 75 (4): 1913–64.
+1. Roubini, Nouriel. 2019. ‘The Great Crypto Heist’. Project Syndicate 16. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/cryptocurrency-exchanges-are-financial-scams-by-nouriel-roubini-2019-07.
+1. Tozze, Arianna, Josh Kamps, Eray Arda Akartuna, Toby Davies, Florian Hetzel, and Shane D. Johnson. 2021. ‘Cryptocurrencies and Future Crime’. Crime Science 11 (1): 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-021-00163-8.
+1. Xia, Pengcheng, Haoyu Wang, Xiapu Luo, Lei Wu, Yajin Zhou, Guangdong Bai, Guoai Xu, Gang Huang, and Xuanzhe Liu. 2020. ‘Don’t Fish in Troubled Waters! Characterizing Coronavirus-Themed Cryptocurrency Scams’. ArXiv Preprint ArXiv:2007.13639.
+1. Dhawan, Anirudh, and Tālis J Putniņš. 2020. ‘A New Wolf in Town? Pump-and-Dump Manipulation in Cryptocurrency Markets’. Pump-and-Dump Manipulation in Cryptocurrency Markets (August 10, 2020).
+1. Dhawan, Anirudh, and Talis J. Putnins. 2020. ‘A New Wolf in Town? Pump-and-Dump Manipulation in Cryptocurrency Markets’. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3670714.
+1. Hamrick, JT, Farhang Rouhi, Arghya Mukherjee, Amir Feder, Neil Gandal, Tyler Moore, and Marie Vasek. 2018a. ‘An Examination of the Cryptocurrency Pump and Dump Ecosystem’. http://ssrn.com/paper=3303365.
+1. ———. 2018b. ‘The Economics of Cryptocurrency Pump and Dump Schemes’.
+1. Kamps, Josh, and Bennett Kleinberg. 2018. ‘To the Moon: Defining and Detecting Cryptocurrency Pump-and-Dumps’. Crime Science 7 (1): 18.
+1. Li, Tao, Donghwa Shin, and Baolian Wang. 2019. ‘Cryptocurrency Pump-and-Dump Schemes’. Available at SSRN 3267041.
+1. Xu, Jiahua, and Benjamin Livshits. 2019. ‘The Anatomy of a Cryptocurrency Pump-and-Dump Scheme’. In 28th USENIX Security Symposium, 1609–25.
+1. Krugman, Paul. 2013. ‘Bitcoin Is Evil’. Paul Krugman Blog (blog). 28 December 2013. https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/12/28/bitcoin-is-evil/.
+1. ———. 2018a. ‘Bitcoin Is Basically a Ponzi Scheme’. The Seattle Times 30.
+———. 2018b. ‘Transaction Costs and Tethers: Why I’m a Crypto Skeptic’. The New York Times 21.
+1. ———. 2021a. ‘Technobabble, Libertarian Derp and Bitcoin’. The New York Times 21.
+1. ———. 2021b. ‘The Brutal Truth About Bitcoin’. The New York Times 21.
+1. Taleb, Nassim Nicholas. 2021. ‘Bitcoin, Currencies, and Fragility’. ArXiv:2106.14204 [Physics, q-Fin], July. http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.14204.
+
+
 ## References
 * [@bindseil_encrypted_2022]
 * [@momtaz_entrepreneurial_2020]
diff --git a/claims/is-private-money.md b/claims/is-private-money.md
index e2e7353..2989696 100644
--- a/claims/is-private-money.md
+++ b/claims/is-private-money.md
@@ -1,4 +1,22 @@
 # Is private money a desirable system?
 
+## References
+1. Steele, Graham. 2021. ‘The Miner of Last Resort: Digital Currency, Shadow Money and the Role of the Central Bank’. Technology and Government, Emerald Studies in Media and Communications, Forthcoming.
+1. Varoufakis, Yanis. 2021. ‘What Is Money, Really? And Why Bitcoin Is Not the Answer (Even If Blockchain Is Brilliant & Potentially Helpful in Democratising Money)’. Yanis Varoufakis (blog). 2 August 2021. https://www.yanisvaroufakis.eu/2021/08/02/what-is-money/.
+1. Gorton, Gary B, and Jeffery Zhang. 2021. ‘Taming Wildcat Stablecoins’. Available at SSRN 3888752.
+1. Hileman, Garrick. 2017. ‘Alternative Currencies: A Historical Survey and Taxonomy’. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2747975.
+1. Diehl, Stephen. n.d. ‘The Case Against Crypto’. Accessed 17 February 2022. https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/against-crypto.html.
+1. Dini, Paolo, and Alexandros Kioupkiolis. 2019. ‘The Alter-Politics of Complementary Currencies: The Case of Sardex’. Cogent Social Sciences 5 (1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2019.1646625.
+1. Larue, Louis. n.d. ‘The Case against Alternative Currencies’. Politics, Philosophy & Economics 0 (0): 1470594X211065784. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470594X211065784.
+1. Plant, Luke. 2022. ‘The Technological Case against Bitcoin and Blockchain’. Luke Plant’s Home Page. 5 March 2022. https://lukeplant.me.uk/blog/posts/the-technological-case-against-bitcoin-and-blockchain/.
+1. Canning, Tonya. 2018. ‘"We Don’t Want Hippy Money”: Contradiction and Exchange in a Local Currency System’. PhD Thesis. https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/handle/10222/74190.
+1. Doria, Luigi, and Luca Fantacci. 2018. ‘Evaluating Complementary Currencies: From the Assessment of Multiple Social Qualities to the Discovery of a Unique Monetary Sociality’. Quality and Quantity 52 (3): 1291–1314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0520-9.
+1. Hockett, Robert C. 2019. ‘Money’s Past Is Fintech’s Future: Wildcat Crypto, the Digital Dollar, and Citizen Central Banking’.
+1. Larue, Louis. 2020. ‘“A Conceptual Framework for Classifying Currencies”.’ International Journal of Community Currency Research 24 (1): 45–60.
+1. North, Peter. 2007. Money and Liberation: The Micropolitics of Alternative Currency Movements. University of Minnesota Press. https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/money-and-liberation.
+1. Pacione, Michael. 1997. ‘Local Exchange Trading Systems as a Response to the Globalisation of Capitalism’. Urban Studies 34 (8): 1179–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098975583.
+1. Petz, Marcus. 2020. ‘When Is Money Not a Currency? Developments from Finland of Proto-Community Currencies’. International Journal of Community Currency Research 24 (2): 30–53.
+1. Schroeder, Rolf F. H. 2020. ‘Beyond the Veil of Money: Boundaries as Constitutive Elements of Complementary Currencies’. The Japanese Political Economy 46 (1): 17–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/2329194x.2020.1762499.
+
 ## References
 * [@larue_case_nodate]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/claims/negative-sum.md b/claims/negative-sum.md
index afee1fc..c261a32 100644
--- a/claims/negative-sum.md
+++ b/claims/negative-sum.md
@@ -9,6 +9,21 @@ Investing in crypto assets is statistically guaranteed to lose money for almost
 
 See [assets](../concepts/assets.md) comparison chart for comparison of crypto assets to conventional investments.
 
+## References
+
+1. Krugman, Paul. 2018. ‘Bitcoin Is Basically a Ponzi Scheme’. The Seattle Times 30.
+1. ———. 2013. ‘Bitcoin Is Evil’. Paul Krugman Blog (blog). 28 December 2013. https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/12/28/bitcoin-is-evil/.
+1. ———. 2021a. ‘Technobabble, Libertarian Derp and Bitcoin’. The New York Times 21.
+1. ———. 2021b. ‘The Brutal Truth About Bitcoin’. The New York Times 21.
+1. Taleb, Nassim Nicholas. n.d. ‘Bitcoin, Currencies, and Fragility’, 6.
+1. Cembalest, Michael. 2022. ‘The Maltese Falcoin: On Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains’.
+1. Bindseil, Ulrich, Patrick Papsdorf, and Jürgen Schaaf. 2022. ‘The Encrypted Threat: Bitcoin’s Social Cost and Regulatory Responses’. 7 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107084533/https://www.suerf.org/docx/f_88b3febc5798a734026c82c1012408f5_38771_suerf.pdf.
+1. Corradi, Fiammetta, and Philipp Höfner. 2018. ‘The Disenchantment of Bitcoin: Unveiling the Myth of a Digital Currency’. International Review of Sociology 28 (1): 193–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2018.1430067.
+1. Shri T Rabi Sankar. n.d. ‘Cryptocurrencies – An Assessment’. Reserve Bank of India. Accessed 2 March 2022. https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_SpeechesView.aspx?Id=1196.
+1. Diehl, Stephen. 2021. ‘The Intellectual Incoherence of Cryptoassets’. 7 November 2021. https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/crypto-absurd.html.
+1. ———. n.d. ‘The Case Against Crypto’. Accessed 17 February 2022. https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/against-crypto.html.
+1. Stivers, A. 2019. ‘The Alchemy of a Pyramid: Transmutating Business Opportunity Into a Negative Sum Wealth Transfer’. http://ssrn.com/paper=3497682.
+
 ## References
 * [@taleb_bitcoin_2021]
 * [@fry_negative_2016]
diff --git a/claims/new-internet.md b/claims/new-internet.md
index 191760c..3f27548 100644
--- a/claims/new-internet.md
+++ b/claims/new-internet.md
@@ -1,5 +1,22 @@
 # Cryptoassets are being used to build a new internet
 
+## References
+
+1. Morozov, Evgeny. 2022. ‘Web3: A Map in Search of Territory’. The Crypto Syllabus. 13 January 2022. https://the-crypto-syllabus.com/web3-a-map-in-search-of-territory/.
+1. O’Reilly, Tim. 2021. ‘Why It’s Too Early to Get Excited About Web3’. O’Reilly Media. 13 December 2021. https://www.oreilly.com/radar/why-its-too-early-to-get-excited-about-web3/.
+1. Patterson, Dan. 2022. ‘Internet Guru Tim O’Reilly on Web3: “Get Ready for the Crash”’. CBS News. 10 February 2022. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/web3-cryptocurrency-nft-tim-oreilly/.
+1. Weaver, Nicholas. 2021. ‘The Web3 Fraud’. USENIX. 16 December 2021. https://www.usenix.org/publications/loginonline/web3-fraud.
+1. Tante. 2021. ‘The Third Web’. Nodes in a Social Network (blog). 17 December 2021. https://tante.cc/2021/12/17/the-third-web/.
+1. Marlinspike, Moxie. 2022. ‘My First Impressions of Web3’. Moxie Marlinspike. 7 January 2022. https://moxie.org/2022/01/07/web3-first-impressions.html.
+1. Levine, Matt. 2022. ‘Web3 Takes Trust Too’. 10 January 2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2022-01-10/web3-takes-trust-too.
+1. Soatok. 2021. ‘Against Web3 and Faux-Decentralization’. Dhole Moments. 19 October 2021. https://soatok.blog/2021/10/19/against-web3-and-faux-decentralization/.
+1. Tonelli, Emily. 2022. ‘Internet Guru Tim O’Reilly: Crypto and NFTs Are “Pretty Serious Speculative Bubble”’. Decrypt. 10 February 2022. https://decrypt.co/92676/internet-guru-tim-oreilly-crypto-nfts-serious-speculative-bubble.
+1. Yaffe-Bellany, David. 2022. ‘Millions for Crypto Start-Ups, No Real Names Necessary’. The New York Times, 2 March 2022, sec. Technology. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/02/technology/cryptocurrency-anonymity-alarm.html.
+1. Zitron, Ed. 2022. ‘Solutions That Create Problems’. Substack newsletter. Ed Zitron’s Where’s Your Ed At (blog). 23 February 2022. https://ez.substack.com/p/solutions-that-create-problems.
+1. Diehl, Stephen. 2021. ‘Web3 Is Bullshit’. 4 December 2021. https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/web3-bullshit.html.
+1. White, Molly. 2022. ‘It’s Not Still the Early Days’. Molly White. 14 January 2022. https://blog.mollywhite.net/its-not-still-the-early-days/.
+
+
 ## References
 * [@levine_web3_2022]
 * [@morozov_web3_2022]
diff --git a/claims/web3-decentralized.md b/claims/web3-decentralized.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e94c955
--- /dev/null
+++ b/claims/web3-decentralized.md
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# Crypto is not decentralized
+
+## References
+1. Allen, Hilary J. 2022. ‘DeFi: Shadow Banking 2.0?’ William & Mary Law Review, Forthcoming.
+1. Aramonte, Sirio, Wenqian Huang, and Andreas Schrimpf. 2021. ‘DeFi Risks and the Decentralisation Illusion’, 16.
+1. Arnosti, Nick, and S Matthew Weinberg. 2022. ‘Bitcoin: A Natural Oligopoly’. Management Science.
+1. Azouvi, Sarah. 2021. ‘Levels of Decentralization and Trust in Cryptocurrencies: Consensus, Governance and Applications’. PhD Thesis, University College London. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10139069/.
+1. Babu, Asvatha. 2020. ‘Behind the Veil of Decentralization: Analyzing Blockchain Frames and Sponsors in US News’. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3749482.
+1. Becker, Moritz. 2019. ‘Blockchain and the Promise (s) of Decentralisation : A Sociological Investigation of the Sociotechnical Imaginaries of Blockchain’. In Proceedings of the STS Conference Graz 2019, 6–30. https://doi.org/10.3217/978-3-85125-668-0-02.
+1. Bodó, Balázs, Jaya Klara Brekke, and Jaap Henk Hoepman. 2021. ‘Decentralisation: A Multidisciplinary Perspective’. Internet Policy Review 10 (2): 0–21. https://doi.org/10.14763/2021.2.1563.
+1. Cong, Lin William, Zhiguo He, and Jiasun Li. 2021. ‘Decentralized Mining in Centralized Pools’. Review of Financial Studies 34 (3): 1191–1235. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhaa040.
+1. Garrod, J. Z. 2016. ‘The Real World of the Decentralized Autonomous Society’. TripleC 14 (1): 62–77. https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v14i1.692.
+1. Halpin, Harry. 2020. ‘Deconstructing the Decentralization Trilemma’. ICETE 2020 - Proceedings of the 17th International Joint Conference on e-Business and Telecommunications 3: 505–12. https://doi.org/10.5220/0009892405050512.
+1. Humayun, Syeda Mariam. 2019. ‘Creation and Resilience of Decentralized Brands: Bitcoin & the Blockchain’. PhD Thesis. http://hdl.handle.net/10315/37662.
+1. Mannan, M. & Schneider, N. 2020. ‘Exit to Community: Strategies for Multi-Stakeholder Ownership in the Platform Economy’. Georgetown Law Technology Review 4 (1): 2017–19. https://georgetownlawtechreview.org/exit-to-community-strategies-for-multi-stakeholder-ownership-in-the-platform-economy/GLTR-05-2021/.
+1. Manski, Sarah, and Michel Bauwens. 2020. ‘Reimagining New Socio-Technical Economics Through the Application of Distributed Ledger Technologies’. Frontiers in Blockchain 2 (January): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2019.00029.
+1. Rocas-Royo, Marc. 2021. ‘The Blockchain That Was Not: The Case of Four Cooperative Agroecological Supermarkets’. Frontiers in Blockchain 4 (April): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2021.624810.
+1. Sai, Ashish Rajendra. 2021. ‘Towards a Holistic Assessment of Centralization in Distributed Ledgers’. https://ulir.ul.ie/handle/10344/10766.
+1. Sai, Ashish Rajendra, Jim Buckley, Brian Fitzgerald, and Andrew Le Gear. 2021. ‘Taxonomy of Centralization in Public Blockchain Systems: A Systematic Literature Review’. Information Processing and Management 58 (4): 102584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102584.
+1. Schneider, Nathan. 2019. ‘Decentralization: An Incomplete Ambition’. Journal of Cultural Economy. https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2019.1589553.
+1. Walch, Angela. 2019. ‘Deconstructing ‘Decentralization’: Exploring the Core Claim of Crypto Systems’. C. Brummer (Ed.), Crypto Assets: Legal and Monetary Perspectives, 1–36. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3326244.
+1. Zhang, Zhexi. 2019. ‘The Aesthetics of Decentralization’. PhD Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/123614.
+1. Soatok. 2021. ‘Against Web3 and Faux-Decentralization’. Dhole Moments. 19 October 2021. https://soatok.blog/2021/10/19/against-web3-and-faux-decentralization/.
+
+
+## References
+* [@walch_deconstructing_2019]
+* [@sun_centralized_2021]
+* [@diehl_decentralized_2021]
+* [@schneider_decentralization_2019]
+* [@zhang_aesthetics_2019]
+* [@soatok_against_2021]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/claims/web3-green.md b/claims/web3-green.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/claims/weird-culture.md b/claims/weird-culture.md
index edffb47..7d10f33 100644
--- a/claims/weird-culture.md
+++ b/claims/weird-culture.md
@@ -18,7 +18,8 @@ Crypto culture depends heavily on a distortion of language to signify belonging
 * "diamond hands"
 
 ## References
-
+1. Venkataramakrishnan, Siddharth, and Robin Wigglesworth. 2021. ‘Inside the Cult of Crypto’. Financial Times, 10 September 2021. https://www.ft.com/content/9e787670-6aa7-4479-934f-f4a9fedf4829.
+1. Olson, Dan. 2022. Line Goes Up – The Problem With NFTs. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQ_xWvX1n9g.
 1. Bellinger, M. (2018). The Rhetoric of Bitcoin: Money, Politics, and the Construction of Blockchain Communities [PhD Thesis]. In ResearchWorks Archive. https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/43342
 1. Bernstein, W. J. (2021). The Delusions of Crowds: Why People Go Mad in Groups. Grove Press.
 1. Breidbach, C. F., & Tana, S. (2021). Betting on Bitcoin: How social collectives shape cryptocurrency markets. Journal of Business Research, 122, 311–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.09.017
@@ -53,6 +54,11 @@ Crypto culture depends heavily on a distortion of language to signify belonging
 1. Faustino, S. (2019). How metaphors matter: An ethnography of blockchain-based re-descriptions of the world. Journal of Cultural Economy, 12(6), 478–490. https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2019.1629330
 1. Penny, L. (2018). Four Days Trapped at Sea With Crypto’s Nouveau Riche. In BREAKERMAG. https://breakermag.com/trapped-at-sea-with-cryptos-nouveau-riche/
 1. Stephenson, W. (n.d.). Cryptonomicon. Harpers Review. Retrieved 2 March 2022, from https://harpers.org/archive/2022/03/cryptonomicon-bitcoin-maximalists-miami/
+1. Faustino, Sandra, Inês Faria, and Rafael Marques. 2021. ‘The Myths and Legends of King Satoshi and the Knights of Blockchain’. Journal of Cultural Economy 0 (0): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2021.1921830.
+1. Golumbia, David. 2018. ‘Zealots of the Blockchain: The True Believers of the Bitcoin Cult’. The Baffler, no. 38: 102–11.
+1. Lee, Seung Cheol. 2020. ‘Magical Capitalism, Gambler Subjects: South Korea’s Bitcoin Investment Frenzy’. Cultural Studies 0 (0): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2020.1788620.
+1. Mackay, Charles. 2012. Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds. Simon and Schuster.
+1. Samman, Amin, and Stefano Sgambati. n.d. ‘Financial Eschatology and the Libidinal Economy of Leverage’. Theory, Culture & Society (Forthcoming). https://doi.org/10.1177/02632764211070805.
 
 
 ## References
diff --git a/claims/well-defined.md b/claims/well-defined.md
index 588f02c..3497012 100644
--- a/claims/well-defined.md
+++ b/claims/well-defined.md
@@ -7,6 +7,22 @@ Web3 has also been described as a means of doing [regulatory arbitrage](regulato
 
 Web3 has been [criticised](https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/web3-bullshit.html) as being an intentionally ambiguous buzzword.
 
+## References
+
+1. Morozov, Evgeny. 2022. ‘Web3: A Map in Search of Territory’. The Crypto Syllabus. 13 January 2022. https://the-crypto-syllabus.com/web3-a-map-in-search-of-territory/.
+1. O’Reilly, Tim. 2021. ‘Why It’s Too Early to Get Excited About Web3’. O’Reilly Media. 13 December 2021. https://www.oreilly.com/radar/why-its-too-early-to-get-excited-about-web3/.
+1. Patterson, Dan. 2022. ‘Internet Guru Tim O’Reilly on Web3: “Get Ready for the Crash”’. CBS News. 10 February 2022. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/web3-cryptocurrency-nft-tim-oreilly/.
+1. Weaver, Nicholas. 2021. ‘The Web3 Fraud’. USENIX. 16 December 2021. https://www.usenix.org/publications/loginonline/web3-fraud.
+1. Tante. 2021. ‘The Third Web’. Nodes in a Social Network (blog). 17 December 2021. https://tante.cc/2021/12/17/the-third-web/.
+1. Marlinspike, Moxie. 2022. ‘My First Impressions of Web3’. Moxie Marlinspike. 7 January 2022. https://moxie.org/2022/01/07/web3-first-impressions.html.
+1. Levine, Matt. 2022. ‘Web3 Takes Trust Too’. 10 January 2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2022-01-10/web3-takes-trust-too.
+1. Soatok. 2021. ‘Against Web3 and Faux-Decentralization’. Dhole Moments. 19 October 2021. https://soatok.blog/2021/10/19/against-web3-and-faux-decentralization/.
+1. Tonelli, Emily. 2022. ‘Internet Guru Tim O’Reilly: Crypto and NFTs Are “Pretty Serious Speculative Bubble”’. Decrypt. 10 February 2022. https://decrypt.co/92676/internet-guru-tim-oreilly-crypto-nfts-serious-speculative-bubble.
+1. Yaffe-Bellany, David. 2022. ‘Millions for Crypto Start-Ups, No Real Names Necessary’. The New York Times, 2 March 2022, sec. Technology. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/02/technology/cryptocurrency-anonymity-alarm.html.
+1. Zitron, Ed. 2022. ‘Solutions That Create Problems’. Substack newsletter. Ed Zitron’s Where’s Your Ed At (blog). 23 February 2022. https://ez.substack.com/p/solutions-that-create-problems.
+1. Diehl, Stephen. 2021. ‘Web3 Is Bullshit’. 4 December 2021. https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/web3-bullshit.html.
+1. White, Molly. 2022. ‘It’s Not Still the Early Days’. Molly White. 14 January 2022. https://blog.mollywhite.net/its-not-still-the-early-days/.
+
 ## References
 * [https://web3isgoinggreat.com](https://web3isgoinggreat.com)
 * [@diehl_web3_2021]
diff --git a/guide/index.md b/guide/index.md
index 3917509..2872760 100644
--- a/guide/index.md
+++ b/guide/index.md
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ Explore crypto and "web3" in terms of the claims made about it. These subclaims
 * [Is the underlying technology of "blockchain" useful for non-monetary purposes?](../claims/blockchain-tech.md)
 * [Is web3 even a well-defined term?](../claims/well-defined.md)
 * Is web3 green?
-* [Is web3 decentralized?](../claims/crypto-decentralized.md)
+* [Is web3 decentralized?](../claims/web3-decentralized.md)
 * [Is web3 the next generation of the internet?](../claims/new-internet.md)
 
 **Creative Destruction**
diff --git a/meta/concepts-todo.md b/meta/concepts-todo.md
index ad9a68c..027054b 100644
--- a/meta/concepts-todo.md
+++ b/meta/concepts-todo.md
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ Second Pass
 Claims
 
 - [ ] [authoritarianism](../claims/authoritarianism.md)
-- [ ] [crypto-decentralized](../claims/crypto-decentralized.md)
+- [ ] [web3-decentralized](../claims/web3-decentralized.md)
 - [ ] [environmental-footprint](../claims/environmental-footprint.md)
 - [x] [is-bubble](../claims/is-bubble.md)
 - [ ] [narrative-economics](../concepts/narrative-economics.md)
diff --git a/site/pages/contribute.md b/site/pages/contribute.md
index 9b04293..ef126bc 100644
--- a/site/pages/contribute.md
+++ b/site/pages/contribute.md
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ This is an open collaborative project. We already have a variety of partners and
 * Check out the github repo for the project: https://github.com/life-itself/web3
 
 ### If you like exploring and sharing
-
 * Check out our videos and resources.
 * Share the work with others.