Citations todo list

claims/hedge-inflation.md

@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
 > The experience of March 2020, during the market panic upon the onset of the pandemic, when bitcoin dropped farther than the stock market —and subsequently recovered with it upon the massive injection of liquidity is sufficient evidence that it cannot remotely be used as a tail hedge against systemic risk. Furthermore, bitcoin appears to respond to liquidity, exactly like other bubble items. It is also uncertain what could happen should the internet experience a general, or an even a regional, outage — particularly if it takes place during a financial collapse.
 
 ## References
-* Cembalest, Michael. 2022. ‘The Maltese Falcoin: On Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains’.
+1. Shaffer, Daniel S. 2010. Profiting in Economic Storms: A Historic Guide to Surviving Depression, Deflation, Hyperinflation, and Market Bubbles. John Wiley & Sons.
-* Shaffer, Daniel S. 2010. Profiting in Economic Storms: A Historic Guide to Surviving Depression, Deflation, Hyperinflation, and Market Bubbles. John Wiley & Sons.
+1. Taleb, Nassim Nicholas. 2021. ‘Bitcoin, Currencies, and Fragility’. ArXiv:2106.14204 [Physics, q-Fin], July. http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.14204.
-* Taleb, Nassim Nicholas. 2021. ‘Bitcoin, Currencies, and Fragility’. ArXiv:2106.14204 [Physics, q-Fin], July. http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.14204.
+1. Wang, Gangjin, Yanping Tang, Chi Xie, and Shou Chen. 2019. ‘Is Bitcoin a Safe Haven or a Hedging Asset? Evidence from China’. Journal of Management Science and Engineering 4 (3): 173–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmse.2019.09.001.
-* Wang, Gangjin, Yanping Tang, Chi Xie, and Shou Chen. 2019. ‘Is Bitcoin a Safe Haven or a Hedging Asset? Evidence from China’. Journal of Management Science and Engineering 4 (3): 173–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmse.2019.09.001.
+1. Cembalest, Michael. 2022. ‘The Maltese Falcoin: On Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains’.
-* Frisch, Helmut. 1983. Theories of Inflation. Cambridge University Press.
+1. Frisch, Helmut. 1983. Theories of Inflation. Cambridge University Press.

claims/nfts-artists.md

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 # NFTs are not a net good for artists
-The economic structure of [NFTs](../concepts/nft.md) is almost identical to that of [multilevel marketing schemes](../concepts/mlm.md).  Both MLMs and NFTs share the same set of psychological tricks to create fear of missing out and false promises of financial windfalls to entice more victims into the scheme. Just like with MLM schemes, NFTs require an upfront buy-in cost in order to mint the NFT projects. These minting fees must be paid in a specific [cryptoasset](../concepts/cryptoasset.md) which creates [artificial-demand](../concepts/artificial-demand.md) for the token since artists are forced to buy the token at any price to buy into the scheme.
+The economic structure of [NFTs](../concepts/nft.md) is almost identical to that of [multilevel marketing schemes](../concepts/mlm.md).  Both MLMs and NFTs share the same set of psychological tricks to create fear of missing out and false promises of financial windfalls to entice more victims into the scheme. Just like with MLM schemes, NFTs require an upfront buy-in cost in order to mint the NFT projects. These minting fees must be paid in a specific [cryptoasset](../concepts/cryptoasset.md) which creates [artificial demand](../concepts/artificial-demand.md) for the token since artists are forced to buy the token at any price to buy into the scheme.
 
 Since the NFT market depends highly on [sign-value](../concepts/sign-value.md), hype, and promotion generation the returns on any one NFT projects are only a factor of their visibility and [market manipulation](../concepts/market-manipulation.md). Thus artist who will see higher returns are ones who outside of their NFT projects already have high visibility and are thus able to leverage their influence to create exit liquidity in their NFT scheme.
 
-Because digital tokens have no inherent value and are not backed by any other asset, hype is crypto's product and those with the most to lose are in the worst positions. NFTs are a form of [predatory-inclusion](../concepts/predatory-inclusion.md) that on average does not liberate artists. Instead most artiists will engage in the token sales at a loss, making almost nothing in return. The return and payout structure is similar to that of MLMs which depend on [asymmetric-information](../concepts/asymmetric-information.md) to incentiveize a small pool of individuals at the expensive a vast number of others who are victims of the scheme.
+Because digital tokens have no inherent value and are not backed by any other asset, hype is crypto's product and those with the most to lose are in the worst positions. NFTs are a form of [predatory inclusion](../concepts/predatory-inclusion.md) that on average does not liberate artists. Instead most artiists will engage in the token sales at a loss, making almost nothing in return. The return and payout structure is similar to that of MLMs which depend on [asymmetric information](../concepts/asymmetric-information.md) to incentiveize a small pool of individuals at the expensive a vast number of others who are victims of the scheme.
 
 On the whole, NFTs create more harm to than good like most [negative-sum](negative-sum.md) investment schemes.
 

concepts/austrian-economics.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ This school of thought has seen a resurgence in relation to [crypto assets](../c
 
 Often resonates with advocacy for the [gold standard](../gold-standard.md) and [libertarianism](libertarianism.md).
 
-## Prominent Thinkers
+Prominent Thinkers in the Austrian tradition are:
 
 * Murry Rothbards
 * Ludwig von Mises

concepts/cbdc.md

@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ CBDCs are either based on an *account model* or *token model*.
 
 CBDCs have been critized as being an extension of the surveillance state that conflicts with financial privacy norms.
 
-## Examples
+Examples of pending or live CBDC projects by nation states:
+
 * Chinese Digital Yuan
 * Bahama Sand Dollar
 * Project Hamilton

concepts/commodity.md

@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 # Commodity
 An asset that is used for its [use value](use-value.md) as an input to an economic process.
 
-## Examples
+Examples of commodities include:
+
 * Petroleum
 * Wheat
 * Pork
-* Aluminium
+* Aluminium
+
+## References
+1. Wilmott, Paul. Paul Wilmott introduces quantitative finance. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.

concepts/deflationary.md

@@ -8,5 +8,6 @@ A deflationary spiral is a situation in [market](market.md) where decreases in t
 See also [inflationary asset](inflationary.md).
 
 ## References
+1. Frisch, Helmut. 1983. Theories of Inflation. Cambridge University Press.
 1. Hanley, Brian P. 2018. ‘The False Premises and Promises of Bitcoin’. ArXiv:1312.2048 [Cs, q-Fin], July. http://arxiv.org/abs/1312.2048.
 1. Taleb, Nassim Nicholas. 2021. ‘Bitcoin, Currencies, and Fragility’. ArXiv:2106.14204 [Physics, q-Fin], July. http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.14204.

concepts/derivative.md

@@ -5,10 +5,16 @@ Underlying for derivatives are most often [stocks](stock.md), [bonds](bond.md),
 
 A derivative is a type of [financial asset](financial-asset.md). Derivatives have no [use value](use-value.md). Their [fundamental value](fundamental-value.md) and demand is generated from their the demand of the underlying.
 
-## Examples
+Examples of derivatives products:
+
 * Futures
 * Forwards
 * Swaps
 * Options
 * Interest Rate Swaps
-* [Credit Default Swaps](cds.md)
+* [Credit Default Swaps](cds.md)
+
+## References
+1. Grinold, Richard C., and Ronald N. Kahn. Active portfolio management: Quantitative theory and applications. Probus, 1995.
+1. Roche, Cullen O. 2011. ‘Understanding the Modern Monetary System’. http://ssrn.com/paper=1905625.
+1. Braun, Benjamin, and Daniela Gabor. 2019. ‘Central Banking, Shadow Banking, and Infrastructural Power’. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/nf9ms.

concepts/expected-return.md

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 # Expected Return
 Expected return (ER) is calculated by multiplying potential cashflow outcomes by the odds that they occur and then summing over the result.
 
-> ER = (return A x probability A) + (return B x probability B) + ...
+> ER = (return A x probability A) + (return B x probability B) + ...
+
+## References
+1. Grinold, Richard C., and Ronald N. Kahn. Active portfolio management: Quantitative theory and applications. Probus, 1995.
+1. Wilmott, Paul. Paul Wilmott introduces quantitative finance. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.

concepts/financial-asset.md

@@ -11,8 +11,10 @@ See also [ficticious commodity](ficticious-commodity.md).
 * [Credit default swap](cds.md)
 
 ## References
-* Hanley, Brian P. 2018. ‘The False Premises and Promises of Bitcoin’. ArXiv:1312.2048 [Cs, q-Fin], July. http://arxiv.org/abs/1312.2048.
+1. Hanley, Brian P. 2018. ‘The False Premises and Promises of Bitcoin’. ArXiv:1312.2048 [Cs, q-Fin], July. http://arxiv.org/abs/1312.2048.
-* Taleb, Nassim Nicholas. 2021. ‘Bitcoin, Currencies, and Fragility’. ArXiv:2106.14204 [Physics, q-Fin], July. http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.14204.
+1. Taleb, Nassim Nicholas. 2021. ‘Bitcoin, Currencies, and Fragility’. ArXiv:2106.14204 [Physics, q-Fin], July. http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.14204.
-* Krugman, Paul. 2021. ‘Technobabble, Libertarian Derp and Bitcoin’. The New York Times 21. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/20/opinion/cryptocurrency-bitcoin.html.
+1. Krugman, Paul. 2021. ‘Technobabble, Libertarian Derp and Bitcoin’. The New York Times 21. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/20/opinion/cryptocurrency-bitcoin.html.
-* Bellinger, Matthew. 2018. ‘The Rhetoric of Bitcoin: Money, Politics, and the Construction of Blockchain Communities’. ResearchWorks Archive. PhD Thesis. https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/43342.
+1. Bellinger, Matthew. 2018. ‘The Rhetoric of Bitcoin: Money, Politics, and the Construction of Blockchain Communities’. ResearchWorks Archive. PhD Thesis. https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/43342.
-* Bindseil, Ulrich, Patrick Papsdorf, and Jürgen Schaaf. 2022. ‘The Encrypted Threat: Bitcoin’s Social Cost and Regulatory Responses’. 7 January 2022. https://www.suerf.org/docx/f_88b3febc5798a734026c82c1012408f5_38771_suerf.pdf.
+1. Grinold, Richard C., and Ronald N. Kahn. Active portfolio management: Quantitative theory and applications. Probus, 1995.
+1. Wilmott, Paul. Paul Wilmott introduces quantitative finance. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
+1. Bindseil, Ulrich, Patrick Papsdorf, and Jürgen Schaaf. 2022. ‘The Encrypted Threat: Bitcoin’s Social Cost and Regulatory Responses’. 7 January 2022. https://www.suerf.org/docx/f_88b3febc5798a734026c82c1012408f5_38771_suerf.pdf.

concepts/fundamental-value.md

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 # Fundamental Value
 In quantative finance, the fundamental value is the [present value](present-value.md) of all expected future net [income-cashflows](income-cashflows.md) to the asset calculated via discounted cash flow valuation.
 
-See also [present value](present-value.md), [terminal value](terminal-value.md) and [financial asset](financial-asset.md).
+See also [present value](present-value.md), [terminal value](terminal-value.md) and [financial asset](financial-asset.md).
+
+## References
+1. Grinold, Richard C., and Ronald N. Kahn. Active portfolio management: Quantitative theory and applications. Probus, 1995.
+1. Wilmott, Paul. Paul Wilmott introduces quantitative finance. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.

concepts/income-cashflows.md

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 # Income Cashflows
 Income associated with a financial asset is [money](money.md) that is generated by the terms of the contract. Such as the revenue a [stock](stock.md) company generates from its operations or the rent a piece of real estate can generate.
 
-The discounted cash flow model is a method in quantitative finance of valuing a security, project, company, or asset using the concepts of the time value of money.
+The discounted cash flow model is a method in quantitative finance of valuing a security, project, company, or asset using the concepts of the time value of money.
+
+## References
+1. Wilmott, Paul. Paul Wilmott introduces quantitative finance. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.

concepts/inevitablism.md

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # Crypto-inevitablism
-The prefiguragative political ideology which is centred around a core faith that [crypto assets](cryptoasset.md) and their associated technologies and culture have some pre-ordained to destiny on the scale of human history detached from their efficacy for one use case or problem to solve. It is the presupposition that crypto assets are simply *inevitable* and must be brought into existence to fulfil a, perhaps unspecified, destiny.
+The prefiguragative political ideology which is centred around a core faith that [crypto assets](cryptoasset.md) and their associated technologies and culture have some pre-ordained to destiny on the scale of human history detached from their efficacy for one use case or problem to solve. It is the presupposition that crypto assets are "here to stay", are even more so *inevitable*, and must be brought into existence to fulfil a, perhaps unspecified, destiny.
 
 ## References
 * Hussain, Syed Omer. 2020. ‘Prefigurative Post-Politics as Strategy: The Case of Government-Led Blockchain Projects’. The Journal of The British Blockchain Association 3 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.31585/jbba-3-1-(2)2020.

concepts/inflationary.md

@@ -3,4 +3,7 @@ A inflationary asset is one in which the supply of the asset is increasing. It i
 
 The [dollar](dollar.md) is an example of an [asset](assets.md) which is inflationary due to the monetary policy of the [central-banks](central-banks.md).
 
-See also [deflationary asset](deflationary.md).
+See also [deflationary asset](deflationary.md).
+
+## References
+1. Frisch, Helmut. 1983. Theories of Inflation. Cambridge University Press.

concepts/liquidity.md

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 # Liquidity
 Liquidity is the state of [assets](assets.md) being liquid, or the ability to easily turn the assets or investments into [currency](currency.md) by finding a buyer for the asset on a [[market.]]
 
-The inability to find a buyer for an asset makes the asset illiquid.
+The inability to find a buyer for an asset makes the asset illiquid.
+
+## References
+1. Grinold, Richard C., and Ronald N. Kahn. Active portfolio management: Quantitative theory and applications. Probus, 1995.
+1. Wilmott, Paul. Paul Wilmott introduces quantitative finance. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.

concepts/market-value.md

@@ -1,2 +1,5 @@
 # Market Value
-The [market](market.md) value represents the value of an asset according to its price on a public market. It is the price an asset would get in the marketplace.
+The [market](market.md) value represents the value of an asset according to its price on a public market. It is the price an asset would get in the marketplace.
+
+## References
+1. Wilmott, Paul. Paul Wilmott introduces quantitative finance. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.

concepts/non-economic.md

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 # Non-economic
 The property of a process having no economic importance or implication, a closed loop in which there are net zero inflows and outflows of good or services.
 
-See [ficticious commodity](ficticious-commodity.md) and [artificial scarcity](artificial-scarcity.md).
+See [ficticious commodity](ficticious-commodity.md) and [artificial scarcity](artificial-scarcity.md).
+
+## References
+1. Grinold, Richard C., and Ronald N. Kahn. Active portfolio management: Quantitative theory and applications. Probus, 1995.
+1. Wilmott, Paul. Paul Wilmott introduces quantitative finance. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.

concepts/platform-risk.md

@@ -7,4 +7,5 @@ Unregulated [crypto exchanges](crypto-exchange.md) are subject to extreme [platf
 1. Doctorow, C. (2022, February 3). Pluralistic: 03 Feb 2022 – Pluralistic: Daily links from Cory Doctorow. https://pluralistic.net/2022/02/03/liquidation-preference/
 1. Cumming, Douglas J., Sofia Johan, and Anshum Pant. 2019. ‘Regulation of the Crypto-Economy: Managing Risks, Challenges, and Regulatory Uncertainty’. Journal of Risk and Financial Management 12 (3): 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12030126.
 1. Ferrari, Valeria. 2020. ‘The Regulation of Crypto-Assets in the EU – Investment and Payment Tokens under the Radar’. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 27 (3): 325–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X20911538.
-1. Finck, Michèle. 2018. Blockchain Regulation and Governance in Europe. Blockchain Regulation and Governance in Europe. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108609708.
+1. Finck, Michèle. 2018. Blockchain Regulation and Governance in Europe. Blockchain Regulation and Governance in Europe. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108609708.
+1. Grinold, Richard C., and Ronald N. Kahn. Active portfolio management: Quantitative theory and applications. Probus, 1995.

concepts/present-value.md

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 # Present Value
 In quantitative finance, the present value of a [financial asset](financial-asset.md) is the expected [income](income-cashflows.md) stream determined as of the date of valuation. 
 
-See also [terminal value](terminal-value.md).
+See also [terminal value](terminal-value.md).
+
+## References
+1. Grinold, Richard C., and Ronald N. Kahn. Active portfolio management: Quantitative theory and applications. Probus, 1995.
+1. Wilmott, Paul. Paul Wilmott introduces quantitative finance. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.

concepts/productive-asset.md

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ Productive assets are [assets](assets.md) which have [income-cashflows](income-c
 [Crypto tokens](cryptoasset.md) are non-productive assets.
 
 ## References
-* Hanley, Brian P. 2018. ‘The False Premises and Promises of Bitcoin’. ArXiv:1312.2048 [Cs, q-Fin], July. http://arxiv.org/abs/1312.2048.
+1. Grinold, Richard C., and Ronald N. Kahn. Active portfolio management: Quantitative theory and applications. Probus, 1995.
+1. Hanley, Brian P. 2018. ‘The False Premises and Promises of Bitcoin’. ArXiv:1312.2048 [Cs, q-Fin], July. http://arxiv.org/abs/1312.2048.
+1. Wilmott, Paul. Paul Wilmott introduces quantitative finance. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
 1. Taleb, Nassim Nicholas. 2021. ‘Bitcoin, Currencies, and Fragility’. ArXiv:2106.14204 [Physics, q-Fin], July. http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.14204.
-* ‘Why Bitcoin Is Worse than a Madoff-Style Ponzi Scheme | Financial Times’. n.d. Accessed 20 March 2022. https://www.ft.com/content/83a14261-598d-4601-87fc-5dde528b33d0.
+1. ‘Why Bitcoin Is Worse than a Madoff-Style Ponzi Scheme | Financial Times’. n.d. Accessed 20 March 2022. https://www.ft.com/content/83a14261-598d-4601-87fc-5dde528b33d0.

concepts/risk.md

@@ -2,4 +2,8 @@
 1. [Counterparty risk](counterparty-risk.md)
 2. [Platform risk](platform-risk.md)
 3. [Price risk](price-risk.md)
-4. [Systemic risk](systemic-risk.md)
+4. [Systemic risk](systemic-risk.md)
+
+## References
+1. Grinold, Richard C., and Ronald N. Kahn. Active portfolio management: Quantitative theory and applications. Probus, 1995.
+1. Wilmott, Paul. Paul Wilmott introduces quantitative finance. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.

concepts/store-of-value.md

@@ -6,4 +6,6 @@ A store of value should have a low-variance in its [market value](../concepts/ma
 ## References
 1. Taleb, Nassim Nicholas. 2021. ‘Bitcoin, Currencies, and Fragility’. ArXiv:2106.14204 [Physics, q-Fin], July. http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.14204.
 1. Cembalest, Michael. 2022. ‘The Maltese Falcoin: On Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains’. https://privatebank.jpmorgan.com/content/dam/jpm-wm-aem/global/pb/en/insights/eye-on-the-market/the-maltese-falcoin.pdf.
-1. Wang, G., Tang, Y., Xie, C., & Chen, S. (2019). Is bitcoin a safe haven or a hedging asset? Evidence from China. Journal of Management Science and Engineering, 4(3), 173–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmse.2019.09.001
+1. Grinold, Richard C., and Ronald N. Kahn. Active portfolio management: Quantitative theory and applications. Probus, 1995.
+1. Wilmott, Paul. Paul Wilmott introduces quantitative finance. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
+1. Wang, G., Tang, Y., Xie, C., & Chen, S. (2019). Is bitcoin a safe haven or a hedging asset? Evidence from China. Journal of Management Science and Engineering, 4(3), 173–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmse.2019.09.001

concepts/survivorship-bias.md

@@ -7,4 +7,6 @@ For example a basket of tech stocks picked randomly during the height of the dot
 
 See also [endowment effect](endowment-effect.md) and [bandwagon bias](bandwagon-bias.md).
 
-## References
+## References
+1. Shaffer, Daniel S. 2010. Profiting in Economic Storms: A Historic Guide to Surviving Depression, Deflation, Hyperinflation, and Market Bubbles. John Wiley & Sons.
+1. Grinold, Richard C., and Ronald N. Kahn. Active portfolio management: Quantitative theory and applications. Probus, 1995.

meta/citations-todo.md

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# Citations Needed
+First pass
+
+- [ ] [aml](../concepts/aml.md)
+- [ ] [amm](../concepts/amm.md)
+- [ ] [artificial-demand](../concepts/artificial-demand.md)
+- [ ] [artificial-scarcity](../concepts/artificial-scarcity.md)
+- [ ] [austrian-economics](../concepts/austrian-economics.md)
+- [ ] [bandwagon-bias](../concepts/bandwagon-bias.md)
+- [ ] [bank](../concepts/bank.md)
+- [ ] [bank-run](../concepts/bank.md)
+- [ ] [bearer-instrument](../concepts/bearer-instrument.md)
+- [ ] [bond](../concepts/bond.md)
+- [ ] [bretton-woods](../concepts/bretton-woods.md)
+- [ ] [broker](../concepts/broker.md)
+- [ ] [bucket-shop](../concepts/bucket-shop.md)
+- [ ] [cartel](../concepts/cartel.md)
+- [ ] [cd](../concepts/cd.md)
+- [ ] [cds](../concepts/cds.md)
+- [ ] [collateralization](../concepts/collateralization.md)
+- [ ] [commodity](../concepts/commodity.md)
+- [ ] [counterparty-risk](../concepts/counterparty-risk.md)
+- [ ] [currency-peg](../concepts/currency-peg.md)
+- [ ] [deposit](../concepts/deposit.md)
+- [ ] [deposit-insurance](../concepts/deposit-insurance.md)
+- [ ] [derivative](../concepts/derivative.md)
+- [ ] [dex](../concepts/dex.md)
+- [ ] [distribution-problem](../concepts/distribution-problem.md)
+- [ ] [enclosure](../concepts/enclosure.md)
+- [ ] [exit-scam](../concepts/exit-scam.md)
+- [ ] [expected-return](../concepts/expected-return.md)