Finish stablecoin article
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# Crypto Mixer
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A crypto mixer is a [smart contracts](smart-contracts.md) service that performs [money laundering](money-laundering.md) for a fee. The service obscures the origin of [illicit funds](illicit-financing.md) to evade detection by law enforcement.
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A crypto mixer is a [smart contract](smart-contracts.md) service that performs [money laundering](money-laundering.md) for a fee. The service obscures the origin of [illicit funds](illicit-financing.md) to evade detection by law enforcement.
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Crypto mixers are a form of [regulatory arbitrage](regulatory-arbitrage.md).
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# Money Laundering
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The obfuscation of the origin of funds by layering illegitimate transactions (often tied to criminal activities) with legitimate transactions.
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The obfuscation of the origin of funds by layering illegitimate transactions (often tied to criminal activities) with legitimate transactions.
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See [mixer](mixer.md) and [AML](aml.md).
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## References
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* Orcutt, Mike. 2020. ‘This Is How North Korea Uses Cutting-Edge Crypto Money Laundering to Steal Millions’. MIT Technology Review. MIT Technology Review. http://www.technologyreview.com/2020/03/05/916688/north-korean-hackers-cryptocurrency-money-laundering/.
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* Buttigieg, Christopher P., Christos Efthymiopoulos, Abigail Attard, and Samantha Cuyle. 2019. ‘Anti-Money Laundering Regulation of Crypto Assets in Europe’s Smallest Member State’. Law and Financial Markets Review 13 (4): 211–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/17521440.2019.1663996.
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* Fanusie, Yaya, and Tom Robinson. 2018. ‘Bitcoin Laundering: An Analysis of Illicit Flows into Digital Currency Services’. Center on Sanctions and Illicit Finance Memorandum, January.
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* Feinstein, Brian D., and Kevin Werbach. 2020. ‘The Impact of Cryptocurrency Regulation on Trading Markets’. SSRN Electronic Journal 7 (1): 48–99. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3649475.
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* Ferreira, Agata. 2021. ‘The Curious Case of Stablecoins—Balancing Risks and Rewards?’ Journal of International Economic Law 24 (4): 755–78. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgab036.
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* Fletcher, Emily, Charles Larkin, and Shaen Corbet. 2021. ‘Countering Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing: A Case for Bitcoin Regulation’. Research in International Business and Finance 56 (January): 101387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2021.101387.
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* Miscione, Gianluca, and Donncha Kavanagh. 2015. ‘Bitcoin and the Blockchain: A Coup d’Etat in Digital Heterotopia?’ SSRN Electronic Journal, no. 2006: 1–27. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2624922.
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* Rae, Shaela W, and Lorraine Mastersmith. 2019. ‘Crypto Asset Trading in Canada: Entering a New Era of Regulation’. Banking & Finance Law Review 35 (1): 153–85.
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* Renwick, Robin, and Rob Gleasure. 2021. ‘Those Who Control the Code Control the Rules: How Different Perspectives of Privacy Are Being Written into the Code of Blockchain Systems’. Journal of Information Technology 36 (1): 16–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268396220944406.
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# Stablecoin
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A crypto asset that is pegged ([currLency-peg](currLency-peg.md)) to a real world [currency](currency.md) such as the dollar or euro. Stablecoins may be issued on multiple [blockchain](blockchain.md).
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Stablecoins may be [leverage](leverage.md) against their deposits where the total value in circulation does not equal the assets held on behalf of customers. Such stablecoins are known as *unbacked stablecoins*.
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Stablecoins may be [leverage](leverage.md) against their deposits where the total value in circulation does not equal the assets held on behalf of customers. Such stablecoins are known as *unbacked stablecoins*.
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See also [DeFi](defi.md), [staking](staking.md) and [liquidity pool](liquidity-pool.md).
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## References
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* Steele, Graham. 2021. ‘The Miner of Last Resort: Digital Currency, Shadow Money and the Role of the Central Bank’. Technology and Government, Emerald Studies in Media and Communications, Forthcoming.
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* Gorton, Gary B., and Jeffery Zhang. 2021. ‘Taming Wildcat Stablecoins’. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3888752.
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* Bennet, Tomlin. n.d. ‘Tether and Bitfinex Introduction’. Accessed 2 March 2022. https://bennettftomlin.com/2021/08/08/tether-and-bitfinex-introduction/.
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* Krugman, Paul. 2018. ‘Transaction Costs and Tethers: Why I’m a Crypto Skeptic’. The New York Times 21.
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* Castor, Amy. 2021. ‘The Curious Case of Tether: A Complete Timeline of Events’. https://amycastor.com/2019/01/17/the-curious-case-of-tether-a-complete-timeline-of-events/.
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* Griffin, John M, and Amin Shams. 2020. ‘Is Bitcoin Really Untethered?’ The Journal of Finance 75 (4): 1913–64.
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* Brennecke, Martin, Benjamin Schellinger, Nils Urbach, and Tobias Guggenberger. 2022. ‘The De-Central Bank in Decentralized Finance: A Case Study of MakerDAO’. https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2022.737.
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* Clements, Ryan. 2021. ‘Built to Fail: The Inherent Fragility of Algorithmic Stablecoins’. SSRN Electronic Journal 11: 131. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3952045.
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* Ferreira, Agata. 2021. ‘The Curious Case of Stablecoins—Balancing Risks and Rewards?’ Journal of International Economic Law 24 (4): 755–78. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgab036.
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* Landwehr, Marvin, and Volker Wulf. 2020. ‘Toward Emancipatory Currencies: A Critique of Facebook’s Libra Cryptocurrency and Ideas for Alternatives’. PervasiveHealth: Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare, 236–46. https://doi.org/10.1145/3401335.3401365.
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* Li, Ye, and Simon Mayer. 2021. ‘Money Creation in Decentralized Finance: A Dynamic Model of Stablecoin and Crypto Shadow Banking’. Fisher College of Business Working Paper, no. 2020–03: 030.
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* Malloy, Matthew, and David Lowe. 2021. ‘Global Stablecoins: Monetary Policy Implementation Considerations from the U.S. Perspective’. Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2021 (020): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.17016/feds.2021.020.
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* Mizrach, Bruce. 2021. ‘Stablecoins: Survivorship, Transactions Costs and Exchange Microstructure’. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3835219.
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* Pupolizio, Ivan. 2021. ‘From Libra to Diem. The Pursuit of a Global Private Currency’. Global Jurist. https://doi.org/10.1515/gj-2021-0055.
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* Reiser, Jan. 2020. ‘Libra : An Economic and Technical Analysis’. https://wwz.unibas.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/wwz/00_Professuren/Schaer_DLTFintech/Lehre/Reiser_2020.pdf.
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* Salmony, Michael. 2019. ‘Money and the Fear of Missing out: How to Stay Sane in a World Shaken by Libra.’ Journal of Payments Strategy & Systems 13 (4): 282–87. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/hsp/jpss/2020/00000013/00000004/art00002.
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* Tischer, Daniel. 2020. ‘Cutting the Network? Facebook’s Libra Currency as a Problem of Organisation’. Finance and Society 6 (1): 19–33. https://doi.org/10.2218/finsoc.v6i1.4406.
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* Vasudevan, Ramaa. 2020. ‘Libra and Facebook’s Money Illusion’. Challenge 63 (1): 21–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/05775132.2019.1684662.
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* Zetzsche, Dirk A., Ross P. Buckley, and Douglas W. Arner. 2021. ‘Regulating Libra’. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 41 (1): 80–113. https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqaa036.
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* Peebles, Gustav. 2020. ‘Banking on Digital Money: Swedish Cashlessness and the Fraying Currency Tether’. Cultural Anthropology 36 (1): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.14506/ca36.1.01.
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# Wash Trading
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The trading of an [assets](assets.md) in which the same party both buys and sells the product in order to fake transaction or [market manipulate](market-manipulation.md) the price of the asset.
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See [market manipulation](market-manipulation.md) and [price formation](price-formation.md).
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## References
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* Cong, Lin William, Xi Li, Ke Tang, and Yang Yang. 2020. ‘Crypto Wash Trading’. Available at SSRN 3530220.
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* Vigna, P. 2019. ‘Most Bitcoin Trading Faked by Unregulated Exchanges, Study Finds’. Wall Street Journal.
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* Vigna, P. 2019. ‘Most Bitcoin Trading Faked by Unregulated Exchanges, Study Finds’. Wall Street Journal.
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* Feinstein, Brian D., and Kevin Werbach. 2020. ‘The Impact of Cryptocurrency Regulation on Trading Markets’. SSRN Electronic Journal 7 (1): 48–99. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3649475.
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* Rae, Shaela W, and Lorraine Mastersmith. 2019. ‘Crypto Asset Trading in Canada: Entering a New Era of Regulation’. Banking & Finance Law Review 35 (1): 153–85.
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