
@online{diehl_case_nodate,
	title = {The Case Against Crypto},
	url = {https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/against-crypto.html},
	author = {Diehl, Stephen},
	urldate = {2022-02-17},
	file = {The Case Against Crypto:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/LD4S59NT/against-crypto.html:text/html},
}

@incollection{hutchison_postmodern_2012,
	location = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
	title = {The Postmodern Ponzi Scheme: Empirical Analysis of High-Yield Investment Programs},
	volume = {7397},
	isbn = {978-3-642-32945-6 978-3-642-32946-3},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-32946-3_4},
	shorttitle = {The Postmodern Ponzi Scheme},
	pages = {41--56},
	booktitle = {Financial Cryptography and Data Security},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
	author = {Moore, Tyler and Han, Jie and Clayton, Richard},
	editor = {Keromytis, Angelos D.},
	editorb = {Hutchison, David and Kanade, Takeo and Kittler, Josef and Kleinberg, Jon M. and Mattern, Friedemann and Mitchell, John C. and Naor, Moni and Nierstrasz, Oscar and Pandu Rangan, C. and Steffen, Bernhard and Sudan, Madhu and Terzopoulos, Demetri and Tygar, Doug and Vardi, Moshe Y. and Weikum, Gerhard},
	editorbtype = {redactor},
	urldate = {2022-02-18},
	date = {2012},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-32946-3_4},
	note = {Series Title: Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
	file = {Submitted Version:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/ID7FXCMT/Moore et al. - 2012 - The Postmodern Ponzi Scheme Empirical Analysis of.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@online{newton_three_2022,
	title = {Three things Web3 should fix in 2022},
	url = {https://www.theverge.com/2022/1/28/22906010/web3-nft-internet-history-video-platformer},
	abstract = {"The Problem With {NFTs}" can’t be dismissed.},
	titleaddon = {The Verge},
	author = {Newton, Casey},
	urldate = {2022-02-18},
	date = {2022-01-28},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/N7769END/web3-nft-internet-history-video-platformer.html:text/html},
}

@article{barrett_why_2021,
	title = {Why young investors bet the farm on cryptocurrencies},
	url = {https://www.ft.com/content/162839aa-0437-478b-a4d4-4a8d7ab71458},
	abstract = {The racy, high-risk asset class has filled a void of investment advice for the average young person},
	journaltitle = {Financial Times},
	author = {Barrett, Claer},
	urldate = {2022-02-18},
	date = {2021-05-28},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/EJJ7VSD2/162839aa-0437-478b-a4d4-4a8d7ab71458.html:text/html},
}

@article{silverman_crypto_2021,
	title = {Crypto Has ‘No Inherent Worth’ But Is Good to Trade, Says Man Group Chief},
	url = {https://www.ft.com/content/9275baf4-0422-43a1-b8c9-9317882ca874},
	abstract = {Luke Ellis compares digital assets to the 17th-century Dutch tulip craze},
	journaltitle = {Financial Times},
	author = {Silverman, Gary},
	urldate = {2022-02-18},
	date = {2021-07-26},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/DL5T8KBS/9275baf4-0422-43a1-b8c9-9317882ca874.html:text/html},
}

@online{media_who_2022,
	title = {Who spends \$24 million on an {NFT}? Meet Deepak Thapliyal, the {CEO} from nowhere. (updated)},
	url = {https://dirtybubblemedia.substack.com/p/who-spends-24-million-on-an-nft-meet},
	shorttitle = {Who spends \$24 million on an {NFT}?},
	abstract = {The money traces back to a resurrected blockchain company, a sketchy token, and an obscure crypto exchange},
	titleaddon = {Dirty Bubble Media},
	type = {Substack newsletter},
	author = {Media, Dirty Bubble},
	urldate = {2022-02-18},
	date = {2022-02-14},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/9AGMLDET/who-spends-24-million-on-an-nft-meet.html:text/html},
}

@article{husain_political_2020,
	title = {The political imaginaries of blockchain projects: discerning the expressions of an emerging ecosystem},
	pages = {1--16},
	journaltitle = {Sustainability Science},
	author = {Husain, Syed Omer and Franklin, Alex and Roep, Dirk},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
}

@book{gerard_attack_2017,
	title = {Attack of the 50 foot blockchain: Bitcoin, blockchain, Ethereum \& smart contracts},
	publisher = {David Gerard},
	author = {Gerard, David},
	date = {2017},
}

@article{kiff_survey_2020,
	title = {A Survey of Research on Retail Central Bank Digital Currency},
	url = {http://ssrn.com/paper=3639760},
	author = {Kiff, John and Alwazir, Jihad and Davidovic, Sonja and Farias, Aquiles and Khan, Ashraf and Khiaonarong, Tanai and Malaika, Majid and Monroe, Hunter and Sugimoto, Nobu and Tourpe, Hervé and {others}},
	date = {2020},
}

@misc{cristina_cuervo_regulation_2020,
	title = {Regulation of Crypto Assets},
	url = {https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fintech-notes/Issues/2020/01/09/Regulation-of-Crypto-Assets-48810},
	publisher = {International Monetary Fund},
	author = {Cristina Cuervo, Anastasiia Morozova},
	date = {2020-01},
}

@report{nakamoto_bitcoin_2008,
	title = {Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system},
	institution = {Manubot},
	author = {Nakamoto, Satoshi},
	date = {2008},
}

@book{golumbia_politics_2016,
	title = {The politics of Bitcoin: software as right-wing extremism},
	publisher = {U of Minnesota Press},
	author = {Golumbia, David},
	date = {2016},
}

@article{hamrick_examination_2018,
	title = {An examination of the cryptocurrency pump and dump ecosystem},
	url = {http://ssrn.com/paper=3303365},
	author = {Hamrick, {JT} and Rouhi, Farhang and Mukherjee, Arghya and Feder, Amir and Gandal, Neil and Moore, Tyler and Vasek, Marie},
	date = {2018},
}

@article{iansiti_truth_2017,
	title = {The Truth About Blockchain},
	volume = {2},
	pages = {2019},
	journaltitle = {Harvard University, hbr. org/2017/01/the-truth-about-blockchain, accessed date: February},
	author = {Iansiti, Marco and Lakhani, Karim R},
	date = {2017},
}

@article{shiller_narrative_2017,
	title = {Narrative economics},
	volume = {107},
	pages = {967--1004},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {American Economic Review},
	author = {Shiller, Robert J},
	date = {2017},
}

@misc{kelly_blockchain_2019,
	title = {Blockchain: disillusionment descends on financial services},
	url = {https://www.ft.com/content/93140eac-9cbb-11e9-9c06-a4640c9feebb},
	publisher = {Financial Times},
	author = {Kelly, Jemima},
	date = {2019-09},
	note = {Publication Title: Financial Times},
}

@article{burg_blockchain_2018,
	title = {Blockchain for international development: Using a learning agenda to address knowledge gaps},
	url = {http://merltech.org/blockchain-for-international-development-using-a-learning-agenda-to-address-knowledge-gaps},
	journaltitle = {{MERL} Tech},
	author = {Burg, John and Murphy, Christine and Petraud, Jean Paul},
	date = {2018},
}

@article{barlow_declaration_2019,
	title = {A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace},
	volume = {18},
	pages = {5--7},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Duke Law \& Technology Review},
	author = {Barlow, John Perry},
	date = {2019},
}

@article{bowles_everyone_2018,
	title = {Everyone Is Getting Hilariously Rich and You’re Not},
	journaltitle = {New York Times},
	author = {Bowles, Nellie},
	date = {2018},
}

@misc{orcutt_this_2020,
	title = {This is how North Korea uses cutting-edge crypto money laundering to steal millions},
	url = {http://www.technologyreview.com/2020/03/05/916688/north-korean-hackers-cryptocurrency-money-laundering/},
	publisher = {{MIT} Technology Review},
	author = {Orcutt, Mike},
	date = {2020-04},
	note = {Publication Title: {MIT} Technology Review},
}

@book{popper_untold_2015,
	title = {The untold story of bitcoin},
	publisher = {Allen Lane},
	author = {Popper, Nathaniel},
	date = {2015},
}

@article{jeffries_blockchain_2018,
	title = {Blockchain is Meaningless},
	volume = {7},
	url = {https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/7/17091766/blockchain-bitcoin-ethereum-cryptocurrency-meaning},
	pages = {2018},
	journaltitle = {The Verge},
	author = {Jeffries, Adrianne},
	date = {2018},
}

@book{shaffer_profiting_2010,
	title = {Profiting in economic storms: a historic guide to surviving depression, deflation, hyperinflation, and market bubbles},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons},
	author = {Shaffer, Daniel S},
	date = {2010},
}

@report{liu_risks_2018,
	title = {Risks and returns of cryptocurrency},
	institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
	author = {Liu, Yukun and Tsyvinski, Aleh},
	date = {2018},
}

@article{makarov_trading_2020,
	title = {Trading and arbitrage in cryptocurrency markets},
	volume = {135},
	pages = {293--319},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Financial Economics},
	author = {Makarov, Igor and Schoar, Antoinette},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
}

@article{howell_initial_2018,
	title = {Initial coin offerings: Financing growth with cryptocurrency token sales},
	journaltitle = {The Review of Financial Studies},
	author = {Howell, Sabrina T and Niessner, Marina and Yermack, David},
	date = {2018},
}

@article{fry_negative_2016,
	title = {Negative bubbles and shocks in cryptocurrency markets},
	volume = {47},
	pages = {343--352},
	journaltitle = {International Review of Financial Analysis},
	author = {Fry, John and Cheah, Eng-Tuck},
	date = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
}

@article{xia_dont_2020,
	title = {Don't Fish in Troubled Waters! Characterizing Coronavirus-themed Cryptocurrency Scams},
	journaltitle = {{arXiv} preprint {arXiv}:2007.13639},
	author = {Xia, Pengcheng and Wang, Haoyu and Luo, Xiapu and Wu, Lei and Zhou, Yajin and Bai, Guangdong and Xu, Guoai and Huang, Gang and Liu, Xuanzhe},
	date = {2020},
}

@article{securities_sec_2017,
	title = {{SEC} issues investigative report concluding {DAO} tokens, a digital asset, were securities},
	volume = {25},
	pages = {2017--131},
	journaltitle = {{US} Securities and Exchange Commission},
	author = {Securities, US and Commission, Exchange and {others}},
	date = {2017},
}

@article{goodkind_cryptodamages_2020,
	title = {Cryptodamages: monetary value estimates of the air pollution and human health impacts of cryptocurrency mining},
	volume = {59},
	pages = {101281},
	journaltitle = {Energy Research \& Social Science},
	author = {Goodkind, Andrew L and Jones, Benjamin A and Berrens, Robert P},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
}

@misc{peplow_bitcoin_2019,
	title = {Bitcoin poses major electronic-waste problem},
	url = {http://cen.acs.org/environment/sustainability/Bitcoin-poses-major-electronic-waste/97/i11},
	publisher = {American Chemical Society},
	author = {Peplow, Mark},
	date = {2019-03},
	note = {Publication Title: Chemical \& Engineering News},
}

@book{burniske_cryptoassets_2017,
	title = {Cryptoassets: The innovative investor's guide to Bitcoin and beyond},
	publisher = {{McGraw} Hill Professional},
	author = {Burniske, Chris and Tatar, Jack},
	date = {2017},
}

@article{roche_understanding_2011,
	title = {Understanding the Modern Monetary System},
	url = {http://ssrn.com/paper=1905625},
	author = {Roche, Cullen O},
	date = {2011},
}

@article{bartoletti_dissecting_2020,
	title = {Dissecting Ponzi schemes on Ethereum: identification, analysis, and impact},
	volume = {102},
	pages = {259--277},
	journaltitle = {Future Generation Computer Systems},
	author = {Bartoletti, Massimo and Carta, Salvatore and Cimoli, Tiziana and Saia, Roberto},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
}

@article{pinna_massive_2019,
	title = {A massive analysis of ethereum smart contracts empirical study and code metrics},
	volume = {7},
	pages = {78194--78213},
	journaltitle = {{IEEE} Access},
	author = {Pinna, Andrea and Ibba, Simona and Baralla, Gavina and Tonelli, Roberto and Marchesi, Michele},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: {IEEE}},
}

@article{hartel_empirical_2019,
	title = {An Empirical Study Into the Success of Listed Smart Contracts in Ethereum},
	volume = {7},
	pages = {177539--177555},
	journaltitle = {{IEEE} Access},
	author = {Hartel, Pieter and Homoliak, Ivan and Reijsbergen, Daniël},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: {IEEE}},
}

@misc{noauthor_hyperledger_2017,
	title = {Hyperledger Fabric Documentation},
	url = {https://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/},
	publisher = {Hyperledger Foundation},
	date = {2017},
}

@inproceedings{chaum_blind_1984,
	title = {Blind signature system},
	pages = {153--153},
	booktitle = {Advances in cryptology},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Chaum, David},
	date = {1984},
}

@report{catalini_simple_2016,
	title = {Some simple economics of the blockchain},
	institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
	author = {Catalini, Christian and Gans, Joshua S},
	date = {2016},
}

@report{noauthor_guidance_2019,
	title = {Guidance on Cryptoassets},
	url = {https://www.fca.org.uk/publication/consultation/cp19-03.pdf#page=11},
	institution = {Financial Conduct Authority},
	date = {2019},
}

@misc{cincinnati_ponzico_2017,
	title = {{PonzICO}: Let’s Just Cut to the Chase},
	author = {Cincinnati, Josh},
	date = {2017},
}

@article{dhawan_new_2020,
	title = {A new wolf in town? Pump-and-dump manipulation in cryptocurrency markets},
	journaltitle = {Pump-and-dump manipulation in cryptocurrency markets (August 10, 2020)},
	author = {Dhawan, Anirudh and Putniņš, Tālis J},
	date = {2020},
}

@article{harris_flood_2020,
	title = {Flood \& Loot: A Systemic Attack On The Lightning Network},
	journaltitle = {{arXiv} preprint {arXiv}:2006.08513},
	author = {Harris, Jona and Zohar, Aviv},
	date = {2020},
}

@article{popper_ransomware_2020,
	title = {Ransomware Attacks Grow, Crippling Cities and Businesses},
	journaltitle = {New York Times},
	author = {Popper, Nathaniel},
	date = {2020-02},
}

@article{hougan_economic_2019,
	title = {Economic and Non-Economic Trading in Bitcoin},
	author = {Hougan, Matthew and Kim, Hong and Lerner, Micah and Management, Bitwise Asset},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Bitwise Asset Management},
}

@misc{vasquez_there_2019,
	title = {There Are More Dollars in Venezuela Now Than There Are Bolivars},
	url = {https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-12-03/there-are-more-dollars-in-venezuela-now-than-there-are-bolivars},
	publisher = {Bloomberg},
	author = {Vasquez, Alex},
	date = {2019-12},
	note = {Publication Title: Bloomberg.com},
}

@misc{kharif_half_2018,
	title = {Half of {ICOs} Die Within Four Months After Token Sales Finalized},
	url = {https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-07-09/half-of-icos-die-within-four-months-after-token-sales-finalized},
	publisher = {Bloomberg},
	author = {Kharif, Olga},
	date = {2018-07},
	note = {Publication Title: Bloomberg.com},
}

@article{ellsworth_special_2018,
	title = {Special report: in Venezuela, new cryptocurrency is nowhere to be found},
	pages = {30--08},
	journaltitle = {Reuters},
	author = {Ellsworth, Brian},
	date = {2018},
}

@misc{orcutt_coronavirus_2020,
	title = {Coronavirus is forcing fans of Bitcoin to realize it's not a 'safe haven' after all},
	url = {http://www.technologyreview.com/2020/03/19/905207/coronavirus-is-forcing-fans-of-bitcoin-to-realize-its-not-a-safe-haven-after-all/.},
	publisher = {{MIT} Technology Review},
	author = {Orcutt, Mike},
	date = {2020-04},
	note = {Publication Title: {MIT} Technology Review},
}

@article{kaiser_looming_2018,
	title = {The looming threat of China: An analysis of chinese influence on bitcoin},
	journaltitle = {{arXiv} preprint {arXiv}:1810.02466},
	author = {Kaiser, Ben and Jurado, Mireya and Ledger, Alex},
	date = {2018},
}

@article{rauchs_2nd_2019,
	title = {2nd Global Enterprise Blockchain Benchmarking Study},
	url = {http://ssrn.com/paper=3461765},
	author = {Rauchs, Michel and Blandin, Apolline and Bear, Keith and {McKeon}, Stephen B},
	date = {2019},
}

@article{knauer_what_2019,
	title = {What is in It for Me? Identifying Drivers of Blockchain Acceptance among German Consumers},
	pages = {10484},
	journaltitle = {The Journal of the British Blockchain Association},
	author = {Knauer, Florian and Mann, Andreas},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: The British Blockchain Association},
}

@misc{leising_crypto_2020,
	title = {Crypto Assets of \$50 Billion Moved From China in the Past Year},
	url = {http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-08-20/crypto-assets-of-50-billion-moved-from-china-in-the-past-year},
	author = {Leising, Matthew},
	date = {2020-08},
	note = {Publication Title: Bloomberg},
}

@misc{schneier_theres_2019,
	title = {There’s No Good Reason to Trust Blockchain Technology},
	url = {https://www.wired.com/story/theres-no-good-reason-to-trust-blockchain-technology/},
	author = {Schneier, Bruce},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publication Title: Wired Magazine},
}

@article{de_vries_bitcoins_2020,
	title = {Bitcoin’s energy consumption is underestimated: A market dynamics approach},
	volume = {70},
	pages = {101721},
	journaltitle = {Energy Research \& Social Science},
	author = {de Vries, Alex},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
}

@article{mora_bitcoin_2018,
	title = {Bitcoin emissions alone could push global warming above 2 C},
	volume = {8},
	pages = {931--933},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Nature Climate Change},
	author = {Mora, Camilo and Rollins, Randi L and Taladay, Katie and Kantar, Michael B and Chock, Mason K and Shimada, Mio and Franklin, Erik C},
	date = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
}

@incollection{noauthor_cryptocurrencies_2018,
	title = {Cryptocurrencies: looking beyond the hype},
	url = {https://www.bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2018e5.htm},
	publisher = {Bank for International Settlements Basel},
	date = {2018},
}

@article{feinstein_impact_2020,
	title = {The Impact of Cryptocurrency Regulation on Trading Markets},
	url = {http://ssrn.com/paper=3649475},
	author = {Feinstein, Brian D and Werbach, Kevin},
	date = {2020},
}

@article{ivaniuk_cryptocurrency_2020,
	title = {Cryptocurrency Exchange Regulation – An International Review},
	pages = {67},
	journaltitle = {Magda Dziembowska, Robert Dziembowski, Apelacja w postępowaniu},
	author = {Ivaniuk, Viktoria},
	date = {2020},
}

@article{griffin_is_2020,
	title = {Is Bitcoin Really Untethered?},
	volume = {75},
	pages = {1913--1964},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {The Journal of Finance},
	author = {Griffin, John M and Shams, Amin},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
}

@article{foley_sex_2019,
	title = {Sex, drugs, and bitcoin: How much illegal activity is financed through cryptocurrencies?},
	volume = {32},
	pages = {1798--1853},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {The Review of Financial Studies},
	author = {Foley, Sean and Karlsen, Jonathan R and Putniņš, Tālis J},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press},
}

@article{corbet_destabilising_2020,
	title = {The destabilising effects of cryptocurrency cybercriminality},
	volume = {191},
	pages = {108741},
	journaltitle = {Economics Letters},
	author = {Corbet, Shaen and Cumming, Douglas J and Lucey, Brian M and Peat, Maurice and Vigne, Samuel A},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
}

@inproceedings{matzutt_quantitative_2018,
	title = {A quantitative analysis of the impact of arbitrary blockchain content on bitcoin},
	pages = {420--438},
	booktitle = {International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Matzutt, Roman and Hiller, Jens and Henze, Martin and Ziegeldorf, Jan Henrik and Müllmann, Dirk and Hohlfeld, Oliver and Wehrle, Klaus},
	date = {2018},
}

@article{fanusie_bitcoin_2018,
	title = {Bitcoin laundering: an analysis of illicit flows into digital currency services},
	journaltitle = {Center on Sanctions and Illicit Finance memorandum, January},
	author = {Fanusie, Yaya and Robinson, Tom},
	date = {2018},
}

@article{boreiko_serial_2020,
	title = {Serial and large investors in initial coin offerings},
	pages = {1--19},
	journaltitle = {Small Business Economics},
	author = {Boreiko, Dmitri and Risteski, Dimche},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
}

@inproceedings{xu_anatomy_2019,
	title = {The anatomy of a cryptocurrency pump-and-dump scheme},
	pages = {1609--1625},
	booktitle = {28th {USENIX} Security Symposium},
	author = {Xu, Jiahua and Livshits, Benjamin},
	date = {2019},
}

@article{gallersdorfer_energy_2020,
	title = {Energy Consumption of Cryptocurrencies Beyond Bitcoin},
	journaltitle = {Joule},
	author = {Gallersdörfer, Ulrich and Klaaßen, Lena and Stoll, Christian},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
}

@article{zetzsche_ico_2017,
	title = {The {ICO} Gold Rush: It's a scam, it's a bubble, it's a super challenge for regulators},
	pages = {17--83},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {University of Luxembourg Law Working Paper},
	author = {Zetzsche, Dirk A and Buckley, Ross P and Arner, Douglas W and Föhr, Linus},
	date = {2017},
}

@article{kramer_experimental_2014,
	title = {Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks},
	volume = {111},
	pages = {8788--8790},
	number = {24},
	journaltitle = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Kramer, Adam {DI} and Guillory, Jamie E and Hancock, Jeffrey T},
	date = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: National Acad Sciences},
}

@article{flick_informed_2016,
	title = {Informed consent and the Facebook emotional manipulation study},
	volume = {12},
	pages = {14--28},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Research Ethics},
	author = {Flick, Catherine},
	date = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: {SAGE} Publications Sage {UK}: London, England},
}

@article{greeley_facebooks_2019,
	title = {Facebook’s Libra will not help the unbanked},
	volume = {18},
	journaltitle = {Financial Times},
	author = {Greeley, Brendan},
	date = {2019},
}

@misc{penny_four_2018,
	title = {Four Days Trapped at Sea With Crypto's Nouveau Riche},
	url = {https://breakermag.com/trapped-at-sea-with-cryptos-nouveau-riche/},
	author = {Penny, Laurie},
	date = {2018-12},
	note = {Publication Title: {BREAKERMAG}},
}

@misc{faife_we_2018,
	title = {We Asked Crypto News Outlets If They’d Take Money to Cover a Project. More Than Half Said Yes},
	url = {https://breakermag.com/we-asked-crypto-news-outlets-if-theyd-take-money-to-cover-a-project-more-than-half-said-yes/},
	author = {Faife, Corin},
	date = {2018-12},
	note = {Publication Title: {BREAKERMAG}},
}

@article{stecklow_chaos_2017,
	title = {Chaos and hackers stalk investors on cryptocurrency exchanges},
	volume = {29},
	journaltitle = {Reuters, September},
	author = {Stecklow, Steve and Harney, Alexandra and Irrera, Anna and Kelly, Jemima},
	date = {2017},
}

@article{powell_crypto-shills_2019,
	title = {Crypto-shills},
	url = {https://ftalphaville.ft.com/2018/11/29/1543469404000/Crypto-shills/},
	journaltitle = {Financial Times},
	author = {Powell, Jamie},
	date = {2019},
}

@article{popper_coder_2020,
	title = {The Coder and the Dictator},
	url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/20/technology/venezuela-petro-cryptocurrency.html},
	journaltitle = {New York Times},
	author = {Popper, Nathaniel},
	date = {2020-03},
}

@article{narayanan_what_2013,
	title = {What happened to the crypto dream?, part 1},
	volume = {11},
	pages = {75--76},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {{IEEE} security \& privacy},
	author = {Narayanan, Arvind},
	date = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: {IEEE}},
}

@book{assange_cypherpunks_2016,
	title = {Cypherpunks: Freedom and the Future of the Internet},
	publisher = {{OR} books},
	author = {Assange, Julian and Appelbaum, Jacob and Muller-Maguhn, Andy and Zimmermann, Jrmie},
	date = {2016},
}

@article{bogost_cryptocurrency_2017,
	title = {Cryptocurrency might be a path to authoritarianism},
	volume = {30},
	journaltitle = {The Atlantic},
	author = {Bogost, Ian},
	date = {2017},
}

@article{daian_flash_2019,
	title = {Flash boys 2.0: Frontrunning, transaction reordering, and consensus instability in decentralized exchanges},
	journaltitle = {{arXiv} preprint {arXiv}:1904.05234},
	author = {Daian, Philip and Goldfeder, Steven and Kell, Tyler and Li, Yunqi and Zhao, Xueyuan and Bentov, Iddo and Breidenbach, Lorenz and Juels, Ari},
	date = {2019},
}

@article{noauthor_virtual_2019,
	title = {Virtual Assets and Virtual Asset Service Providers},
	url = {https://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/recommendations/RBA-VA-VASPs.pdf},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Financial Action Task Force},
}

@misc{popper_bitcoin_2020,
	title = {Bitcoin Has Lost Steam. But Criminals Still Love It.},
	url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/28/technology/bitcoin-black-market.html},
	publisher = {The New York Times},
	author = {Popper, Nathaniel},
	date = {2020-01},
	note = {Publication Title: The New York Times},
}

@article{popper_terrorists_2019,
	title = {Terrorists Turn to Bitcoin for Funding, and They’re Learning Fast},
	pages = {92--4},
	journaltitle = {The New York Times},
	author = {Popper, Nathaniel},
	date = {2019},
}

@article{scheck_how_2018,
	title = {How dirty money disappears into the black hole of cryptocurrency},
	volume = {28},
	journaltitle = {Wall Street Journal},
	author = {Scheck, Justin and Shifflett, Shane},
	date = {2018},
}

@misc{moiseienko_money_2018,
	title = {From Money Mules to Chain-Hopping: Targeting the Finances of Cybercrime},
	publisher = {London: {RUSI}},
	author = {Moiseienko, A and Kraft, O},
	date = {2018},
}

@book{davies_lying_2018,
	title = {Lying for Money: How Legendary Frauds Reveal the Workings of Our World},
	publisher = {Profile Books},
	author = {Davies, Dan},
	date = {2018},
}

@article{shifflett_traders_2018,
	title = {Some traders are talking up cryptocurrencies, then dumping them, costing others millions},
	journaltitle = {The Wall Street Journal},
	author = {Shifflett, Shane and Vigna, Paul},
	date = {2018},
}

@book{frisch_theories_1983,
	title = {Theories of inflation},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Frisch, Helmut},
	date = {1983},
}

@misc{mcquade_untold_2018,
	title = {The untold story of {NotPetya}, the most devastating cyberattack in history},
	publisher = {Wired},
	author = {{McQuade}, {MIKE}},
	date = {2018},
}

@misc{mehrotra_ucsf_2020,
	title = {{UCSF} Hack Shows Evolving Risks of Ransomware in the Covid Era},
	url = {https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-08-19/ucsf-hack-shows-evolving-risks-of-ransomware-in-the-covid-era},
	publisher = {Bloomberg},
	author = {Mehrotra, Kartikay},
	date = {2020-08},
	note = {Publication Title: Bloomberg.com},
}

@inproceedings{moore_postmodern_2012,
	title = {The postmodern Ponzi scheme: Empirical analysis of high-yield investment programs},
	pages = {41--56},
	booktitle = {International Conference on financial cryptography and data security},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Moore, Tyler and Han, Jie and Clayton, Richard},
	date = {2012},
}

@inproceedings{neisius_orchestrated_2014,
	title = {Orchestrated crime: The high yield investment fraud ecosystem},
	pages = {48--58},
	booktitle = {2014 {APWG} Symposium on Electronic Crime Research ({eCrime})},
	publisher = {{IEEE}},
	author = {Neisius, Jens and Clayton, Richard},
	date = {2014},
}

@article{li_cryptocurrency_2019,
	title = {Cryptocurrency pump-and-dump schemes},
	journaltitle = {Available at {SSRN} 3267041},
	author = {Li, Tao and Shin, Donghwa and Wang, Baolian},
	date = {2019},
}

@article{kamps_moon_2018,
	title = {To the moon: defining and detecting cryptocurrency pump-and-dumps},
	volume = {7},
	pages = {18},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Crime Science},
	author = {Kamps, Josh and Kleinberg, Bennett},
	date = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
}

@article{hamrick_economics_2018,
	title = {The economics of cryptocurrency pump and dump schemes},
	author = {Hamrick, {JT} and Rouhi, Farhang and Mukherjee, Arghya and Feder, Amir and Gandal, Neil and Moore, Tyler and Vasek, Marie},
	date = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: {CEPR} Discussion Paper No. {DP}13404},
}

@book{levi_regulating_2013,
	title = {Regulating fraud: White-collar crime and the criminal process},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Levi, Michael},
	date = {2013},
}

@book{ehrenfeld_evil_1994,
	title = {Evil Money: Encounters along the money trail},
	publisher = {{SP} Books},
	author = {Ehrenfeld, Rachel},
	date = {1994},
}

@book{black_best_2013,
	title = {The best way to rob a bank is to own one},
	publisher = {University of Texas Press},
	author = {Black, William K},
	date = {2013},
}

@article{kondor_rich_2014,
	title = {Do the rich get richer? An empirical analysis of the Bitcoin transaction network},
	volume = {9},
	pages = {e86197},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {{PloS} one},
	author = {Kondor, Dániel and Pósfai, Márton and Csabai, István and Vattay, Gábor},
	date = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
}

@article{jeong_bitcoin_2013,
	title = {The Bitcoin protocol as law, and the politics of a stateless currency},
	journaltitle = {Available at {SSRN} 2294124},
	author = {Jeong, Sarah},
	date = {2013},
}

@article{wolf_libertarian_2019,
	title = {The libertarian fantasies of cryptocurrencies},
	url = {https://www.ft.com/content/eeeacd7c-2e0e-11e9-ba00-0251022932c8},
	journaltitle = {Financial Times},
	author = {Wolf, Martin},
	date = {2019-02},
}

@article{vigna_most_2019,
	title = {Most bitcoin trading faked by unregulated exchanges, study finds},
	journaltitle = {Wall Street Journal},
	author = {Vigna, P},
	date = {2019},
}

@article{cong_crypto_2020,
	title = {Crypto Wash Trading},
	journaltitle = {Available at {SSRN} 3530220},
	author = {Cong, Lin William and Li, Xi and Tang, Ke and Yang, Yang},
	date = {2020},
}

@inproceedings{noauthor_key_2019,
	title = {Key World Energy Statistics 2019},
	publisher = {International Energy Agency},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Backup Publisher: {IEA} Paris, France},
}

@article{orlowski_blockchain_2018,
	title = {Blockchain study finds 0.00\% success rate and vendors don’t call back when asked for evidence},
	journaltitle = {The Register},
	author = {Orlowski, A},
	date = {2018},
}

@article{peirce_running_2020,
	title = {Running on Empty: A Proposal to Fill the Gap Between Regulation and Decentralization},
	url = {https://www.sec.gov/news/speech/peirce-remarks-blockress-2020-02-06},
	author = {Peirce, Hester M.},
	date = {2020-02},
	note = {Publisher: Securities and Exchange Commission},
}

@article{golumbia_cyberlibertarianism_2013,
	title = {Cyberlibertarianism: The extremist foundations of ‘digital freedom.’},
	journaltitle = {Clemson University Department of English},
	author = {Golumbia, David},
	date = {2013},
}

@article{golumbia_bitcoin_2015,
	title = {Bitcoin as politics: Distributed right-wing extremism},
	journaltitle = {{MoneyLab} Reader: An Intervention in Digital Economy, Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures},
	author = {Golumbia, David},
	date = {2015},
}

@article{golumbia_cyberlibertarians_2013,
	title = {Cyberlibertarians’ Digital Deletion of the Left: Technological Innovation Does Not Inherently Promote the Left’s Goals},
	volume = {2},
	pages = {2014},
	number = {10},
	journaltitle = {Retrieved},
	author = {Golumbia, David},
	date = {2013},
}

@misc{arendt_what_1993,
	title = {What is Freedom? Between Past and Future: Eight exercises in political thought},
	publisher = {New York: Penguin},
	author = {Arendt, Hannah},
	date = {1993},
}

@misc{stivers_alchemy_2019,
	title = {The Alchemy of a Pyramid: Transmutating Business Opportunity Into a Negative Sum Wealth Transfer},
	url = {http://ssrn.com/paper=3497682},
	author = {Stivers, A},
	date = {2019},
}

@article{roubini_great_2019,
	title = {The Great Crypto Heist},
	volume = {16},
	url = {https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/cryptocurrency-exchanges-are-financial-scams-by-nouriel-roubini-2019-07},
	journaltitle = {Project Syndicate},
	author = {Roubini, Nouriel},
	date = {2019},
}

@article{benedetti_digital_2018,
	title = {Digital tulips? Returns to investors in initial coin offerings},
	journaltitle = {Returns to Investors in Initial Coin Offerings (May 20, 2018)},
	author = {Benedetti, Hugo and Kostovetsky, Leonard},
	date = {2018},
}

@article{de_jong_what_2018,
	title = {What Determines Success in Initial Coin Offerings?},
	url = {http://ssrn.com/paper=3250035},
	author = {De Jong, Abe and Roosenboom, Peter and van der Kolk, Tom},
	date = {2018},
}

@article{roubini_exploring_2018,
	title = {Exploring the cryptocurrency and blockchain ecosystem},
	journaltitle = {Testimony for the Hearing of the {US} Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Community Affairs},
	author = {Roubini, Nouriel},
	date = {2018},
}

@article{cornish_silicon_2018,
	title = {Silicon Valley investors line up to back Telegram {ICO}},
	url = {https://www.ft.com/content/790d9506-0175-11e8-9650-9c0ad2d7c5b5},
	journaltitle = {Financial Times},
	author = {Cornish, Chloe and Waters, Richard},
	date = {2018-01},
}

@book{bernanke_essays_2004,
	title = {Essays on the Great Depression},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	author = {Bernanke, Ben S.},
	date = {2004},
}

@article{momtaz_entrepreneurial_2020,
	title = {Entrepreneurial finance and moral hazard: evidence from token offerings},
	pages = {106001},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Business Venturing},
	author = {Momtaz, Paul P},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
}

@article{panos_financial_2019,
	title = {Financial Literacy and Attitudes to Cryptocurrencies},
	journaltitle = {Available at {SSRN} 3482083},
	author = {Panos, Georgios A and Karkkainen, Tatja},
	date = {2019},
}

@report{budish_economic_2018,
	title = {The economic limits of bitcoin and the blockchain},
	institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
	author = {Budish, Eric},
	date = {2018},
}

@article{erlandsson_times_2018,
	title = {Times are changing and so are payment patterns},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Economic Commentaries},
	author = {Erlandsson, Frida and Guibourg, Gabriela},
	date = {2018},
}

@article{hinzen_proof--works_2019,
	title = {Proof-of-work’s limited adoption problem},
	journaltitle = {{NYU} Stern School of Business},
	author = {Hinzen, Franz J and John, Kose and Saleh, Fahad},
	date = {2019},
}

@misc{koning_bitcoin_2020,
	title = {Bitcoin Financial Literacy and Crypto-Twitter},
	url = {https://www.aier.org/article/bitcoin-financial-literacy-and-crypto-twitter/},
	author = {Koning, J.P.},
	date = {2020-09},
	note = {Publication Title: American Institute for Economic Research},
}

@misc{noauthor_sec_1946,
	title = {{SEC} v. {WJ} Howey Co.},
	publisher = {Supreme Court},
	date = {1946},
	note = {Issue: No. 843
Pages: 293
Publication Title: {US}
Volume: 328},
}

@misc{noauthor_securities_2020,
	title = {Securities and Exchange Commission v. Eyal},
	publisher = {Dist. Court, {SD} New York},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Issue: No. 19 Civ. 11325 ({LLS})},
}

@misc{noauthor_securities_2020-1,
	title = {Securities and Exchange Commission v. ℡{EGRAM} {GROUP} {INC}.},
	publisher = {Dist. Court, {SD} New York},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Issue: No. 19 Civ. 9439 ({PKC})},
}

@misc{noauthor_securities_2020-2,
	title = {Securities and Exchange Commission v. {KIK} {INTERACTIVE} {INC}.},
	publisher = {Dist. Court, {SD} New York},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Issue: No. 19 Civ. 5244 ({AKH})},
}

@misc{noauthor_miller_1974,
	title = {Miller v. Central Chinchilla Group, Inc.},
	publisher = {Court of Appeals, 8th Circuit},
	date = {1974},
	note = {Issue: No. 73-1731
Pages: 414
Publication Title: F. 2d
Volume: 494},
}

@misc{noauthor_continental_1967,
	title = {Continental Marketing Corp. v. Securities and Exchange Commission},
	publisher = {Court of Appeals, 10th Circuit},
	date = {1967},
	note = {Issue: No. 9199
Pages: 466
Publication Title: F. 2d
Volume: 387},
}

@misc{noauthor_securities_2020-3,
	title = {Securities and Exchange Commission v. {NATURAL} {DIAMONDS} {INVESTMENT} {CO}.},
	publisher = {Dist. Court, {SD} Florida},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Issue: Case No. 9: 19-{CV}-80633-{ROSENBERG}/{REINHART}},
}

@misc{noauthor_securities_2020-4,
	title = {Securities and Exchange Commission v. {META} 1 {COIN} {TRUST}},
	publisher = {Dist. Court, {WD} Texas},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Issue: No. 1: 20-{CV}-273-{RP}},
}

@misc{noauthor_matter_2019,
	title = {{MATTER} {OF} {JAMES} v. {iFINEX} {INC}.},
	publisher = {{NY}: Supreme Court},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Issue: Docket No. 450545/2019, Motion Seq. No. 003
Pages: 32454
Publication Title: {NY} Slip Op
Volume: 2019},
}

@misc{noauthor_matter_2020,
	title = {{MATTER} {OF} {JAMES} v. {iFINEX} {INC}.},
	publisher = {{NY}: Appellate Div., 1st Dept.},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Issue: 450545/19
Pages: 3880
Publication Title: {NY} Slip Op
Volume: 2020},
}

@misc{noauthor_williams_2020,
	title = {Williams v. {BLOCK}. {ONE}},
	publisher = {Dist. Court, {SD} New York},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Issue: No. 20-cv-2809 ({LAK})},
}

@book{gerard_libra_2020,
	title = {Libra Shrugged: How Facebook Tried to Take Over the Money},
	publisher = {David Gerard},
	author = {Gerard, David},
	date = {2020},
}

@book{mackay_extraordinary_2012,
	title = {Extraordinary popular delusions and the madness of crowds},
	publisher = {Simon and Schuster},
	author = {Mackay, Charles},
	date = {2012},
}

@article{castor_curious_2021,
	title = {The curious case of Tether: a complete timeline of events},
	url = {https://amycastor.com/2019/01/17/the-curious-case-of-tether-a-complete-timeline-of-events/},
	author = {Castor, Amy},
	date = {2021},
}

@article{taleb_bitcoin_2021,
	title = {Bitcoin, Currencies, and Fragility},
	journaltitle = {{arXiv} preprint {arXiv}:2106.14204},
	author = {Taleb, Nassim Nicholas and Investments, Universa},
	date = {2021},
}

@article{ottenhof_crypto-colonialists_2021,
	title = {Crypto-colonialists use the most vulnerable people in the world as guinea pigs},
	journaltitle = {{VICE} Media},
	author = {Ottenhof, Luke},
	date = {2021},
}

@article{jarvis_rise_2000,
	title = {The rise and fall of Albania’s pyramid schemes},
	volume = {37},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Finance \& Development},
	author = {Jarvis, Christopher J},
	date = {2000},
	note = {Publisher: International Monetary Fund},
}

@article{debler_foreign_2018,
	title = {Foreign initial coin offering issuers beware: the Securities and Exchange Commission is watching},
	volume = {51},
	pages = {245},
	journaltitle = {Cornell Int'l {LJ}},
	author = {Debler, Julianna},
	date = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: {HeinOnline}},
}

@article{clements_emerging_2021,
	title = {Emerging Canadian Crypto-Asset Jurisdictional Uncertainties and Regulatory Gaps},
	volume = {37},
	journaltitle = {Banking and Finance Law Review},
	author = {Clements, Ryan},
	date = {2021},
}

@article{johnson_decentralized_2020,
	title = {Decentralized finance: Regulating cryptocurrency exchanges},
	volume = {62},
	pages = {1911},
	journaltitle = {Wm. \& Mary L. Rev.},
	author = {Johnson, Kristin N},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: {HeinOnline}},
}

@incollection{hofman_blockchain_2021,
	title = {Blockchain Governance: De Facto (x) or Designed?},
	pages = {21--33},
	booktitle = {Building Decentralized Trust},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Hofman, Darra and {DuPont}, Quinn and Walch, Angela and Beschastnikh, Ivan},
	date = {2021},
}

@article{cohney_coin-operated_2019,
	title = {Coin-operated capitalism},
	volume = {119},
	pages = {591--676},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Columbia Law Review},
	author = {Cohney, Shaanan and Hoffman, David and Sklaroff, Jeremy and Wishnick, David},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: {JSTOR}},
}

@article{hockett_moneys_2019,
	title = {Money's Past is Fintech's Future: Wildcat Crypto, the Digital Dollar, and Citizen Central Banking},
	author = {Hockett, Robert C},
	date = {2019},
}

@article{gorton_taming_2021,
	title = {Taming Wildcat Stablecoins},
	journaltitle = {Available at {SSRN} 3888752},
	author = {Gorton, Gary B and Zhang, Jeffery},
	date = {2021},
}

@article{saengchote_defi_2021,
	title = {A {DeFi} Bank Run: Iron Finance, {IRON} Stablecoin, and the Fall of {TITAN}},
	journaltitle = {{IRON} Stablecoin, and the Fall of {TITAN} (July 16, 2021)},
	author = {Saengchote, Kanis},
	date = {2021},
}

@article{steele_miner_2021,
	title = {The Miner of Last Resort: Digital Currency, Shadow Money and the Role of the Central Bank},
	journaltitle = {Technology and Government, Emerald Studies in Media and Communications, Forthcoming},
	author = {Steele, Graham},
	date = {2021},
}

@article{weaver_risks_2018,
	title = {Risks of cryptocurrencies},
	volume = {61},
	pages = {20--24},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Communications of the {ACM}},
	author = {Weaver, Nicholas},
	date = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: {ACM} New York, {NY}, {USA}},
}

@misc{kelly_ico_2019,
	title = {The {ICO} whose team members are literally cartoon characters},
	url = {https://www.ft.com/content/57805b32-0bbe-34cb-940c-66cdd1aec5e2},
	publisher = {Financial Times},
	author = {Kelly, Jemima},
	date = {2019-09},
	note = {Publication Title: Financial Times},
}

@report{reinhart_this_2008,
	title = {This time is different: A panoramic view of eight centuries of financial crises},
	institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
	author = {Reinhart, Carmen M and Rogoff, Kenneth S},
	date = {2008},
}

@article{blanchard_bubbles_1982,
	title = {Bubbles, rational expectations and financial markets},
	issue = {w0945},
	journaltitle = {{NBER} working paper},
	author = {Blanchard, Olivier J and Watson, Mark W},
	date = {1982},
}

@article{golumbia_zealots_2018,
	title = {Zealots of the blockchain: The true believers of the Bitcoin cult},
	pages = {102--111},
	number = {38},
	journaltitle = {The Baffler},
	author = {Golumbia, David},
	date = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: {JSTOR}},
}

@article{faustino_myths_2021,
	title = {The myths and legends of king Satoshi and the knights of blockchain},
	pages = {1--14},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Cultural Economy},
	author = {Faustino, Sandra and Faria, Inês and Marques, Rafael},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
}

@article{kharif_bitcoins_2019,
	title = {Bitcoin's rally masks an uncomfortable fact: almost nobody uses it},
	url = {https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-31/bitcoin-s-rally-masks-uncomfortable-fact-almost-nobody-uses-it},
	journaltitle = {Bloomberg.com},
	author = {Kharif, Olga},
	date = {2019-05},
	note = {Publisher: Bloomberg},
}

@article{katz_bitcoin_2017,
	title = {Bitcoin Acceptance Among Retailers Is Low and Getting Lower},
	url = {https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-12/bitcoin-acceptance-among-retailers-is-low-and-getting-lower},
	journaltitle = {Bloomberg.com},
	author = {Katz, Lily},
	date = {2017-07},
	note = {Publisher: Bloomberg},
}

@book{brummer_cryptoassets_2019,
	title = {Cryptoassets: legal, regulatory, and monetary perspectives},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Brummer, Chris},
	date = {2019},
}

@misc{jackson_locating_2021,
	title = {Locating Stablecoins within the Regulatory Perimeter},
	url = {https://corpgov.law.harvard.edu/2021/08/05/locating-stablecoins-within-the-regulatory-perimeter},
	publisher = {The Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance},
	author = {Jackson, Howell E. and Ricks, Morgan},
	date = {2021-08},
}

@article{graeber_bullshit_2019,
	title = {Bullshit jobs: the rise of pointless work, and what we can do about it},
	author = {Graeber, David},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Penguin},
}

@book{levenson_money_2020,
	title = {Money for Nothing: The South Sea Bubble and the Invention of Modern Capitalism},
	publisher = {Head of Zeus Ltd},
	author = {Levenson, Thomas},
	date = {2020},
}

@book{markopolos_no_2011,
	title = {No one would listen: A true financial thriller},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons},
	author = {Markopolos, Harry},
	date = {2011},
}

@article{vries_bitcoins_2021,
	title = {Bitcoin's growing e-waste problem},
	volume = {175},
	issn = {0921-3449},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105901},
	journaltitle = {Resources, Conservation and Recycling},
	author = {Vries, Alex de and Stoll, Christian},
	date = {2021},
}

@article{de_vries_renewable_2019,
	title = {Renewable energy will not solve bitcoin’s sustainability problem},
	volume = {3},
	pages = {893--898},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Joule},
	author = {de Vries, Alex},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
}

@article{krugman_technobabble_2021,
	title = {Technobabble, Libertarian Derp and Bitcoin},
	volume = {21},
	journaltitle = {The New York Times},
	author = {Krugman, Paul},
	date = {2021},
}

@article{krugman_brutal_2021,
	title = {The Brutal Truth About Bitcoin},
	volume = {21},
	journaltitle = {The New York Times},
	author = {Krugman, Paul},
	date = {2021},
}

@article{krugman_bitcoin_2018,
	title = {Bitcoin is basically a Ponzi scheme},
	volume = {30},
	journaltitle = {The Seattle Times},
	author = {Krugman, Paul},
	date = {2018},
}

@article{krugman_transaction_2018,
	title = {Transaction costs and tethers: Why I’m a crypto skeptic},
	volume = {21},
	journaltitle = {The New York Times},
	author = {Krugman, Paul},
	date = {2018},
}

@misc{noauthor_united_2011,
	title = {United States v. Scheinberg},
	publisher = {Court of Appeals, 2nd Circuit},
	date = {2011},
}

@article{jarvis_rise_2000-1,
	title = {The rise and fall of Albania’s pyramid schemes},
	volume = {37},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Finance \& Development},
	author = {Jarvis, Christopher J},
	date = {2000},
	note = {Publisher: International Monetary Fund},
}

@article{wigglesworth_albanian_2021,
	title = {Albanian lessons for regulators nervously eyeing the crypto world},
	url = {https://www.ft.com/content/810367e5-e0b1-4221-b303-f3012a177437},
	journaltitle = {Financial Times},
	author = {Wigglesworth, Robin},
	date = {2021-07},
	note = {Publisher: Financial Times},
}

@online{srinivasan_great_nodate,
	title = {Great Protocol Politics},
	url = {https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/11/bitcoin-ethereum-cryptocurrency-web3-great-protocol-politics/},
	abstract = {The 21st century doesn’t belong to China, the United States, or Silicon Valley. It belongs to the internet.},
	titleaddon = {Foreign Policy},
	author = {Srinivasan, Balaji S., Parag Khanna},
	urldate = {2022-02-22},
	langid = {american},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/6IBM7NNU/bitcoin-ethereum-cryptocurrency-web3-great-protocol-politics.html:text/html},
}

@article{dhawan_new_2020-1,
	title = {A New Wolf in Town? Pump-and-Dump Manipulation in Cryptocurrency Markets},
	issn = {1556-5068},
	url = {https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3670714},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3670714},
	shorttitle = {A New Wolf in Town?},
	abstract = {We show that cryptocurrency markets are plagued by pump-and-dump manipulation, with at least 355 cases in seven months. Unlike stock market manipulators, cryptocurrency manipulators openly declare their intentions to pump specific coins, rather than trying to deceive investors. Puzzlingly, people join in despite negative expected returns. In a simple framework, we demonstrate how overconfidence and gambling preferences can explain participation in these schemes and find strong empirical support for both mechanisms. Pumps generate extreme price distortions of 65\% on average, abnormal trading volumes in the millions of dollars, and large wealth transfers between participants. These manipulation schemes are likely to persist as long as regulators and exchanges turn a blind eye.},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	shortjournal = {{SSRN} Journal},
	author = {Dhawan, Anirudh and Putnins, Talis J.},
	urldate = {2022-02-22},
	date = {2020},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Dhawan and Putnins - 2020 - A New Wolf in Town Pump-and-Dump Manipulation in .pdf:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/KIUAR2SM/Dhawan and Putnins - 2020 - A New Wolf in Town Pump-and-Dump Manipulation in .pdf:application/pdf},
}

@online{z_solutions_2022,
	title = {Solutions That Create Problems},
	url = {https://ez.substack.com/p/solutions-that-create-problems},
	abstract = {Yesterday I had a quasi-viral tweet about how I cannot for the life of me find an explanation as to why Web3 and the blockchain are so inevitably the future. Charlie Warzel, ever the optimist for no given reason suggested the following: Instead of a technology achieving mass adoption and creating a culture in its wake, much of the crypto movement is a durable culture that is waiting for its mass-adoption product and trying to spin up technologies that augment the culture.},
	titleaddon = {Ed Zitron's Where's Your Ed At},
	type = {Substack newsletter},
	author = {Z, Ed},
	urldate = {2022-02-23},
	date = {2022-02-23},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/NWEREK7J/solutions-that-create-problems.html:text/html},
}

@online{sharma_crypto_2022,
	title = {‘Crypto Ruined My Life’: The Mental Health Crisis Hitting Bitcoin Investors},
	url = {https://www.vice.com/en/article/akvn8z/crypto-bad-for-mental-health},
	shorttitle = {‘Crypto Ruined My Life’},
	abstract = {The stress and anxiety that goes with funneling your life savings into a volatile market is no joke.},
	titleaddon = {Vice},
	author = {Sharma, Ruchira},
	urldate = {2022-02-23},
	date = {2022-02-16},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, Crypto, Cryptocurrency, Ethereum, Mental Health},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/ZFBEN6RK/crypto-bad-for-mental-health.html:text/html},
}

@book{ammous_bitcoin_2018,
	location = {Hoboken, New Jersey},
	title = {The Bitcoin Standard: the Decentralized Alternative to central banking},
	isbn = {978-1-119-47391-6 978-1-119-47389-3},
	shorttitle = {The bitcoin standard},
	abstract = {"Bitcoin is the digital age's novel, decentralized, and automated solution to the problem of money: accessible worldwide, controlled by nobody. Can this young upstart money challenge the global monetary order? Economist Saifedean Ammous traces the history of the technologies of money to seashells, limestones, cattle, salt, beads, metals, and government debt, explaining what gave these technologies their monetary role, what makes for sound money, and the benefits of a sound monetary regime to economic growth, innovation, culture, trade, individual freedom, and international peace"--},
	pagetotal = {1},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	author = {Ammous, Saifedean},
	date = {2018},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, Electronic commerce, Government policy},
	file = {Ammous - 2018 - The bitcoin standard the decentralized alternativ.epub:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/8VVQ2PUG/Ammous - 2018 - The bitcoin standard the decentralized alternativ.epub:application/epub+zip},
}

@article{taleb_bitcoin_2021-1,
	title = {Bitcoin, Currencies, and Fragility},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.14204},
	abstract = {This discussion applies quantitative finance methods and economic arguments to cryptocurrencies in general and bitcoin in particular -- as there are about \$10,000\$ cryptocurrencies, we focus (unless otherwise specified) on the most discussed crypto of those that claim to hew to the original protocol (Nakamoto 2009) and the one with, by far, the largest market capitalization. In its current version, in spite of the hype, bitcoin failed to satisfy the notion of "currency without government" (it proved to not even be a currency at all), can be neither a short nor long term store of value (its expected value is no higher than \$0\$), cannot operate as a reliable inflation hedge, and, worst of all, does not constitute, not even remotely, a safe haven for one's investments, a shield against government tyranny, or a tail protection vehicle for catastrophic episodes. Furthermore, bitcoin promoters appear to conflate the success of a payment mechanism (as a decentralized mode of exchange), which so far has failed, with the speculative variations in the price of a zero-sum maximally fragile asset with massive negative externalities. Going through monetary history, we show how a true numeraire must be one of minimum variance with respect to an arbitrary basket of goods and services, how gold and silver lost their inflation hedge status during the Hunt brothers squeeze in the late 1970s and what would be required from a true inflation hedged store of value.},
	journaltitle = {{arXiv}:2106.14204 [physics, q-fin]},
	author = {Taleb, Nassim Nicholas},
	urldate = {2021-12-29},
	date = {2021-07-04},
	eprinttype = {arxiv},
	eprint = {2106.14204},
	keywords = {Economics - General Economics, Physics - Physics and Society, Quantitative Finance - General Finance},
	file = {arXiv.org Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/6HXUTTA6/2106.html:text/html;arXiv Fulltext PDF:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/GE9QL2GW/Taleb - 2021 - Bitcoin, Currencies, and Fragility.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@online{cnn_internet_nodate,
	title = {Internet blimps are coming to Zanzibar. But can a {UK} company succeed where Google failed?},
	url = {https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/12/africa/world-mobile-internet-balloon-zanzibar-spc-intl/index.html},
	abstract = {{UK} startup World Mobile is bringing a land-air internet network to Zanzibar using aerostats -- blimp-like balloons.},
	titleaddon = {{CNN}},
	author = {{CNN}, Tom Page},
	urldate = {2022-02-22},
	keywords = {Africa, Cardano, connectivity, Solana, Zanzibar},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/JXZPY7TX/index.html:text/html},
}

@online{noauthor_platform_nodate,
	title = {Platform leverages blockchain to solve digital divide in Africa},
	url = {https://cointelegraph.com/news/platform-leverages-blockchain-to-solve-digital-divide-in-africa},
	abstract = {Token use case demonstrated in their ability to incentivize the previously unsustainable broadband distribution model},
	titleaddon = {Cointelegraph},
	urldate = {2022-02-22},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {Africa, connectivity},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/UE6I6ZAR/platform-leverages-blockchain-to-solve-digital-divide-in-africa.html:text/html},
}

@online{noauthor_unicef_nodate,
	title = {{UNICEF} and Giga Funding Opportunity},
	url = {https://www.unicef.org/innovation/venturefund/funding-opportunity-blockchain-capacity-building},
	abstract = {{UNICEF} Venture Fund and Giga Call for Blockchain-based Software Solutions to Build Capacity and Empower Communities},
	urldate = {2022-02-22},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {blockchain, {AID}, development, {UNICEF}},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/NFWKPQR6/funding-opportunity-blockchain-capacity-building.html:text/html},
}

@online{renieris_why_nodate,
	title = {Why a Little-Known Blockchain-Based Identity Project in Ethiopia Should Concern Us All},
	url = {https://www.cigionline.org/articles/why-a-little-known-blockchain-based-identity-project-in-ethiopia-should-concern-us-all/},
	abstract = {There is already evidence of identity information being used to target populations in the Tigray conflict. Imagine the implications of a national {ID} scheme built on an immutable ledger, driven by commercial incentives and operated from offshore.},
	titleaddon = {Centre for International Governance Innovation},
	author = {Renieris, Elizabeth M.},
	urldate = {2022-02-22},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {blockchain, Africa, Ethiopia, identity},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/M4I45Q3A/why-a-little-known-blockchain-based-identity-project-in-ethiopia-should-concern-us-all.html:text/html},
}

@article{livni_dramatic_2021,
	title = {The Dramatic Crash of a Buzzy Cryptocurrency Raises Eyebrows},
	issn = {0362-4331},
	url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/28/business/dealbook/icp-cryptocurrency-crash.html},
	abstract = {Just last month, the {ICP} crypto token, tied to a project backed by prestigious venture capitalists, was worth tens of billions of dollars. Then, its value collapsed.},
	journaltitle = {The New York Times},
	author = {Livni, Ephrat and Sorkin, Andrew Ross},
	urldate = {2022-02-22},
	date = {2021-06-28},
	langid = {american},
	keywords = {Andreessen Horowitz, Dfinity Foundation, {ICP}, Venture Capital, Virtual Currency},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/QTBFGW32/icp-cryptocurrency-crash.html:text/html},
}

@online{noauthor_introduction_nodate,
	title = {An Introduction to Dfinity and the Internet Computer},
	url = {https://messari.io},
	abstract = {Dfinity is one of the most tenured and well-funded platforms in crypto. Yet it is also one of the least understood. Most of Dfinity’s obscurity is due to its technical complexity and grand vision. Its platform, the Internet Computer, is a reimagining of the {IT} stack where developers can host software free from big tech monopolies.},
	urldate = {2022-02-22},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/59Y4IGBH/an-introduction-to-dfinity-and-the-internet-computer.html:text/html},
}

@online{noauthor_about_nodate,
	title = {About - Messari.io},
	url = {https://messari.io/about},
	abstract = {Our founders have spent the past five years as full-time cryptoasset researchers and investors, and have strong track records as co-founders of several of the industry's top brands.},
	urldate = {2022-02-22},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {claims},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/S7DGZR29/about.html:text/html},
}

@online{white_cryptocurrency_2022,
	title = {Cryptocurrency off-ramps, and the shift towards centralization},
	url = {https://blog.mollywhite.net/off-ramps/},
	abstract = {The},
	titleaddon = {Molly White},
	author = {White, Molly},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2022-02-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/QQ8QY2B7/off-ramps.html:text/html},
}

@online{tillemann_agenda_2021,
	title = {An Agenda for the Future of the Internet},
	url = {https://a16z.com/2021/10/13/an-agenda-for-the-future-of-the-internet/},
	abstract = {Today, we’re excited to announce the release of How to Win the Future, a policy agenda for the third generation of the internet. It will be a living document housed in our new web3 policy hub alongside a growing …},
	titleaddon = {Andreessen Horowitz},
	author = {Tillemann, Tomicah and Rathmell, James},
	urldate = {2022-03-01},
	date = {2021-10-13},
	langid = {american},
	note = {Section: cryptocurrencies \& blockchains},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/DFFZX2MA/an-agenda-for-the-future-of-the-internet.html:text/html},
}

@online{new_york_times_how_2021,
	title = {How Venture Capitalists Think Crypto Will Reshape Commerce},
	url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/29/us/politics/crypto-currency-venture-capitalists.html},
	abstract = {From banking to gaming, investors are sending billions of dollars to crypto inventors who seek to disrupt industries. Here’s a look at some of those bets.},
	author = {New York Times},
	urldate = {2022-03-01},
	date = {2021-10-29},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Section: U.S.},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/EVWY7ECZ/crypto-currency-venture-capitalists.html:text/html},
}

@online{tillemann_next_2021,
	title = {Next Steps to Win the Future: New ideas for our web3 policy platform},
	url = {https://a16z.com/2021/11/04/next-steps-to-win-the-future-new-ideas-for-our-web3-policy-platform/},
	shorttitle = {Next Steps to Win the Future},
	abstract = {When we released our policy agenda and legislative proposals publicly last month, our goal was to catalyze a conversation about the next generation of the internet and the role of technology in open societies. We also hoped to inspire the …},
	titleaddon = {Andreessen Horowitz},
	author = {Tillemann, Tomicah and Ramaswamy, Jai and Jennings, Miles and Rathmell, James},
	urldate = {2022-03-01},
	date = {2021-11-04},
	langid = {american},
	note = {Section: cryptocurrencies \& blockchains},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/ZH3KPM2R/next-steps-to-win-the-future-new-ideas-for-our-web3-policy-platform.html:text/html},
}

@online{tillemann_how_2022,
	title = {How to Build a Better Internet: 10 Principles for World leaders Shaping the Future of Web3},
	url = {https://a16z.com/2022/01/07/how-to-build-a-better-internet-10-principles-for-world-leaders-shaping-the-future-of-web3/},
	shorttitle = {How to Build a Better Internet},
	abstract = {The year 2021 marked a watershed moment for web3. Significant numbers of policymakers began to grasp the potential of web3 to democratize access to opportunity, provide individuals with more control of their data, and build a better internet. In the …},
	titleaddon = {Andreessen Horowitz},
	author = {Tillemann, Tomicah and Rathmell, James},
	urldate = {2022-03-01},
	date = {2022-01-07},
	langid = {american},
	note = {Section: cryptocurrencies \& blockchains},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/EJH99N3P/how-to-build-a-better-internet-10-principles-for-world-leaders-shaping-the-future-of-web3.html:text/html},
}

@online{essentia_1_why_2021,
	title = {Why the Web 3.0 Matters and you should know about it},
	url = {https://medium.com/@essentia1/why-the-web-3-0-matters-and-you-should-know-about-it-a5851d63c949},
	abstract = {There’s plenty of buzz around the web 3.0 and the sweeping changes it will bring to the industry, but few people actually know why it…},
	titleaddon = {Medium},
	author = {Essentia 1},
	urldate = {2022-03-01},
	date = {2021-06-03},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/9N756EP9/why-the-web-3-0-matters-and-you-should-know-about-it-a5851d63c949.html:text/html},
}

@online{wood_why_2018,
	title = {Why We Need Web 3.0},
	url = {https://gavofyork.medium.com/why-we-need-web-3-0-5da4f2bf95ab},
	abstract = {Ethereum co-founder Gavin Wood on why today’s internet is broken — and how we can do better next time around},
	titleaddon = {Medium},
	author = {Wood, Gavin},
	urldate = {2022-03-01},
	date = {2018-09-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/8TIWRBMT/why-we-need-web-3-0-5da4f2bf95ab.html:text/html},
}

@online{miller_certitude_2017,
	title = {“Certitude is not the test of certainty. We have been cocksure of many things that were not so.” - Oliver Wendell Holmes},
	url = {https://millervalue.com/certitude-not-test-certainty/},
	abstract = {No one can be certain of the future of Bitcoin, but here are some reasons we find it compelling.},
	titleaddon = {Miller Value Partners},
	author = {Miller, Bill},
	urldate = {2022-02-28},
	date = {2017-11-02},
	langid = {american},
	keywords = {read/catherine},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/APH3PPF2/certitude-not-test-certainty.html:text/html},
}

@online{dixon_nfts_2021,
	title = {{NFTs} and A Thousand True Fans},
	url = {https://cdixon.org/2021/02/27/NFTs-and-a-thousand-true-fans},
	abstract = {Chris Dixon's blog.},
	author = {Dixon, Chris},
	urldate = {2022-02-28},
	date = {2021-02-27},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/6WMVYA7I/NFTs-and-a-thousand-true-fans.html:text/html},
}

@online{miller_value_2015,
	title = {The Value Investor's Case for... Bitcoin?!},
	url = {https://millervalue.com/a-value-investors-case-for-bitcoin/},
	shorttitle = {The Value Investor's Case for... Bitcoin?},
	abstract = {Our thought process on Bitcoin is a representative example of our probabilistic value approach, even though the asset may not hit the radar screens of more traditional value investors.},
	titleaddon = {Miller Value Partners},
	author = {Miller, Bill},
	urldate = {2022-02-28},
	date = {2015-09-08},
	langid = {american},
	keywords = {read/catherine},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/2WMUPMAQ/a-value-investors-case-for-bitcoin.html:text/html},
}

@online{casares_case_2019,
	title = {The Case for a Small Allocation to Bitcoin},
	url = {https://www.kanaandkatana.com/valuation-depot-contents/2019/4/11/the-case-for-a-small-allocation-to-bitcoin},
	abstract = {“The case for a small allocation to Bitcoin” by Wences Casares, {CEO} of Xapo. Why most portfolios should allocate up to 1\% to Bitcoin.},
	titleaddon = {Kana and Katana},
	author = {Casares, Wences},
	urldate = {2022-02-28},
	date = {2019-03-01},
	langid = {american},
	keywords = {read/catherine},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/6JGFTUZH/the-case-for-a-small-allocation-to-bitcoin.html:text/html},
}

@online{dixon_why_2021,
	title = {Why Web3 Matters},
	url = {https://future.a16z.com/why-web3-matters/},
	abstract = {We are now at the beginning of the web3 era, which combines the decentralized, community-governed ethos of web1 with the advanced, modern functionality of web2.},
	titleaddon = {Future},
	author = {Dixon, Chris},
	urldate = {2022-02-28},
	date = {2021-10-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/GTBHWMAV/why-web3-matters.html:text/html},
}

@online{dixon_why_nodate,
	title = {Why decentralization matters},
	url = {https://cdixon.org/2018/02/18/why-decentralization-matters},
	abstract = {Chris Dixon's blog.},
	author = {Dixon, Chris},
	urldate = {2022-02-28},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/65N9WTSE/why-decentralization-matters.html:text/html},
}

@article{buterin_ethereum_2014,
	title = {Ethereum: A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform.},
	pages = {36},
	author = {Buterin, Vitalik},
	date = {2014},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Buterin - Ethereum A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Dec.pdf:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/XH6PG4FX/Buterin - Ethereum A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Dec.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@online{buterin_meaning_2017,
	title = {The Meaning of Decentralization},
	url = {https://medium.com/@VitalikButerin/the-meaning-of-decentralization-a0c92b76a274},
	abstract = {“Decentralization” is one of the words that is used in the cryptoeconomics space the most frequently, and is often even viewed as a…},
	titleaddon = {Medium},
	author = {Buterin, Vitalik},
	urldate = {2022-02-28},
	date = {2017-02-06},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/ZDHH545F/the-meaning-of-decentralization-a0c92b76a274.html:text/html},
}

@online{buterin_liberation_2018,
	title = {Liberation Through Radical Decentralization},
	url = {https://medium.com/@VitalikButerin/liberation-through-radical-decentralization-22fc4bedc2ac},
	abstract = {By Vitalik Buterin and Glen Weyl},
	titleaddon = {Medium},
	author = {Buterin, Vitalik},
	urldate = {2022-02-28},
	date = {2018-05-21},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/47JCDJ2L/liberation-through-radical-decentralization-22fc4bedc2ac.html:text/html},
}

@audio{future_thinkers_what_nodate,
	title = {What is Ethereum and How to Build a Decentralized Future},
	url = {https://futurethinkers.org/vitalik-buterin-ethereum-decentralized-future/},
	abstract = {Vitalik Buterin talks about Ethereum, decentralized platforms, crypto currency, smart contracts, and why those things matter for the future of the economy},
	author = {Future Thinkers},
	urldate = {2022-02-28},
	langid = {american},
	note = {Section: Podcast},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/45X896JY/vitalik-buterin-ethereum-decentralized-future.html:text/html},
}

@online{huang_7_2020,
	title = {7 Things To Read About Bitcoin (For Institutional Investors)},
	url = {https://www.paradigm.xyz/2020/05/7-things-to-read-about-bitcoin-for-institutional-investors},
	abstract = {After some quiet years, Bitcoin is top of mind again. We recently published a paper ("Bitcoin for the Open-Minded Skeptic") to help demystify Bitcoin for a new cohort of investors. Many},
	titleaddon = {Paradigm},
	author = {Huang, Matt},
	urldate = {2022-02-28},
	date = {2020-05-01},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/BXFIP8DU/7-things-to-read-about-bitcoin-for-institutional-investors.html:text/html},
}

@online{huang_bitcoin_2020,
	title = {Bitcoin for the Open-Minded Skeptic},
	url = {https://www.matthuang.com/posts/bitcoin_for_the_open_minded_skeptic},
	titleaddon = {Matt Huang},
	author = {Huang, Matt},
	urldate = {2022-02-28},
	date = {2020-05},
	keywords = {read/catherine},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/ELU9A6X7/bitcoin_for_the_open_minded_skeptic.html:text/html},
}

@article{jin_li_2021,
	title = {Li Jin on the future of the creator economy},
	issn = {0013-0613},
	url = {https://www.economist.com/the-world-ahead/2021/11/08/li-jin-on-the-future-of-the-creator-economy},
	abstract = {Shared ownership and control of online platforms is the way forward},
	journaltitle = {The Economist},
	author = {Jin, Lil},
	urldate = {2022-02-28},
	date = {2021-11-08},
	note = {Shared ownership and control of online platforms is the way forward (via crypto)},
	file = {The Economist Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/U42NDUJA/li-jin-on-the-future-of-the-creator-economy.html:text/html},
}

@article{edelman_father_2021,
	title = {The Father of Web3 Wants You to Trust Less},
	issn = {1059-1028},
	url = {https://www.wired.com/story/web3-gavin-wood-interview/},
	abstract = {Gavin Wood, who coined the term Web3 in 2014, believes decentralized technologies are the only hope of preserving liberal democracy.},
	journaltitle = {Wired},
	author = {Edelman, Gilad},
	urldate = {2022-02-28},
	date = {2021-11-29},
	langid = {american},
	note = {Gavin Wood, who coined the term Web3 in 2014, believes decentralized technologies are the only hope of preserving liberal democracy.},
	keywords = {blockchain, web3, internet, web 2.0},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/IQAYDMSJ/web3-gavin-wood-interview.html:text/html},
}

@online{wenger_crypto_2016,
	title = {Crypto Tokens and the Coming Age of Protocol Innovation},
	url = {https://continuations.com/post/148098927445/crypto-tokens-and-the-age-of-protocol-innovation},
	author = {Wenger, Albert},
	urldate = {2022-02-28},
	date = {2016-07-28},
	note = {Move about incentivizing investment in the protocols},
	file = {Continuations by Albert Wenger \: Crypto Tokens and the Coming Age of Protocol...:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/5UP2QYBN/crypto-tokens-and-the-age-of-protocol-innovation.html:text/html},
}

@online{discocoop_manifesto_2019,
	title = {Manifesto – {DisCO}.coop},
	url = {https://disco.coop/manifesto/},
	author = {{DisCo}.coop},
	urldate = {2022-02-28},
	date = {2019-12},
	langid = {american},
	note = {A joint publication by {DisCO}.coop, the Transnational Institute and Guerrilla Media Collective. "Value Sovereignty, Care Work, Commons and Distributed Cooperative Organizations. The {DisCO} Manifesto is a deep dive into the world of Distributed Cooperative Organizations. Over its 80 colorful pages, you will read about how {DisCOs} are a P2P/Commons, cooperative and Feminist Economic alternative to Decentralized Autonomous Organizations ({DAOs}). The {DisCO} Manifesto also includes some background on topics like blockchain, {AI}, the commons, feminism, cooperatives, cyberpunk, and more."},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/AZ8TRZFQ/manifesto.html:text/html},
}

@online{monegro_fat_2016,
	title = {Fat Protocols},
	url = {https://www.usv.com/writing/2016/08/fat-protocols/},
	abstract = {The previous generation of shared protocols ({TCP}/{IP}, {HTTP}, {SMTP}, etc.) produced immeasurable amounts of value, but most of it got captured and re-aggregated on top at the applications layer, largely in the form of data (think Google, Facebook and so on). The Internet stack, in terms of how value is distributed, is composed of “thin” protocols and “fat” applications.
This relationship between protocols and applications is reversed in the blockchain application stack. Value concentrates at the shared protocol layer and only a fraction of that value is distributed along at the applications layer. It’s a stack with “fat” protocols and “thin” applications.},
	titleaddon = {Union Square Ventures},
	author = {Monegro, Joel},
	urldate = {2022-02-28},
	date = {2016-08-08},
	langid = {american},
	note = {Section: {USV} Blog. more about incentivizing adoption},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/FZYVMVYS/fat-protocols.html:text/html},
}

@video{weaver_blockchains_2018,
	title = {Blockchains and Cryptocurrencies: Burn It With Fire},
	url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xCHab0dNnj4},
	shorttitle = {Blockchains and Cryptocurrencies},
	abstract = {The entire cryptocurrency and blockchain ecology is rife with frauds, criminalities, and tulip-mania style hype and needs to be properly disposed of into the...},
	publisher = {Berkeley School of Information},
	author = {Weaver, Nicholas},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2018-04-20},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/G3I2678U/watch.html:text/html},
}

@online{white_blockchain-based_2022,
	title = {Blockchain-based Systems Are Not What They Say They Are},
	url = {https://blog.mollywhite.net/blockchains-are-not-what-they-say/},
	abstract = {If you go out seeking to learn why blockchains and the systems built atop them are apparently the future of our web, you’ll begin to see some common themes. These fall apart under further scrutiny.},
	titleaddon = {Molly White},
	author = {White, Molly},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2022-01-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/SRHZD99H/blockchains-are-not-what-they-say.html:text/html},
}

@online{anderson_bitcoin_2018,
	title = {Bitcoin Redux: Crypto Crime, and How to Tackle It},
	url = {https://www.lightbluetouchpaper.org/2018/06/01/bitcoin-redux-crypto-crime-and-how-to-tackle-it/},
	shorttitle = {Bitcoin Redux},
	titleaddon = {Light Blue Touchpaper},
	author = {Anderson, Ross},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2018-06-01},
	langid = {american},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/FQTXD9XZ/bitcoin-redux-crypto-crime-and-how-to-tackle-it.html:text/html},
}

@online{white_anonymous_2022,
	title = {Anonymous Cryptocurrency Wallets Are Not So Simple},
	url = {https://blog.mollywhite.net/anonymous-crypto-wallets/},
	abstract = {How straightforward is it really to transact anonymously with today's popular cryptocurrencies?},
	titleaddon = {Molly White},
	author = {White, Molly},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2022-02-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/MQBKMKXB/anonymous-crypto-wallets.html:text/html},
}

@online{soatok_against_2021,
	title = {Against Web3 and Faux-Decentralization},
	url = {https://soatok.blog/2021/10/19/against-web3-and-faux-decentralization/},
	abstract = {Despite the hype, Web3 offers fake decentralization and builds upon technology you could build without cryptocurrency.},
	titleaddon = {Dhole Moments},
	author = {Soatok},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2021-10-19},
	langid = {american},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/YVLFJ2XP/against-web3-and-faux-decentralization.html:text/html},
}

@online{white_abuse_2022,
	title = {Abuse and Harassment on the Blockchain},
	url = {https://blog.mollywhite.net/abuse-and-harassment-on-the-blockchain/},
	titleaddon = {Molly White},
	author = {White, Molly},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2022-01-22},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/AJ6JQ9YD/abuse-and-harassment-on-the-blockchain.html:text/html},
}

@video{olson_problem_2022,
	title = {The Problem With {NFTs}},
	url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQ_xWvX1n9g},
	abstract = {If someone pitches you on a "great" Web3 project, ask them if it requires buying or selling crypto to do what they say it does.Sources and Further Readinghtt...},
	author = {Olson, Dan},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2022-01-21},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {Highly recommended},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/TTQTNFA2/watch.html:text/html},
}

@video{revolution_now_revolution_2021,
	title = {Revolution Now! with Peter Joseph {\textbar} Ep \#23 {\textbar} May 21st 2021},
	url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsghxd1cdeA},
	abstract = {*Special 1 hour show.In this episode, Bitcoin, Wall St and the toxic evolution of Financialization is discussed, with secondary focus on core principles of s...},
	author = {Revolution Now!},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2021-05-22},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/CDBDGXKL/watch.html:text/html},
}

@online{wardley_spoiler_2013,
	title = {A Spoiler for the Future - Bitcoin},
	url = {https://blog.gardeviance.org/2013/11/a-spoiler-for-future-bitcoin.html},
	titleaddon = {Bits or Pieces?},
	author = {Wardley, Simon},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2013-11-27},
	langid = {british},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/NPXXQTSP/a-spoiler-for-future-bitcoin.html:text/html},
}

@video{computerphile_why_2018,
	title = {Why Bitcoin is Not Cash - Computerphile},
	url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9HH_dFcoLc},
	abstract = {Bitcoin shouldn't be regulated because it works like cash. Professor Ross Anderson of University of Cambridge on why Bitcoin isn't cash. Tracing Stolen Bitco...},
	author = {Computerphile},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2018-04-10},
	langid = {english},
	note = {walks through why bitcoin is not cash and the complex legal questions it would need to deal with if it wanted to be.},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/PMI4VUSC/watch.html:text/html},
}

@online{stinchcombe_ten_2017,
	title = {Ten Years In, Nobody Has Come Up With a Use for Blockchain},
	url = {https://hackernoon.com/ten-years-in-nobody-has-come-up-with-a-use-case-for-blockchain-ee98c180100},
	titleaddon = {Hackernoon},
	author = {Stinchcombe, Kai},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2017-12-22},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/7X9755WV/ten-years-in-nobody-has-come-up-with-a-use-case-for-blockchain-ee98c180100.html:text/html},
}

@online{doctorow_pluralistic_2022,
	title = {Pluralistic: 03 Feb 2022 – Pluralistic: Daily links from Cory Doctorow},
	url = {https://pluralistic.net/2022/02/03/liquidation-preference/},
	shorttitle = {Pluralistic},
	author = {Doctorow, Cory},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2022-02-03},
	langid = {american},
	note = {Why state backed money is a good thing (a feature not a bug).},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/IA97YJ2K/liquidation-preference.html:text/html},
}

@online{stinchcombe_blockchain_2018,
	title = {Blockchain is Not Only Crappy Technology But a Bad Vision for the Future},
	url = {https://medium.com/@kaistinchcombe/decentralized-and-trustless-crypto-paradise-is-actually-a-medieval-hellhole-c1ca122efdec},
	abstract = {Blockchain is not only crappy technology but a bad vision for the future. Its failure to achieve adoption to date is because systems built…},
	titleaddon = {Medium},
	author = {Stinchcombe, Kai},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2018-04-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/HG9E5F76/decentralized-and-trustless-crypto-paradise-is-actually-a-medieval-hellhole-c1ca122efdec.html:text/html},
}

@video{computerphile_stolen_2018,
	title = {Stolen Bitcoin Tracing - Computerphile - {YouTube}},
	url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlLN0QERWBs&ab_channel=Computerphile},
	author = {Computerphile},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2018-03-23},
	file = {Stolen Bitcoin Tracing - Computerphile - YouTube:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/KXXKC6PM/watch.html:text/html},
}

@online{oreilly_why_2021,
	title = {Why It's Too Early to Get Excited About Web3},
	url = {https://www.oreilly.com/radar/why-its-too-early-to-get-excited-about-web3/},
	titleaddon = {O’Reilly Media},
	author = {O’Reilly, Tim},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2021-12-13},
	langid = {american},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/DM2TMJWK/why-its-too-early-to-get-excited-about-web3.html:text/html},
}

@online{goodwins_dark_2021,
	title = {The dark equation of harm versus good means blockchain’s had its day},
	url = {https://www.theregister.com/2021/12/06/the_dark_equation_of_harm/},
	abstract = {Put crypto back in the crypt},
	author = {Goodwins, Rupert},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2021-12-06},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/XLZBBHH8/the_dark_equation_of_harm.html:text/html},
}

@online{patterson_internet_2022,
	title = {Internet Guru Tim O'Reilly on Web3: "Get Ready for the Crash"},
	url = {https://www.cbsnews.com/news/web3-cryptocurrency-nft-tim-oreilly/},
	shorttitle = {Internet guru Tim O'Reilly on Web3},
	abstract = {Tech luminary who coined the term "Web 2.0" on cryptocurrency, {NFTs} and blockchain: "It's kind of like a pyramid scheme."},
	titleaddon = {{CBS} News},
	author = {Patterson, Dan},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2022-02-10},
	langid = {american},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/HXF9D6EF/web3-cryptocurrency-nft-tim-oreilly.html:text/html},
}

@online{tonelli_internet_2022,
	title = {Internet Guru Tim O’Reilly: Crypto and {NFTs} Are 'Pretty Serious Speculative Bubble'},
	url = {https://decrypt.co/92676/internet-guru-tim-oreilly-crypto-nfts-serious-speculative-bubble},
	abstract = {Tim O’Reilly, the man who coined the term Web 2.0, is unimpressed by Web3. It's “a long way from prime time,” he said.},
	titleaddon = {Decrypt},
	author = {Tonelli, Emily},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2022-02-10},
	langid = {american},
	note = {Section: News},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/N9Z2R8JR/internet-guru-tim-oreilly-crypto-nfts-serious-speculative-bubble.html:text/html},
}

@online{white_cryptocurrencys_2022,
	title = {Cryptocurrency's Robinhood effect},
	url = {https://blog.mollywhite.net/cryptocurrencys-robinhood-effect/},
	abstract = {Cryptocurrency trading is experiencing a},
	titleaddon = {Molly White},
	author = {White, Molly},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2022-02-17},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/I73KC8HK/cryptocurrencys-robinhood-effect.html:text/html},
}

@online{white_cryptocurrency_2022-1,
	title = {Cryptocurrency off-ramps, and the shift towards centralization},
	url = {https://blog.mollywhite.net/off-ramps/},
	abstract = {The},
	titleaddon = {Molly White},
	author = {White, Molly},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2022-02-12},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/P4Q2YJ4F/off-ramps.html:text/html},
}

@online{white_its_2022,
	title = {It's not still the early days},
	url = {https://blog.mollywhite.net/its-not-still-the-early-days/},
	abstract = {When I speak about the inefficiency of popular blockchains, or mention that we seem to be hurtling towards a},
	titleaddon = {Molly White},
	author = {White, Molly},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2022-01-14},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/ATVJ3M5A/its-not-still-the-early-days.html:text/html},
}

@online{rosenthal_ee380_2022,
	title = {{EE}380 Talk (Can We Mitigate Cryptocurrencies' Externalities?)},
	url = {https://blog.dshr.org/2022/02/ee380-talk.html},
	titleaddon = {{DSHR}'s Blog},
	author = {Rosenthal, David},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2022-02-09},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/KKBSNI5G/ee380-talk.html:text/html},
}

@online{weaver_web3_2021,
	title = {The Web3 Fraud},
	url = {https://www.usenix.org/publications/loginonline/web3-fraud},
	titleaddon = {{USENIX}},
	author = {Weaver, Nicholas},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2021-12-16},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/HGARYITT/web3-fraud.html:text/html},
}

@online{pollock_reflections_2016,
	title = {Reflections on the Blockchain · Rufus Pollock Online},
	url = {https://rufuspollock.com/2016/07/02/reflections-on-the-blockchain/},
	author = {Pollock, Rufus},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2016-07-02},
	note = {mainly a critique of early {DAOs} and techno-solutionism},
	file = {Reflections on the Blockchain · Rufus Pollock Online:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/GWPRERAP/reflections-on-the-blockchain.html:text/html},
}

@online{tante_third_2021,
	title = {The Third Web},
	url = {https://tante.cc/2021/12/17/the-third-web/},
	abstract = {(This text is very long. Maybe too long. You can find a {PDF} and an {EPUB} of it below.The current version of this text will always live at https://web3.tante.{ccSatya} has created an audio version of this essay. Eine deutsche Version findet sich hier. Una versione italiana di questo testo è qui – grazie Nebbia! En […]},
	titleaddon = {Nodes in a social network},
	author = {Tante},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2021-12-17},
	langid = {american},
	note = {long critical essay including detailed history by Tante},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/3MMZ2FAC/the-third-web.html:text/html},
}

@online{stross_why_2013,
	title = {Why I Want Bitcoin to Die in a Fire},
	url = {https://www.antipope.org/charlie/blog-static/2013/12/why-i-want-bitcoin-to-die-in-a.html},
	titleaddon = {Charlie's Diary},
	author = {Stross, Charlie},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2013-12-18},
	file = {Why I want Bitcoin to die in a fire - Charlie's Diary:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/I8B52DSX/why-i-want-bitcoin-to-die-in-a.html:text/html},
}

@online{rosenthal_economies_2014,
	title = {Economies of Scale in Peer-to-Peer Networks},
	url = {https://blog.dshr.org/2014/10/economies-of-scale-in-peer-to-peer.html},
	titleaddon = {{DSHR}'s Blog},
	author = {Rosenthal, David},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2014-10-07},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/N5VI7ENG/economies-of-scale-in-peer-to-peer.html:text/html},
}

@online{levine_web3_2022,
	title = {Web3 Takes Trust Too - Bloomberg},
	url = {https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2022-01-10/web3-takes-trust-too},
	author = {Levine, Matt},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2022-01-10},
	file = {Web3 Takes Trust Too - Bloomberg:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/AHYQ4K2J/web3-takes-trust-too.html:text/html},
}

@online{diehl_web3_2021,
	title = {Web3 is Bullshit},
	url = {https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/web3-bullshit.html},
	author = {Diehl, Stephen},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2021-12-04},
	file = {Web3 is Bullshit:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/C2RAYQMN/web3-bullshit.html:text/html},
}

@online{diehl_blockchainism_2021,
	title = {Blockchainism},
	url = {https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/blockchainism.html},
	author = {Diehl, Stephen},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2021-12-11},
	file = {Blockchainism:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/CXTB87UT/blockchainism.html:text/html},
}

@online{diehl_internets_2021,
	title = {The Internet's Casino Boats},
	url = {https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/casino-boats.html},
	author = {Diehl, Stephen},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2021-12-01},
	file = {The Internet's Casino Boats:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/U8MLGQNZ/casino-boats.html:text/html},
}

@online{diehl_token_2021,
	title = {The Token Disconnect},
	url = {https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/disconnect.html},
	author = {Diehl, Stephen},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2021-11-27},
	file = {The Token Disconnect:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/FLYIJ6VB/disconnect.html:text/html},
}

@online{diehl_handwavy_2021,
	title = {The Handwavy Technobabble Nothingburger},
	url = {https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/nothing-burger.html},
	author = {Diehl, Stephen},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2021-11-24},
	file = {The Handwavy Technobabble Nothingburger:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/G2WXV4GR/nothing-burger.html:text/html},
}

@online{diehl_ice-nine_2021,
	title = {Ice-Nine for Markets},
	url = {https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/ice-nine.html},
	author = {Diehl, Stephen},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2021-11-23},
	file = {Ice-Nine for Markets:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/BS2359W7/ice-nine.html:text/html},
}

@online{diehl_tinkerbell_2021,
	title = {The Tinkerbell Griftopia},
	url = {https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/tinkerbell.html},
	author = {Diehl, Stephen},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2021-11-19},
	file = {The Tinkerbell Griftopia:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/JCAPV8X2/tinkerbell.html:text/html},
}

@online{diehl_intellectual_2021,
	title = {The Intellectual Incoherence of Cryptoassets},
	url = {https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/crypto-absurd.html},
	author = {Diehl, Stephen},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2021-11-07},
	file = {The Intellectual Incoherence of Cryptoassets:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/9MGP9C8M/crypto-absurd.html:text/html},
}

@online{diehl_decentralized_2021,
	title = {Decentralized Woo Hoo},
	url = {https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/decentralized-woo.html},
	author = {Diehl, Stephen},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2021-11-16},
	file = {Decentralized Woo Hoo:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/B2TPL3AD/decentralized-woo.html:text/html},
}

@online{diehl_unintentional_2021,
	title = {On Unintentional Scams},
	url = {https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/crypto-scams.html},
	author = {Diehl, Stephen},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2021-07-23},
	file = {On Unintentional Scams:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/HGN3QBLL/crypto-scams.html:text/html},
}

@online{diehl_how_2021,
	title = {How to Destroy Bitcoin},
	url = {https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/destroy-bitcoin.html},
	author = {Diehl, Stephen},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2021-07-13},
	file = {How to Destroy Bitcoin:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/M6M7MUST/destroy-bitcoin.html:text/html},
}

@online{diehl_non-innovation_2021,
	title = {The Non-Innovation of Cryptocurrency},
	url = {https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/non-innovation.html},
	author = {Diehl, Stephen},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2021-07-07},
	file = {The Non-Innovation of Cryptocurrency:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/CPT65B72/non-innovation.html:text/html},
}

@online{diehl_oncoming_2021,
	title = {The Oncoming Ransomware Storm},
	url = {https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/ransomware.html},
	author = {Diehl, Stephen},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2021-05-11},
	file = {The Oncoming Ransomware Storm:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/RHCWV8RJ/ransomware.html:text/html},
}

@online{diehl_et_2021,
	title = {Et tu, Signal?},
	url = {https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/signal.html},
	author = {Diehl, Stephen},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2021-04-07},
	file = {Et tu, Signal?:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/GE4TKEJB/signal.html:text/html},
}

@online{diehl_political_2021,
	title = {The Political Case for a Blanket Cryptocurrency Ban},
	url = {https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/banbitcoin.html},
	author = {Diehl, Stephen},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2021-03-30},
	file = {The Political Case for a Blanket Cryptocurrency Ban:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/T8HPQTWF/banbitcoin.html:text/html},
}

@online{diehl_crypto_2021,
	title = {The Crypto Chernobyl},
	url = {https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/chernobyl.html},
	author = {Diehl, Stephen},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2021-02-10},
	file = {The Crypto Chernobyl:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/CV3BVIFY/chernobyl.html:text/html},
}

@online{diehl_gamestop_2021,
	title = {Gamestop, Bitcoin and the Commoditization of Populist Rage},
	url = {https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/gamestop.html},
	author = {Diehl, Stephen},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2021-02-03},
	file = {Gamestop, Bitcoin and the Commoditization of Populist Rage:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/KDNTGF5V/gamestop.html:text/html},
}

@online{zawinski_today_2022,
	title = {Today on Sick Sad World: How The Cryptobros Have Fallen},
	url = {https://www.jwz.org/blog/2022/01/today-on-sick-sad-world-how-the-cryptobros-have-fallen/},
	shorttitle = {Today on Sick Sad World},
	abstract = {Or, the through-line from Assassination Politics to monkey {JPEGs}. The joke goes, "Stop saying you were promised flying cars. Unless you were born in 1935, you weren't promised flying cars, you were promised a cyberpunk corporate dystopia. You're welcome." Or, in the immortal words of Blank Reg, "You know how we said 'No Future'? Well. This is it." In the 80s and 90s, hacker culture was flush ...},
	author = {Zawinski, Jamie},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2022-01-04},
	langid = {american},
	note = {Jamie Zawinski is a legendary coder and co-founder of Mozilla},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/JTK7Y8LM/today-on-sick-sad-world-how-the-cryptobros-have-fallen.html:text/html},
}

@report{cembalest_maltese_2022,
	title = {The Maltese Falcoin: On Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains},
	pages = {31},
	author = {Cembalest, Michael},
	date = {2022-02-03},
	langid = {english},
	file = {2022 - The Maltese Falcoin.pdf:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/WIN2IB4U/2022 - The Maltese Falcoin.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@online{marlinspike_my_2022,
	title = {My first impressions of web3},
	url = {https://moxie.org/2022/01/07/web3-first-impressions.html},
	abstract = {Despite considering myself a cryptographer, I have not found myself particularly drawn to “crypto.” I don’t think I’ve ever actually said the words “get off my lawn,” but I’m much more likely to click on Pepperidge Farm Remembers flavored memes about how “crypto” used to mean “cryptography” than ...},
	titleaddon = {Moxie Marlinspike},
	author = {Marlinspike, Moxie},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2022-01-07},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Moxie Marlinspike is co-founder of Signal etc.},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/EGYIZGZ2/web3-first-impressions.html:text/html},
}

@article{taleb_bitcoin_2021-2,
	title = {Bitcoin, Currencies, and Fragility},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.14204},
	abstract = {This discussion applies quantitative finance methods and economic arguments to cryptocurrencies in general and bitcoin in particular -- as there are about \$10,000\$ cryptocurrencies, we focus (unless otherwise specified) on the most discussed crypto of those that claim to hew to the original protocol (Nakamoto 2009) and the one with, by far, the largest market capitalization. In its current version, in spite of the hype, bitcoin failed to satisfy the notion of "currency without government" (it proved to not even be a currency at all), can be neither a short nor long term store of value (its expected value is no higher than \$0\$), cannot operate as a reliable inflation hedge, and, worst of all, does not constitute, not even remotely, a safe haven for one's investments, a shield against government tyranny, or a tail protection vehicle for catastrophic episodes. Furthermore, bitcoin promoters appear to conflate the success of a payment mechanism (as a decentralized mode of exchange), which so far has failed, with the speculative variations in the price of a zero-sum maximally fragile asset with massive negative externalities. Going through monetary history, we show how a true numeraire must be one of minimum variance with respect to an arbitrary basket of goods and services, how gold and silver lost their inflation hedge status during the Hunt brothers squeeze in the late 1970s and what would be required from a true inflation hedged store of value.},
	journaltitle = {{arXiv}:2106.14204 [physics, q-fin]},
	author = {Taleb, Nassim Nicholas},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2021-07-04},
	eprinttype = {arxiv},
	eprint = {2106.14204},
	keywords = {Economics - General Economics, Physics - Physics and Society, Quantitative Finance - General Finance},
	file = {arXiv.org Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/G3QZDBAC/2106.html:text/html;arXiv Fulltext PDF:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/XLZE7GJA/Taleb - 2021 - Bitcoin, Currencies, and Fragility.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@online{oleary_case_2021,
	title = {The Case Against Crypto {\textbar} Pervasive Media Studio},
	url = {http://www.watershed.co.uk/studio/news/2021/12/03/case-against-crypto},
	abstract = {In this article Martin O\&\#039;Leary, Watershed\&\#039;s Creative Technologist, sets out the case against using cryptocurrency and {NFTs}.},
	titleaddon = {Watershed},
	author = {O'Leary, Martin},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2021-12-03},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/DKUAFTRF/case-against-crypto.html:text/html},
}

@online{bindseil_encrypted_2022,
	title = {The encrypted threat: Bitcoin’s social cost and regulatory responses},
	url = {https://web.archive.org/web/20220107084533/https://www.suerf.org/docx/f_88b3febc5798a734026c82c1012408f5_38771_suerf.pdf},
	author = {Bindseil, Ulrich and Papsdorf, Patrick and Schaaf, Jürgen},
	urldate = {2022-02-25},
	date = {2022-01-07},
	file = {PDF Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/RTATGVNF/2022 - Wayback Machine.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{frye_after_2021,
	title = {After Copyright: Pwning {NFTs} in a Clout Economy},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3971240},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Frye, Brian L.},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{NFTS}, {NFTS}\_IP},
}

@article{kong_alternative_2021,
	title = {Alternative investments in the Fintech era: The risk and return of Non-Fungible Token ({NFT})},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3914085},
	abstract = {We utilize one of the earliest and largest {NFT} collections to investigate the pricing and the risk-return profile of {NFTs}. In general, we find that {NFTs} have higher returns than traditional financial assets. Yet, investing in {NFTs} comes along with extremely high volatility. The average monthly returns on {NFTs} range from 6.10\% to 44.11\%. But their standard deviations fluctuate between 44.35\% and 74.57\%, leading to a Sharpe ratio comparable to the {NASDAQ} index. {NFT} prices surge when there is a drastic increase in demand for alternative investments and a search for yield, especially in a low interest rate environment. We also find that the pricing of {NFT} largely depends on a token's scarceness and an investor's aesthetic preference. Hence, conventional asset-pricing models are unlikely to explain {NFT} returns. Overall, we provide the first comprehensive analysis that {NFTs} serve as a novel investment vessel in this Fintech era. {JEL} Classifications: C43, D44, G11, G12, Z11},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Kong, De-Rong and Lin, Tse-Chun},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{NFTS}, {NFTS}\_ASSET},
}

@article{dowling_fertile_2021,
	title = {Fertile {LAND}: Pricing non-fungible tokens},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S154461232100177X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.frl.2021.102096},
	pages = {102096},
	journaltitle = {Finance Research Letters},
	author = {Dowling, Michael},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	keywords = {{NFTS}, {NFTS}\_ASSET},
}

@article{kim_fractional_2020,
	title = {Fractional ownership, democratization, and bubble formation - The impact of blockchain enabled asset tokenization},
	url = {https://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2020/adv_info_systems_research/adv_info_systems_research/19/},
	doi = {https://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2020/adv_info_systems_research/adv_info_systems_research/19/},
	abstract = {Motivated by the growing importance of research on blockchain applications, this paper conceptualizes the potential impact of blockchain enabled asset tokenization. Asset tokenization is the process of converting real-world assets to digital tokens and trading them fractionally based on a blockchain platform and its smart contract function. This research hypothesizes that tokenizing the asset increases its price by improving the democracy of the market and its liquidity, and eventually results in a price bubble, although it is not clear how long it will last. Furthermore, this impact is hypothesized to be greater on the previously lesser-known assets, because of the dominant investor sentiment and valuation subjectivity. Specifically, the art market is designated as a research context because blockchain applications has been expected to innovate the market by resolving its problems of centralization, inefficiency, and information asymmetry.},
	pages = {0--5},
	journaltitle = {26th Americas Conference on Information Systems, {AMCIS} 2020},
	author = {Kim, Soyeon},
	date = {2020},
	note = {{ISBN}: 9781733632546},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {NFTS}, {NFTS}\_ASSET, Asset Tokenization, Blockchain Application, Digital Transaction, Fractional Ownership},
}

@article{frye_how_nodate,
	title = {How to Sell {NFTs} Without Really Trying},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3930430},
	doi = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3930430},
	abstract = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract\_id=3930430},
	journaltitle = {Harvard Journal of Sports and Entertainment Law, Forthcoming},
	author = {Frye, Brian L.},
	keywords = {{NFTS}, {NFTS}\_GENERAL},
}

@article{nadini_mapping_2021,
	title = {Mapping the {NFT} revolution: market trends, trade networks, and visual features},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {20452322},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-021-00053-8},
	abstract = {Non Fungible Tokens ({NFTs}) are digital assets that represent objects like art, collectible, and in-game items. They are traded online, often with cryptocurrency, and are generally encoded within smart contracts on a blockchain. Public attention towards {NFTs} has exploded in 2021, when their market has experienced record sales, but little is known about the overall structure and evolution of its market. Here, we analyse data concerning 6.1 million trades of 4.7 million {NFTs} between June 23, 2017 and April 27, 2021, obtained primarily from Ethereum and {WAX} blockchains. First, we characterize statistical properties of the market. Second, we build the network of interactions, show that traders typically specialize on {NFTs} associated with similar objects and form tight clusters with other traders that exchange the same kind of objects. Third, we cluster objects associated to {NFTs} according to their visual features and show that collections contain visually homogeneous objects. Finally, we investigate the predictability of {NFT} sales using simple machine learning algorithms and find that sale history and, secondarily, visual features are good predictors for price. We anticipate that these findings will stimulate further research on {NFT} production, adoption, and trading in different contexts.},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Nadini, Matthieu and Alessandretti, Laura and Di Giacinto, Flavio and Martino, Mauro and Aiello, Luca Maria and Baronchelli, Andrea},
	date = {2021},
	pmid = {34686678},
	note = {\_eprint: 2106.00647},
	keywords = {{NFTS}, {NFTS}\_GENERAL},
}

@article{casale-brunet_networks_2021,
	title = {Networks of Ethereum Non-Fungible Tokens: A graph-based analysis of the {ERC}-721 ecosystem},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2110.12545},
	abstract = {Non-fungible tokens ({NFTs}) as a decentralized proof of ownership represent one of the main reasons why Ethereum is a disruptive technology. This paper presents the first systematic study of the interactions occurring in a number of {NFT} ecosystems. We illustrate how to retrieve transaction data available on the blockchain and structure it as a graph-based model. Thanks to this methodology, we are able to study for the first time the topological structure of {NFT} networks and show that their properties (degree distribution and others) are similar to those of interaction graphs in social networks. Time-dependent analysis metrics, useful to characterize market influencers and interactions between different wallets, are also introduced. Based on those, we identify across a number of {NFT} networks the widespread presence of both investors accumulating {NFTs} and individuals who make large profits.},
	journaltitle = {{arXiv} preprint {arXiv}:2110.12545},
	author = {Casale-Brunet, S. and Ribeca, P. and Doyle, P. and Mattavelli, M.},
	date = {2021},
	note = {\_eprint: 2110.12545},
	keywords = {{NFTS}, {NFTS}\_GENERAL},
}

@article{aharon_nfts_2021,
	title = {{NFTs} and asset class spillovers: Lessons from the period around the {COVID}-19 pandemic},
	issn = {15446123},
	doi = {10.1016/j.frl.2021.102515},
	abstract = {In this paper, we analyze the connectedness between returns for non-fungible tokens ({NFTs}) and other financial assets (equities, bonds, currencies, gold, oil, Ethereum) during the period from January 2018 to June 2021. By using the Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregressions ({TVP}-{VAR}) approach, we show that the overall connectedness between the returns for financial assets increased during the {COVID}-19 period. Our static analysis shows that the behavior of the majority of {NFT} returns is attributable to endogenous shocks and only a small portion of this variation resulted from the impact of innovation in other assets. The results suggest that {NFTs} are mainly independent of shocks from common assets classes and even from their close relation, Ethereum. The dynamic analysis across time reveals that during normal times, {NFTs} act as transmitters of systemic risk to some degree, but during stressful times, their role shifts, and they act as absorbers of risk spillovers. This suggests that {NFTs} may have diversification benefits during turbulent times, as apparent during the {COVID}-19 crisis, and especially around the great March 2020 market plunge.},
	pages = {102515},
	journaltitle = {Finance Research Letters},
	author = {Aharon, David Y. and Demir, Ender},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	keywords = {{NFTS}, {NFTS}\_ASSET, {COVID}-19, {NFT}, Non-fungible tokens, Return connectedness, Spillover},
}

@article{caglayan_aksoy_nfts_2021,
	title = {{NFTs} and copyright: challenges and opportunities},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1747-1532},
	doi = {10.1093/jiplp/jpab104},
	pages = {1115--1126},
	number = {10},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Intellectual Property Law \& Practice},
	author = {Çağlayan Aksoy, Pınar and Özkan Üner, Zehra},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{NFTS}, {NFTS}\_IP},
}

@article{mackenzie_nfts_2021,
	title = {{NFTs}: Digital things and their criminal lives},
	issn = {17416604},
	doi = {10.1177/17416590211039797},
	abstract = {The extraordinary current craze around {NFTs} reflects their perceived value as a technological development that can bring greater certainty to questions of ownership and authenticity in fields like art and other collectibles. This is, among other things, the promise of crime prevention through technology, as ownership and authenticity are in the art world closely tied to criminal legal matters like theft, handling stolen goods and fraud. The crime prevention promise looks to fall flat though, as the technology seems to be less capable of delivering these benefits than has been assumed by its promoters. Much of the attraction of {NFTs} is therefore not actually based on effective crime prevention, but rather on hype. This paper explores the hype, and its relationship to the crime prevention promise of {NFTs}, through the lens of ‘the social lives of things'. We argue that as well as social lives, things have criminal lives. Analysis sensitive to the criminal lives of things finds an {NFT} trading scene heated by emotion: excitement, attraction, temptation, speculative euphoria and acquisitive, possessive sentiment. This creates a sense of object agency more active than the cold traditional vision of material structure presented in standard criminological treatments of things-in-the-world as passive opportunity structures. The hyped {NFT} market trades in affecting objects that create crime in emotional as well as structural ways. We therefore arrive at a conclusion opposite to starting assumptions: far from preventing crime, {NFTs} are making it.},
	pages = {17416590211039797},
	journaltitle = {Crime, Media, Culture},
	author = {Mackenzie, Simon and Bērziņa, Diāna},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: {SAGE} Publications Sage {UK}: London, England},
	keywords = {cryptocurrency, {NFTS}, {NFTS}\_GENERAL, {NFT}, Art crime, cybercrime, digital crime, fraud, non fungible token, online crime},
}

@article{ante_non-fungible_2021,
	title = {Non-fungible token ({NFT}) markets on the Ethereum blockchain: Temporal development, cointegration and interrelations},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3904683},
	abstract = {The market for non-fungible tokens ({NFTs}), transferrable and unique digital assets on public blockchains, has received widespread attention and experienced strong growth since early 2021. This study provides an introduction to {NFTs} and explores the 14 largest submarkets using data from the Ethereum blockchain between June 2017 and May 2021. The analyses rely on (a) the number of {NFT} sales, (b) the dollar volume of {NFT} trades and (c) the number of unique blockchain wallets that traded {NFTs}. Based on the number of transactions and wallets, the Ethereum-based {NFT} market peaked at the end of 2017 due to the success of the {CryptoKitties} project. As of 2021, fewer transactions occur but the traded value is much higher. We find that {NFT} submarkets are cointegrated and feature various causal short-run connections between them. The success or adoption of younger {NFT} projects is influenced by that of more established markets. At the same time, the success of newer markets has an impact on the more established projects. The results contribute to the overall understanding of the {NFT} phenomenon and suggest that {NFT} markets are immature or even inefficient.},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Ante, Lennart},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{NFTS}, {NFTS}\_ASSET},
}

@book{mazur_non-fungible_2021,
	title = {Non-Fungible Tokens ({NFT}). The Analysis of Risk and Return},
	isbn = {1-00-008723-9},
	abstract = {This study examines the risk and return characteristics of the {NFT}-based startups listed on the cryptocurrency exchange. Our investigation is motivated by the recent surge in the {NFT} activity on the part of creators, investors, and traders. We begin by proposing novel classification of the existing {NFTs} that range from {NFT} blockchains through {NFT} metaverse to {NFT} {DeFi}. Next, we establish that {NFTs}: 1) earn 130\% on the first-listing-day; 2) yield an average investment multiple of 40 (roughly 4,000\%) over long-term, which is four times higher than bitcoin during the same period; 3) deliver positive and significant alpha and exhibit above-average beta. We also show that the {NFT} segment of the cryptocurrency market leads market recovery following the mid-2021 crash and generate a return of close to 350\%. In the final analysis of the paper, we find that {NFT} infrastructure integrated within the existing blockchains increase market valuations of these networks. 1This},
	pagetotal = {1–34},
	number = {October},
	author = {Mazur, Mieszko},
	date = {2021},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3953535},
	note = {Publication Title: {SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	keywords = {{NFTS}, {NFTS}\_ASSET},
}

@article{masure_singulariser_2021,
	title = {Singulariser le multiple},
	volume = {85},
	doi = {10.3917/mult.085.0210},
	abstract = {Parmi les technologies majeures qui se sont succédé depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la blockchain (2009), dont Bitcoin, reste encore mal comprise en dehors de ses applications monétaires. Elle a pourtant déjà des conséquences importantes dans le champ de la création (art, design, jeu vidéo, etc.) à travers le développement, depuis 2015, des « Non Fungible Tokens » ({NFT}) – à savoir la production d'un certificat numérique infalsifiable et décentralisé attaché à une entité numérique tangible. Contrairement à la pensée des « communs » et à la culture du libre, les {NFT} promettent de créer de la « rareté numérique » : sans eux, une fois mis en ligne sur le Web, une image, une vidéo, un film ou une musique peuvent être dupliqués et circuler sans aucune possibilité de contrôle. Mis en lumière depuis le début de l'année 2021 par une multitude de ventes aux sommes record (69 millions de dollars pour un {NFT} de l'artiste Beeple) et par le développement de places de marché spécifiques, les {NFT} soulèvent des enjeux relatifs à la valeur, à la circulation et à l'exposition des productions artistiques et culturelles.},
	pages = {210--219},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Multitudes},
	author = {Masure, Anthony and Helleu, Guillaume},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Association Multitudes},
	keywords = {{NFTS}, {NFTS}\_GENERAL},
}

@article{low_emperors_2021,
	title = {The Emperor's New Art: Cryptomania, Art \& Property},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3978241},
	doi = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3978241},
	abstract = {The latest wave of cryptomania has brought us yet another acronym after {ICOs} (initial coin offerings) – {NFTs} (non-fungible tokens). Touted as a means to render readily replicable digital art (and possibly other objects) rare and scarce, {NFT}-mania reached its apogee with the auction of Beeple's Everydays: the First 5,000 Days for {US}\$69m. But did the buyer actually acquire, through the {NFT}, any art? What is art abstracted from the medium upon which it is embedded and dissociated from its copyright?},
	journaltitle = {Art \& Property},
	author = {Low, Kelvin F K},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{NFTS}, {NFTS}\_IP},
}

@article{bodo_rise_2022,
	title = {The rise of {NFTs}: These aren't the droids you're looking for},
	doi = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4000423},
	author = {Bodó, Balázs and Giannopoulou, Alexandra and Quintais, João and Mezei, Péter},
	date = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: These aren't the droids you're looking for (January 4, 2022). European\${\textbackslash}sim\${\textbackslash}ldots},
	keywords = {{NFTS}, {NFTS}\_GENERAL},
}

@article{gibson_thousand-and-second_2021,
	title = {The thousand-and-second tale of {NFTS}, as foretold by Edgar Allan Poe},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {20459815},
	doi = {10.4337/qmjip.2021.03.00},
	pages = {249--269},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property},
	author = {Gibson, Johanna},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd},
	keywords = {{NFTS}, {NFTS}\_IP},
}

@article{guadamuz_treachery_2021,
	title = {The Treachery of Images: Non-fungible tokens and copyright},
	volume = {16},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3905452},
	abstract = {This paper examines Bitcoin from a legal and regulatory perspective, answering several important questions. We begin by explaining what Bitcoin is, and why it matters. We describe problems with Bitcoin as a method of implementing a cryptocurrency. This introduction to cryptocurrencies allows us eventually to ask the inevitable question: Is it legal? What are the regulatory responses to the currency? Can it be regulated? We make clear why virtual currencies are of interest, how self-regulation has failed, and what useful lessons can be learned. Finally, we produce useful and semi-permanent findings into the usefulness of virtual currencies in general, blockchains as a means of mining currency, and the profundity of Bitcoin as compared with the development of block chain technologies. We conclude that though Bitcoin may be the equivalent of Second Life a decade later, so blockchains may be the equivalent of Web 2.0 social networks, a truly transformative social technology.},
	pages = {1367--1385},
	number = {12},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Guadamuz, Andres},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press {UK}},
	keywords = {{NFTS}, {NFTS}\_IP},
}

@article{fairfield_tokenized_2021,
	title = {Tokenized: The Law of Non-Fungible Tokens and Unique Digital Property},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3821102},
	doi = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3821102},
	abstract = {Markets for unique digital property-digital equivalents of rare artworks, collectible trading cards, and other assets that gain value from scarcity-have exploded in the past several months. At root is the next iteration of blockchain technology, unique digital assets called non-fungible tokens. Unlike Bitcoin, where one coin is the same as another, {NFTs} are unique, each with different attributes. An {NFT} that represented ownership of Boardwalk would be quite different from one that represented Baltic Avenue. {NFTs} have grown from a few early breakout successes to a rapidly developing market for unique digital treasures. The attraction to buyers is that unlike digital assets like e-books or licensed movies, {NFTs} can be bought, sold, displayed, gifted, or even destroyed just like personal property. Yet law has not kept pace with demand for unique digital property. In particular, the rules designed for the 2000s internet focused on expanding intellectual property licenses and online contracts to the point that we are mere users, not owners, of digital assets. This article proposes a clear path for the evolution of the legal underpinnings of {NFTs}. It argues that {NFTs} are personal property, not contracts (despite the "smart contracts" popular nomenclature) or pure intellectual property licenses (despite the currently governing law of digital assets like e-books). Because transactions in {NFTs} are in the form of a sale, the law of sales of personal property should apply. And finally, the article notes },
	pages = {1--99},
	journaltitle = {Indiana Law Journal},
	author = {Fairfield, Joshua},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{NFTS}, {NFTS}\_IP},
}

@article{chen_blockchain_2020,
	title = {Blockchain disruption and decentralized finance: The rise of decentralized business models},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {23526734},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jbvi.2019.e00151},
	abstract = {Blockchain technology can reduce transaction costs, generate distributed trust, and empower decentralized platforms, potentially becoming a new foundation for decentralized business models. In the financial industry, blockchain technology allows for the rise of decentralized financial services, which tend to be more decentralized, innovative, interoperable, borderless, and transparent. Empowered by blockchain technology, decentralized financial services have the potential to broaden financial inclusion, facilitate open access, encourage permissionless innovation, and create new opportunities for entrepreneurs and innovators. In this article, we assess the benefits of decentralized finance, identify existing business models, and evaluate potential challenges and limits. As a new area of financial technology, decentralized finance may reshape the structure of modern finance and create a new landscape for entrepreneurship and innovation, showcasing the promises and challenges of decentralized business models.},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Business Venturing Insights},
	author = {Chen, Yan and Bellavitis, Cristiano},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {Blockchain, Decentralization, Decentralized finance, Decentralized platform, {DeFi}, {FinTech}, {PROCESSED}},
}

@article{qin_cefi_2021,
	title = {{CeFi} vs. {DeFi} – Comparing Centralized to Decentralized Finance},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.08157},
	abstract = {To non-experts, the traditional Centralized Finance ({CeFi}) ecosystem may seem obscure, because users are typically not aware of the underlying rules or agreements of financial assets and products. Decentralized Finance ({DeFi}), however, is making its debut as an ecosystem claiming to offer transparency and control, which are partially attributable to the underlying integrity-protected blockchain, as well as currently higher financial asset yields than {CeFi}. Yet, the boundaries between {CeFi} and {DeFi} may not be always so clear cut. In this work, we systematically analyze the differences between {CeFi} and {DeFi}, covering legal, economic, security, privacy and market manipulation. We provide a structured methodology to differentiate between a {CeFi} and a {DeFi} service. Our findings show that certain {DeFi} assets (such as {USDC} or {USDT} stablecoins) do not necessarily classify as {DeFi} assets, and may endanger the economic security of intertwined {DeFi} protocols. We conclude this work with the exploration of possible synergies between {CeFi} and {DeFi}.},
	journaltitle = {{arXiv} preprint {arXiv}:2106.08157},
	author = {Qin, Kaihua and Zhou, Liyi and Afonin, Yaroslav and Lazzaretti, Ludovico and Gervais, Arthur},
	date = {2021},
	note = {\_eprint: 2106.08157},
	keywords = {{DeFi}, {MY}\_GS},
}

@article{barbereau_decentralised_2022,
	title = {Decentralised Finance's Unregulated Governance: Minority Rule in the Digital Wild West},
	doi = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4001891},
	journaltitle = {Available at {SSRN}},
	author = {Barbereau, Tom and Smethurst, Reilly and Papageorgiou, Orestis and Sedlmeir, Johannes and Fridgen, Gilbert},
	date = {2022},
	keywords = {{DeFi}, {MY}\_GS},
}

@article{zetzsche_decentralized_2020,
	title = {Decentralized finance},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {20534841},
	doi = {10.1093/jfr/fjaa010},
	abstract = {{DeFi} (‘decentralized finance') has joined {FinTech} (‘financial technology'), {RegTech} (‘regulatory technology'), cryptocurrencies, and digital assets as one of the most discussed emerging technological evolutions in global finance. Yet little is really understood about its meaning, legal implications, and policy consequences. In this article we introduce {DeFi}, put {DeFi} in the context of the traditional financial economy, connect {DeFi} to open banking, and end with some policy considerations. We suggest that decentralization has the potential to undermine traditional forms of accountability and erode the effectiveness of traditional financial regulation and enforcement. At the same time, we find that where parts of the financial services value chain are decentralized, there will be a reconcentration in a different (but possibly less regulated, less visible, and less transparent) part of the value chain. {DeFi} regulation could, and should, focus on this reconcentrated portion of the value chain to ensure effective oversight and risk control. Rather than eliminating the need for regulation, in fact {DeFi} requires regulation in order to achieve its core objective of decentralization. Furthermore, {DeFi} potentially offers an opportunity for the development of an entirely new way to design regulation: the idea of ‘embedded regulation'. Regulatory approaches could be built into the design of {DeFi}, thus potentially decentralizing both finance and its regulation, in the ultimate expression of {RegTech}.},
	pages = {172--203},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Financial Regulation},
	author = {Zetzsche, Dirk A. and Arner, Douglas W. and Buckley, Ross P.},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {Blockchain, Decentralized finance, {DeFi}, {FinTech}, {PROCESSED}, Distributed ledger technology, Financial regulation, {RegTech}},
}

@article{schar_decentralized_2021,
	title = {Decentralized finance: on blockchain-and smart contract-based financial markets},
	volume = {103},
	issn = {00149187},
	doi = {10.20955/r.103.153-74},
	abstract = {The term decentralized finance ({DeFi}) refers to an alternative financial infrastructure built on top of the Ethereum blockchain. {DeFi} uses smart contracts to create protocols that replicate existing financial services in a more open, interoperable, and transparent way. This article highlights opportunities and potential risks of the {DeFi} ecosystem. I propose a multi-layered framework to analyze the implicit architecture and the various {DeFi} building blocks, including token standards, decentralized exchanges, decentralized debt markets, blockchain derivatives, and on-chain asset management protocols. I con-clude that {DeFi} still is a niche market with certain risks but that it also has interesting properties in terms of efficiency, transparency, accessibility, and composability. As such, {DeFi} may potentially contribute to a more robust and transparent financial infrastructure. ({JEL} G15, G23, E59).},
	pages = {153--174},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review},
	author = {Schär, Fabian},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{DeFi}, {MY}\_GS},
}

@article{johnson_decentralized_2021,
	title = {Decentralized Finance: Regulating Cryptocurrency Exchanges},
	issn = {0043-5589},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3831439},
	abstract = {Global financial markets are in the midst of a transformative movement. The creation of Bitcoin and Facebook's proposed distribution of Diem mark a watershed moment in the evolution of the financial markets ecosystem. Purportedly, peer-to-peer distributed digital ledger technology eliminates legacy financial market intermediaries such as investment banks, depository banks, exchanges, clearinghouses, and broker-dealers. Yet careful examination reveals that cryptocurrency issuers and the firms that offer secondary market cryptocurrency trading services have not quite lived up to their promise. Notwithstanding crypto-enthusiasts' calls for disintermediation, evidence reveals that platforms that facilitate cryptocurrency trading frequently employ the long-adopted intermediation practices of their traditional counterparts. In fact, when emerging technologies fail, cryptocoin and token trading platforms partner with and rely on traditional financial services firms. As a result, these platforms face many of the},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Johnson, Kristin N.},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{DeFi}, {PROCESSED}},
}

@article{carter_defi_2021,
	title = {{DeFi} Protocol Risks: The Paradox of {DeFi}},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3866699},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3866699},
	abstract = {This paper explores the Decentralized Finance ({DeFi}) ecosystem. We examine how {DeFi} is emerging on top of the public Ethereum smart contract platform, compare it to the centralized architecture of traditional financial markets and highlight opportunities and potential risks of this ecosystem. We propose a multi-layered framework to analyze the implicit architecture and the various {DeFi} building blocks, including token standards, decentralized exchanges, decentralized debt markets, blockchain derivatives and on-chain asset management protocols. We conclude that {DeFi} still is a niche market with certain risks, but also has interesting properties in terms of efficiency, transparency, accessibility and interoperability. As such, it may potentially contribute to a more robust and transparent financial infrastructure.},
	pages = {1--35},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Carter, Nic and Jeng, Linda},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{DeFi}, Linda Jeng, Nic Carter, processed},
}

@inproceedings{barbereau_defi_2022,
	title = {{DeFi}, Not So Decentralized: The Measured Distribution of Voting Rights},
	doi = {https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/80074},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 55th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
	author = {Barbereau, Tom and Smethurst, Reilly and Papageorgiou, Orestis and Rieger, Alexander and Fridgen, Gilbert},
	date = {2022},
	keywords = {{DeFi}, {MY}\_GS},
}

@article{anker-sorensen_centralized_2021,
	title = {From Centralized to Decentralized Finance: The Issue of},
	doi = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3978815},
	journaltitle = {Available at {SSRN} 3978815},
	author = {Anker-Sørensen, Linn and Zetzsche, Dirk A},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{DeFi}, {MY}\_GS},
}

@article{eikmanns_is_nodate,
	title = {Is Ethereum the New {iOS}? Exploring the Platform Economy of Decentralized Finance},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3992625},
	doi = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3992625},
	abstract = {Similar to mobile operating systems, public blockchain infrastructures, such as Ethereum, represent a platform for the development of software applications. Since 2020, we observe the emergence of a rapidly evolving ecosystem of blockchain-based applications called Decentralized Finance ({DeFi}), which aspires to challenge traditional finance and associated business models. To explore the economic structures that constitute {DeFi}, we follow an interdisciplinary approach, supplementing information systems ({IS}) research with strategic management literature. We apply the theoretical lens of strategic groups to identify platform-specific dimensions and conceptualize {DeFi} as a hierarchical structured platform economy consisting of four strategic groups, namely 1) Token Management Applications, 2) Protocol Platforms, 3) Aggregation Platforms, and 4) Decentralized Financial Services Solutions. Further, we give a market overview of {DeFi} applications and discover archetypal attributes of the respective groups. Lastly, we present an integrated framework for the analysis of software-based platform ecosystems and derive areas for future research.},
	author = {Eikmanns, Benedikt C. and Mehrwald, Pascal and Welpe, Isabell M. and Sandner, Philipp G.},
	keywords = {{DeFi}, {PROCESSED}},
}

@inproceedings{brennecke_-central_2022,
	title = {The De-Central Bank in Decentralized Finance: A Case Study of {MakerDAO}},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354736149_The_De-Central_Bank_in_Decentralized_Finance_A_Case_Study_of_MakerDAO},
	doi = {10.24251/HICSS.2022.737},
	abstract = {Countless decentralized finance ({DeFi}) applications of the past years have suffered from the high volatility and speculative behavior surrounding their underlying crypto assets. While the academic debate has been flourishing in these areas, Decentralized Autonomous Organizations ({DAOs}) have not received as much attention. This is the case even though they could offer an opportunity to solve some of the underlying problems of existing cryptocurrencies and ecosystems, for example, by providing lower volatility and, thus, exchange rate stability. This paper presents an economic analysis of the {MakerDAO}, a {DAO} in {DeFi}. In doing so, we use a single case study methodology based on existing resources and expert interviews. It also uses monetary theory instruments to provide researchers and developers with insights into how {DAOs} are governed. Further, it serves to illustrate how {IS} research may support the development of future {IT} artifacts aimed at offering the infrastructure for {DeFi} applications.},
	booktitle = {55th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (2022)},
	author = {Brennecke, Martin and Schellinger, Benjamin and Urbach, Nils and Guggenberger, Tobias},
	date = {2022},
	keywords = {{DeFi}, {PROCESSED}},
}

@article{ciriello_tokenized_2021,
	title = {Tokenized index funds: A blockchain-based concept and a multidisciplinary research framework},
	volume = {61},
	issn = {02684012},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102400},
	abstract = {In response to the bleak prospects of today's financial markets, a wave of financial and technological innovations emerges, bringing about potential benefits but also new challenges. For instance, tokenized securities are a new kind of blockchain-based asset enabling price stability, programmability, pseudonymity, and transaction efficiency, while also introducing new regulatory challenges and uncertainties. Conversely, index funds are an established investment device enabling broad diversification in a cost-effective, tax-efficient, and transparent way, while potentially also contributing to concentration of market power, intermediation cost, access barriers for underbanked or impoverished investors, increased market volatility, and human behavioral challenges. This paper conceptually develops Tokenized Index Funds as a hybrid approach that combines the benefits of tokenized securities and index funds while alleviating some of their drawbacks. Based thereupon, a corresponding multidisciplinary research framework is presented, with sample research questions along the activities of design and features, business and economics, management and organization, and law and regulation.},
	pages = {102400},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Information Management},
	author = {Ciriello, Raffaele Fabio},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {DeFi}, {MY}\_GS, Finance, Index funds, Investing, Stablecoins, Tokenized securities},
}

@article{nedashkovskiy_understanding_2021,
	title = {Understanding {DeFi} ecosystem and how can it change or transform existing financial system},
	doi = {https://lutpub.lut.fi/handle/10024/162989},
	author = {Nedashkovskiy, Alexander},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{DeFi}, {MY}\_GS},
}

@article{harwick_whats_2020,
	title = {What's holding back blockchain finance? On the possibility of decentralized autonomous finance},
	issn = {10629769},
	doi = {10.1016/j.qref.2020.09.006},
	abstract = {Despite the past decade's rapid innovation in adapting blockchain technology to new uses, financial intermediation remains elusive except in basic and highly collateralized forms. We introduce the concept of the technical frontier to delimit the kinds of interactions that can feasibly be structured algorithmically among pseudonymous agents, as on a blockchain, and show that lending and financial intermediation – unlike monetary exchange – lie outside it, even in simple forms. The path forward for truly blockchain-native financial applications, therefore, must involve the integration of real-world identity information in order to disincentivize defection. We discuss several potential technologies for doing so, and conclude that such integration is possible without compromising pseudonymity, provided real-world identity is available in the breach.},
	journaltitle = {Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance},
	author = {Harwick, Cameron and Caton, James},
	date = {2020-10},
	note = {Publisher: North-Holland},
	keywords = {Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, {DeFi}, processed, Financial intermediation, Game theory},
}

@article{clements_built_2021,
	title = {Built to Fail: The Inherent Fragility of Algorithmic Stablecoins},
	volume = {11},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3952045},
	pages = {131},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Clements, Ryan},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: {HeinOnline}},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {STABLECOINS}},
}

@article{tischer_cutting_2020,
	title = {Cutting the network? Facebook's Libra currency as a problem of organisation},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2059-5999},
	doi = {10.2218/finsoc.v6i1.4406},
	abstract = {This essay explores the organisational character of Facebook's Libra currency by undertaking a critical reading of documents published by the Libra Association. Drawing on the conceptual work of Marilyn Strathern and Michel Serres, it illustrates how ownership cuts the network and encourages parasitism as a means of driving future profit. Central to this is the claim that Libra is not an exercise in democratising money, but rather, the opposite: Libra is run as a club, for the benefit of club members. The conceptual theme of 'cutting' is used to organise the argument. Rather than a cutting-edge technology, Libra's true innovation is organisational and consists in overturning the decentralised character of blockchain, such that distributed ledger technology is re-centralised by big tech firms. Outsiders are thus cut-off from Libra; only those inside the club have the right to participate in Libra and its governance. This position also affords members an exclusive capacity to take a cut of the profits generated through Libra. As a private organisation, members have sole rights to future profits generated from the Libra ecosystem and are in this way incentivised to create new product opportunities over time.},
	pages = {19--33},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Finance and Society},
	author = {Tischer, Daniel},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {{STABLECOINS}, club, cryptocurrencies, digital payments, facebook, libra, network, organisation},
}

@article{pupolizio_libra_2021,
	title = {From Libra to Diem. The Pursuit of a Global Private Currency},
	issn = {19342640},
	doi = {10.1515/gj-2021-0055},
	abstract = {The official launch of the Libra project in 2019, and the subsequent troubles experienced by the project, stimulated a vigorous debate, from different perspectives, on the pros and cons of a private currency with global ambitions. This paper describes the main characteristics of Libra and of its heir, Diem, locating both in a partial taxonomy of the increasingly crowded field of so-called 'digital currencies'. In the light of the distinguishing features and risks of such an ambitious project, the paper also aims to assess the potential impact on a crucial issue of the present international monetary system: the power to create money.},
	journaltitle = {Global Jurist},
	author = {Pupolizio, Ivan},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: De Gruyter},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {STABLECOINS}, banking system, Diem, digital currencies, international monetary system, Libra},
}

@article{malloy_global_2021,
	title = {Global Stablecoins: Monetary Policy Implementation Considerations from the U.S. Perspective},
	volume = {2021},
	issn = {19362854},
	doi = {10.17016/feds.2021.020},
	abstract = {This note explores the potential effects of the widespread adoption of a global stablecoin ({GSC}) on key aggregate financial sector balance sheets in the United States. To do this, we map out cash flows of {GSC} transactions among financial sector entities using a stylized set of 't-accounts'. By analyzing these individual transactions, we infer aggregate and compositional effects on U.S. commercial banking sector and Federal Reserve balance sheets. Through this lens, we also consider how these balance sheet changes could affect monetary policy implementation, the demand for central bank reserves, and the market for U.S. dollar safe assets.},
	pages = {1--14},
	number = {20},
	journaltitle = {Finance and Economics Discussion Series},
	author = {Malloy, Matthew and Lowe, David},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: {FEDS} Working Paper},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {STABLECOINS}},
}

@article{reiser_libra_2020,
	title = {Libra : An Economic and Technical Analysis},
	doi = {https://wwz.unibas.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/wwz/00_Professuren/Schaer_DLTFintech/Lehre/Reiser_2020.pdf},
	author = {Reiser, Jan},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {STABLECOINS}},
}

@article{vasudevan_libra_2020,
	title = {Libra and Facebook's Money Illusion},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {0577-5132},
	doi = {10.1080/05775132.2019.1684662},
	abstract = {The launch of Libra, a corporate-controlled supranational currency is a bold attempt by a bigtech behemoth to leverage its monopoly over digital data and platform networks in order to draw low-income and unbanked households into its web of interconnected financial services. But in the process, argues the author, it will likely exacerbate financial fragility, global imbalances, and the already substantial financial subordination of developing countries. Even if Facebook's plan to launch a global private digital currency, Libra, as soon as next year (in 2020) flounders the announcement is still significant as an opening salvo by a {US} corporate power, globally dominant in the field of new technology, to push its disruptive potential into the sphere of the international monetary system. The announcement of the social network behemoth's entry into the sphere of finance has, not surprisingly, triggered both speculation and backlash. Writing in the Financial Times blog, {FTalphaville}, which has excellent, if skeptical, analysis of this crypto-currency pretender, Isabella Kaminska calls Libra A glorified exchange traded fund which uses blockchain buzz words to neutralize the regulatory impact of coming to market without a license as well as to veil the disproportionate influence of Facebook, in what it hopes will eventually become a global digital reserve system. (Kaminska 2019b) The claim is that this currency will have all the attributes of the world's best currencies: stability, low inflation, wide global acceptance, and fungibility (Libra 2019). And the announcement comes at a time when Facebook is plagued by accusations of misuse of private data, widespread abuse of its digital platform, and blatantly anti-competitive practices, and has been slapped with a \$5 billion fine by the Federal Trade Commission for data privacy violations (Murphy 2019a). Whatever might be the pitfalls of such hubris, the launch reflects deeper structural trends in contemporary capitalism. Before the full implications of these structural trends can be grasped, it is necessary to cut through the buzz and hype surrounding the launch of Libra and clarify some of the nuts and bolts of the proposed plan.},
	pages = {21--39},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Challenge},
	author = {Vasudevan, Ramaa},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {{STABLECOINS}, \_LATEST},
}

@article{salmony_money_2019,
	title = {Money and the fear of missing out: How to stay sane in a world shaken by Libra.},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {17501806},
	url = {https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/hsp/jpss/2020/00000013/00000004/art00002},
	doi = {https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/hsp/jpss/2020/00000013/00000004/art00002},
	abstract = {This paper discusses the issues surrounding the question of whether the best way to provide seamless pan-European/global payments is to deploy a new cryptocurrency, perhaps via a private actor, or to build on the existing infrastructure. [{ABSTRACT} {FROM} {AUTHOR}]},
	pages = {282--287},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Payments Strategy \& Systems},
	author = {Salmony, Michael},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Henry Stewart Publications},
	keywords = {cryptocurrency, {MY}\_GS, {STABLECOINS}, Libra, Actors, blockchain/{DLT}, China, Cryptocurrencies, digital euro, Euro, Fear, Pan-European Payments Infrastructure, Payment, smart contracts},
}

@article{zetzsche_regulating_2021,
	title = {Regulating Libra},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {14643820},
	doi = {10.1093/ojls/gqaa036},
	abstract = {Libra is the first private cryptocurrency with the potential to change the landscape of global payment and monetary systems. Due to the scale and reach provided by its affiliation with Facebook, the question is not whether, but how, to regulate it. This article introduces the Libra project and analyses the potential responses open to regulators worldwide. We conclude that perhaps the greatest impact will come not from Libra itself, but rather from reactions to it, particularly by other {BigTechs}, incumbent financial institutions and governments around the world.},
	pages = {80--113},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Oxford Journal of Legal Studies},
	author = {Zetzsche, Dirk A. and Buckley, Ross P. and Arner, Douglas W.},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press},
	keywords = {cryptocurrency, {MY}\_GS, {STABLECOINS}, digital identity, Facebook, financial regulation, stablecoin},
}

@article{mizrach_stablecoins_2021,
	title = {Stablecoins: Survivorship, Transactions Costs and Exchange Microstructure},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3835219},
	abstract = {Seven of the ten largest stablecoins are backed by fiat assets. The 2016 and 2017 vintages of stablecoins have failure rates of 100\% and 50\% respectively. More than one-third of stablecoins have failed. Tether has a 39\% share of 1.77 trillion {USD} in 2021Q2 transactions, and {USD} Coin 28\%. The top three stablecoins have an average velocity of 28.3. Tether transacted between 3.8 million unique addresses, 63\% of the {ERC}-20 token network. Six of the top ten tokens have unconcentrated Herfindahl indices, but Gemini, Pax and Huobi have single holders with more than 50\% of the supply. The median Tether transaction fee is similar to the cost of an {ATM} transaction, but they are three to four times more for Dai and {USDC}. Fees, which are proportional to the price of Ethereum, are rising though. Median fees for Tether rose 3,628\% over the last year, and 1,897\% for {USD} Coin. 24 hour exchange turnover in Tether is nearly \$120 billion. This is comparable to the daily volume at the {NYSE} and almost 15 times the daily flow in money market mutual funds. Narrow bid-ask spreads and depth have attracted active {HFT} participation.},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Mizrach, Bruce},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {STABLECOINS}},
}

@article{gorton_taming_2021-1,
	title = {Taming Wildcat Stablecoins},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3888752},
	abstract = {Cryptocurrencies are all the rage, but there is nothing new about privately produced money. The goal of private money is to be accepted at par with no questions asked. This did not occur during the Free Banking Era in the United States—a period that most resembles the current world of stablecoins. State-chartered banks in the Free Banking Era experienced panics, and their private monies made it very hard to transact because of fluctuating prices. That system was curtailed by the National Bank Act of 1863, which created a uniform national currency backed by U.S. Treasury bonds. Subsequent legislation taxed the state-chartered banks' paper currencies out of existence in favor of a single sovereign currency. The newest type of private money is now upon us—in the form of stablecoins like “Tether” and Facebook's “Diem” (formerly “Libra”). Based on lessons learned from history, we argue that privately produced monies are not an effective medium of exchange because they are not always accepted at par and are subject to runs. We present proposals to address the systemic risks created by stablecoins, including regulating stablecoin issuers as banks and issuing a central bank digital currency},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Gorton, Gary B. and Zhang, Jeffery},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {STABLECOINS}},
}

@article{ferreira_curious_2021,
	title = {The Curious Case of Stablecoins—Balancing Risks and Rewards?},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1369-3034},
	doi = {10.1093/jiel/jgab036},
	abstract = {Stablecoins is a blockchain-driven innovation and a new subset of crypto assets. Even though they could transform how payments are made, regulators paid little attention to them until recently. The announcement of the Libra project in 2019 elevated stablecoins to the top of the regulatory agenda. Libra's global scale and its capacity to reach billions of potential users through a user-centric social network platform that is already seamlessly integrated within the lives of the global population and the potential impact of a global yet fast and cheap payment solution raised many issues and concerns among authorities related to not only financial stability, monetary policy, and competition, but also money laundering, financing of terrorism, and others. Addressing stablecoins has proven challenging for many regulators as they face a difficult task of balancing financial stability, with innovation. This paper analyzes how the official perception of stablecoins has evolved, from dismissiveness and underestimation to serious concern. It evaluates existing regulatory responses, highlights regulatory dilemmas, and makes recommendations regarding future regulatory approaches. To reap the benefits of stablecoin innovation, regulators need to take a broader long-term view of stablecoins beyond the perceived risks and embrace their advantages. Regulations should not stifle this innovation but support a diverse ecosystem of stablecoins and foster competition.},
	pages = {755--778},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Journal of International Economic Law},
	author = {Ferreira, Agata},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press {UK}},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {STABLECOINS}},
}

@article{landwehr_toward_2020,
	title = {Toward Emancipatory Currencies: A Critique of Facebook's Libra Cryptocurrency and Ideas for Alternatives},
	issn = {21531633},
	doi = {10.1145/3401335.3401365},
	abstract = {Money underpins everyone's daily life. Possible solutions for the global problems fail if there is not enough money. Yet changes to our monetary system are rarely included in the discussion. Against this backdrop, cryptocurrencies create important new precedents regarding how money can be created. Libra is a recent cryptocurrency project launched by one of the dominant social media companies, which has been the subject of intense international discussion. Because the details of Libra are not yet fully specified, we present different scenarios of how a successful Libra currency might play out and some of the problems that might follow. These scenarios include the monetization of the payment infrastructure, (ab)use of sanctioning power, a reduction of the reserve ratio, and an abandonment of reconvertability. These problems suggest a number regulatory strategies in response. Finally, we describe values and design requirements that might help guide future cryptocurrency innovation and provide ways of evaluating their success or failure.},
	pages = {236--246},
	journaltitle = {{PervasiveHealth}: Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare},
	author = {Landwehr, Marvin and Wulf, Volker},
	date = {2020},
	note = {{ISBN}: 9781450375955},
	keywords = {{STABLECOINS}, cryptocurrencies, Libra, \_LATEST, Facebook, economics, monetary diversity},
}

@article{knittel_most_2019,
	title = {“The most trustworthy coin”: How ideology builds and maintains trust in bitcoin},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {25730142},
	doi = {10.1145/3359138},
	abstract = {Bitcoin is an innovative technological network, a new, non-governmental currency, and a worldwide group of users. In other words, Bitcoin is a complex sociotechnical system with a complex set of risks and challenges for anyone using it. We investigated how everyday users of Bitcoin develop trust in Bitcoin on one of the largest online communities devoted to Bitcoin: the Reddit.com r/bitcoin forum. Using qualitative content analysis, we examined how trust in Bitcoin develops based on contributions to this community. On r/bitcoin, trust in Bitcoin is driven by a pervasive ideology we call the “True Bitcoiner” ideology. This ideological viewpoint in centered on the interpretation of Bitcoin as functionally “trustless” and risk-free. Despite widespread evidence of emerging individual and system-level risks with using Bitcoin, participants continue to maintain this ideological perspective. This ideology consists of three primary beliefs: viewing Bitcoin's technology as more trustworthy than its people; rejecting ‘corrupt' social hierarchies related to money; and the importance of accumulating or ‘{HODLing}' quantities of Bitcoin as a strategy to create an ideal future. We conclude that this “True Bitcoiner” ideology is maintained despite contradictory evidence in the world because it allows participants to more easily interpret Bitcoin and make decisions by reducing perceived risk and uncertainty in the system. The role of this ideology on r/bitcoin demonstrates an expanded conceptualization of how trust is created and socially-mediated in socio-technical contexts.},
	pages = {1--23},
	issue = {{CSCW}},
	journaltitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} on Human-Computer Interaction},
	author = {Knittel, Megan and Pitts, Shelby and Wash, Rick},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: {ACM} New York, {NY}, {USA}},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, {PROCESSED}, {MY}\_GS, Ideology, Online communities, Reddit, Sociotechnical systems, Trust, {TRUST}},
}

@article{semenzin_automating_2021,
	title = {Automating Trust with the Blockchain? A Critical Investigation of “Blockchain 2.0” Cultures},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {2575-7350},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1525/gp.2021.24912},
	doi = {10.1525/gp.2021.24912},
	abstract = {This article discusses the cultural conceptions of trust underpinning the experimentation of blockchain startup applications beyond the financial sector. Based on qualitative research undertaken in the context of the so-called “Blockchain 2.0” scene, we show how a peculiar conception of trust, which blends the libertarian views of blockchain inventors with the neoliberal culture of competition and meritocracy that is typical of the startup world, underpins these implementations. As a result, we argue that “Blockchain 2.0” entrepreneurs ultimately fail to recognize the eminently social nature of the trust-building process. They emerge from our observation as unable to comprehend the extent to which the implementation of blockchain in a societal (i.e., not purely financial) context cannot do away with considerations about what kind of “social” the technology intervenes within, and find difficult to effectively conceive of how this technology embeds in existing social relations and power structures.},
	pages = {24912},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Global Perspectives},
	author = {Semenzin, Silvia and Gandini, Alessandro},
	date = {2021-06},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {MY}\_GS, {TRUST}},
}

@article{de_filippi_blockchain_2020,
	title = {Blockchain as a confidence machine: The problem of trust \& challenges of governance},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {0160791X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101284},
	doi = {10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101284},
	abstract = {Blockchain technology was created as a response to the trust crisis that swept the world in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis. Bitcoin and other blockchain-based systems were presented as a “trustless” alternative to existing financial institutions and even governments. Yet, while the trustless nature of blockchain technology has been heavily questioned, little research has been done as to what blockchain technologies actually bring to the table in place of trust. This article draws from the extensive academic discussion on the concepts of “trust” and “confidence” to argue that blockchain technology is not a ‘trustless technology' but rather a ‘confidence machine'. First, the article provides a review of the multifaceted conceptualisations of trust and confidence, and the relationship between these two concepts. Second, the claim is made that blockchain technology relies on cryptographic rules, mathematics, and game-theoretical incentives in order to increase confidence in the operations of a computational system. Yet, such an increase in confidence ultimately relies on the proper operation and governance of the underlying blockchain-based network, which requires trusting a variety of actors. Third, the article turns to legal, constitutional and polycentric governance theory to explore the governance challenges of blockchain-based systems, in light of the tension between procedural confidence and trust.},
	pages = {101284},
	issue = {June},
	journaltitle = {Technology in Society},
	author = {De Filippi, Primavera and Mannan, Morshed and Reijers, Wessel},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, Trust, {TRUST}, Confidence, Governance, Polycentricity, Rule of law},
}

@article{lohmann_blockchain_2019,
	title = {Blockchain Machines, Earth Beings and the Labour of Trust},
	abstract = {The last decade's developments in computation are major topics of debate among business, policymakers, and social movements alike. Blockchain, Bitcoin, smart contracts, the Internet of Things, machine translation, image recognition, the Earth Bank of Codes-all are understood to be not only business opportunities but also political and environmental issues. Seldom mentioned, however, is the extent to which these innovations are part of an ecological history that goes back to the early 19 th century and before. A strategic understanding their dynamics and contradictions requires looking again at long-standing pictures of labour, mechanization, commons, and capital accumulation. Different ways of thinking about Marx's categories of living and dead labour inspired by the work of the later Wittgenstein can help. 1},
	issue = {May},
	journaltitle = {The Corner House},
	author = {Lohmann, Larry},
	date = {2019},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {MY}\_GS, {TRUST}},
}

@article{bratspies_cryptocurrency_2018,
	title = {Cryptocurrency and the Myth of the Trustless Transaction},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {1528-8625},
	url = {https://repository.law.umich.edu/mttlr/vol25/iss1/2/},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3141605},
	abstract = {True cryptocurrency believers posit a world with virtually limitless applications for the block chain. They tout the prospect of a globally accepted currency that works with lightning speed, costs virtually nothing, and guarantees 100\% security and anonymity while eliminating the need to trust third parties. So far, the reality of cryptocurrency has not lived up to its hype. It turns out that cryptocurrency transactions can be slow, and expensive, because the blockchain, scales poorly. However, the really interesting divergence between pitch and reality has to do with the purported consequences of decentralization — the claim that bitcoin obviates the need for trust. This article interrogates the claim that trust can be replaced with blockchain technology. It tests the claims that Bitcoin eliminates the need for trust against real world experiences of Bitcoin holders and markets. It documents the many points at which cryptocurrencies shifts the locus of embedded trust, rather than eliminating the need for such trust. Finally, the article concludes that rather than replacing trust, cryptocurrencies instead require users to repose their trust in less transparent, less reliable and less accountable parties.},
	journaltitle = {Mich. Telecomm. \& Tech. L. Rev},
	author = {Bratspies, Rebecca M.},
	date = {2018},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {TRUST}},
}

@thesis{brekke_disassembling_2019,
	title = {Disassembling the Trust Machine, three cuts on the political matter of blockchain T},
	url = {http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13174/http://etheses.dur.ac.uk},
	abstract = {Blockchain technology is, in part, a proposal to resolve ‘the political' through technical means: decentralised networks to solve the problem of authority; cryptography to coordinate and secure the network; and game theory and incentive design to solve network behaviour. This {PhD} thesis draws on theoretical work by Karen Barad (2007) and Jacques Rancière (Rancière, 2010) to ask the question of what matters politically in blockchain technology – both in the sense of matter as becoming material of a new mediation of the political, but also mattering in the sense of being of political importance to engineers, developers and communities forming around blockchain as a potential. Rather than treating blockchain as coherent thing to be either celebrated or criticised, this thesis proposes and attempts to draw out the ways in which the potentials of blockchain are negotiated as part of its political effects, looking towards these negotiations to understand how political differences are made and sought materialised. Three approaches to the political are articulated to analyse Bitcoin and Ethereum as case studies and shift their terms of debate. Firstly, addressing the question of algorithmic determinacy, an approach is proposed for critically understanding a blockchain proposition that does not immediately revert to a competition of control between ‘human' and ‘machine' through the notion of the insensible, drawing on work by geographer of the inhuman Yusoff (2013a). Secondly, drawing on political theorist Rancière (2010) a particular blockchain sensibility is articulated, addressing the question of the particular kind of ‘disruption' that blockchain presents. Its specific provenance in political histories of decentralised network computation opens up political significance beyond its intersections with financial capitalism. Finally, addressing the question of blockchain as a resolution to the political, the thesis introduces the concept of dissensible as an ongoing potential for incompatible sensibilities and their negotiation.},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Brekke, Clara Jaya},
	date = {2019},
	doi = {http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13174/http://etheses.dur.ac.uk},
	note = {Volume: 0},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {TRUST}},
}

@article{bodo_here_2021,
	title = {Here Be Dragons – Maintaining Trust in the Technologized Public Sector},
	issn = {1556-5068},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3868208},
	abstract = {Emerging technologies, such as {AI} systems, distributed ledgers, but also private e-commerce and telecommunication platforms have permeated every aspect of our social, economic, political relations. Various bodies of the state, from education, via law enforcement to healthcare also increasingly rely on technical components to provide cheap, efficient public services, and supposedly fair, transparent, disinterested, accountable public administration. Most of these technical components are provided by private parties who designed, developed, trained, and maintain the technical components of public infrastructures. The rapid, and often unplanned, and uncontrolled technologization of public services (as happened, for example in the rapid adoption of distance learning and teleconferencing systems during the {COVID} lockdowns) inseparably link the perception of the quality, trustworthiness, effectiveness of public services and the public bodies which provision them to the successes and failures of their private, technological components: if the government's welfare fraud {AI} system fails, it is the confidence in the governments which is ultimately hit.In this contribution we explore how the use of potentially untrustworthy private technological systems in the public sector may affect the trust in government. We argue that citizens' and business' trust in government is a valuable asset, which came under assault from many dimensions. The increasing reliance on private technical components in government is in part a response to protect this trust, but in many cases, it opens up new forms of threats and vulnerabilities, because the trustworthiness of many of these private technical systems is, at best, questionable, particularly where it is deployed in the context of public sector trust contexts. We consider a number of policy options to protect the trust in government even if some of their technological components are fundamentally untrustworthy.},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Bodó, Balázs and Janssen, Heleen},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {blockchain, \_LATEST, {TRUST}, ai, emerging technologies, public policy, risk-based policy, trust},
}

@thesis{peyrouzet_blockchain_2018,
	title = {In blockchain they trust – Now, power to the people or to the invisible hand?},
	url = {https://www.academia.edu/38081197/In_blockchain_they_trust_Now_power_to_the_people_or_to_the_invisible_hand},
	abstract = {This dissertation provides an analysis of the ideological component behind the crypto-anarchist enthusiasm for the highly topical emerging technology of distributed ledger technology, commonly known as ‘blockchain'. Philosophy of technology scholars have drawn attention to the fact that technologies can possess political properties and serve to reinforce or challenge power structures. Public blockchains have an unquestionable social and political character due to their capacity to facilitate the emergence of cryptographic, decentralized and reliable peer-to-peer networks. The exponential adoption of this disruptive technology, which is poised to cause transformational changes across socio-technical systems and organizational structures, means that both its political properties and the ideological forces behind its development as a political technology must be recognized. Accordingly, this dissertation engages with some of the most ideologically-driven projects aiming to tap into blockchain's political and economic potential, namely those of Bitcoin, {FairCoin}, Democracy Earth and Bitnation. These projects exemplify what is posited as the main ideological cleavage within crypto-anarchism, which revolves around the privileged agent and vision that should be empowered and trusted to capture the decentralizing potential offered by blockchain technology. The paper offers an original contribution by conceptualizing the cleavage as separating; ‘crypto-libertarians', whose neo-Hobbesian individualistic vision sees the invisible hand of the free market as the privileged agent driving a trustless technology; and ‘crypto-commonists', whose collectivist vision regards blockchain as a trust-enabling technology that should be used to facilitate collaborative economic paradigms and participatory forms of e-democracy. The dissertation concludes that while both strands of blockchain enthusiasts have a shared interest in promoting personal privacy, radical transparency, and eroding the authority of nation-states, their diametrically opposed views on human nature and socio-economic organization seem presently irreconcilable. The research undertaken for this paper has covered a substantial breadth of the existing academic material concerning the philosophy and politics of blockchain technology, consulting books, journals, white papers and online articles. This dissertation contributes with an ideological conceptualization to the fields of techno-politics and blockch {\textbackslash}ldots View full abstract},
	pagetotal = {68},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Peyrouzet, Mateo},
	date = {2018},
	doi = {https://www.academia.edu/38081197/In_blockchain_they_trust_Now_power_to_the_people_or_to_the_invisible_hand},
	note = {Issue: May},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {MY}\_GS, {TRUST}},
}

@article{baldwin_digital_2018,
	title = {In digital we trust: Bitcoin discourse, digital currencies, and decentralized network fetishism},
	volume = {4},
	pages = {1--10},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Palgrave Communications},
	author = {Baldwin, Jon},
	date = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Palgrave},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {MY}\_GS, {TRUST}},
}

@article{bodo_mediated_2021,
	title = {Mediated trust: A theoretical framework to address the trustworthiness of technological trust mediators},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {14617315},
	doi = {10.1177/1461444820939922},
	abstract = {This article considers the impact of digital technologies on the interpersonal and institutional logics of trust production. It introduces the new theoretical concept of technology-mediated trust to analyze the role of complex techno-social assemblages in trust production and distrust management. The first part of the article argues that globalization and digitalization have unleashed a crisis of trust, as traditional institutional and interpersonal logics are not attuned to deal with the risks introduced by the prevalence of digital technologies. In the second part, the article describes how digital intermediation has transformed the traditional logics of interpersonal and institutional trust formation and created new trust-mediating services. Finally, the article asks as follows: why should we trust these technological trust mediators? The conclusion is that at best, it is impossible to establish the trustworthiness of trust mediators, and that at worst, we have no reason to trust them.},
	pages = {2668--2690},
	number = {9},
	journaltitle = {New Media and Society},
	author = {Bodó, Balázs},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: {SAGE} Publications Sage {UK}: London, England},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {TRUST}, trust, Institutional trust, interpersonal trust, online intermediation, regulation},
}

@article{vidan_mine_2019,
	title = {Mine the gap: Bitcoin and the maintenance of trustlessness},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {14617315},
	doi = {10.1177/1461444818786220},
	abstract = {Subscribing to a techno-utopian discourse replacing institutions and experts with “trust in code,” digital alternative currency Bitcoin is pitched as a “math-based money” governed by incorruptible code rather than human regulators. In three cases, which occurred between 2013 and 2015, we examine this system at moments of breakdown. In contrast to the discourse, we find that power is concentrated to critical sites and individuals who manage the system through ad hoc negotiations, and who users must therefore implicitly trust—a contrast we call Bitcoin's “promissory gap.” But even in the face of such contradictions between premise and reality, the discourse is maintained. We identify four authorizing strategies used in this work: conflating people with devices, assuming actors conform to notions of economic rationality, appealing to technical expertise, and explaining contradictions as temporary bugs. We contend that these strategies are mobilized widely to legitimize a variety of applications of algorithmic regulation and peer production projects.},
	pages = {42--59},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {New Media and Society},
	author = {Vidan, Gili and Lehdonvirta, Vili},
	date = {2019},
	keywords = {cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, {PROCESSED}, {TRUST}, Algorithmic regulation, critical code studies, distributed ledger technology, peer production},
}

@unpublished{johanna_substituting_2020,
	title = {Substituting trust by technology: A comparative study},
	url = {https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/216850},
	abstract = {This study contrasts different effects of applying blockchain technology on a social norm of trust and individual behaviour. The advanced technological features of blockchain could either complete contractual information and prevent coordination failures by substituting the need for trust or allow for some degree of incompleteness in information and favour a reciprocal mechanism of trust to solve for inefficiencies arising out of it. Either way, incomplete information is a necessary condition for the emergence of social norms of trust and reciprocity; hence a change in the completion of contractual information influences the institutional setting that market mechanisms are embedded in. One evolutionary process drives both, the degree of information available and behavioural traits within the society. Technology is neutral, but the way it is applied has different consequences on the institutional setting and thus favours different individual behavioural traits. Blockchain technology might either substitute or complement the need for trust},
	author = {Johanna, Rath},
	date = {2020},
	doi = {https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/216850},
	pmid = {14005845},
	note = {{ISSN}: 00029211
Publication Title: {ICAE} Working Paper Series, No. 107 Provided},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {MY}\_GS, {TRUST}},
}

@article{bodo_commodification_2021,
	title = {The commodification of trust},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {1556-5068},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3843707},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Bodó, Balázs},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {MY}\_GS, {TRUST}},
}

@article{bodo_trust_2020,
	title = {Trust, Blockchain-based Technologies, Public Sector, and the Social Good},
	issn = {1556-5068},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3641501},
	abstract = {Many public institutions, government bodies, municipalities are experimenting with blockchain based systems, decentralized ledgers, smart contracts to deliver new innovative services to citizens, or improve the speed, efficiency, accuracy of existing ones. This short policy analysis looks at the potential mismatch between usually high-trust public institutions, and trust-minimizing technological infrastructures. We warn that, in general, we should avoid replacing a high-trust environment with a trust-minimizing technology. Pre-existing trust is very valuable, and no new technology should endanger trust which is extremely hard to build but very easy to destroy. Of course, not all institutions enjoy the trust of the citizenry. In low-trust environments the implementation of trust minimizing technologies need to consider the relative benefits and harms of the different approaches to dealing with low-trust environments. One can decide to implement a technology that is able to operate in such low-trust settings. The alternative to this is to try to implement technologies and policies that foster the emergence of trust. What is the preferable way forward: replacing distrusted public entities with trust-minimizing technologies, or improving their trustworthiness? Should we implement a trust-minimizing architecture, or a trust-maximizing one? Our institutions may be imperfect, and often produce arbitrary outcomes; sometimes they are downright oppressive. But at least there are clear lines of social, public, institutional, political and economic accountability and oversight. Such mechanisms of trust are yet to mature with regard to blockchain technologies. Unless these technologies can be brought into the fold, they remain largely unaccountable, thus fundamentally untrustworthy. And even if they are, we still don't know which is preferable: a polycentric system of power of checks and balances, which involves democratic oversight, or an ideally decentralized and disintermediated one, where power concentration is prevented? This should be a warning to well-intentioned public servants, institutions and private actors who are looking at implementing blockchain systems in order to better their domain or be seen as innovative, or simply because they fear missing out on a technology development sold to them as a revolution. It may be worth their while not to rush. It is {OK} to be slow and cautious. Disruptive digital innovation that targets trust should be treated with extreme caution.},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Bodó, Balázs},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {MY}\_GS, {TRUST}},
}

@article{faria_trust_2019,
	title = {Trust, reputation and ambiguous freedoms: financial institutions and subversive libertarians navigating blockchain, markets, and regulation},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {17530369},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2018.1547986},
	doi = {10.1080/17530350.2018.1547986},
	abstract = {This article departs from the post 2008 financial crisis context, from its intersection with technological developments, and from the socio-technical arrangements configured by this conjuncture. It explores plans and actions – of mainstream financial institutions, and of a community seeking for alternatives to centralised economy and governance – for the use of digital platforms supported by blockchain infrastructure. In particular, it explores how such plans and actions relate to conceptions of public and peer trust and how they appear to produce, or reinforce, reputational imaginaries and quantification practices within added value philosophies. By illuminating a tension between the two identified case examples, I seek to render alternative communities' and financial institutions' conceptions, imaginaries and practices (more) visible and to analyse their organisational marketing strategies – where there is a pragmatic and discursive operationalisation of technology as well as of trust as means to gain more self-sovereignty in action, while navigating markets and regulated actual world contexts.},
	pages = {119--132},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Cultural Economy},
	author = {Faria, Inês},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, {MY}\_GS, {TRUST}, trust, regulation, markets, quantification, reputation},
}

@article{faria_when_2021,
	title = {When tales of money fail: the importance of price, trust, and sociality for cryptocurrency users},
	volume = {0},
	issn = {17530369},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2021.1974070},
	doi = {10.1080/17530350.2021.1974070},
	abstract = {This paper is based on research among blockchain communities in the Netherlands and online terrains. Through an empirical example, it explores tales produced by projects based on the blockchain protocol and on the premise that cryptocurrencies are money and that money has generative potential for social and economic change. By unpacking the pragmatics of a particular project–Bitnation and Pangea – I argue that despite tales of decentralisation through the moneyness of cryptocurrencies, and the distributed and automated character of the blockchain protocol, these currencies, and projects, are deeply entangled with fiat and mainstream economies and markets. This is visible by looking at the ups and downs of cryptocurrency pricing and on the effects this volatility has on (certain) projects. The lack of a sustainable community of trust in cryptocurrencies as money – particularly visible in initiatives following more libertarian and utopian tales, detached from everyday life realities – and the way these retain attention mainly due to speculation, have very real effects for blockchain based projects. No matter how radical their tales for decentralisation and socioeconomic revolution are, utterances for these tales to become real have to be there, and seem absent.},
	pages = {1--12},
	number = {0},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Cultural Economy},
	author = {Faria, Inês},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {MY}\_GS, Cryptocurrencies, {TRUST}, digital economies, fiat, monetary multiplicity, speculation},
}

@article{nabilou_bitcoin_2020,
	title = {Bitcoin Governance as a Decentralized Financial Market Infrastructure},
	issn = {1556-5068},
	url = {https://stanford-jblp.pubpub.org/pub/bitcoin-governance/release/2#:$\sim$:text=Although bitcoin (with lowercase b,on the conventional financial market},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3555042},
	abstract = {Bitcoin is the oldest and most widely established cryptocurrency network with the highest market capitalization among all cryptocurrencies. Although bitcoin (with lowercase b) is increasingly viewed as a digital asset belonging to a new asset class, the Bitcoin network (with uppercase B) is a decentralized financial market infrastructure ({dFMI}) that clears and settles transactions in its native asset without relying on the conventional financial market infrastructures ({FMIs}). To be a reliable asset class as well as a {dFMI}, however, Bitcoin needs to have robust governance arrangements; whether such arrangements are built into the protocol (i.e., on-chain governance mechanisms) or relegated to the participants in the Bitcoin network (i.e., off-chain governance mechanisms), or are composed of a combination of both mechanisms (i.e., hybrid form of governance). This paper studies Bitcoin governance with a focus on its alleged shortcomings. In so doing, after defining Bitcoin governance and its objectives, the paper puts forward an idiosyncratic governance model whose main objective is to preserve and maximize the main value proposition of Bitcoin, i.e., its censorship-resistant property, which allows participants to transact in an environment with minimum social trust. Therefore, Bitcoin governance, including the processes through which Bitcoin governance crises have been resolved and the standards against which the Bitcoin Improvement Proposals ({BIPs}) are examined, should be analyzed in light of the prevailing narrative of Bitcoin as a censorship-resistant store of value and payment infrastructure. Within such a special governance model, this paper seeks to identify the potential shortcomings in Bitcoin governance by reference to the major governance crises that posed serious threats to Bitcoin in the last decade. It concludes that the existing governance arrangements in the Bitcoin network have been largely successful in dealing with Bitcoin's major crises that would have otherwise become existential threats to the Bitcoin network.},
	pages = {1--36},
	issue = {November},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Nabilou, Hossein},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {bitcoin, blockchain, cryptocurrency, {PROCESSED}, censorship resistance, e42, e51, e58, g01, g23, g28, governance, jel classification, k22, k23, k24, {POLITICS}\_GOVERNANCE},
}

@article{korhonen_blockchain_2021,
	title = {Blockchain Governance Challenges: Beyond Libertarianism},
	volume = {115},
	issn = {23987723},
	doi = {10.1017/aju.2021.65},
	abstract = {This essay considers the ideological context of blockchain technology. This technology is often celebrated for its potential for decentralization, distribution, privacy, and a lack of intermediaries and coordinators for transactions and general governance. Because of these features, blockchain technology, and, in particular, its most famous inauguration - the bitcoin blockchain - is frequently identified with libertarianism. In this essay, we argue that the ideological context of blockchain technology is much more complicated. In addition to unraveling a number of background ideologies and their role in this technology, we raise the ontological issue concerning the relationship of ideology to technology. These matters have implications for, among other things, the approach that should be taken to blockchain's governance, as well as how international lawyers may approach this foreign-seeming phenomenon that has its proponents from the European Central Bank to the United Nations (not, however, forgetting the private sector nor the digital underground).},
	pages = {408--412},
	journaltitle = {{AJIL} Unbound},
	author = {Korhonen, Outi and Rantala, Juho},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {POLITICS}\_GOVERNANCE},
}

@article{tan_blockchain_2021,
	title = {Blockchain governance in the public sector: A conceptual framework for public management},
	issn = {0740624X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.giq.2021.101625},
	abstract = {A key challenge behind the adoption of blockchain in the public sector is understanding the dynamics of blockchain governance. Based on a systematic literature review, this article analyzes different approaches to blockchain governance across disciplines and develops a comprehensive conceptual framework for the study of blockchain governance decisions in the public sector. The framework clusters nine types of governance decisions (infrastructure architecture, application architecture, interoperability, decision-making mechanism, incentive mechanism, consensus mechanism, organization of governance, accountability of governance, and control of governance) into three levels of analysis (micro, meso, and macro-levels). Drawing on public management theories and concepts, the article elucidates the implications of various governance choices in each level of governance and provides a primer for researchers and policy practitioners on the design of blockchain-based systems in the public sector.},
	pages = {101625},
	journaltitle = {Government Information Quarterly},
	author = {Tan, Evrim and Mahula, Stanislav and Crompvoets, Joep},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	keywords = {Blockchain, Distributed ledger technology, \_LATEST, Governance, {POLITICS}\_GOVERNANCE, {DAO}, Public management},
}

@incollection{hofman_blockchain_2021-1,
	title = {Blockchain Governance: De Facto (x)or Designed?},
	isbn = {978-3-030-54414-0},
	abstract = {Governance of blockchain technologies has not been historically prioritized beyond technological dimensions, and relatively little literature exists on the prescriptive governance of blockchain platforms. Existing governance frameworks, such as {IT} governance, may not be suitable or easily applied to the novel context of blockchain; instead, the authors of this chapter argue it may be more appropriate to adopt a grounded approach to the development of governance theory for blockchains. Situating their discussion of blockchain governance within existing, external power structures—legal, political, economic, environmental, and social—the authors outline an internal governance framework for the blockchain system itself. Taking an inclusive, question-led approach, this internal governance framework aims to ensure that areas of risk are identified, and determine how conflict and crisis related to blockchain technology—and blockchain-enabled forms of organization and interactions—can be handled.},
	pages = {21--33},
	number = {x},
	booktitle = {Building Decentralized Trust},
	author = {Hofman, Darra and {DuPont}, Quinn and Walch, Angela and Beschastnikh, Ivan},
	date = {2021},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-54414-0_2},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {POLITICS}\_GOVERNANCE},
}

@article{alston_blockchain_2021,
	title = {Blockchain Networks as Constitutional and Competitive Polycentric Orders},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3887701},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3887701},
	abstract = {Institutional economists have analyzed permissionless blockchains as a novel institutional building block for voluntary economic exchange and distributed governance, with their unique protocol features such as automated contract execution, high levels of network and process transparency, and uniquely distributed governance. But such institutional analysis needs to be complemented by polycentric analysis of how blockchains change. We characterize such change as resulting from internal sources and external sources. Internal sources include constitutional (protocol) design and collective-choice processes for updating protocols, which help coordinate network participants and users. External sources include competitive pressure from other cryptocurrency networks. By studying two leading networks, Bitcoin and Ethereum, we illustrate how conceptualizing blockchains as competing and constitutional polycentric enterprises clarifies their processes of change.},
	pages = {1--17},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Alston, Eric and Law, Wilson and Murtazashvili, Ilia and Weiss, Martin B. H.},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {POLITICS}\_GOVERNANCE},
}

@article{de_filippi_blockchain_2021,
	title = {Blockchain Technology: Toward a Decentralized Governance of Digital Platforms?},
	url = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03098502},
	abstract = {Despite its promise to establish a more decentralized society with a novel economic order, 5 many of the blockchain-based networks or applications implemented thus far ultimately rely on market dynamics and economic incentives for distributed coordination. Indeed {\textbackslash}ldots},
	journaltitle = {The Great Awakening: New Modes of Life amidst Capitalist Ruins, Punctum Book},
	author = {De Filippi, Primavera and Lavayssière, Xavier},
	date = {2021},
	note = {{ISBN}: 9781953035080},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {POLITICS}\_GOVERNANCE},
}

@unpublished{kavanagh_bureaucracy_2019,
	title = {Bureaucracy, Blockocracy and Power},
	url = {https://www.egosnet.org/2019_edinburgh/colloquium},
	abstract = {Algorithmic authority is a distinctive and novel mode of domination. Akin to other modes described by Weber, it has associated organisational forms. This paper identifies and analyses one such form, blockocracy, which occurs in the context of blockchain-based cryptocurrencies. Taking a processual approach, we describe how blockocracy emerged historically out of an anti-bureaucracy ideology, a control revolution, a recognition that computer code can regulate conduct, and the increasing adoption of algorithms. Taking a shorter time-horizon, we identify four layers of algorithmic authority, and, focusing on the blockchain layer, we distinguish between off-chain and on-chain governance, with the latter having two types of off-chain rules. While the fashionable rhetoric is that the blockchain is immutable, we see the blockchain as a dynamic quasi-object, defining and mutating identities and possibilities. We conclude the paper by comparing blockocracy with Weber's depiction of bureaucracy.},
	pagetotal = {23},
	author = {Kavanagh, Donncha and Ennis, P J},
	date = {2019},
	doi = {https://www.egos},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {POLITICS}\_GOVERNANCE, ⛔ No {DOI} found},
}

@incollection{groos_crypto_2021,
	title = {Crypto Politics: Notes on Sociotechnical Imaginaries of Governance in Blockchain Based Technologies},
	volume = {1},
	isbn = {978-1-119-13053-6},
	abstract = {Crypto Politics: Notes on Sociotechnical Imaginaries of Governance in Blockchain Based Technologies was published in Data Loam on page 148.},
	pages = {148--170},
	booktitle = {Data Loam},
	author = {Groos, Jan},
	date = {2021},
	doi = {10.1515/9783110697841-009},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {POLITICS}\_GOVERNANCE, intensive livestock, manure, monogastric, nutrition, pollution},
}

@article{kavanagh_cryptocurrencies_2020,
	title = {Cryptocurrencies and the emergence of blockocracy},
	volume = {36},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2020.1795958},
	doi = {10.1080/01972243.2020.1795958},
	abstract = {{AbstractBlockocracies} are a coherent, distinctive and novel organizational form bound by a collective ledger and a cryptocurrency. We frame our analysis of blockocracies against Weber's enduring description of bureaucracy, identifying those features of Weberian bureaucracies that are present, absent or marginalized in blockocracies. In contrast to bureaucracy's monocratic authority structure, authority in blockocracies is centered on four distinct layers. In each layer, there is governance of the code and governance by the code, and in the latter we distinguish between endogenous and exogenous rules. We also compare the “blockocrat” with Weber's depiction of the bureaucrat.},
	pages = {290--300},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {The Information Society},
	author = {Kavanagh, Donncha and Ennis, Paul John},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge},
	keywords = {\_LATEST, {POLITICS}\_GOVERNANCE},
}

@article{reijers_governance_2016,
	title = {Governance in Blockchain Technologies \& Social Contract Theories},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {2379-5980},
	doi = {10.5195/ledger.2016.62},
	abstract = {This paper is placed in the context of a growing number of social and political critiques of blockchain technologies. We focus on the supposed potential of blockchain technologies to transform political institutions that are central to contemporary human societies, such as money, property rights regimes, and systems of democratic governance. Our aim is to examine the way blockchain technologies canbring about - and justify - new models of governance. To do so, we draw on the philosophical works of Hobbes, Rousseau, and Rawls, analyzing blockchain governance in terms of contrasting social contract theories. We begin by comparing the justifications of blockchain governance offered by members of the blockchain developers' community with the justifications of governance presented within social contract theories. We then examine the extent to which the model of governance offered by blockchain technologies reflects key governance themes and assumptions located within social contract theories, focusing on the notions of sovereignty, the initial situation, decentralization and distributive justice.},
	pages = {134--151},
	journaltitle = {Ledger},
	author = {Reijers, Wessel and O'Brolcháin, Fiachra and Haynes, Paul},
	date = {2016},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {POLITICS}\_GOVERNANCE},
}

@incollection{leistert_governing_2020,
	location = {Lüneburg},
	title = {Governing Objects from a Distance : Blockchains as Organizers of Environmentality},
	abstract = {Of the phenomena in the field of media technologies that have conquered imaginations and funding buckets recently, blockchain technologies, next to artificial intelligence and machine learning, might be considered the most striking example. The blockchain constitutes a protocological internet layer for values that corresponds to a continuing monetization pressure and ongoing expansion of identification strategies. Notwithstanding these trajectories, behind this prospective killer application resides first of all a sovereign chronological regime that has the capacities to prove and modulate the existence, identity and administration of data, assets, goods and services from a distance on granular scales.},
	pages = {1--21},
	booktitle = {Explorations in Digital Cultures},
	publisher = {meson press},
	author = {Leistert, Oliver},
	date = {2020},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/14853},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, {POLITICS}\_GOVERNANCE, Control, digitale Kultur, Kontrolle, Poperty Regime},
}

@thesis{helfrich_governing_2020,
	title = {Governing Socio-Technical Systems: Internal Governance of Decentralized Blockchain-Based Networks},
	url = {http://essay.utwente.nl/84805/},
	abstract = {Along with the emerging use of cryptocurrency systems, new forms of decentralised blockchain-based networks are envisioned and being developed. These networks are extending the scope of using blockchain technology beyond solely financial contexts into novel fields of application. Investigating the ways in which such networks are implemented in societies and how they are governed requires understanding the underlying technical structures, social practices and forms of governance within such networks. Investigating these internal aspects of decentralised blockchain-based networks is the main focus of this thesis. Drawing on accounts in the field of science and technology studies ({STS}), this thesis will elaborate on decentralised cryptocurrency systems as being constituted by technical aspects of their infrastructure, as well as the social relations within them. Building upon an understanding of the socio-technical structure of such systems, the influence of their decentralised character on the constitution of user identities is presented. It will be investigated how the socio-technical character and decentralised structure of cryptocurrency systems leads to new forms of governance within them and, correspondingly, in the decentralised blockchain-based networks they are a part of. Two illustrative cases of decentralised blockchain-based networks in electricity markets and the forms of governance within them will be examined.},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Helfrich, Florian Lukas},
	date = {2020},
	doi = {http://essay.utwente.nl/84805/},
	keywords = {\_LATEST, {POLITICS}\_GOVERNANCE},
}

@article{schneider_modular_2021,
	title = {Modular Politics: Toward a Governance Layer for Online Communities},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {25730142},
	doi = {10.1145/3449090},
	abstract = {Governance in online communities is an increasingly high-stakes challenge, and yet many basic features of offline governance legacies-juries, political parties, term limits, and formal debates, to name a few-are not in the feature-sets of the software most community platforms use. Drawing on the paradigm of Institutional Analysis and Development, this paper proposes a strategy for addressing this lapse by specifying basic features of a generalizable paradigm for online governance called Modular Politics. Whereas classical governance typologies tend to present a choice among wholesale ideologies, such as democracy or oligarchy, Modular Politics would enable platform operators and their users to build bottom-up governance processes from computational components that are modular and composable, highly versatile in their expressiveness, portable from one context to another, and interoperable across platforms. This kind of approach could implement pre-digital governance systems as well as accelerate innovation in uniquely digital techniques. As diverse communities share and connect their components and data, governance could occur through a ubiquitous network layer. To that end, this paper proposes the development of an open standard for networked governance.},
	pages = {1--26},
	issue = {{CSCW}1},
	journaltitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} on Human-Computer Interaction},
	author = {Schneider, Nathan and De Filippi, Primavera and Frey, Seth and Tan, Joshua Z. and Zhang, Amy X.},
	date = {2021},
	note = {\_eprint: 2005.13701},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, peer production, governance, {POLITICS}\_GOVERNANCE, institutional analysis and development, interoperability, online communities, platforms, standards},
}

@article{reijers_now_2021,
	title = {Now the Code Runs Itself: On-Chain and Off-Chain Governance of Blockchain Technologies},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {15728749},
	doi = {10.1007/s11245-018-9626-5},
	abstract = {The invention of Bitcoin in 2008 as a new type of electronic cash has arguably been one of the most radical financial innovations in the last decade. Recently, developer communities of blockchain technologies have started to turn their attention towards the issue of governance. The features of blockchain governance raise questions as to tensions that might arise between a strictly “on-chain” governance system and possible applications of “off-chain” governance. In this paper, we approach these questions by reflecting on a long-running debate in legal philosophy regarding the construction of a positivist legal order. First, we argue that on-chain governance shows striking similarities with Kelsen's notion of a positivist legal order, characterised by Schmitt as the machine that runs itself. Second, we illustrate some of the problems that emerged from the application of on-chain governance, with particular reference to a calamity in a blockchain-based system called the {DAO}. Third, we reflect on Schmitt's argument that the coalescence of private interests is a vulnerability of positivist legal systems, and accordingly posit this as an inherent vulnerability of on-chain governance of existing blockchain-based systems.},
	pages = {821--831},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Topoi},
	author = {Reijers, Wessel and Wuisman, Iris and Mannan, Morshed and De Filippi, Primavera and Wray, Christopher and Rae-Looi, Vienna and Cubillos Vélez, Angela and Orgad, Liav},
	date = {2021},
	note = {{ISBN}: 1124501896265},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {POLITICS}\_GOVERNANCE, Blockchain governance, Kelsen, Schmitt, Sovereignty, State of exception},
}

@article{walch_software_2019,
	title = {Software Developers as Fiduciaries in Public Blockchains},
	doi = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3203198},
	abstract = {This chapter addresses the myth of decentralized governance of public blockchains, arguing that certain people who create, operate, or reshape them function much like fiduciaries of those who rely on these powerful data structures. Explicating the crucial functions that leading software developers perform, the chapter compares the role to Tamar Frankel's conception of a fiduciary, and finds much in common, as users of these technologies place extreme trust in the leading developers to be both competent and loyal (ie, to be free of conflicts of interest). The chapter then frames the cost-benefit analysis necessary to evaluate whether, on balance, it is a good idea to treat these parties as fiduciaries, and outlines key questions needed to flesh out the fiduciary categorization. For example, which software developers are influential enough to resemble fiduciaries? Are all users of a blockchain ‘entrustors' of the fiduciaries who operate the blockchain, or only a subset of those who rely on the blockchain? Finally, the chapter concludes with reflections on the broader implications of treating software developers as fiduciaries, given the existing accountability paradigm that largely shields software developers from liability for the code they create.},
	journaltitle = {Regulating Blockchain. Techno-Social and Legal Challenges, ed. by Philipp Hacker, Ioannis Lianos, Georgios Dimitropoulos \& Stefan Eich, Oxford University Press, 2019.},
	author = {Walch, Angela},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Chapter in Regulating Blockchain. Techno-Social and Legal Challenges, edited\${\textbackslash}sim\${\textbackslash}ldots},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {POLITICS}\_GOVERNANCE},
}

@thesis{crepaldi_authority_2020,
	title = {The Authority of Distributed Consensus Systems Trust, Governance, and Normative Perspectives on Blockchains and Distributed Ledgers},
	url = {http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9432/},
	abstract = {The subjects of this dissertation are distributed consensus systems ({DCS}). These systems gained prominence with the implementation of cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin. This work aims at understanding the drivers and motives behind the adoption of this class of technologies, and to – consequently – evaluate the social and normative implications of blockchains and distributed ledgers. To do so, a phenomenological account of the field of distributed consensus systems is offered, then the core claims for the adoption of systems are taken into consideration. Accordingly, the relevance of these technologies on trust and governance is examined. It will be argued that the effects on these two elements do not justify the adoption of distributed consensus systems satisfactorily. Against this backdrop, it will be held that blockchains and similar technologies are being adopted because they are regarded as having a valid claim to authority as specified by Max Weber, i.e., herrschaft. Consequently, it will be discussed whether current implementations fall – and to what extent – within the legitimate types of traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal authority. The conclusion is that the conceptualization developed by Weber does not capture the core ideas that appear to establish the belief in the legitimacy of distributed consensus systems. Therefore, this dissertation describes the herrschaft of systems such as blockchains by conceptualizing a computational extension of the pure type of rational-legal authority, qualified as algorithmic authority. The foundational elements of algorithmic authority are then discussed. Particular attention is focused on the idea of normativity cultivated in systems of algorithmic rules as well as the concept of decentralization. Practical suggestions conclude the following dissertation.},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Crepaldi, M},
	date = {2020},
	doi = {http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9432/},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {POLITICS}\_GOVERNANCE, {DAOS}},
}

@unpublished{cila_blockchain_2020,
	title = {The Blockchain and the Commons: Dilemmas in the Design of Local Platforms},
	abstract = {This paper addresses the design dilemmas that arise when distributed ledger technologies ({DLT}) are to be applied in the governance of artificial material commons. {DLTs}, such as blockchain, are often presented as enabling technologies for self-governing communities, provided by their consensus mechanisms, transparent administration, and incentives for collaboration and cooperation. Yet, these affordances may also undermine public values such as privacy and displace human agency in governance procedures. In this paper, the conflicts regarding the governance of communities which collectively manage and produce a commons are discussed through the case of a fictional energy community. Three mechanisms are identified in this process: tracking use of and contributions to the commons; managing resources, and negotiating the underlying rule sets and user rights. Our effort is aimed at contributing to the {HCI} community by introducing a framework of three mechanisms and six design dilemmas that can aid in balancing conflicting values in the design of local platforms for commons-based resource management.},
	author = {Cila, Nazli and Ferri, Gabriele and De Waal, Martijn and Gloerich, Inte and Karpinski, Tara},
	date = {2020},
	doi = {10.1145/3313831.3376660},
	note = {{ISBN}: 9781450367080
Publication Title: Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings},
	keywords = {blockchain, {PROCESSED}, governance, {POLITICS}\_GOVERNANCE, commons, design dilemmas, energy community, platformization},
}

@article{brekke_dissensus_2021,
	title = {The Dissensus Protocol: Governing Differences in Online Peer Communities},
	volume = {3},
	doi = {10.3389/fhumd.2021.641731},
	abstract = {Peer-to-peer networks and protocols have inspired new ideas and ideologies about governance, with the aim of using technology to enable horizontal and decentralized decision-making at scale. This article introduces the concept of “dissensus” from political theory to debates about peer governance in online communities. Dissensus describes the emergence of incompatible differences. Among peer-to-peer technologies, blockchain stands out as a set of ideas that explicitly seek to resolve dissensus through consensus protocols. In this article, we propose dissensus as a “protocol” for foregrounding the often sidelined yet productive aspects of incompatible differences. The concept highlights that there might not always be consensus about a consensus algorithm, and that indeed, dissensus is the precondition for new possibilities and perspectives to emerge. We discuss the concept in relation to the histories of governance ideas in blockchain, namely, a “materialist,” “design,” and “emergent” approach. We then describe moments of dissensus in practice through two cases of online communities, Genesis {DAO} and Ouishare, discussing their different ways of recognizing and navigating dissensus. Finally, we give a critical overview of consensus algorithms, voting, staking, and forking as the mechanisms that make out blockchain governance ideologies. In conclusion, we argue that dissensus can serve as a useful concept for pointing attention to governance as it is conducted in practice, as historically and culturally specific practices, rather than as a problem to be solved through supposedly universal mechanisms.},
	pages = {1--15},
	issue = {May},
	journaltitle = {Frontiers in Human Dynamics},
	author = {Brekke, Jaya Klara and Beecroft, Kate and Pick, Francesca},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {blockchain, \_LATEST, {POLITICS}\_GOVERNANCE, dao, dissensus, horizontal decision-making, peer-to-peer governance, political theory},
}

@article{de_filippi_invisible_2016,
	title = {The invisible politics of bitcoin: Governance crisis of a decentralised infrastructure},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {21976775},
	doi = {10.14763/2016.3.427},
	abstract = {Bitcoin is a decentralised currency and payment system that seeks to eliminate the need for trusted authorities. It relies on a peer-to-peer network and cryptographic protocols to perform the functions of traditional financial intermediaries, such as verifying transactions and preserving the integrity of the system. This article examines the political economy of Bitcoin, in light of a recent dispute that divided the Bitcoin community with regard to a seemingly simple technical issue: Whether or not to increase the block size of the Bitcoin blockchain. By looking at the socio-technical constructs of Bitcoin, the article distinguishes between two distinct coordination mechanisms: Governance by the infrastructure (achieved via the Bitcoin protocol) and governance of the infrastructure (managed by the community of developers and other stakeholders). It then analyses the invisible politics inherent in these two mechanisms, which together display a highly technocratic power structure. On the one hand, as an attempt to be self-governing and self-sustaining, the Bitcoin network exhibits a strong market-driven approach to social trust and coordination, which has been embedded directly into the technical protocol. On the other hand, despite being an open source project, the development and maintenance of the Bitcoin code ultimately relies on a small core of highly skilled developers who play a key role in the design of the platform.},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Internet Policy Review},
	author = {De Filippi, Primavera and Loveluck, Benjamin},
	date = {2016},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, Blockchain, {POLITICS}\_GOVERNANCE, Peer-to-peer (P2P)},
}

@article{hermstruwer_limits_2021,
	title = {The Limits of Blockchain Democracy},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1432-122X},
	url = {https://www.nyujll.com/volume-14/blog-post-title-one-n275l-tsgjf-ydptd},
	doi = {https://www.nyujll.com/volume-14/blog-post-title-one-n275l-tsgjf-ydptd},
	abstract = {Should political elections be implemented on the blockchain? Blockchain evangelists have argued that they should. This article sheds light on the potential of blockchain voting procedures and the legal constraints they need to accommodate. In a first step, I discuss potential “democracy benefits” of distributed ledger technology and the legal framework ordering the use of electronic voting systems in general. Comparing U.S. and German constitutional law, I then distill specific normative principles guiding the use of blockchain voting systems. In a second step, I analyze the technical, economic, and normative limitations of blockchain voting procedures. I show that major limitations result from the rules and incentives set by different consensus mechanisms. Moreover, it is not clear whether blockchain technology provides sufficient safeguards to ensure identity verification, the secrecy of ballots, and the verification that ballots are cast as intended, recorded as cast, and counted as recorded. Building on principles from constitutional law, I contend that blockchain technology does not provide sufficient safeguards to satisfy the requirements of democratic voting procedures – at least not in the near future.},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {New York University Journal of Law \& Liberity},
	author = {Hermstrüwer, Yoan},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: {HeinOnline}},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {POLITICS}\_GOVERNANCE},
}

@article{parkin_senatorial_2019,
	title = {The senatorial governance of Bitcoin: making (de)centralized money},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {14695766},
	doi = {10.1080/03085147.2019.1678262},
	abstract = {In recent years the development of cryptocurrencies and wider implementations of blockchain technology have been valourized as digitally decentralized networks that dissipate control evenly among their peers. With Bitcoin, the first blockchain-based cryptocurrency, monetary policy is enacted via software built through an open source consensus model. This promotes a techno-decentralist ideology that promises to democratize societies by eradicating centralized points of control in economic systems. Contrastingly, this paper demonstrates how Bitcoin's production process operates through strict authoritative channels. The overall political framework for altering the Bitcoin code is described as senatorial governance: a (de)centralized model of bureaucratic parties who compete to change the monetary policy (codified rules) of the protocol. This model shows how Bitcoin is not an autonomous system but is assembled and maintained via human discretion.},
	pages = {463--487},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Economy and Society},
	author = {Parkin, Jack},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {POLITICS}\_GOVERNANCE, algorithmic decentralization, automation, blockchain governance, cryptoeconomics, forking, human-machine labour},
}

@article{hutten_soft_2019,
	title = {The soft spot of hard code: blockchain technology, network governance and pitfalls of technological utopianism},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {14710374},
	doi = {10.1111/glob.12217},
	abstract = {The emerging blockchain technology is expected to contribute to the transformation of ownership, government services and global supply chains. By analysing a crisis that occurred with one of its frontrunners, Ethereum, in this article I explore the discrepancies between the purported governance of blockchains and the de facto control of them through expertise and reputation. Ethereum is also thought to exemplify libertarian techno-utopianism. When ‘The {DAO}', a highly publicized but faulty crowd-funded venture fund was deployed on the Ethereum blockchain, the techno-utopianism was suspended, and developers fell back on strong network ties. Now that the blockchain technology is seeing an increasing uptake, I shall also seek to unearth broader implications of the blockchain for the proliferation or blockage of global finance and beyond. Contrasting claims about the disruptive nature of the technology, in this article I show that, by redeeming the positive utopia of ontic, individualized debt, blockchains reinforce our belief in a crisis-ridden, financialized capitalism.},
	pages = {329--348},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Global Networks},
	author = {Hütten, Moritz},
	date = {2019},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {POLITICS}\_GOVERNANCE, {DAO}, {BITCOIN}, {BLOCKCHAINS}, {CRYPTOLOGY}, {CYBERPUNKS}, {CYPHERPUNKS}, {DLT}, {ETHEREUM}, {HARD} {FORK}, {SMART} {CONTRACTS}, {TECHNO}-{UTOPIANISM}},
}

@article{renwick_those_2021,
	title = {Those who control the code control the rules: How different perspectives of privacy are being written into the code of blockchain systems},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {14664437},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0268396220944406},
	doi = {10.1177/0268396220944406},
	abstract = {Blockchain systems afford new privacy capabilities. This threatens to create conflict, as different social groups involved in blockchain development often disagree on which capabilities specific systems should enact. This article adopts a boundary object perspective to make sense of disagreements between collaborating social worlds. We perform a case study of privacy attitudes among collaborating actors in Monero, a cryptocurrency community that emphasises privacy and decentralisation alongside a set of values sometimes described as anti-establishment, crypto-anarchist, and/or cypherpunk. The case study performs a series of interviews with users, developers, cryptographic researchers, corporate architects, and government regulators. Three novel and important findings emerge. The first is that none of the social worlds express a desire to monitor routine transactions, despite the obvious business and tax-collection value of such data. The second is that regulators are happy to postpone active involvement, based on the flawed assumption they can impose privacy-related regulation later, once risks have become clear. Such regulation may not be possible as protocols and rulesets currently being coded into the system may be impossible to amend in the future (unless they can obtain either developer or network consensus). The third is that regulators assume methods for overseeing extraordinary transaction are necessary to avoid widespread, near-effortless money laundering. Yet, each of the other social worlds is operating under the assumption that this trade-off has already been accepted. These findings demonstrate subtle power transitions and changes in privacy attitudes that have implications for research on blockchain, management, and boundary objects in general.},
	pages = {16--38},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Information Technology},
	author = {Renwick, Robin and Gleasure, Rob},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {cryptocurrency, Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, {POLITICS}\_GOVERNANCE, boundary objects, Monero, privacy},
}

@article{rossi_towards_2019,
	title = {Towards a Theory of Digital Network De/centralization: Platform-Infrastructure Lessons Drawn from Blockchain},
	issn = {1556-5068},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3503609},
	abstract = {Global digital platforms are conquering the world and rely critically on digital infrastructures to function, yet little research has explored the fundamental interrelationship between the two. This working paper argues that understanding centralization and decentralization in digital networks as asymmetry and symmetry in mutual interdependencies between the constitutive elements of a digital network can help us understand the platform-infrastructure relationship more fundamentally (and vice versa). To this end, the paper proposes, as a starting point, the in-depth analytical and literature study of blockchain networks as a particularly revealing type of digital platform/infrastructure duality. The paper proposes an analytical model for characterizing de/centralization in digital networks and maps this onto blockchain networks. Based on this, the paper explores the de/centralization of blockchain, arguing that the extant blockchain literature largely has failed in providing a comprehensive understanding of de/centralization by not considering the complex second-order interdependencies between the different constitutive dimensions of a blockchain: the symbolic, technological and political dimension. Based on this, the paper provides an analysis of the meaning of de/centralization in blockchain networks by studying the interdependencies between its constitutive elements of coin, network technology, and social community.},
	pages = {1--119},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Rossi, Enrico and Sorensen, Carsten},
	date = {2019},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {POLITICS}\_GOVERNANCE, blockchain analytical framework, carsten, centralization, decentralization, definition, digital, digital network de, digital networks, digital platform, enrico and sørensen, infrastructure, platform-infrastructure, published as, rossi, this working paper is, towards a theory of},
}

@article{rozas_when_2021,
	title = {When Ostrom Meets Blockchain: Exploring the Potentials of Blockchain for Commons Governance},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {21582440},
	doi = {10.1177/21582440211002526},
	abstract = {Blockchain technologies have generated enthusiasm, yet their potential to enable new forms of governance remains largely unexplored. Two confronting standpoints dominate the emergent debate around blockchain-based governance: discourses characterized by the presence of techno-determinist and market-driven values, which tend to ignore the complexity of social organization; and critical accounts of such discourses which, while contributing to identifying limitations, consider the role of traditional centralized institutions as inherently necessary to enable democratic forms of governance. In this article, we draw on Ostrom's principles for self-governance of communities to explore the transformative potential of blockchain beyond such standpoints. We approach blockchain through the identification and conceptualization of six affordances that this technology may provide to communities: tokenization, self-enforcement and formalization of rules, autonomous automatization, decentralization of power over the infrastructure, increasing transparency, and codification of trust. For each affordance, we carry out a detailed analysis situating each in the context of Ostrom's principles, considering both the potentials of algorithmic governance and the importance of incorporating communities' social practices into blockchain-based tools to foster forms of self-governance. The relationships found between these affordances and Ostrom's principles allow us to provide a perspective focused on blockchain-based commons governance.},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{SAGE} Open},
	author = {Rozas, David and Tenorio-Fornés, Antonio and Díaz-Molina, Silvia and Hassan, Samer},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {blockchain, {PROCESSED}, {POLITICS}\_GOVERNANCE, decentralization, algorithmic governance, commons governance, commons-based peer production},
}

@article{frey_this_2019,
	title = {“This place does what it was built for”: Designing digital institutions for participatory change},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {25730142},
	doi = {10.1145/3359134},
	abstract = {Whether we recognize it or not, the Internet is rife with exciting and original institutional forms that are transforming social organization on and offline. Governing these Internet platforms and other digital institutions has posed a challenge for engineers and managers, many of whom have little exposure to the relevant history or theory of institutional design. The dominant guiding practices for the design of digital institutions to date in human-computer interaction, computer-supported cooperative work, and the tech industry at large have been an incentive-focused behavioral engineering paradigm encompassing atheoretical approaches such as emulation, A/B-testing, engagement maximization, and piecemeal issue-driven engineering. One institutional analysis framework that has been useful in the study of traditional institutions comes from scholars of natural resource management, particularly that community of economists, anthropologists, and environmental and political scientists focused around the work of Elinor Ostrom, known collectively as the “Ostrom Workshop.” A key finding from this community that has yet to be broadly incorporated into the design of many digital institutions is the importance of including participatory change mechanisms in what is called a “constitutional layer” of institutional design. The institutional rules that compose a constitutional layer facilitate stakeholder participation in the ongoing process of institutional design change. We explore to what extent consideration of constitutional layers is met or could be better met in three varied cases of digital institutions: cryptocurrencies, cannabis informatics, and amateur Minecraft server governance. Examining such highly varied cases allows us to demonstrate the broad relevance of constitutional layers in many different types of digital institutions.},
	pages = {1--31},
	issue = {{CSCW}},
	journaltitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} on Human-Computer Interaction},
	author = {Frey, Seth and Krafft, P. M. and Keegan, Brian C.},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: {ACM} New York, {NY}, {USA}},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {DAOS}, Computational social science, Digital democracy, Digital institutions, Institutional analysis, Institutional design, Knowledge commons, Resource management},
}

@article{faqir-rhazoui_comparative_2021,
	title = {A comparative analysis of the platforms for decentralized autonomous organizations in the Ethereum blockchain},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {18690238},
	doi = {10.1186/s13174-021-00139-6},
	abstract = {Blockchain technology has enabled a new kind of distributed systems. Beyond its early applications in Finance, it has also allowed the emergence of novel new ways of governance and coordination. The most relevant of these are the so-called Decentralized Autonomous Organizations ({DAOs}). {DAOs} typically implement decision-making systems to make it possible for their online community to reach agreements. As a result of these agreements, the {DAO} operates automatically by executing the appropriate portion of code on the blockchain network (e.g., hire people, delivers payments, invests in financial products, etc). In the last few years, several platforms such as Aragon, {DAOstack} and {DAOhaus}, have emerged to facilitate the creation of {DAOs}. As a result, hundreds of these new organizations have appeared, with their communities interacting mediated by blockchain. However, the literature has yet to appropriately explore empirically this phenomena. In this paper, we aim to shed light on the current state of the {DAO} ecosystem. We review the three main platforms nowadays (Aragon, {DAOstack}, {DAOhaus}) which facilitate the creation and management of {DAOs}. Thus, we introduce their main differences, and compare them using quantitative metrics. For such comparison, we retrieve data from both the main Ethereum network (mainnet) and a parallel Ethereum network ({xDai}). We analyze data from 72,320 users and 2,353 {DAO} communities in order to study the three ecosystems across four dimensions: growth, activity, voting system and funds. Our results show that there are notable differences among the {DAO} platforms in terms of growth and activity, and also in terms of voting results. Still, we consider that our work is only a first step and that further research is needed to better understand these communities, and evaluate their level of accomplishment in reaching decentralized governance.},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Internet Services and Applications},
	author = {Faqir-Rhazoui, Youssef and Arroyo, Javier and Hassan, Samer},
	date = {2021},
	note = {{ISBN}: 1317402100139
Publisher: Journal of Internet Services and Applications},
	keywords = {Ethereum, Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, Governance, {DAO}, {DAOS}, Decentralized autonomous organization, Distributed systems, Online community, Quantitative research, Voting, {xDai}},
}

@article{lovett_fork_2021,
	title = {A fork in the road: Perspectives on sustainability and decentralised governance in digital institutions},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1396-0466},
	doi = {10.5210/fm.v26i11.12357},
	abstract = {A digital institution is a set of computer-based rules that perform intermediating roles upon which one or more person's well-being depends. This article argues that governance, the processes and customs by which rules are agreed, is critical to the sustainability of the digital institution and therefore of society more broadly. The objective of this work was to interrogate whether emerging decentralised architectures (blockchain) can offer new perspectives on digital sustainability in the form of decentralised governance. Firstly, the literature on decentralised modes of governance was synthesised. Then, existing digital institutions were reviewed, categorised and mapped onto a multi-domain layered conceptual framework that draws out three distinct modes for enactment of changes to digital institution rules; direct, integrated, and fork-based. We concluded that the coupling of decentralised governance approaches with fork-based or integrated enactment stands to enhance digital sustainability through increased perception of trustworthiness afforded through independently verifiable and cryptographically secure audit trails.},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {First Monday},
	author = {Lovett, Matthew and Thomas, Lee},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Public Knowledge Project},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {DAOS}},
}

@article{el_faqir_overview_2020,
	title = {An overview of decentralized autonomous organizations on the blockchain},
	issn = {21531633},
	doi = {10.1145/3412569.3412579},
	abstract = {Blockchain technology has emerged as a new paradigm to build decentralized systems which do not require a central authority. It is most popular for enabling Bitcoin and other crypto-currencies. However, blockchain applications span beyond Finance, and recently it has been applied to decentralized governance. Blockchain-enabled "Decentralized Autonomous Organizations"({DAOs}) have emerged as a new form of collective governance, in which communities may organize themselves relying on decentralized infrastructure. In this article, we introduce the concept of {DAO} and review the main software platforms that offer {DAO} creation as a service, which simplifies the use of {DAOs} to non-blockchain experts; namely: Aragon, {DAOstack}, {DAOhaus} and Colony. These platforms will be compared by showing their key features. Finally, we will review the available visualisation tools for {DAOs}, and we will introduce our open-source tool to plot {DAOs} activity, {DAO}-Analyzer. We will illustrate its potential with the case of the {DAO} Genesis Alpha, which is the main {DAO} of the {DAOstack} project.},
	journaltitle = {{PervasiveHealth}: Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare},
	author = {El Faqir, Youssef and Arroyo, Javier and Hassan, Samer},
	date = {2020-08},
	note = {{ISBN}: 9781450387798
Publisher: {ICST}},
	keywords = {Blockchain, \_LATEST, governance, {DAO}, online communities, {DAOS}, open collaboration, visualization},
}

@article{hsieh_bitcoin_2018,
	title = {Bitcoin and the rise of decentralized autonomous organizations},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2245408X},
	doi = {10.1186/s41469-018-0038-1},
	abstract = {Bitcoin represents the first real-world implementation of a “decentralized autonomous organization” ({DAO}) and offers a new paradigm for organization design. Imagine working for a global business organization whose routine tasks are powered by a software protocol instead of being governed by managers and employees. Task assignments and rewards are randomized by the algorithm. Information is not channeled through a hierarchy but recorded transparently and securely on an immutable public ledger called “blockchain.” Further, the organization decides on design and strategy changes through a democratic voting process involving a previously unseen class of stakeholders called “miners.” Agreements need to be reached at the organizational level for any proposed protocol changes to be approved and activated. How do {DAOs} solve the universal problem of organizing with such novel solutions? What are the implications? We use Bitcoin as an example to shed light on how a {DAO} works in the cryptocurrency industry, where it provides a peer-to-peer, decentralized, and disintermediated payment system that can compete against traditional financial institutions. We also invited commentaries from renowned organization scholars to share their views on this intriguing phenomenon.},
	pages = {1--16},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Organization Design},
	author = {Hsieh, Ying Ying and Vergne, Jean Philippe and Anderson, Philip and Lakhani, Karim and Reitzig, Markus},
	date = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, {DAOS}, Decentralized autonomous organization, Consensus mechanisms, New forms of organizing, Organizational forms},
}

@article{lumineau_blockchain_2021,
	title = {Blockchain governance-A new way of organizing collaborations?},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {15265455},
	doi = {10.1287/orsc.2020.1379},
	abstract = {The recent emergence of blockchains may be considered a critical turning point in organizing collaborations. We outline the historical background and the fundamental features of blockchains and present an analysis with a focus on their role as governance mechanisms. Specifically, we argue that blockchains offer a way to enforce agreements and achieve cooperation and coordination that is distinct from both traditional contractual and relational governance as well as from other information technology solutions. We also examine the scope of blockchains as efficient governance mechanisms and highlight the tacitness of the transaction as a key boundary condition. We then discuss how blockchain governance interacts with traditional governance mechanisms in both substitutive and complementary ways. We pay particular attention to blockchains' social implications as well as their inherent challenges and limitations. Our analysis culminates in a research agenda that explores how blockchains may change the way to organize collaborations, including issues of what different types of blockchains may emerge, who is involved and impacted by blockchain governance, why actors may want blockchains, when and where blockchains can be more (versus less) effective, and how blockchains influence a number of important organizational outcomes.},
	pages = {500--521},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Organization Science},
	author = {Lumineau, Fabrice and Wang, Wenqian and Schilke, Oliver},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: {INFORMS}},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {DAOS}, Blockchains, Collaboration, Contractual governance, Digitalization, Relational governance, Research agenda, Technological innovation, Transaction costs},
}

@article{schneider_broad-based_2021,
	title = {Broad-Based Stakeholder Ownership in Journalism: Co-ops, {ESOPs}, Blockchains},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2373-9037},
	doi = {10.3998/mij.15031809.0007.203},
	abstract = {This article presents a survey of broad-based stakeholder-ownership models for journalism. The models considered are forms of ownership by employees, associations, audiences, and blends of these. Some of the examples are so new that they have not been, and cannot yet be, comprehensively studied. Yet they bear unique promise for addressing the dual challenges of economic sustainability and perceived accountability that bedevil news media today. Such promise, however, does not guarantee success. While broad-based stakeholder ownership in the news business shows capacity for public accountability, as well as some promise for business sustainability, it is ill-equipped to compete in markets organized to favor investor-owners with far greater capital access. Such ownership models, therefore, will likely require additional policy support to gain and maintain significant market share.},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Media Industries Journal},
	author = {Schneider, Nathan},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {DAOS}},
}

@article{sun_centralized_2021,
	title = {Centralized Governance in Decentralized Finance ({DeFi}): A Case Study of {MakerDAO}},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3971791},
	abstract = {Based on Ethereum blockchain, Decentralized Autonomous Organization ({DAO}) provides a possible solution to decentralized governance, and many Decentralized Finance ({DeFi}) applications adopt the novel governance mechanism. However, by analyzing governance in Maker protocol, we find that centralized governance still exists. Measurements are established in three categories, namely voting participation, centralized voting power, and efficiency of decision-making. Furthermore, governance centralization has influence on both Maker protocol and Ethereum blockchain, and the results imply that {DeFi} investors are faced with a trade-off between efficiency and decentralization.},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Sun, Xiaotong},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {DAOS}},
}

@article{tse_decentralised_2020,
	title = {Decentralised Autonomous Organisations and the Corporate Form},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {1171-042X},
	doi = {10.26686/vuwlr.v51i2.6573},
	abstract = {It has been suggested that the development of decentralised autonomous organisations ({DAOs}) will lead to a paradigm shift in the way we perceive businesses. {DAOs} ostensibly eliminate agency costs due to the absence of a board of directors, automated governance mechanisms and transparency provided by the blockchain upon which the {DAO} is launched. This article undertakes a comparative analysis between {DAOs} and corporations and questions whether {DAOs} really do improve the corporate form. Using a corporate governance and legal realist lens, this article suggests that a number of the purported benefits of {DAOs} are overly simplified. Moreover, there are several practical and legal obstacles that technological advancements and improved engineering must overcome before {DAOs} become a viable, mainstream organisational structure. Balancing the inevitable improvement in technology against these significant obstacles, this article predicts an incremental integration of {DAOs} into society through a hybrid approach, involving interim legal solutions and varying degrees of automation and decentralisation.},
	pages = {313},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Victoria University of Wellington Law Review},
	author = {Tse, Nathan},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: {HeinOnline}},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {DAOS}},
}

@article{hassan_decentralized_2021,
	title = {Decentralized autonomous organization},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {21976775},
	doi = {10.14763/2021.2.1556},
	abstract = {A {DAO} is a blockchain-based system that enables people to coordinate and govern themselves mediated by a set of self-executing rules deployed on a public blockchain, and whose governance is decentralised (i.e., independent from central control).},
	pages = {1--10},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Internet Policy Review},
	author = {Hassan, Samer and De Filippi, Primavera},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Berlin: Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {MY}\_GS, {DAOS}, Decentralized Autonomous Organization ({DAO})},
}

@article{vergne_decentralized_2020,
	title = {Decentralized vs. Distributed Organization: Blockchain, Machine Learning and the Future of the Digital Platform},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {2631-7877},
	doi = {10.1177/2631787720977052},
	abstract = {The terms decentralized organization and distributed organization are often used interchangeably, despite describing two distinct phenomena. I propose distinguishing decentralization, as the dispersion of organizational communications, from distribution, as the dispersion of organizational decision-making. Organizations can be distributed without being decentralized (and vice versa), and having multiple management layers directly affects only distribution – not decentralization. This proposed distinction has implications for understanding the growth of digital platforms (e.g. amazon.com ), which dominate the global economy in the 21 st century. While prominent platforms typically use machine learning as their core technology to transform inputs (e.g. data) into outputs (e.g. matchmaking services), blockchain has emerged as an alternative technological blueprint. I argue that blockchain enables platforms that are both decentralized and distributed (e.g. Bitcoin), whereas machine learning fosters centralized communications and the concentration of decision-making (e.g. Facebook Inc.). This distinction has crucial implications for antitrust policy, which, I contend, should shift both its analysis and its target of action away from the corporate level and focus instead on the data level. Based on this essay's framework, I make several predictions regarding the future of competition between centralized and decentralized platforms, the evolution of government regulation, and broader implications for managers in the digital economy and for the business schools charged with their education. I conclude with reflections on the opportunity to revive cybernetic thinking for preventing a dystopian future dominated by a handful of platform behemoths.},
	pages = {263178772097705},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Organization Theory},
	author = {Vergne, {JP}},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: {SAGE} Publications Sage {UK}: London, England},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {DAOS}},
}

@article{wissel_fairness_2021,
	title = {Fairness and Freedom for Artists: Towards a Robot Economy for the Music Industry},
	doi = {https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid:72a5c834-177b-4b3c-a6f8-8e69e65cfdf4},
	author = {Wissel, Tim},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {DAOS}},
}

@article{poblet_athens_2020,
	title = {From Athens to the Blockchain: Oracles for Digital Democracy},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2624-7852},
	doi = {10.3389/fbloc.2020.575662},
	abstract = {{\textbackslash}ldots This is an important development for facilitating longer-term exchanges that require a level of certainty over the future value of payment {\textbackslash}ldots An example of data feed could be a monthly unemployment rate by a government source, or the daily number of Covid-19 global cases by {\textbackslash}ldots},
	pages = {41},
	journaltitle = {Frontiers in Blockchain},
	author = {Poblet, Marta and Allen, Darcy W. E. and Konashevych, Oleksii and Lane, Aaron M. and Diaz Valdivia, Carlos Andres},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Frontiers},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {DAOS}},
}

@article{chen_governance_2022,
	title = {Governance and Design of Digital Platforms: A Review and Future Research Directions on a Meta-Organization},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {15571211},
	doi = {10.1177/01492063211045023},
	abstract = {The burgeoning digital-platforms literature across multiple business disciplines has primarily characterized the platform as a market or network. Although the organizing role of platform owners is well recognized, the literature lacks a coherent approach to understanding organizational governance in the platform context. Drawing on classic organizational governance theories, this paper views digital platforms as a distinct organizational form where the mechanisms of incentive and control routinely take center stage. We systematically review research on digital platforms, categorize specific governance mechanisms related to incentive and control, and map a multitude of idiosyncratic design features studied in prior research onto these mechanisms. We further develop an integrative framework to synthesize the review and to offer novel insights into the interrelations among three building blocks: value, governance, and design. Using this framework as a guide, we discuss specific directions for future research and offer a number of illustrative questions to help advance our knowledge about digital platforms' governance mechanisms and design features.},
	pages = {147--184},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Management},
	author = {Chen, Liang and Tong, Tony W. and Tang, Shaoqin and Han, Nianchen},
	date = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: {SAGE} Publications Sage {CA}: Los Angeles, {CA}},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {DAOS}, digital platform, control, digitization, incentive, meta-organization, organizational form, organizational governance, platform design, platform governance},
}

@article{murray_humans_2021,
	title = {Humans and technology: Forms of conjoined agency in organizations},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {03637425},
	doi = {10.5465/amr.2019.0186},
	abstract = {Organizations are increasingly deploying technologies that have the ability to parse through large amounts of data, acquire skills and knowledge, and operate autonomously. These technologies diverge from prior technologies in their capacity to exercise intentionality over protocol development or action selection in the practice of organizational routines, thereby affecting organizations in newand distinctways. In this article,we categorize four forms of conjoined agency between humans and technologies: (1) conjoined agency with assisting technologies, (2) conjoined agency with arresting technologies, (3) conjoined agency with augmenting technologies, and (4) conjoined agencywith automating technologies. We then theorize on the different ways in which these forms of conjoined agency impact a routine's change at a particular moment in time as well as a routine's responsiveness to feedback over time. In doing so, we elaborate on how organizations may evolve in varied and diverse ways based on the form(s) of conjoined agency they deploy in their organizational design choices.},
	pages = {552--571},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Academy of Management Review},
	author = {Murray, Alex and Rhymer, Jen and Sirmon, David G.},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Academy of Management Briarcliff Manor, {NY}},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {DAOS}},
}

@article{lustig_intersecting_2019,
	title = {Intersecting imaginaries: Visions of decentralized autonomous systems},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {25730142},
	doi = {10.1145/3359312},
	abstract = {Sociotechnical imaginaries are futures that people envision might be possible and desirable. They have a real impact on how systems are designed and what values they have embedded in their design. This article examines imaginaries about autonomous systems, decentralized systems, and decentralized autonomous systems. Through a discussion of the literature on autonomous and decentralized systems and how these imaginaries play out in the blockchain community based on my qualitative research, I demonstrate how decentralized autonomous systems are related to imaginaries about the organization of and the future of work. I identify three framings of imaginaries about autonomous systems: (1) autonomous technology as physical objects, (2) as mathematical rules, and (3) as artificial mangers. I also identify two sometimes conflicting framings of imaginaries about distributed and decentralized technology: these technologies as a new form of production and as freedom from control. These imaginaries intersect in decentralized autonomous systems, and I examine what they can tell us about the design and governance of such technologies. Lastly, I suggest ways of using the concept of imaginaries in participatory design.},
	issue = {{CSCW}},
	journaltitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} on Human-Computer Interaction},
	author = {Lustig, Caitlin},
	date = {2019},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, Blockchain, \_LATEST, {DAOS}, Distributed systems, Autonomous systems, Decentralized autonomous systems, Imaginaries, Participatory design},
}

@article{wright_measuring_2021,
	title = {Measuring {DAO} Autonomy: Lessons From Other Autonomous Systems},
	volume = {2},
	doi = {10.1109/tts.2021.3054974},
	abstract = {{DAOS}},
	pages = {43--53},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{IEEE} Transactions on Technology and Society},
	author = {Wright, Steven A.},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {DAOS}},
}

@thesis{crepaldi_authority_2020-1,
	title = {The Authority of Distributed Consensus Systems Trust, Governance, and Normative Perspectives on Blockchains and Distributed Ledgers},
	url = {http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9432/},
	abstract = {The subjects of this dissertation are distributed consensus systems ({DCS}). These systems gained prominence with the implementation of cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin. This work aims at understanding the drivers and motives behind the adoption of this class of technologies, and to – consequently – evaluate the social and normative implications of blockchains and distributed ledgers. To do so, a phenomenological account of the field of distributed consensus systems is offered, then the core claims for the adoption of systems are taken into consideration. Accordingly, the relevance of these technologies on trust and governance is examined. It will be argued that the effects on these two elements do not justify the adoption of distributed consensus systems satisfactorily. Against this backdrop, it will be held that blockchains and similar technologies are being adopted because they are regarded as having a valid claim to authority as specified by Max Weber, i.e., herrschaft. Consequently, it will be discussed whether current implementations fall – and to what extent – within the legitimate types of traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal authority. The conclusion is that the conceptualization developed by Weber does not capture the core ideas that appear to establish the belief in the legitimacy of distributed consensus systems. Therefore, this dissertation describes the herrschaft of systems such as blockchains by conceptualizing a computational extension of the pure type of rational-legal authority, qualified as algorithmic authority. The foundational elements of algorithmic authority are then discussed. Particular attention is focused on the idea of normativity cultivated in systems of algorithmic rules as well as the concept of decentralization. Practical suggestions conclude the following dissertation.},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Crepaldi, M},
	date = {2020},
	doi = {http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9432/},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {POLITICS}\_GOVERNANCE, {DAOS}},
}

@article{morrison_dao_2020,
	title = {The {DAO} Controversy: The Case for a New Species of Corporate Governance?},
	volume = {3},
	doi = {10.3389/fbloc.2020.00025},
	abstract = {This paper reviews the recent case of The {DAO} “hack” in June 2016 and analyzes The {DAO}'s response in its time of crisis, and its implications for corporate and {IT} governance. There was no human-led governance in The {DAO}. Instead, The {DAO} placed its trust in the smart contract they had built together on the blockchain, which became its governance mechanism. The events that follow allow us to see hitherto unobservable organizational behaviors that are unique to trustless organizations, and hence The {DAO} gives us a glimpse at a new species of corporate governance. This paper explores the implications of these ideas: we propose the emergence of a spectrum of organizations based on the alienation of trust, we consider the economic impact and legality of decentralized autonomous organizations ({DAOs}), smart contracts, work and job design, and what happens when corporate governance is managed solely by {IT} governance.},
	issue = {May},
	journaltitle = {Frontiers in Blockchain},
	author = {Morrison, Robbie and Mazey, Natasha C. H. L. and Wingreen, Stephen C.},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {blockchain, \_LATEST, smart contracts, trust, {DAOS}, daos, {DAOs}, decentralized aut, decentralized autonomous organizations, is governance, {IS} governance},
}

@article{brennecke_-central_2022-1,
	title = {The De-Central Bank in Decentralized Finance: A Case Study of {MakerDAO}},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354736149_The_De-Central_Bank_in_Decentralized_Finance_A_Case_Study_of_MakerDAO},
	doi = {10.24251/HICSS.2022.737},
	author = {Brennecke, Martin and Schellinger, Benjamin and Urbach, Nils and Guggenberger, Tobias},
	date = {2022},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {DAOS}},
}

@article{rikken_ins_nodate,
	title = {The Ins and Outs of Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (Daos)},
	doi = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3989559},
	journaltitle = {Available at {SSRN} 3989559},
	author = {Rikken, Olivier and Janssen, Marijn and Kwee, Zenlin},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {DAOS}},
}

@inproceedings{schirrmacher_token-centric_2021,
	title = {Token-Centric Work Practices in Fluid Organizations: The Cases of Yearn and {MakerDAO}},
	url = {https://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2021},
	doi = {https://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2021/is_future_work/is_future_work/17/},
	booktitle = {The 42nd International Conference on Information Systems: {ICIS} 2021: Building Sustainability and Resilience With is: A Call for Action},
	author = {Schirrmacher, Nina-Birte and Jensen, Johannes Rude and Avital, Michel},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {DAOS}},
}

@article{buttigieg_anti-money_2019,
	title = {Anti-money laundering regulation of crypto assets in Europe's smallest member state},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {17521459},
	doi = {10.1080/17521440.2019.1663996},
	abstract = {The paper critically examines the framework for the regulation of crypto assets in Malta, with a particular focus on anti-money laundering and funding of terrorism. It identifies the risks relating to crypto assets, and how these are addressed through Malta's Virtual Financial Assets Framework. To this end, the paper argues that the Maltese framework goes beyond the {EU}'s fifth Anti-Money Laundering Directive. In this connection, the paper also argues that the Maltese framework could possibly be a model for a more extensive {EU} regime in this context. Finally, the paper sets forth recommendations towards action which may be taken at an {EU} level in order to address the money laundering and terrorism financing threats associated with crypto assets.},
	pages = {211--227},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Law and Financial Markets Review},
	author = {Buttigieg, Christopher P. and Efthymiopoulos, Christos and Attard, Abigail and Cuyle, Samantha},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {REGULATION}},
}

@article{wanat_are_2021,
	title = {Are Crypto-Assets Green Enough? – An analysis of draft {EU} Regulation on markets in crypto assets from the perspective of the European Green Deal},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {0030-6444},
	doi = {10.5771/0030-6444-2021-2-237},
	abstract = {In 2019 European Commission announced “The European Green Deal” a “a new growth strategy that aims to transform the {EU} into a fair and prosperous society, with a modern, resource-efficient and competitive economy where there are no net emissions of greenhouse gases in 2050 and where economic growth is decoupled from resource use”. The digital sector must also participate in the Green Deal effort. This articles analyzes questions of sustainability in the context of crypto assets, with particular emphasis on the question of whether Bitcon acutally represent a crypto asset, energy consumption, energy drain, the proof-of-work consensus protocol, the environmental footprint of crypto assets. The article concludes that Bitcoin's current effect on environment remains controversial at best.},
	pages = {237--250},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Osteuropa Recht},
	author = {Wanat, Emanuel},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft {mbH} \& Co. {KG}},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {REGULATION}},
}

@article{martin-bariteau_blockchain_2018,
	title = {Blockchain and the European Union General Data Protection Regulation: The {CNIL}'s Perspective},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {1556-5068},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3275783},
	abstract = {The Commission Nationale Informatique et Libertes ({CNIL}), has published “Blockchain: Premiers elements d'analyse de la {CNIL}”, a document on blockchain and the European Union General Data Protection Regulation ({GDPR}). This document was released by the French Data Protection Authority ({DPA}) as a working policy paper and offers an overview of its initial reflection on the Blockchain technology and its compliance with the {GDPR}. The {CNIL} notes the {GDPR} has been created to regulate data use, rather than any particular form of technology. As such, and without surprise to anyone familiar with privacy law, the {CNIL} states the {GDPR} applies to the use of blockchain in any instance where personal data is handled. However, this working paper is a very raw analysis. In our opinion, the document raises more questions than it answers – and highlights some legal uncertainty with respect to the qualifications of different actors on a blockchain under the {GDPR} taxonomy. In several areas, the {CNIL} highlights that more reflection is needed on its end, and that this reflection needs to be undertaken at the European level.},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Martin-Bariteau, Florian},
	date = {2018},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {REGULATION}},
}

@book{finck_blockchain_2018,
	title = {Blockchain Regulation and Governance in Europe},
	abstract = {"In Blockchain Regulation and Governance in Europe, Michèle Finck examines the relationship between blockchain technology and {EU} law and introduces the theme of blockchain governance. The book provides a general introduction to blockchains as both a regulatable and a regulatory technology and outlines the interaction between Distributed Ledger Technology and specific areas of {EU} law, such as the General Data Protection Regulation. It should be read by anyone interested in {EU} law, the relationship between law, innovation and technology, and technology governance"},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Finck, Michèle},
	date = {2018},
	doi = {10.1017/9781108609708},
	note = {Publication Title: Blockchain Regulation and Governance in Europe},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {REGULATION}},
}

@article{boreiko_blockchain_2019,
	title = {Blockchain Startups and Prospectus Regulation},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {17416205},
	doi = {10.1007/s40804-019-00168-6},
	abstract = {Initial coin offerings are a new way for blockchain startups to finance project development by issuing coins or tokens in exchange for fiat money or Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies. In this article, we start from the current distinction between different types of tokens and argue that it can create confusion and should be at least partially abandoned. We believe that the conceptual difference between a currency token and a tradable utility token is just the dimension of the crypto environment in which the token is spent. More specifically, ‘utility tokens' combine the customer payment mechanism with the utility component and, when tradable on a secondary market, the investment one. We argue that they blur the traditional distinctions between currencies, financial assets and consumption goods. Moreover, we stress the increasing importance of online crypto exchanges. Recently some exchanges have also taken up the role of trusted intermediaries and staked their reputation on token offerings, which are termed initial exchange offerings and have gained in popularity. We therefore argue that the crypto market increasingly looks like a segment of the capital market and behaves as such. Given that tokens have a clear investment component, we show that they are tradable securities under the Prospectus Regulation. We compare the European securities regulation with its {US} counterpart and focus on prospectus exemptions, highlighting the great differences between Europe and the {US} which make Europe less amicable to blockchain startups.},
	pages = {665--694},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {European Business Organization Law Review},
	author = {Boreiko, Dmitri and Ferrarini, Guido and Giudici, Paolo},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, Financial regulation, {REGULATION}, Initial coin offerings, Initial exchange offerings, Prospectus, Startups},
}

@article{guadamuz_blockchains_2015,
	title = {Blockchains and Bitcoin: Regulatory responses to cryptocurrencies},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {13960466},
	doi = {10.5210/fm.v20i12.6198},
	abstract = {This paper examines Bitcoin from a legal and regulatory perspective, answering several important questions. We begin by explaining what Bitcoin is, and why it matters. We describe problems with Bitcoin as a method of implementing a cryptocurrency. This introduction to cryptocurrencies allows us eventually to ask the inevitable question: Is it legal? What are the regulatory responses to the currency? Can it be regulated? We make clear why virtual currencies are of interest, how self-regulation has failed, and what useful lessons can be learned. Finally, we produce useful and semi-permanent findings into the usefulness of virtual currencies in general, blockchains as a means of mining currency, and the profundity of Bitcoin as compared with the development of block chain technologies. We conclude that though Bitcoin may be the equivalent of Second Life a decade later, so blockchains may be the equivalent of Web 2.0 social networks, a truly transformative social technology.},
	number = {12},
	journaltitle = {First Monday},
	author = {Guadamuz, Andres and Marsden, Chris},
	date = {2015},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {REGULATION}},
}

@article{maddox_constructive_2016,
	title = {Constructive activism in the dark web: cryptomarkets and illicit drugs in the digital ‘demimonde'},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {14684462},
	doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2015.1093531},
	abstract = {This paper explores activism enacted through Silk Road, a now defunct cryptomarket where illicit drugs were sold in the dark web. Drawing on a digital ethnography of Silk Road, we develop the notion of constructive activism to extend the lexicon of concepts available to discuss forms of online activism. Monitoring of the cryptomarket took place between June 2011 and its closure in October 2013. Just before and after the closure of the marketplace we conducted anonymous online interviews with 17 people who reported buying drugs on Silk Road (1.0). These interviews were conducted synchronously and interactively through encrypted instant messaging. Participants discussed harnessing and developing the technological tools needed to access Silk Road and engage within the Silk Road community. For participants Silk Road was not just a market for trading drugs: it facilitated a shared experience of personal freedom within a libertarian philosophical framework, where open discussions about stigmatized behaviours were encouraged and supported. Tensions between public activism against drug prohibition and the need to hide one's identity as a drug user from public scrutiny were partially resolved through community actions that internalized these politics, rather than engaging in forms of online activism that are intended to have real-world political effects. Most aptly described through van de Sande's (2015) concept of prefigurative politics, they sought to transform their values into built environments that were designed to socially engineer a more permissive digital reality, which we refer to as constructive activism.},
	pages = {111--126},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Information Communication and Society},
	author = {Maddox, Alexia and Barratt, Monica J. and Allen, Matthew and Lenton, Simon},
	date = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {REGULATION}, Dark web, digital ethnography, e-Commerce, illicit drugs, online community, online social activism},
}

@article{fletcher_countering_2021,
	title = {Countering money laundering and terrorist financing: A case for bitcoin regulation},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {02755319},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2021.101387},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ribaf.2021.101387},
	abstract = {Bitcoin was created in 2008 to serve as an alternative payment mechanism for both the under-banked and un-banked, or those in regions where the formal financial system suffers from broad corruption and efficient regulation. However, criminals and terrorists quickly exploited Bitcoin's unique properties, namely its peer-to-peer nature and pseudo-anonymity, to facilitate extensive terrorist financing and money laundering schemes. Government reactions to safeguard national security interests have been extremely varied, ranging from outright bans to passive tolerance. This inconsistency stems from how to effectively classify Bitcoin. On one side are those who argue Bitcoin is a currency, and on the other are those who claim it is a type of asset. In the {US} alone, these discrepancies have led to a bureaucratic turf war between different regulatory bodies, namely the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, the Commodity Futures Trading Association, the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the Internal Revenue Service. This study seeks to move beyond the existing legal frameworks, arguing that Bitcoin should be classified as a technology and regulation should rest with private sector technology companies.},
	pages = {101387},
	issue = {January},
	journaltitle = {Research in International Business and Finance},
	author = {Fletcher, Emily and Larkin, Charles and Corbet, Shaen},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier B.V.},
	keywords = {Cryptocurrency, {PROCESSED}, {REGULATION}, Money laundering, Regulation, Terrorist financing},
}

@article{rae_crypto_2019,
	title = {Crypto Asset Trading in Canada: Entering a New Era of Regulation},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {08328722},
	url = {https://search.proquest.com/docview/2322612081?accountid=13031%0Ahttp://sfx.nelliportaali.fi/nelli28b?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&genre=article&sid=ProQ:ProQ%3Aabiglobal&atitle=Crypto+Asset+Trading+in+Canada%3A+Entering+a+},
	abstract = {[...]the factors under consideration by the regulators in making these assessments include:55 * whether the platform is structured so that there is intended to be and is delivery of crypto assets to investors; * if there is delivery, when that occurs, and whether it is to an investor's wallet over which the platform does not have control or custody; * whether investors' crypto assets are pooled together with those of other investors and with the assets of the platform; * whether the platform or a related party holds or controls the investors' assets; * if the platform holds or stores assets for its participants, how the platform makes use of those assets; * whether the investor can trade, or rollover positions held by the platform, and having regard to the legal arrangements between the platform and its participants, the actual functions of the platform and the manner in which transactions occur on it; * who has control or custody of crypto assets; * who is the legal owner of such crypto assets; and * what rights investors will have in the event of the platform's insolvency. (b) The Proposed Regulatory Framework (i) Overview The proposed framework is based on the existing regulatory framework applicable to marketplaces in Canada. [...]it is worth noting that in instances where a platform does not take custody of digital-assets on behalf of its users, insurance may not even be necessary.145 The idea was also proposed to devise an insurance scheme similar to the {CDIC}, in which crypto asset platforms would be required to participate, with reasonable premiums and strict parameters.146 If not a long-term solution, this approach could nonetheless be useful in the short term to provide insurance to these platforms while the market for insurance adjusts to this industry. [...]the {CDCC} "is concerned that the Proposed Platform Framework may stifle these innovations, which are designed to protect personal information and reduce transaction costs, by imposing a traditional model of financial regulation onto Platforms. "158 Specific tools have yet to be developed, but the commentary suggests that all the pieces are there to build them. Because there are significant differences in the risks that exist between traditional and decentralized clearing, it was suggested that decentralized exchanges should be subject to {KYC} and {AML} compliance measures that appropriately reflect their business models.159 The {CDCC} recommends using new models for digital identity and digital transaction security that have the potential to dramatically enhance the security for these types of trades, rather than following the usual {KYC} and {AML} protocol.160 Coincidentally, and as we are about to discuss, traditional {KYC} and {AML} protocol in Canada just went through an upgrade.},
	pages = {153--185},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Banking \& Finance Law Review},
	author = {Rae, Shaela W and Mastersmith, Lorraine},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: {HAB} Press Limited},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {REGULATION}, Money laundering, Business And Economics–Banking And Finance, Canada, Currency, Digital currencies, Regulation of financial institutions, Securities industry, Securities regulations, Technological change, United States–{US}},
}

@article{tozze_cryptocurrencies_2021,
	title = {Cryptocurrencies and future crime},
	volume = {11},
	doi = {10.1186/s40163-021-00163-8},
	abstract = {Cryptocurrency fraud has become a growing global concern, with various governments reporting an increase in the frequency of and losses from cryptocurrency scams. Despite increasing fraudulent activity involving cryptocurrencies, research on the potential of cryptocurrencies for fraud has not been examined in a systematic study. This review examines the current state of knowledge about what kinds of cryptocurrency fraud currently exist, or are expected to exist in the future, and provides comprehensive definitions of the frauds identified.},
	pages = {4},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Crime Science},
	author = {Tozze, Arianna and Kamps, Josh and Arda Akartuna, Eray and Davies, Toby and Hetzel, Florian and Johnson, Shane D.},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {REGULATION}},
}

@inproceedings{butler_cyber_2021,
	title = {Cyber 9/11 Will Not Take Place: A User Perspective of Bitcoin and Cryptocurrencies from Underground and Dark Net Forums},
	volume = {12812 {LNCS}},
	isbn = {978-3-030-79317-3},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-79318-0_8},
	abstract = {Background. There is a historical narrative of fear surrounding cybercrime. This has extended to cryptocurrencies ({CCs}), which are often viewed as a criminal tool. Aim. To carry out the first user study of {CCs} for illicit activity, from the perspective of underground and dark net forums. Method. We conducted a qualitative study, using a content analysis method, of 16,405 underground and dark net forum posts selected from {CrimeBB}, a dataset of 100 million posts curated by the Cambridge Cybercrime Centre. Results. Firstly, finality of payments emerged as a major motivator for the use of {CCs}. Second, we propose an Operational Security Taxonomy for Illicit Internet Activity to show that {CCs} are only one part of several considerations that combine to form security in illicit internet transactions. Third, the dark net is hard to use and requires significant study, specialist equipment and advanced knowledge to achieve relative security. Conclusion. We argue that finality is the main advantage of {CCs} for this user group, not anonymity as widely thought. The taxonomy shows that banning {CCs} is unlikely to be effective. Finally, we contend that the dark net is a niche for criminal activity and fears over cybercrime cause the threat to be exaggerated.},
	pages = {135--153},
	booktitle = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Butler, Simon},
	date = {2021},
	note = {{ISSN}: 16113349},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, {PROCESSED}, Cryptocurrencies, {REGULATION}, Cybercrime, Security, Underground and dark net forums, User studies},
}

@article{maddox_disrupting_2020,
	title = {Disrupting the Ethnographic Imaginarium: Challenges of Immersion in the Silk Road Cryptomarket Community},
	volume = {2},
	doi = {10.33621/jdsr.v2i1.23},
	pages = {20--38},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Digital Social Research},
	author = {Maddox, Alexia},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {REGULATION}, digital ethnography, online community, 1, 2, 2020, {ANTHROPOLOGY}, australia, contentious visibility, {CRYPTO}, cryptomarket, deakin university, digital frontier, esearch, igital s ocial r, illicit drug use, j ournal of d, n o, v ol},
}

@incollection{inozemtsev_legal_2021,
	title = {Legal Regulation of Crypto-Asset Markets in the {EU} in the Post-{COVID} Period},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-83561-3_22%0A},
	pages = {315--326},
	booktitle = {Post-{COVID} Economic Revival, Volume I},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Inozemtsev, Maxim I},
	date = {2021},
	doi = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-83561-3_22},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {REGULATION}},
}

@article{maia_mica_2021,
	title = {{MiCA} and {DeFi} ('Proposal for a Regulation on Market in Crypto-Assets' and 'Decentralised Finance')},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3875355},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Maia, Guilherme and Vieira dos Santos, João},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {REGULATION}},
}

@article{kaplanov_nerdy_2012,
	title = {Nerdy Money: Bitcoin, the Private Digital Currency, and the Case Against Its Regulation},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1530-5449},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2115203},
	abstract = {This Comment explores the lawfulness of using bitcoin, a privately-issued currency transacted on a peer-to-peer network, and the ability of the federal government to bar transactions between two willing parties. While there are no cases yet challenging the ability of parties in the United States to make transactions using bitcoins, there are policymakers who have denounced the use of bitcoin. This has led to the question of whether the federal government has the ability under current federal law to prohibit the use of bitcoins between willing parties. This Comment will show that the federal government has no basis to stop bitcoin users who engage in traditional consumer purchases and transfers. This Comment further argues that the federal government should refrain from passing any laws or regulations limiting the use of bitcoins. Should any claim arise, this Comment argues that there is a perfectly acceptable model with which to analogize bitcoin use: community currencies.},
	pages = {111},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Kaplanov, Nikolei M.},
	date = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: {HeinOnline}},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {REGULATION}},
}

@article{burilov_regulation_2019,
	title = {Regulation of Crypto Tokens and Initial Coin Offerings in the {EU}: De lege lata and de lege ferenda},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {22134514},
	doi = {10.1163/22134514-00602003},
	abstract = {Much like initial public offerings produce publicly traded securities, Initial Coin Offerings (icos) produce crypto tokens tradeable on crypto exchanges. Despite an apparent need for investor protection the ico and the tokenisation phenomenon have yet to be addressed by legislative action on the {EU} level. The paper studies the suitability of the {EU} regulatory framework to capture tokenised financial instruments and utility tokens based on the views of the {EU} supervisory and national competent authorities. It is argued that {EU} regulators shall first ensure legal certainty by defining the scope of tokenised financial instruments subject to {MiFID}. Further, authorisation and ongoing requirements shall be adapted to address the risks posed by distributed technology and direct global access of investors to crypto markets. Finally, there is no immediate need for a bespoke {EU}-wide regime governing utility tokens; fragmentation of the market is a positive development providing a testing field for future supranational initiatives.},
	pages = {146--186},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance},
	author = {Burilov, Vlad},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Brill Nijhoff},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {REGULATION}, crypto asset, {EU} regulation, financial market, ico, security token, tokenization, utility token},
}

@article{goforth_regulation_2021,
	title = {Regulation of Crypto: Who Is the Securities and Exchange Commission Protecting?},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {17441714},
	doi = {10.1111/ablj.12192},
	abstract = {{SEC} v. Telegram and {SEC} v. Kik, both decided in 2020, establish some ground-breaking rules about how the federal securities laws apply to cryptotransactions. In both cases, the court concluded that a large, reputable social media company had conducted a crypto offering in violation of federal law. In neither case was fraud or other criminal conduct an issue; the sole problem was failure to register the sales or comply with an exemption from registration. To find a violation, both opinions collapsed a two-phase offering into a single, integrated scheme. This approach appears to be an unnecessarily overbroad application of the law, protecting neither investors nor capital markets. A cost of this approach is that crypto entrepreneurs are being forced away from the United States, and American investors are denied opportunities to participate in a potentially desirable technological revolution. This article examines the rationale employed in these two decisions in light of the existing statutory and regulatory framework. It also considers recent amendments to federal rules defining the “integration doctrine,” which was relied on explicitly in the Kik decision. This article suggests how future crypto offerings might be structured to avoid the pitfalls created by the Kik and Telegram opinions. It advocates a more limited approach than the one urged by regulators. Its suggestions depend not on a change in law but only a change in understanding what is required in order to conduct a compliant crypto offering.},
	pages = {643--705},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {American Business Law Journal},
	author = {Goforth, Carol R.},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {REGULATION}},
}

@article{cumming_regulation_2019,
	title = {Regulation of the Crypto-Economy: Managing Risks, Challenges, and Regulatory Uncertainty},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1911-8074},
	doi = {10.3390/jrfm12030126},
	abstract = {Distributed ledger technology, also known as the blockchain, is gaining traction globally. Blockchain offers a secure validation mechanism and decentralized mass collaboration. Cryptocurrencies make use of this technology as a new asset class for investors worldwide. Cryptocurrencies are being used by companies to raise capital via initial coin offerings ({ICOs}). The substantial inflow of unregulated capital into a transactional and transnational industry has aroused interest from not just investors, but also national securities and monetary regulatory agencies. In this paper, we review the Security and Exchange Commission's initial statements and subsequent pronouncements on {ICO}'s to illustrate the potential problems with applying an older legal framework to an ever-evolving ecosystem. Recognizing the inability of enforcement within existing regulatory frameworks, we discuss the importance of regulation of the crypto asset class and internal collaboration between government agencies and developers in the establishment of an ecosystem that integrates investor protection and investments.},
	pages = {126},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Risk and Financial Management},
	author = {Cumming, Douglas J. and Johan, Sofia and Pant, Anshum},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {REGULATION}},
}

@article{kapsis_should_2021,
	title = {Should we trade market stability for more financial inclusion? The case of crypto-assets regulation in {EU}},
	doi = {10.4324/9781003020998-9},
	pages = {85--104},
	journaltitle = {{FinTech}, Artificial Intelligence and the Law: Regulation and Crime Prevention},
	author = {Kapsis, Ilias},
	date = {2021},
	note = {{ISBN}: 9781000412628
Publisher: Routledge},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {REGULATION}},
}

@article{zetzsche_markets_2021,
	title = {The Markets in Crypto-Assets regulation ({MiCA}) and the {EU} digital finance strategy},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {17507227},
	doi = {10.1093/cmlj/kmab005},
	pages = {203--225},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Capital Markets Law Journal},
	author = {Zetzsche, Dirk A. and Annunziata, Filippo and Arner, Douglas W. and Buckley, Ross P.},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: European Banking Institute Working Paper Series},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {REGULATION}},
}

@article{ferrari_regulation_2020,
	title = {The regulation of crypto-assets in the {EU} – investment and payment tokens under the radar},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {23995548},
	doi = {10.1177/1023263X20911538},
	abstract = {Based on the guidelines issued by the European Securities and Market Authority and by the European Banking Authority, the article deals with the legal qualification of blockchain-based crypto-assets under {EU} law. Focusing on crypto-assets that function as a) investment instruments (that is, investment tokens) and as b) electronic money (that is, payment tokens), the work outlines shortages and drawbacks in the applicability and enforcement of existing {EU} legal frameworks regulating investment activities and payment services. With such analysis, the article seeks to inform the ongoing debate within European institutions on the need of regulatory intervention in this area, and it points out pressing questions to be tackled by further research.},
	pages = {325--342},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law},
	author = {Ferrari, Valeria},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {cryptocurrencies, \_LATEST, financial regulation, {REGULATION}, Crypto-assets, enforcement, {EU} law, fintech},
}

@article{xie_why_2019,
	title = {Why China Had to Ban Cryptocurrency but the U.S. Did Not: A Comparative Analysis of Regulations on Crypto-Markets between the U.S. and China},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1546-6981},
	url = {https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1684&context=law_globalstudies},
	doi = {https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1684&context=law_globalstudies},
	abstract = {The cryptocurrency market grew from a \$1.5 billion market capitalization in early 2013 to over \$795 billion in January 2018.'Bitcoin, an exemplar cryptocurrency, gained value from \$0.08 before 2010 to over \$17,000 per bitcoin in December 2017.2 While cryptocurrencies {\textbackslash}ldots},
	pages = {457-- 489},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Wash. U. Global Stud. L. Rev.},
	author = {Xie, Rain},
	date = {2019},
	note = {{ISBN}: 9781137382559
Publisher: {HeinOnline}},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {REGULATION}},
}

@article{selmi_digital_2022,
	title = {“Digital Gold” and geopolitics},
	volume = {59},
	issn = {02755319},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ribaf.2021.101512},
	abstract = {There is a growing empirical literature on Bitcoin and gold safe haven properties with respect to financial risks and macroeconomic news but very scarce literature regarding geopolitical risks. This paper provides a fresh insight into the Bitcoin safe haven status, in comparison to gold. We, first, propose a geopolitical risk composite indicator based on various sources of geopolitical risks. A Principal Component Analysis is conducted to group the information on these indicators. Second, a dynamic Markov-switching copula model (which accommodates a dynamic link between the developed geopolitical risk index and Bitcoin and gold price dynamics within low and high risk regimes) is used. We show that both Bitcoin and gold respond positively to the composite geopolitical risk indicator when risk is high. This underscores that both Bitcoin and gold have the ability to act as safe havens for assets whose valuations plummet during times of violent geopolitical conflicts. But such properties seem to be conditional upon different categories of geopolitical risks.},
	pages = {101512},
	journaltitle = {Research in International Business and Finance},
	author = {Selmi, Refk and Bouoiyour, Jamal and Wohar, Mark E.},
	date = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, {PROCESSED}, Dependence switching copula model, {FINANCE}, {FINANCE}\_BUBBLE, Geopolitical risks, Gold, Principal component analysis, Safe haven},
}

@article{pele_are_2021,
	title = {Are cryptos becoming alternative assets?},
	issn = {14664364},
	doi = {10.1080/1351847X.2021.1960403},
	abstract = {This research provides insights for the separation of cryptocurrencies from other assets. Using dimensionality reduction techniques, we show that most of the variation among cryptocurrencies, stocks, exchange rates, commodities, bonds, and real estate indexes can be explained by the tail, memory and moment factors of their log-returns. By applying various classification methods, cryptocurrencies are categorized as a separate asset class, mainly due to the tail factor. The main result is the complete separation of cryptocurrencies from the other asset types, using the Maximum Variance Components Split method. Additionally, we show that cryptocurrencies tend to exhibit similar characteristics over time and become more distinguished from other asset classes (synchronic evolution).},
	pages = {1--42},
	journaltitle = {European Journal of Finance},
	author = {Pele, Daniel Traian and Wesselhöfft, Niels and Härdle, Wolfgang Karl and Kolossiatis, Michalis and Yatracos, Yannis G.},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {Cryptocurrency, {PROCESSED}, {FINANCE}, {FINANCE}\_BUBBLE, classification, factor model, multivariate analysis, synchronic evolution, variance components split methods},
}

@article{caferra_bitcoin_2021,
	title = {Bitcoin: Bubble that bursts or Gold that glitters?},
	volume = {205},
	issn = {01651765},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176521002196%0A},
	doi = {10.1016/j.econlet.2021.109942},
	abstract = {This paper aims to shed light on the 2017 Bitcoin bubble. Firstly, by applying the dynamic time warping algorithm, we identify among several financial instruments a subsample of five assets with similar characteristics to the cryptocurrency bubble. Interestingly, among the fluctuations characterizing these assets, the algorithm shows a close affinity between the Bitcoin bubble and the 2000 {NASDAQ} Dotcom one. Once the subsample is identified, we study the (de)synchronization among these assets via the wavelet coherence approach. Although Bitcoin is poorly correlated with the other indices, given its scarce connection with the real economy, we observe switching phenomena among these instruments. A more careful study on these portfolio reallocations, conducted via an event study analysis, reveals that traders seem to redirect capital from stock markets and gold to Bitcoin in case of positive events of the cryptocurrency.},
	pages = {109942},
	journaltitle = {Economics Letters},
	author = {Caferra, Rocco and Tedeschi, Gabriele and Morone, Andrea},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, Cryptocurrencies, {FINANCE}, {FINANCE}\_BUBBLE, Assets synchronization, Bubbles, Hedging},
}

@article{de_andres_challenges_2022,
	title = {Challenges of the market for initial coin offerings},
	volume = {79},
	issn = {10575219},
	doi = {10.1016/j.irfa.2021.101966},
	abstract = {This article analyzes the main problems and the solutions adopted in the market for Initial Coin Offerings ({ICO}), to anticipate the future of this market and determine implications for issuers, investors and regulators. {ICOs} represent an alternative and innovative financing solution that has experienced spectacular growth and notoriety in recent years. {ICOs} rely on Blockchain protocols and the {ICO} market is, therefore, characterized as decentralized, disintermediated and unregulated. Our results show that although the {ICO} market is innovative, it already displays many of the problems of traditional financial markets, and that these problems were at the genesis of the last financial crisis. Our analysis of the problems and solutions adopted shows a tension between what the Blockchain technology offers, and the problems associated with the financing of innovation. Considering the problems and solutions adopted, we no longer expect the {ICO} market to be characterized as disintermediated, unregulated or even decentralized in the near future. Furthermore, it is a real possibility that {ICOs} may end up being a progressor model eventually replaced by similar but more specialized financing models, some of which may already exist. With respect to the particular solutions of the {ICO} market, while some represent the realization of the potential of Blockchain, others such as forks have important Governance implications with the potential to create as many problems as the ones they address.},
	pages = {101966},
	journaltitle = {International Review of Financial Analysis},
	author = {de Andrés, Pablo and Arroyo, David and Correia, Ricardo and Rezola, Alvaro},
	date = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, Initial coin offerings, {FINANCE}, {FINANCE}\_BUBBLE, Alternative financing solutions, Asymmetrical information},
}

@article{nabilou_ignorance_2019,
	title = {Ignorance, debt, and cryptocurrencies: The old and the new in the law and economics of concurrent currencies},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {20534841},
	doi = {10.1093/jfr/fjz002},
	abstract = {Cryptocurrencies are expected to have a significant impact on banking, finance, and monetary systems. Due to the uncertainty as to the possible future trajectories of the evolving cryptocurrency ecosystem, governments have taken a relatively hands-off approach to regulating such currencies. This approach may be justified within the theoretical information-economics framework of this paper, which draws parallels between the information economics of money and quasi-money creation within the current central banking, commercial banking, and shadow banking systems with that of the cryptocurrency ecosystem. In particular, drawing lessons from the literature on the role of information in creating 'safe assets', in this paper the authors find that by building on symmetric (common) knowledge as to the inner workings of the Bitcoin Blockchain-though in a different way-{BTC} possesses a degree of endogenous information insensitivity typical of safe assets. This endogenous information insensitivity could support {BTC}'s promise of maturing into a viable store of value and a niche medium of exchange. This finding should not be overlooked in the policy discussions for potential future regulatory interventions in the cryptocurrency ecosystem.},
	pages = {29--63},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Financial Regulation},
	author = {Nabilou, Hossein and Prüm, André},
	date = {2019},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, {FINANCE}, {FINANCE}\_BUBBLE, Information asymmetry, Money, Safe asset},
}

@article{smales_investor_2022,
	title = {Investor attention in cryptocurrency markets},
	volume = {79},
	issn = {10575219},
	doi = {10.1016/j.irfa.2021.101972},
	abstract = {We examine the relationship between investor attention, and measures of uncertainty, with the market dynamics of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. We find that increases in investor attention are associated with higher returns, more volatility, and greater illiquidity in cryptocurrency markets. In contrast, cryptocurrency uncertainty ({UCRY}) and financial market uncertainty ({VIX}) are also positively related to volatility and illiquidity but have a negative contemporaneous relationship with returns. The identified relationships are accentuated during the {COVID}-pandemic, and are robust to different measures of investor attention, volatility, and illiquidity. Our results suggest that monitoring investor attention could assist both investors and policymakers.},
	pages = {101972},
	journaltitle = {International Review of Financial Analysis},
	author = {Smales, L. A.},
	date = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency, {PROCESSED}, {FINANCE}, {FINANCE}\_BUBBLE, Google search volume, Investor attention, Uncertainty},
}

@article{wang_is_2019,
	title = {Is bitcoin a safe haven or a hedging asset? Evidence from China},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {25895532},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jmse.2019.09.001},
	abstract = {Based on daily data about Bitcoin and six other major financial assets (stocks, commodity futures (commodities), gold, foreign exchange ({FX}), monetary assets, and bonds) in China from 2013 to 2017, we use a {VAR}-{GARCH}-{BEKK} model to investigate mean and volatility spillover effects between Bitcoin and other major assets and explore whether Bitcoin can be used either as a hedging asset or a safe haven. Our empirical results show that (i) only the monetary market, i.e., the Shanghai Interbank Offered Rate ({SHIIBOR}) has a mean spillover effect on Bitcoin and (ii) gold, monetary, and bond markets have volatility spillover effects on Bitcoin, while Bitcoin has a volatility spillover effect only on the gold market. We further find that Bitcoin can be hedged against stocks, bonds and {SHIBOR} and is a safe haven when extreme price changes occur in the monetary market. Our findings provide useful information for investors and portfolio risk managers who have invested or hedged with Bitcoin.},
	pages = {173--188},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Management Science and Engineering},
	author = {Wang, Gangjin and Tang, Yanping and Xie, Chi and Chen, Shou},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, {PROCESSED}, {FINANCE}, {FINANCE}\_BUBBLE, Safe haven, Hedging asset, Spillover effects},
}

@article{liu_risks_2021,
	title = {Risks and returns of cryptocurrency},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {14657368},
	doi = {10.1093/rfs/hhaa113},
	abstract = {We establish that cryptocurrency returns are driven and can be predicted by factors that are specific to cryptocurrency markets. Cryptocurrency returns are exposed to cryptocurrency network factors but not cryptocurrency production factors. We construct the network factors to capture the user adoption of cryptocurrencies and the production factors to proxy for the costs of cryptocurrency production. Moreover, there is a strong time-series momentum effect, and proxies for investor attention strongly forecast future cryptocurrency returns.},
	pages = {2689--2727},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Review of Financial Studies},
	author = {Liu, Yukun and Tsyvinski, Aleh},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {FINANCE}, {FINANCE}\_BUBBLE, G12, G31},
}

@article{feinstein_impact_2020-1,
	title = {The Impact of Cryptocurrency Regulation on Trading Markets},
	volume = {7},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3649475},
	abstract = {The meteoric growth of global cryptocurrency markets presents novel challenges to regulators. Some policymakers and scholars view cryptocurrencies as conduits of illegality and fraud and call for their strict regulation, even outright bans. Others warn that regulation will cause trading activity to cross borders into less-regulated jurisdictions-or even smother a promising new financial asset class. Yet this debate has, to date, been conducted almost entirely without data. To assess the claims of both sides, we assemble original data on cryptocurrency regulations worldwide and use them to empirically examine global movement in trading activity following key regulatory announcements. Our findings are surprising. A wide variety of models yields almost entirely null results. From the creation of bespoke licensing regimes to more targeted anti-money-laundering and anti-fraud enforcement actions, as well as many other categories of government activities, we find no systemic evidence that regulatory measures cause traders to flee, or enter into, the affected jurisdictions. These findings at last provide an empirical basis for regulatory decisions concerning cryptocurrency trading. Among other things, they call into question the notion that capital flight should be a first-order concern.},
	pages = {48--99},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Feinstein, Brian D. and Werbach, Kevin},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {FINANCE}, {FINANCE}\_BUBBLE},
}

@article{lee_tokenization_2021,
	title = {The Tokenization of Space and Cash Out without Debt: Focus on Security Token Offerings Using Blockchain Technology},
	volume = {24},
	url = {https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO202113259286501.page},
	abstract = {This paper analyzes two cases of space tokenization, Meridio and {QuantmRE}, to explore the potential of tokenization as a new means of space financialization. Space tokenization is based on blockchain technology and security token offering ({STO}). Although some financial geographers noted the possible impact of blockchain technology on space financialization, it has not been examined in depth. Therefore, this paper demonstrates space tokenization cases in detail. Meridio and {QuantmRE} suggest financial structures that convert space into tokens based on fractional ownership transactions. {QuantmRE}, specifically, allows a homeowner to secure cash without either debt or ownership relinquishment through sales of tokenized home equity. As this method takes a form of sale transaction rather than a loan, it enables financial institutions to circumvent strengthened regulation on loans after the 2008 global financial crisis. Moreover, even "house poor" households, who own houses but lack cash due to excessive loans, can cash out from their properties through {QuantmRE}. As such, space tokenization enables financial institutions to overcome constrained conditions after the global financial crisis, thereby reproducing space financialization. Space tokenization also has the potential to geographically expand space financialization through stimulating investment in the depressed housing market.},
	pages = {76--101},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea},
	author = {Lee, Hoobin and Hong, Dasom},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {FINANCE}, {FINANCE}\_BUBBLE, Blockchain Technology, Financial Geography, Financialization, House Poor Households, Housing Finance, Space Tokenization},
}

@article{baur_volatility_2021,
	title = {The volatility of Bitcoin and its role as a medium of exchange and a store of value},
	volume = {61},
	issn = {14358921},
	doi = {10.1007/s00181-020-01990-5},
	abstract = {Bitcoin is designed as a peer-to-peer cash system. To work as a currency, it must be stable or be backed by a government. In this paper, we show that the volatility of Bitcoin prices is extreme and almost 10 times higher than the volatility of major exchange rates ({US} dollar against the euro and the yen). The excess volatility even adversely affects its potential role in portfolios. Our analysis implies that Bitcoin cannot function as a medium of exchange and has only limited use as a risk-diversifier. In contrast, we use the deflationary design of Bitcoin as a theoretical basis and demonstrate that Bitcoin displays store of value characteristics over long horizons.},
	pages = {2663--2683},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Empirical Economics},
	author = {Baur, Dirk G. and Dimpfl, Thomas},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, {PROCESSED}, {FINANCE}, {FINANCE}\_BUBBLE, Digital currency, Medium of exchange, Volatility},
}

@article{aitken_all_2017,
	title = {'All data is credit data': Constituting the unbanked},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {14772221},
	doi = {10.1177/1024529417712830},
	abstract = {Global financial and data capitalism has constituted new forms of knowledge, novel inscriptions which make that knowledge tangible and new ways of visualizing sources of value and profit. This paper examines a cluster of new practices designed to make visible - and extract value from - those without formal credit scores in contemporary financial markets. Many 'financial inclusion' projects now attempt to score the 'credit invisible' by drawing on a range of alternative data - non-financial payment streams, academic records, behavioural signals gleaned from online or social media footprints and results generated via digitized psychometric testing - and by assessing that data in relation to models of risk assessment based on the analysis of big data. I argue in this paper that these experiments in alternative credit scoring constitute the unbanked as an important, and dubious, category of knowledge and intervention. I also argue that attempts to score the unbanked offer a revealing glimpse of many of the social and political limitations associated with projects of 'inclusion'. Although often imagined as forms of pristine incorporation, inclusion projects often constitute troubling new kinds of social sorting and segmentation.},
	pages = {274--300},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Competition and Change},
	author = {Aitken, Rob},
	date = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: {SAGE} Publications Sage {UK}: London, England},
	keywords = {\_LATEST, visualization, {FINANCE}, Financialization, big data, credit invisibles, {FINANCE}\_POWER, inclusion/exclusion, unbanked},
}

@article{lothian_american_2012,
	title = {American Finance and American Democracy: Towards an Institutionalist 'Law and Economics'},
	issn = {1556-5068},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.1996653},
	abstract = {This article reconsiders the financial and economic crisis of 2007-2009 and the present debate about the regulation of finance in the light of a vision of how finance can better serve the American economy and American democracy. The central claim is that regulation as conventionally understood cannot adequately redress the problems, and seize the opportunities, revealed by the crisis. We should approach financial regulation as the first step in a series of institutional innovations designed to put finance more effectively at the service of the real economy (financial deepening) while broadening economic opportunity in the country (financial democratization). I develop and defend this thesis by arguing for four subsidiary claims. A first subsidiary claim is that a major part of the causal background to the crisis was an inconclusive hollowing out of the New Deal regime for the governance of finance. That regime failed to be replaced by an alternative coherent scheme. Instead, it gave way to a ramshackle compromise – powerful, opaque, recalcitrant, and damaging. Such a situation – I argue – represents the rule rather than the exception in the history of law and institutions. The outcome of the hollowing out in the United States was a weakening of the links of finance to the real economy, paradoxically accompanied by the hypertrophy of the financial sector. A second subsidiary claim is that the New Deal critics and reformers of finance, such as Louis Brandeis and William Douglas, were right in their intuition that a strong link exists between the legal and institutional requirements of financial deepening and of financial democratization. A third subsidiary claim is that to make good on this intuition in today's circumstances we need a new agenda of reform with an explicit and ambitious institutional content. Such an agenda includes the transfer of sophisticated financial capabilities to the country's remarkable network of local banks as well as a vast expansion and popularization of financial services, channeling long-term saving into long-term productive investment. A fourth subsidiary claim is that law and legal thought provide the chief storehouse of the ideas and methods needed to conceive and to implement such innovations. Prevailing styles of economic theory, including those underlying the dominant practice of “law and economics,” remain largely bereft of institutional imagination. This article illustrates how a revised practice of legal and institutional analysis can help fill this lacuna. In so doing, this piece takes "law and economics" in another direction.},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Lothian, Tamara},
	date = {2012},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {FINANCE}, {FINANCE}\_POWER},
}

@article{langley_assets_2020,
	title = {Assets and assetization in financialized capitalism},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {14664526},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2020.1830828},
	doi = {10.1080/09692290.2020.1830828},
	abstract = {In the wake of the global financial crisis of 2007–09, political economists have typically identified and interrogated speculative logics and credit-debt relations as the markers of financialized capitalism. This paper argues that assets, and the contingent processes which turn all manner of things into assets (i.e. ‘assetization'), can also be usefully foregrounded to understand the character and movement of financialized capitalism in the contemporary conjuncture, particularly in its Anglo-American heartlands. Centred on assets and assetization, research is refocused on the constitution of political economies of rent and investment, especially as the frontiers of financialized capitalism are extended to further incorporate nature and society. Research into financialized capitalism is also connected more explicitly to wider political debates over intensified inequalities, as the production and distribution of assets is key to wealth disparities and shapes fundamental stratifications across society.},
	pages = {382--393},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Review of International Political Economy},
	author = {Langley, Paul},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge},
	keywords = {\_LATEST, {FINANCE}, {FINANCE}\_POWER, assetization, Assets, financialization, investment, rent},
}

@article{gietzmann_blockchain_2021,
	title = {Blockchain and other distributed ledger technologies: Where is the accounting?},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0278-4254},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278425421000648},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2021.106881},
	abstract = {In a recent survey of academic research, Fintech related topics, broadly classified as crypto-currency studies, were by far the most researched topics in the social sciences. However, we have observed that, perhaps surprisingly, even though crypto-currencies rely on a distributed accounting ledger technology, relatively few of those studies were conducted by accounting academics. While some of the features of a system like Bitcoin do not necessarily rely on a traditional accounting knowledge, this knowledge is key in designing effective real-world distributed systems. Building on a foundational framework developed by Risius and Spohrer (2017), we provide support for their hypothesis that to date, research in this area has been predominantly of a somewhat narrow focus (i.e., based upon exploiting existing programming solutions without adequately considering the fundamental needs of users). This is particularly reflected by the abundance of Bitcoin-like crypto-currency code-bases with little or no place for business applications. We suggest that this may severely limit an appreciation of the relevance and applicability of decentralized systems, and how they may support value creation and improved governance. We provide supporting arguments for this statement by considering four applied classes of problems where a blockchain/distributed ledger can add value without requiring a crypto-currency to be an integral part of the functioning system. We note that each class of problem has been viewed previously as part of accounting issues within the legacy centralized ledger systems paradigm. We show how accounting knowledge is still relevant in the shift from centralized to decentralized ledger systems. We advance the debate on the development of (crypto-currency free) value-creating distributed ledger systems by showing that applying accounting knowledge in this area has potentially a much wider impact than that currently being applied in areas limited to auditing and operations management. We develop a typology for general distributed ledger design which assists potential users to understand the wide range of choices when developing such systems.},
	pages = {106881},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Accounting and Public Policy},
	author = {Gietzmann, Miles and Grossetti, Francesco},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, {FINANCE}, {FINANCE}\_POWER, Asset provenance, Distributed ledger, Regulatory compliance, Smart contracts},
}

@article{campbell-verduyn_blockchains_2019,
	title = {Blockchains, trust and action nets: extending the pathologies of financial globalization},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {14710374},
	doi = {10.1111/glob.12214},
	abstract = {Blockchains combine digital encryption and time stamping technologies to enable digital exchange to occur in manners celebrated by proponents as ‘trust-free'. Yet, an increasing range of scholars argue that actual applications of the peer-to-peer technology shifts, rather than eliminates, trust. In this article, we draw on organizational theory to argue that efforts to remove trust reorganize the action nets that underpin payment systems in manners that extend rather than eliminate longstanding pathologies afflicting financial globalization. Our analysis supports and extends the critiques that blockchain applications are far from ‘trust-free'. By tracing how efforts to reconfigure the socio-technical composition of the humans and objects that underpin payment systems, we illustrate how blockchain applications shift the location and character of the technical vulnerabilities that create market instabilities and concentration, as well as elite-led governance.},
	pages = {308--328},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Global Networks},
	author = {Campbell-Verduyn, Malcolm and Goguen, Marcel},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	keywords = {\_LATEST, {FINANCE}, {FINANCE}\_POWER, {CIVIL} {SOCIETY}, {GLOBALIZATION}, {NETWORKS}, {TRANSNATIONAL} {SOCIAL} {RELATIONS}},
}

@article{pilkington_can_2017,
	title = {Can Global Elites Pave the Way for a New Transnational Unit of Account? A Reflection on the Numerical Nature of Money},
	volume = {8},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2339678},
	abstract = {In this paper, we investigate the issue of the Dollar-based international monetary system. We start by listing the reasons why money has essentially become a numerical form in the contemporary world economy. After reviewing the salient characteristics of the flawed international monetary and financial architecture of the world economy, we assess whether a transnational unit of account could constitute a viable political alternative to the current international payments system. The latter scenario is envisaged both with regard to the field of international relations, and with the help of a revisited definition of the transnational capitalist class. Finally, we conclude.},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {World Review of Political Economy},
	author = {Pilkington, Marc},
	date = {2017},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {FINANCE}, {FINANCE}\_POWER},
}

@article{braun_central_2019,
	title = {Central banking, shadow banking, and infrastructural power},
	doi = {10.31235/osf.io/nf9ms},
	author = {Braun, Benjamin and Gabor, Daniela},
	date = {2019},
	keywords = {\_LATEST, {FINANCE}, {FINANCE}\_POWER, financialization, central banking, {ECB}, European Central Bank, Federal Reserve, infrastructural power, market-based finance, monetary policy, repo, securitization, shadow banking},
}

@article{pitluck_finance_2018,
	title = {Finance beyond function: Three causal explanations for financialization},
	volume = {5},
	doi = {10.1002/sea2.12114},
	abstract = {This article suggests that it is advantageous for social scientists to deliberatedly depart from functionalist theories seeking to explain the expansion of financial instruments and logics across social life. Rather we identify three causes for financialization from three extant clusters of scholastic activity: an organic policial economy that sees finance expanding as a product or by-product of larger state and imperlial-level politcal strucggles, a prelational sociology that sees the ways that finance expands by becoming another medium for expressing and constraining social relationships, and a cultural analysis that observes the increasing redefinition of discursive and material practices as financial. Across this larger discussion, we introduce and situate the contributions to this journal's special issue on financialization.},
	pages = {157--171},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Economic Anthropology},
	author = {Pitluck, Aaron Z. and Mattioli, Fabio and Souleles, Daniel},
	date = {2018},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {FINANCE}, {FINANCE}\_POWER, financialization, adults to accessing housing, contemporary daily, everything from provisioning for, financialization as a significant, functionalism, increasingly involve some manner, it all seems to, life, of equity, performativity, phenomenon behind much of, political economy, relational sociology, the elderly in retirement, the social sciences recognize, to alleviating rural poverty, to children and young, to delivering an education},
}

@article{samman_financial_nodate,
	title = {Financial eschatology and the libidinal economy of leverage},
	doi = {10.1177/02632764211070805},
	abstract = {Apocalyptic thinking has a long religious and political tradition, but what place does it occupy within the temporal universe of contemporary capitalism? In this essay, we use the figure of the eschaton to draw out the loaded and ambiguous character of the future as it emerges through the condition of indebtedness. This entails a departure from political economy accounts of capitalist futurity, which stress the structural logic of financial speculation, in favour of an existential account that begins instead with the cosmology of money and debt. We argue that finance capital's fixation on the future has produced a very specific form of apocalyptic imagination, characteristic of financial society and built on a libidinal economy of leverage. Rather than offering an ecstatic end to the global process of financialization, financial eschatologies bind the contemporary subject to debt and indebtedness to the very end: an endless apocalypse, premised on the ends of finance itself.},
	journaltitle = {Theory, Culture \& Society (forthcoming)},
	author = {Samman, Amin and Sgambati, Stefano},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {FINANCE}, {FINANCE}\_POWER},
}

@article{eichengreen_financial_2021,
	title = {Financial regulation in the age of the platform economy},
	issn = {1745-6452},
	doi = {10.1057/s41261-021-00187-9},
	abstract = {Platform businesses allow for collaboration with nontraditional partners and bring together different categories of customers, in the financial context savers and investors or lenders and borrowers, creating large, scalable networks of users. Their entry into finance promises potential benefits to consumers in the form of new products, lower prices, wider choice, and enhanced consumer experience. At the same time, their new business models and technologies potentially threaten the dominant position of traditional financial services providers and create challenges for regulators. Platform businesses can use their preferential access to customer data to skim off high-quality loans, leaving only low-quality customers for other lenders. Their ability to offer complementary nonfinancial services that cannot be supplied by {FinTech} start-ups and banks can make it difficult or unattractive for customers to switch to alternative providers. This danger is especially acute when {BigTech} firms have monopoly power in other markets that complement financial services.},
	pages = {1--11},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Banking Regulation},
	author = {Eichengreen, Barry},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {FINANCE}, {FINANCE}\_POWER},
}

@article{zook_initial_2020,
	title = {Initial coin offerings: Linking technology and financialization},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {14723409},
	doi = {10.1177/0308518X20954440},
	abstract = {This paper elaborates on the interactions between digital technologies and financial practices and how they contribute to the ongoing process of financialization. We focus on the circumstances of blockchain-based token offerings and their contribution to reshaping existing systems of investment in startups. We show how future clients become investors via the initial coin offering ({ICO}) process. The paper is based on interviews with blockchain and industry practitioners during 2018 and 2019 and focuses on an in-depth case study of a specific {ICO} in early 2018. We suggest a framework consisting of catalysts, cracks and voids to analyze the financialization process and to inform theories of how financialization advances through the new spaces afforded by socially constructed technologies upon which entrepreneurs capitalize. With this framework we provide a better understanding of the mechanics behind financialization, particularly the ways in which business processes, and larger social relations such as the role of investors and clients, are reimagined and reworked.},
	pages = {1560--1582},
	number = {8},
	journaltitle = {Environment and Planning A},
	author = {Zook, Matthew and Grote, Michael H.},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, cryptocurrencies, {FINANCE}, {FINANCE}\_POWER, financialization, initial coin offering, savedroid},
}

@inproceedings{proskurovska_linking_2022,
	title = {Linking local housing and global finance: the state, land administration infrastructure and blockchain},
	doi = {https://liser.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/linking-local-housing-and-global-finance-the-state-land-administr},
	booktitle = {2022 American Association of Geographers Annual Meeting},
	author = {Proskurovska, Anetta},
	date = {2022},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {FINANCE}, {FINANCE}\_POWER},
}

@article{kim_propertization_2018,
	title = {Propertization: The Process by Which Financial Corporate Power Has Risen},
	issn = {1556-5068},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2478294},
	abstract = {The literature on law and finance considers that law and finance influence each other but are separate spheres that do not constitute each other's nature. This paper opposes this conventional dichotomy and argues that the current legal structure and legal decisions have determined the very nature of shares, including money market fund ({MMF}) shares. Western law has Roman origins and is structured by the Roman legal division between property (rights in rem) and contract (rights in personam). This paper examines how, in shares — including {MMF} shares — contractual rights have been granted their opposite, property rights. This paper argues that this property-ization of contractual claims has led to the rise of financial corporate power, especially {MMFs}. The paper then explores how the property-ization of {MMF} shares contributed to generating the financial crisis of 2008, and it ends by briefly discussing an {MMF} reform policy from a legal perspective.},
	pages = {58--82},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Kim, Jongchul},
	date = {2018},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {FINANCE}, {FINANCE}\_POWER, contract, corporate power, credit, finance, financial crisis, money, money market funds, propertization, property, repurchase agreements, shares},
}

@article{binder_technopopulism_2021,
	title = {Technopopulism and Central Banks},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3823456},
	doi = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3823456},
	abstract = {In recent years, warnings of a populist threat to central bank independence have proliferated. These warnings are based on a deep-seated antagonism between technocracy and populism. I argue that to understand current challenges for central banks, we should question the assumed antagonism between populism and technocracy. Political scientists Chris Bickerton and Carlo Accetti (2021) claim that advanced democratic states today are in a technopopulist age, “increasingly ordered around the combination of appeals to the people and to expertise and competence” (pg. 157). This paper discusses central bank independence in the technopopulist age. First, I describe the inherent tension around the role of expertise in a democracy, and how this tension has been approached in the delegation of monetary policymaking to independent central banks. Next, I discuss the transition from an era of ideological political logic to the current era of technopopulism. Then I explain how the technopopulist influence is especially evident in recent pressures on central banks, changes in central bank communication, and recent amendments to the Federal Reserve's longer-run strategy. An important point is that under technopopulism, populists do not reject technocratic expertise, but instead rely on it to translate their causes into policy. Central banks thus face pressure to use their technocratic discretion to do more to serve the people, and to be directly accountability to the people rather than to elected representatives. In return for greater responsiveness, they gain even greater power and discretion.},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Binder, Carola},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {FINANCE}, {FINANCE}\_POWER},
}

@article{vogl_financial_2020,
	title = {The financial regime},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {20009607},
	url = {https://tidsskrift.dk/nja/article/view/122847},
	doi = {10.7146/nja.v29i60.122847},
	abstract = {Starting from the premise that the financial regime has become a power in and of itself-a fourth, 'monetative' power as it were-this essay gives an account of the ascendancy of finance and the shift from geopolitical to geo-economical order, within which there is no democratic legitimacy and no legal accountability and within which a new class conflict also emerges. It goes on to advance five theses on this new financial sovereignty, concluding that sovereign is he, who can transform his risks into other's dangers and position himself as the creditor of last resort.},
	pages = {175--182},
	number = {60},
	journaltitle = {Nordic Journal of Aesthetics},
	author = {Vogl, Joseph},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {Finance, \_LATEST, Sovereignty, {FINANCE}, {FINANCE}\_POWER, Class, Democracy, Geo-economical order, Power},
}

@article{dorry_there_2018,
	title = {There is no Alternative: {SWIFT} as Infrastructure Intermediary in Global Financial Markets},
	abstract = {This article explores the changing infrastructural architecture of global finance through the lens of Global Production Networks ({GPNs}). Financial markets infrastructure ({FMI}) for international payments and securities trading form the backbone of global finance. However, this {FMI} is typically hidden from observation, debate, and analysis, partly because international payments have functioned in broadly the same way for almost 50 years, governed by large global banks and the co-operative Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication ({SWIFT}). A global monopoly sensitive to geo-political upheavals, {SWIFT} is increasingly influential in acting to the benefit of the world's most powerful financial and political players. Thus, more than a mere passive facilitator of global economic activity, we argue in this paper that {FMI} forms a carefully crafted socio-economic system of geo-political relevance, whose core components ‘power' and ‘embeddedness' we seek to comprehend with the {GPN} framework. We introduce {SWIFT} as a key player in global {FMI} and establish a conceptual dialogue between the recently introduced notion of the {GPNs} of finance and the newly developed idea of the {GPNs} of financial infrastructure. Incorporating Allen's (1997) power dimensions, we demonstrate their coexistence and complementarity in their carefully orchestrated, tightly intertwined global organizational arrangements. We show that {SWIFT}'s proneness to technological and organizational change threatens to reconfigure long-established actors, processes and relationships in and beyond finance, and argue that this makes an in-depth understanding of {FMI} vital.},
	issue = {December},
	journaltitle = {Financial Geography Working Paper Series},
	author = {Dörry, Sabine and Robinson, Gary and Derudder, Ben},
	date = {2018},
	note = {{ISBN}: 22},
	keywords = {\_LATEST, {FINANCE}, {FINANCE}\_POWER},
}

@article{teng_comprehensive_2021,
	title = {A comprehensive review of energy blockchain: Application scenarios and development trends},
	volume = {45},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/er.7109},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/er.7109},
	abstract = {Summary The disruptive nature of blockchain technology has drawn considerable interest from different types of stakeholders. It is adopted in numerous sectors with the ability to openly and securely verify, track, and exchange data. The energy blockchain, a term used when blockchain technology is applied in the energy sector, is considered as having the potential to develop a decentralized, digitized, and decarbonized energy management system. The article presents an overview of the development progress from three perspectives, including academic research, the deployment of companies and pilot projects, and government support policies. Then a different taxonomy is developed to demonstrate and highlighted the different applications. Finally, the future trends and challenges hindering the effective implementation of energy blockchain are discussed. The results show that energy blockchain is an effective innovation technology to accelerate the transformation of global energy structure. Multinational cooperation and government-leading are the basis of large-scale deployment of energy blockchain. The improvement of regulatory mechanisms and standards is the key to the commercial application of energy blockchain. This study is a comprehensive analysis of energy blockchain applications, which is expected to support decision making for its future development.},
	pages = {17515--17531},
	number = {12},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Energy Research},
	author = {Teng, Fei and Zhang, Qi and Wang, Ge and Liu, Jiangfeng and Li, Hailong},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, applications, challenges, development trends, {ENERGY}, energy blockchain, {ENERGY}\_GRIDS, support policies},
}

@article{okorie_network_2021,
	title = {A network analysis of electricity demand and the cryptocurrency markets},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {10991158},
	doi = {10.1002/ijfe.1952},
	abstract = {This article examines the connectedness and information spillover in the Electricity-Crypto Network ({ECN}) system. The Bitcoin and Ethereum markets are studied due to the level of electricity demand for active trading and mining in the three leading crypto mining economies (United States, China, and Japan). Among other findings, the leading net transmitter of information is the return of the Bitcoin market while the demand for electricity in the U.S. and Japan are the leading net information receivers in the {ECN} system. In a nutshell, the return and trading volumes of the cryptocurrency markets are net information transmitters while the markets' volatility and the demand for electricity in the U.S., China, and Japan are net information receivers in the system. As a policy relevance, given the favourable developments in these crypto markets, greener sources of electrical energy are expedient to mitigate emissions while mining these coins. This will reduce the impact of human activities on the climate.},
	pages = {3093--3108},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Finance and Economics},
	author = {Okorie, David I.},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {cryptocurrency, {PROCESSED}, {CRYPTO}, {ENERGY}, connectedness, electricity, {ENERGY}\_ELECTRICITY, return, spillover, volatility},
}

@unpublished{gallersdorfer_accounting_2021,
	title = {Accounting for carbon emissions caused by cryptocurrency and token systems},
	url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.06477},
	author = {Gallersdörfer, Ulrich and Klaaßen, Lena and Stoll, Christian},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Issue: November},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {CRYPTO}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_EMISSIONS},
}

@unpublished{scharnowski_bitcoin_2021,
	title = {Bitcoin Blackout: Proof-of-Work and the Centralization of Mining},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3936787},
	abstract = {Electricity constitutes the main input factor for miners of proof-of-work cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, so they gravitate towards countries with cheap energy. We analyze risks associated with this geographical centralization of mining by exploiting an exogenous shock to electricity supply in a relatively small region with heavy Bitcoin mining activity. We first document a drop of about 25\% in the total computing power of the Bitcoin network during a blackout that lasts several days. Compared to a control group consisting of a proof-of-stake cryptocurrency, we find evidence of blockchain congestion as fees increase substantially while the number and value of transactions decrease. We also document an impact on exchange trading activity. Trading volume and especially exchange rate volatility increase while liquidity deteriorates during the blackout, even though returns are mostly unaffected. Additionally, market integration drops as price differences between exchanges increase considerably.},
	pagetotal = {1–2},
	author = {Scharnowski, Stefan and Shi, Yanghua},
	date = {2021},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3936787},
	note = {Publication Title: {SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	keywords = {bitcoin, {PROCESSED}, centralization, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_ELECTRICITY, and conference and seminar, and suggestions, and the university of, blackout, christian westheide, g1, g2, jel, mannheim for helpful comments, mining, o30, participants at the cryp-, proof-of-stake, proof-of-work, q40, tocurrency research conference 2021, we thank erik theissen},
}

@article{kufeoglu_bitcoin_2019,
	title = {Bitcoin mining: A global review of energy and power demand},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {22146296},
	doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2019.101273},
	abstract = {After its introduction in 2008, increasing Bitcoin prices and a booming number of other cryptocurrencies lead to a growing discussion of how much energy is consumed during the production of these currencies. Being the most expensive and the most popular cryptocurrency, both the business world and the research community have started to question the energy intensity of Bitcoin mining. This paper only focuses on computational power demand during the proof-of-work process rather than estimating the whole energy intensity of mining. We make use of 160GB of Bitcoin blockchain data to estimate the energy consumption and power demand of Bitcoin mining. We considered the performance of 269 different hardware models ({CPU}, {GPU}, {FPGA}, and {ASIC}). For estimations, we defined two metrics, namely; minimum consumption and maximum consumption. The targeted time span for the analysis was from 3 January 2009 to 5 June 2018. We show that the historical peak of power consumption of Bitcoin mining took place during the bi-weekly period commencing on 18 December 2017 with a demand of between 1.3 and 14.8 {GW}. This maximum demand figure was between the installed capacities of Finland (∼16 {GW}) and Denmark (∼14 {GW}). We also show that, during June 2018, energy consumption of Bitcoin mining from difficulty recalculation was between 15.47 and 50.24 {TWh} per year.},
	pages = {101273},
	journaltitle = {Energy Research and Social Science},
	author = {Küfeoğlu, Sinan and Özkuran, Mahmut},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, {CRYPTO}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_EMISSIONS, Consumption, Energy, Mining},
}

@article{vries_bitcoins_2020,
	title = {Bitcoin's energy consumption is underestimated : A market dynamics approach},
	volume = {70},
	issn = {2214-6296},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101721},
	doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2020.101721},
	pages = {101721},
	issue = {July},
	journaltitle = {Energy Research \& Social Science},
	author = {Vries, Alex De},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, {CRYPTO}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_EMISSIONS, Behavioral economics, Cryptocurrency mining, Energy consumption, Proof-of-work},
}

@unpublished{qin_bitcoins_2020,
	title = {Bitcoin's future carbon footprint},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2011.02612},
	abstract = {The carbon footprint of Bitcoin has drawn wide attention, but Bitcoin's long-term impact on the climate remains uncertain. Here we present a framework to overcome uncertainties in previous estimates and project Bitcoin's electricity consumption and carbon footprint in the long term. If we assume Bitcoin's market capitalization grows in line with the one of gold, we find that the annual electricity consumption of Bitcoin may increase from 60 to 400 {TWh} between 2020 and 2100. The future carbon footprint of Bitcoin strongly depends on the decarbonization pathway of the electricity sector. If the electricity sector achieves carbon neutrality by 2050, Bitcoin's carbon footprint has peaked already. However, in the business-as-usual scenario, emissions sum up to 2 gigatons until 2100, an amount comparable to 7\% of global emissions in 2019. The Bitcoin price spike at the end of 2020 shows, however, that progressive development of market capitalization could yield an electricity consumption of more than 100 {TWh} already in 2021, and lead to cumulative emissions of over 5 gigatons by 2100. Therefore, we also discuss policy instruments to reduce Bitcoin's future carbon footprint.},
	author = {Qin, Shize and Klaaßen, Lena and Gallersdörfer, Ulrich and Stoll, Christian and Zhang, Da},
	date = {2020},
	doi = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2011.02612},
	note = {\_eprint: 2011.02612},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {CRYPTO}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_EMISSIONS},
}

@article{de_vries_bitcoins_2018,
	title = {Bitcoin's Growing Energy Problem},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {25424351},
	doi = {10.1016/j.joule.2018.04.016},
	abstract = {[Figure presented] The electricity that is expended in the process of mining Bitcoin has become a topic of heavy debate over the past few years. It is a process that makes Bitcoin extremely energy-hungry by design, as the currency requires a huge amount of hash calculations for its ultimate goal of processing financial transactions without intermediaries (peer-to-peer). The primary fuel for each of these calculations is electricity. The Bitcoin network can be estimated to consume at least 2.55 gigawatts of electricity currently, and potentially 7.67 gigawatts in the future, making it comparable with countries such as Ireland (3.1 gigawatts) and Austria (8.2 gigawatts). Economic models tell us that Bitcoin's electricity consumption will gravitate toward the latter number. A look at Bitcoin miner production estimates suggests that this number could already be reached in 2018.},
	pages = {801--805},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Joule},
	author = {de Vries, Alex},
	date = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {CRYPTO}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_EMISSIONS},
}

@article{de_vries_bitcoins_2021,
	title = {Bitcoin's growing e-waste problem},
	volume = {175},
	issn = {18790658},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105901},
	doi = {10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105901},
	abstract = {Bitcoin's increasing energy consumption has triggered a passionate debate about the sustainability of the digital currency. And yet, most studies have thus far ignored that Bitcoin miners cycle through a growing amount of short-lived hardware that could exacerbate the growth in global electronic waste. E-waste represents a growing threat to our environment, from toxic chemicals and heavy metals leaching into soils, to air and water pollutions caused by improper recycling. Here we present a methodology to estimate Bitcoin's e-waste and find that it adds up to 30.7 metric kilotons annually, per May 2021. This number is comparable to the amount of small {IT} and telecommunication equipment waste produced by a country like the Netherlands. At peak Bitcoin price levels seen early in 2021, the annual amount of e-waste may grow beyond 64.4 metric kilotons in the midterm, which highlights the dynamic trend if the Bitcoin price rises further. Moreover, the demand for mining hardware already today disrupts the global semiconductor supply chain. The strategies we present may help to mitigate Bitcoin's growing e-waste problem.},
	pages = {105901},
	issue = {September},
	journaltitle = {Resources, Conservation and Recycling},
	author = {de Vries, Alex and Stoll, Christian},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier B.V.},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, {PROCESSED}, {CRYPTO}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_EMISSIONS, Electronic waste, Proof of work, Semiconductor supply chain, Sustainability},
}

@article{ante_blockchain_2021,
	title = {Blockchain and energy: A bibliometric analysis and review},
	volume = {137},
	issn = {18790690},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110597},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2020.110597},
	abstract = {Blockchain technology provides an immutable ledger for secure value transactions in a network. This base layer technology has the potential to boost the efficiency of various processes in the energy sector. In this article, the intersection of blockchain and energy is analyzed based on the underlying references of 166 publications via co-citation analysis. Using exploratory factor analysis, six distinct research streams are identified: I. energy market innovation and transformation (through blockchain technology), {II}. blockchain for data sharing and security, {III}. energy management in smart grids and scalable systems, {IV}. information transmission across networks and its applications, V. peer-to-peer energy microgrids, and {VI}. potential of blockchain technology. For each of these streams, the highest-impact articles are reviewed. In addition, social network analysis allows to reveal the relationships and dependencies between the streams. The results indicate a high degree of homogeneity in this field of research, as the six streams explain more than 71\% of variance. The degree to which the streams are centered on blockchain technology varies. While the two most established discourses and the least established one focus at least in part on blockchain, the other three streams prioritize energy issues. It is postulated that specific research fields on this topic are only beginning to emerge, implications are discussed and areas for future research are derived.},
	pages = {110597},
	issue = {October 2020},
	journaltitle = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
	author = {Ante, L. and Steinmetz, F. and Fiedler, I.},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, \_LATEST, Distributed ledger, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_GRIDS, Data privacy, Electricity, Energy markets, Energy trading, Microgrids, Smart grids, Social network analysis},
}

@article{yildizbasi_blockchain_2021,
	title = {Blockchain and renewable energy: Integration challenges in circular economy era},
	volume = {176},
	issn = {0960-1481},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148121007291},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.05.053},
	abstract = {Renewable energy technologies play a crucial role in reducing the energy consumption by exploiting natural energy resources. With the increase in the trend towards the use of renewable energy resources energy distribution networks have become more complex. As such, it is envisioned that efficient distribution of the generated energy, illegal energy use, unfair pricing, and individual energy producers' entry into the market will be the key issues that need be tackled in near future. In this study, we discuss in order to eliminate the problems experienced in the energy grid management process, the blockchain concept, and its integration with renewable energy systems. First, we develop a novel integration process of blockchain with the renewable energy systems under the circular economy perspective in order to ensure the sustainability of energy grid management systems, followed by discussions on the advantages of the proposed integration process for energy policy makers. Second, the challenges of blockchain faced during the integration to a circular economy are presented. In order to prioritize the challenges encountered in the integration process, a numerical analysis is conducted using the Pythagorean Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process method based on expert opinions, and corresponding managerial implications are included.},
	pages = {183--197},
	journaltitle = {Renewable Energy},
	author = {Yildizbasi, Abdullah},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_GRIDS, Circular economy, Energy policy, Pythagorean fuzzy {AHP}, Renewable energy},
}

@article{brilliantova_blockchain_2019,
	title = {Blockchain and the future of energy},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {0160-791X},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160791X1830188X},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2018.11.001},
	abstract = {This paper discusses the emergence of blockchain technology in the energy sector in the light of ongoing energy market transformation. The study builds on literature research and expert interviews, and provides insights into the future energy landscape in the context of the blockchain advent. While the interviewees acknowledge the great, though disruptive, potential of blockchain technology for the primary activities in the electricity sector, there is agreement that inflexible regulatory frameworks impose the biggest challenge. The widest impact which blockchain technology will have in the short-term will be in electric vehicle integration, while in the long-term blockchain will enable peer-to-peer microgrids. The role that the blockchain will play, though, relies mainly on the business model innovation in energy. While a growing body of literature discusses specific blockchain applications and solutions in an advanced technological set-up, this paper presents a holistic picture of the blockchain applicability in the energy sector and thematises this very powerful and versatile technology against the background of two emerging economies: South Africa and Russia.},
	pages = {38--45},
	journaltitle = {Technology in Society},
	author = {Brilliantova, Vlada and Thurner, Thomas Wolfgang},
	date = {2019},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_GRIDS, Application, Decentralised generation, Distributed energy resources, Energy exchange, Peer-to-peer, Power sector, Transactive energy},
}

@article{dorfleitner_blockchain_2021,
	title = {Blockchain applications for climate protection: A global empirical investigation},
	volume = {149},
	issn = {18790690},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111378},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2021.111378},
	abstract = {Our research consolidates the actual environment of blockchain applications that contribute in a certain way to climate protection. In view of the growing interest in climate change and the need to act on a global scale, knowledge about these applications enables investors, politicians, and citizens to drive this development forward through diverse support opportunities. This article provides an extensive overview of existing mitigation and adaptation measures based on blockchain technology. We collect data on 85 such applications and describe the empirical distributions of different attributes of these applications. In a logit regression, we analyze which application-specific and blockchain-specific characteristics determine the success of an application in the sense of an advanced operational status. We find evidence that applications of the type “energy trading” exhibit reduced chances of success, while green blockchain-based applications implementing a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism are more likely to become operational. Moreover, pursuing an initial coin offering has no significant effect on the success of an application. Our work provides the basis for a better understanding of the success factors of this new technology.},
	pages = {111378},
	issue = {June},
	journaltitle = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
	author = {Dorfleitner, Gregor and Muck, Franziska and Scheckenbach, Isabel},
	date = {2021-10},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, Consensus mechanisms, Distributed ledger, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_CLIMATE, Green finance, Peer-to-peer transactions, Sustainability goals},
}

@article{teufel_blockchain_2019,
	title = {Blockchain energy: Blockchain in future energy systems},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1674-862X},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674862X20300057},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnlest.2020.100011},
	abstract = {The ongoing, in-depth transformation of the electricity sector towards increased use of alternative, renewable energy sources extends beyond a simple decentralisation drive in the electricity market. The transformation process is characterised by the interplay of old and new technologies from the energy sector as well as structural coupling with other sectors, such as the information and communications technology ({ICT}), enabling the technology transfer as well as market entry by information technology ({IT}) actors. Blockchain-based technologies have the potential to play a key role in this transition by offering decentralised interfaces and systems as well as an alternative approach to the current organisation form of the energy market. This paper discusses the applicability and prospects for blockchain-based technologies in the energy sector, which are described using the term “blockchain energy”. For the purposes of this study, blockchain energy encompasses all socio-technical and organisational configurations in the energy sector based on the utilisation of the blockchain principle for energy trading, information storage, and/or increased transparency of energy flows and energy services. In the following chapters, the authors present and discuss the current transformation in the electricity market, followed by a review of the different utilisation possibilities for blockchain technologies in the energy sector and a discussion of the barriers and potential for blockchain energy using a transition studies perspective. Finally, the opportunities and risks of blockchain energy are discussed.},
	pages = {100011},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Electronic Science and Technology},
	author = {Teufel, Bernd and Sentic, Anton and Barmet, Mathias},
	date = {2019},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_GRIDS, Blockchain energy management, Crowd energy, Transition research},
}

@article{petri_blockchain_2020,
	title = {Blockchain for energy sharing and trading in distributed prosumer communities},
	volume = {123},
	issn = {0166-3615},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166361520305169},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2020.103282},
	abstract = {The decentralisation of energy supply and demand can contribute decisively to protecting the environment and climate of the planet by consuming electricity in the proximity of the generation source and avoiding losses in transmission and distribution. Supporting energy transactions with emerging intelligent technologies can advance the development of energy communities and accelerate the integration of renewable sources. Distributed energy solutions play an essential role as they are explicitly designed to produce, store and deliver green energy. Profiting with these benefits is essential, especially in the context of the current debate on stopping climate change. Several technologies such as waste heat recovery with intelligent algorithms can improve the energy distribution and provide significant resource savings. On the other hand, the usage of Blockchain technology in energy markets promises to incentivise the use of renewables and provide a reliable framework to monitor real-time information of energy production and consumption. Blockchain can also enable trading between independent agents and lead to the formation of more secured energy communities. In this paper, we demonstrate how Blockchain can be utilised to support the formation and use of energy communities. We propose a Blockchain-based energy framework as a mean to support energy exchanges in a community of prosumers. We demonstrate how smart contracts can manage energy transactions and enable a more secured trading environment between consumers and producers. We utilise data and models from a real fish processing industrial site in Milford Haven Port, South Wales, based on which we validate our research hypothesis.},
	pages = {103282},
	journaltitle = {Computers in Industry},
	author = {Petri, Ioan and Barati, Masoud and Rezgui, Yacine and Rana, Omer F},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, Smart contracts, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_GRIDS, Cost, Energy communities, Fish industries},
}

@article{mollah_blockchain_2021,
	title = {Blockchain for Future Smart Grid: A Comprehensive Survey},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {23274662},
	doi = {10.1109/JIOT.2020.2993601},
	abstract = {The concept of smart grid has been introduced as a new vision of the conventional power grid to figure out an efficient way of integrating green and renewable energy technologies. In this way, Internet-connected smart grid, also called energy Internet, is also emerging as an innovative approach to ensure the energy from anywhere at any time. The ultimate goal of these developments is to build a sustainable society. However, integrating and coordinating a large number of growing connections can be a challenging issue for the traditional centralized grid system. Consequently, the smart grid is undergoing a transformation to the decentralized topology from its centralized form. On the other hand, blockchain has some excellent features which make it a promising application for the smart grid paradigm. In this article, we aim to provide a comprehensive survey on the application of blockchain in smart grid. As such, we identify the significant security challenges of smart grid scenarios that can be addressed by blockchain. Then, we present a number of blockchain-based recent research works presented in different literature addressing security issues in the area of smart grid. We also summarize several related practical projects, trials, and products that have emerged recently. Finally, we discuss essential research challenges and future directions of applying blockchain to smart grid security issues.},
	pages = {18--43},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{IEEE} Internet of Things Journal},
	author = {Mollah, Muhammad Baqer and Zhao, Jun and Niyato, Dusit and Lam, Kwok Yan and Zhang, Xin and Ghias, Amer M.Y.M. and Koh, Leong Hai and Yang, Lei},
	date = {2021},
	note = {\_eprint: 1911.03298},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_GRIDS, distributed energy resources ({DERs}), energy Internet ({EI}), energy trading, grid 2.0, Internet of Energy ({IoE}), microgrid, security, smart contract, smart grid},
}

@article{miglani_blockchain_2020,
	title = {Blockchain for Internet of Energy management: Review, solutions, and challenges},
	volume = {151},
	issn = {0140-3664},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140366419314951},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2020.01.014},
	abstract = {After smart grid, Internet of Energy ({IoE}) has emerged as a popular technology in the energy sector by integrating different forms of energy. {IoE} uses Internet to collect, organize, optimize and manage the networks energy information from different edge devices in order to develop a distributed smart energy infrastructure. Sensors and communication technologies are used to collect data and to predict demand and supply by consumers and suppliers respectively. However, with the development of renewable energy resources, Electric Vehicles ({EVs}), smart grid and Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, the existing energy sector started shifting towards distributed and decentralized solutions. Moreover, the security and privacy issues because of centralization is another major concern for {IoE} technology. In this context, Blockchain technology with the features of automation, immutability, public ledger facility, irreversibility, decentralization, consensus and security has been adopted in the literature for solving the prevailing problems of centralized {IoE} architecture. By leveraging smart contracts, blockchain technology enables automated data exchange, complex energy transactions, demand response management and Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy trading etc. Blockchain will play vital role in the evolution of the {IoE} market as distributed renewable resources and smart grid network are being deployed and used. We discuss the potential and applications of blockchain in the {IoE} field. This article is build on the literature research and it provides insight to the end-user regarding the future {IoE} scenario in the context of blockchain technology. Lastly this article discusses the different consensus algorithm for {IoE} technology.},
	pages = {395--418},
	journaltitle = {Computer Communications},
	author = {Miglani, Arzoo and Kumar, Neeraj and Chamola, Vinay and Zeadally, Sherali},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_GRIDS, Consensus algorithm, Internet of Energy, Smart grid, Vehicle-to-grid},
}

@thesis{zannini_blockchain_2020,
	title = {Blockchain technology as the digital enabler to scale up renewable energy communities and cooperatives in Spain},
	abstract = {Universiteit Utrecht},
	pagetotal = {1–91},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Zannini, Alice},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {\_LATEST, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_GRIDS},
}

@article{howson_building_2020,
	title = {Building trust and equity in marine conservation and fisheries supply chain management with blockchain},
	volume = {115},
	issn = {0308-597X},
	doi = {10.1016/J.MARPOL.2020.103873},
	abstract = {This commentary explores how blockchain technology is being leveraged to improve marine conservation and fisheries supply chain management globally. In doing so, the paper considers the technical and political challenges of building trust and equity for various stakeholders. A blockchain is a smart electronic database, distributed to all users, immutably tracking every transaction that has ever taken place on the network. The blockchain is very difficult to hack, with no single point of authority to make mistakes and collapse the system. Automated consensus protocols enable data transmitted on the network to be verified and stored immutably, minimising the risk of data corruption to near-zero. Blockchain is being increasingly hyped for a range of services and industries, including transparent resourcing for marine conservation, reducing pollution from plastics, reducing slavery at sea, and sustainable fisheries management. Public distrust in some conservation operations, as well as in the provenance of seafood, is growing. Although some global marine conservation organisations and seafood producers have found practical solutions in disruptive technologies like blockchain, riding this wave will only prove worthwhile if coastal communities and artisanal fishers are on board and stand a chance of landing a fair share of the benefits.},
	pages = {103873},
	journaltitle = {Marine Policy},
	author = {Howson, Peter},
	date = {2020-05},
	note = {Publisher: Pergamon},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_CLIMATE},
}

@article{yapa_can_2021,
	title = {Can Blockchain Strengthen the Energy Internet?},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {2673-8732},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8732/1/2/7},
	doi = {10.3390/network1020007},
	abstract = {Emergence of the Energy Internet ({EI}) demands restructuring of traditional electricity grids to integrate heterogeneous energy sources, distribution network management with grid intelligence and big data management. This paradigm shift is considered to be a breakthrough in the energy industry towards facilitating autonomous and decentralized grid operations while maximizing the utilization of Distributed Generation ({DG}). Blockchain has been identified as a disruptive technology enabler for the realization of {EI} to facilitate reliable, self-operated energy delivery. In this paper, we highlight six key directions towards utilizing blockchain capabilities to realize the envisaged {EI}. We elaborate the challenges in each direction and highlight the role of blockchain in addressing them. Furthermore, we summarize the future research directive in achieving fully autonomous and decentralized electricity distribution networks, which will be known as Energy Internet.},
	pages = {95--115},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Network},
	author = {Yapa, Charithri and de Alwis, Chamitha and Liyanage, Madhusanka},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_GRIDS},
}

@article{howson_climate_2020,
	title = {Climate Crises and Crypto-Colonialism: Conjuring Value on the Blockchain Frontiers of the Global South},
	volume = {3},
	doi = {10.3389/fbloc.2020.00022},
	abstract = {In this commentary we explore how international development, disaster relief and climate change mitigation credentials are being called upon to justify ‘crypto-colonialism', whereby blockchain technology is used to extract economic benefits from those suffering the scars of colonial expansionism in the Global South. These benefits include land, labour and resources needed to facilitate local ‘crypto-utopian' developments, or a ‘green economy' elsewhere. As with past neoliberal development agendas imposing structural economic reforms, the contemporary crypto-colonial exercises discussed here are driven in pursuit of a common good – to protect the global commons and improve people's lives. Within spaces where crypto-colonialism manifests, the governance frameworks of the associated technology is heavily entangled with social-spatial relations in multiple ways. We argue that despite being distributed, techno-ecological fixes are never placeless. How people engage with, resist or reconfigure a crypto-economy is geographically contingent. This commentary argues for more situated critical analysis of actually existing case-studies to reveal the inequitable terrain of project benefit distributions, and to expose the likely winners and losers within each. The success or failure of use-cases is less dependent on technical viability, but rather mediated through reactions to colonial contexts and historical experiences of various economic and climate crises.},
	issue = {May},
	journaltitle = {Frontiers in Blockchain},
	author = {Howson, Peter},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {blockchain, {PROCESSED}, cryptocurrencies, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_CLIMATE, climate crises, crypto-colonialism, global south, green grabbing},
}

@article{schneiders_community_2021,
	title = {Community Energy Groups: Can They Shield Consumers from the Risks of Using Blockchain for Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading?},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1996-1073},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/12/3569},
	doi = {10.3390/en14123569},
	abstract = {Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading is emerging as a new mechanism for settling the exchange of energy between renewable energy generators and consumers. P2P provides a mechanism for local balancing when it is facilitated through distributed ledgers (‘blockchains'). Energy communities across Europe have uncovered the potential of this technology and are currently running pilots to test its applicability in P2P energy trading. The aim of this paper is to assess, using legal literature and legislation, whether the legal forms available to energy communities in the United Kingdom ({UK}) can help resolve some of the uncertainties around the individual use of blockchain for P2P energy trading. This includes the legal recognition of ‘prosumers', the protection of their personal data, as well as the validity of ‘smart contracts' programmed to trade energy on the blockchain network. The analysis has shown that legal entities, such as Limited Liability Partnerships and Co-operative Societies, can play a crucial role in providing the necessary framework to protect consumers engaging in these transactions. This is particularly the case for co-operatives, given that they can hold members liable for not respecting the rules set out in their (compulsory) governing document. These findings are relevant to other European countries, where the energy co-operative model is also used.},
	number = {12},
	journaltitle = {Energies},
	author = {Schneiders, Alexandra and Shipworth, David},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_GRIDS},
}

@article{campbell-verduyn_conjuring_2021,
	title = {Conjuring a Cooler World? Blockchains, Imaginaries and the Legitimacy of Climate Governance},
	volume = {28},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.14282/2198-0411-GCRP-28},
	doi = {doi:10.14282/2198-0411-GCRP-28},
	abstract = {Meeting on the second anniversary of the Paris Agreement signing in 2017, the United Nations Climate Change Secretariat founded the Climate Chain Coalition ({CCC}). Backed by a number of multi-stakeholder groups like the Blockchain for Climate Foundation, the Ottawa-based {CCC} promotes the 'blockchainization' of the Paris Agreement. What kind of 'cooler' world do blockchain-based climate governance projects conjure? This paper scrutinizes the shared visions materializing across climate finance experiments, locating them largely within existing individualistic imaginaries rather than more collectivistic alternatives. It finds the imaginaries of 'cool' technological experimentation to fall short in materializing broader input and more effective output required to overcome the legitimacy crisis facing market-led climate governance.},
	journaltitle = {Global Cooperation Research Papers},
	author = {Campbell-Verduyn, Malcolm},
	date = {2021},
	note = {{ISBN}: 2033795276},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_CLIMATE},
}

@article{valdivia_connecting_2022,
	title = {Connecting the grids: A review of blockchain governance in distributed energy transitions},
	volume = {84},
	issn = {22146296},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629621004710},
	doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2021.102383},
	abstract = {Critical effects of global climate change urgently call for socio-technical transitions towards more efficient, flexible and cleaner energy systems. However, adequate regulatory frameworks and policy incentives are lagging behind. This paper focuses on the governance dynamics shaping technology-enabled transitions towards distributed energy systems. The purpose of this review is to assess the potential role of blockchain technology in enhancing the governance of sociotechnical energy transitions. For this, the paper reviews: (1) the governance arrangements shaping distributed energy transitions, (2) the emergence of blockchain-based solutions in the energy sector (focusing on P2P energy trading platforms) and, (3) the role of the blockchain in overcoming the governance limitations of distributed energy transitions. The study addresses emerging but interrelated niches of academic study from an integral conceptualization and synthesis of the literature. Rather than extensively covering these fields of research, the purpose is to connect these areas of academic knowledge and expand the theoretical understanding stemming from this convergence. The findings show the potential of blockchain-based governance to overcome institutional barriers related to trust-building and enhanced coordination for community-based energy transitions.},
	pages = {102383},
	journaltitle = {Energy Research and Social Science},
	author = {Valdivia, A. Diaz and Balcell, M. Poblet},
	date = {2022},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, Governance, {CRYPTO}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_GRIDS, Accountability, Community-based energy ({CBE}), Distributed energy systems, Energy decentralization, Energy transitions, Microgrid, Peer-to-peer energy trading},
}

@article{howson_cryptocarbon_2019,
	title = {Cryptocarbon: The promises and pitfalls of forest protection on a blockchain},
	volume = {100},
	issn = {00167185},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.02.011},
	doi = {10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.02.011},
	abstract = {In this commentary, we explore how blockchain is being leveraged to address the fundamental problems with market-based forest protection globally. In doing so, we consider the ways ‘cryptocarbon' initiatives are creating new challenges that have so far escaped critical scrutiny. A blockchain is a distributed and immutable electronic database – a ledger of every transaction that has ever taken place on a network, stored as cryptographically secured blocks, strung together in a chain. The technology is being increasingly hyped as applicable for a whole range of industries, social service provisions, and environmental management concerns. This includes the facilitation of natural asset market mechanisms, like Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation ({REDD}+). The original aim of {REDD}+ was to incentivise conservation, making tropical forests more valuable standing than cut down. Multiple factors, including lack of consumer interest, created an oversupply of carbon commodities. Ninety-five percent of the world's avoided deforestation credits, representing millions of hectares of conserved forest, were stuck without a buyer. Several flagging {REDD}+ projects are now hoping that blockchain technology can carry them to new heights of market capitalisation. However, like with any powerful new technology, the benefits remain ambiguous.},
	pages = {1--9},
	issue = {February 2019},
	journaltitle = {Geoforum},
	author = {Howson, Peter and Oakes, Sarah and Baynham-Herd, Zachary and Swords, Jon},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, Cryptocurrencies, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_CLIMATE, Carbon offsetting, Cryptocarbon, Forest conservation, {REDD}+},
}

@article{nanez_alonso_cryptocurrency_2021,
	title = {Cryptocurrency mining from an economic and environmental perspective. Analysis of the most and least sustainable countries},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {19961073},
	doi = {10.3390/en14144254},
	abstract = {There are different studies that point out that the price of electricity is a fundamental factor that will influence the mining decision, due to the cost it represents. There is also an ongoing debate about the pollution generated by cryptocurrency mining, and whether or not the use of renewable energies will solve the problem of its sustainability. In our study, starting from the Environmental Performance Index ({EPI}), we have considered several determinants of cryptocurrency mining: energy price, how that energy is generated, temperature, legal constraints, human capital, and R\&D\&I. From this, via linear regression, we recalculated this {EPI} by including the above factors that affect cryptocurrency mining in a sustainable way. The study determines, once the {EPI} has been readjusted, that the most sustainable countries to perform cryptocurrency mining are Denmark and Germany. In fact, of the top ten countries eight of them are European (Denmark, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Finland, Austria, and the United Kingdom); and the remaining two are Asian (South Korea and Japan).},
	number = {14},
	journaltitle = {Energies},
	author = {Náñez Alonso, Sergio Luis and Jorge‐vázquez, Javier and Echarte Fernández, Miguel Ángel and Reier Forradellas, Ricardo Francisco},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, Cryptocurrencies, {CRYPTO}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_EMISSIONS, Cryptocurrency mining, Sustainability, Energetic sustainability, Sustainability of cryptocurrencies, Sustainable mining},
}

@article{goodkind_cryptodamages_2020-1,
	title = {Cryptodamages: Monetary value estimates of the air pollution and human health impacts of cryptocurrency mining},
	volume = {59},
	issn = {22146296},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101281},
	doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2019.101281},
	abstract = {Cryptocurrency mining uses significant amounts of energy as part of the proof-of-work time-stamping scheme to add new blocks to the chain. Expanding upon previously calculated energy use patterns for mining four prominent cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, and Monero), we estimate the per coin economic damages of air pollution emissions and associated human mortality and climate impacts of mining these cryptocurrencies in the {US} and China. Results indicate that in 2018, each \$1 of Bitcoin value created was responsible for \$0.49 in health and climate damages in the {US} and \$0.37 in China. The similar value in China relative to the {US} occurs despite the extremely large disparity between the value of a statistical life estimate for the {US} relative to that of China. Further, with each cryptocurrency, the rising electricity requirements to produce a single coin can lead to an almost inevitable cliff of negative net social benefits, absent perpetual price increases. For example, in December 2018, our results illustrate a case (for Bitcoin) where the health and climate change “cryptodamages” roughly match each \$1 of coin value created. We close with discussion of policy implications.},
	pages = {101281},
	issue = {March 2019},
	journaltitle = {Energy Research and Social Science},
	author = {Goodkind, Andrew L. and Jones, Benjamin A. and Berrens, Robert P.},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, Cryptocurrencies, {CRYPTO}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_EMISSIONS, Air pollution, Energy use, Human health},
}

@article{truby_decarbonizing_2018,
	title = {Decarbonizing Bitcoin: Law and policy choices for reducing the energy consumption of Blockchain technologies and digital currencies},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {22146296},
	url = {10.1016/j.erss.2018.06.009},
	doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2018.06.009},
	abstract = {The vast transactional, trust and security advantages of Bitcoin are dwarfed by the intentionally resource-intensive design in its transaction verification process which now threatens the climate we depend upon for survival. Indeed Bitcoin mining and transactions are an application of Blockchain technology employing an inefficient use of scarce energy resources for a financial activity at a point in human development where world governments are scrambling to reduce energy consumption through their Paris Agreement climate change commitments and beyond to mitigate future climate change implications. Without encouraging more sustainable development of the potential applications of Blockchain technologies which can have significant social and economic benefits, their resource-intensive design combined now pose a serious threat to the global commitment to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. The article examines government intervention choices to desocialise negative environmental externalities caused by high-energy consuming Blockchain technology designs. The research question explores how to promote the environmentally sustainable development of applications of Blockchain without damaging this valuable sector. It studies existing regulatory and fiscal policy approaches towards digital currencies in order to provide a basis for further legal and policy tools targeted at mitigating energy consumption of Blockchain technologies. The article concludes by identifying appropriate fiscal policy options for this purpose, as well as further considerations on the potential for Blockchain technology in climate change mitigation.},
	pages = {399--410},
	issue = {June},
	journaltitle = {Energy Research and Social Science},
	author = {Truby, Jon},
	date = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, Technological innovation, Digital currencies, {CRYPTO}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_EMISSIONS, Energy consumption, Behavioural change, Carbon, Decarbonizing, Environmental taxation, Financial innovation, Fiscal tools, Government intervention},
}

@article{jana_determinants_2021,
	title = {Determinants of electronic waste generation in Bitcoin network: Evidence from the machine learning approach},
	volume = {173},
	issn = {00401625},
	doi = {10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121101},
	abstract = {Electronic waste is generating in the Bitcoin network at an alarming rate. This study identifies the determinants of electronic waste generation in the Bitcoin network using machine learning algorithms. We model the evolutionary patterns of electronic waste and carry out a predictive analytics exercise to achieve this objective. The Maximal Information Coefficient ({MIC}) and Generalized Mean Information Coefficient ({GMIC}) help to study the association structure. A series of six state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms - Gradient Boosting ({GB}), Regularized Random Forest ({RRF}), Bagging-Multiple Adaptive Regression Splines ({BM}), Hybrid Neuro Fuzzy Inference Systems ({HYFIS}), Self-Organizing Map ({SOM}), and Quantile Regression Neural Network ({QRNN}) are used separately for predictive modeling. We compare the predictive performance of all the algorithms. Statistically, the {GB} is a superior model followed by {RRF}. The performance of {SOM} is the least accurate. Our findings reveal that the blockchain's size, energy consumption, and the historical number of Bitcoin are the most determinants of electronic waste generation in the Bitcoin network. The overall findings bring out exciting insights into practical relevance for effectively curbing electronic waste accumulation.},
	journaltitle = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change},
	author = {Jana, Rabin K. and Ghosh, Indranil and Das, Debojyoti and Dutta, Anupam},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_EMISSIONS, Electronic waste, Machine learning, Non-parametric statistics},
}

@article{howson_distributed_2021,
	title = {Distributed degrowth technology: Challenges for blockchain beyond the green economy},
	volume = {184},
	issn = {09218009},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107020},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107020},
	abstract = {This commentary considers the challenges and trade-offs in using blockchain as the facilitating digital infrastructure for degrowth projects. A blockchain is simply a distributed database. The technology is being used for a wide range of applications relevant to economic exchange and environmental sustainability. Many degrowth scholars wholly reject technical fixes for politically induced environmental crises, seeing blockchain projects as wasteful and counter to convivial social relations. Others highlight the technology's potential for facilitating redistributive and regenerative economies, but without much detail. This paper argues that if blockchain is ever to prove useful for the degrowth movement it would need to overcome challenges in three important areas: 1) building democratic and (re)distributive economies, 2) regenerating the environment without commodifying it, and 3) facilitating international alliances without imposing a particular set of values. What is certain is that technology on its own will not transcend the political struggles tackled by degrowth activists. However, under certain conditions, blockchain might make those struggles more effective.},
	pages = {107020},
	issue = {June 2020},
	journaltitle = {Ecological Economics},
	author = {Howson, Peter},
	date = {2021-06},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier B.V.},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, Cryptocurrencies, {ENERGY}, Sustainability, {ENERGY}\_CLIMATE, Decolonisation, Degrowth, Technology},
}

@article{koomey_does_2021,
	title = {Does not compute: Avoiding pitfalls assessing the Internet's energy and carbon impacts},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {25424351},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2021.05.007},
	doi = {10.1016/j.joule.2021.05.007},
	abstract = {Jonathan Koomey is president of Koomey Analytics and has in the past been a visiting professor at Stanford University, Yale University, and {UC} Berkeley. He's one of the leading international experts on the economics of climate solutions and the energy and environmental effects of information technology. Dr. Koomey holds M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the Energy and Resources Group at {UC} Berkeley and an A.B. in History and Science from Harvard University. He is the author or coauthor of more than 200 articles and reports and nine books, including Turning Numbers into Knowledge: Mastering the Art of Problem Solving and Cold Cash, Cool Climate: Science-Based Advice for Ecological Entrepreneurs. More at http://www.koomey.com. Eric Masanet is the Mellichamp Chair in Sustainability Science for Emerging Technologies at the University of California, Santa Barbara, where he holds appointments in the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management and the Department of Mechanical Engineering. He has authored more than 130 scientific publications on sustainability modeling of energy and materials demand systems, with particular focuses on data centers and {IT} systems. He holds a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from {UC} Berkeley, with a focus on sustainable manufacturing.},
	pages = {1625--1628},
	number = {7},
	journaltitle = {Joule},
	author = {Koomey, Jonathan and Masanet, Eric},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier Inc.},
	keywords = {cryptocurrency, {PROCESSED}, {CRYPTO}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_EMISSIONS, analytical errors, Bitcoin electricity use, carbon dioxide emissions, carbon emissions, computing efficiency, critical thinking, forecasting, greenhouse gas emissions, information technology, long-term projections},
}

@article{sedlmeir_blick_2020,
	title = {Ein Blick auf aktuelle Entwicklungen bei Blockchains und deren Auswirkungen auf den Energieverbrauch},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {1432122X},
	doi = {10.1007/s00287-020-01321-z},
	abstract = {The enormous power consumption of Bitcoin has led to undifferentiated discussions in science and practice about the sustainability of blockchain and distributed ledger technology in general. However, blockchain technology is far from homogeneous—not only with regard to its applications, which now go far beyond cryptocurrencies and have reached businesses and the public sector, but also with regard to its technical characteristics and, in particular, its power consumption. This paper summarizes the status quo of the power consumption of various implementations of blockchain technology, with special emphasis on the recent ‘‘Bitcoin Halving” and so-called ‘‘zk-rollups”. We argue that although Bitcoin and other proof-of-work blockchains do indeed consume a lot of power, alternative blockchain solutions with significantly lower power consumption are already available today, and new promising concepts are being tested that could further reduce in particulary the power consumption of large blockchain networks in the near future. From this we conclude that although the criticism of Bitcoin's power consumption is legitimate, it should not be used to derive an energy problem of blockchain technology in general. In many cases in which processes can be digitized or improved with the help of more energy-efficient blockchain variants, one can even expect net energy savings.},
	pages = {391--404},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Informatik-Spektrum},
	author = {Sedlmeir, Johannes and Buhl, Hans Ulrich and Fridgen, Gilbert and Keller, Robert},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {CRYPTO}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_EMISSIONS},
}

@article{greenberg_energy_2019,
	title = {Energy consumption boomtowns in the United States: Community responses to a cryptocurrency boom},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {22146296},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.12.005},
	doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2018.12.005},
	abstract = {While scholars have studied the impacts of energy development booms on local communities in the U.S., much less is known about towns experiencing energy consumption booms from industries such as cryptocurrency mining. This article proposes that energy consumption boomtowns are unique in the risks, benefits, and conflicts they create—and that they provide fruitful areas of research for energy social scientists. We illustrate this point with a brief case study of Chelan County, Washington—where an influx of crypto mining over the past five years has stirred community debate. We collected more than 100 newspaper articles, public comments, and public meeting recordings to identify the cautions, hesitations, and criticisms that have caused local regulators to take a precautionary approach. We highlight five key points of the debate that may be of interest to energy social scientists: (1) impacts on the local energy supply and prices, (2) unclear socioeconomic benefits to the county, (3) the illegitimacy of cryptocurrency, (4) environmental considerations, and (5) a disconnect with local legacy industries and community economic identity. We conclude by proposing areas of future social science research on energy consumption booms.},
	pages = {162--167},
	issue = {December 2018},
	journaltitle = {Energy Research and Social Science},
	author = {Greenberg, Pierce and Bugden, Dylan},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency, \_LATEST, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_CLIMATE, Boomtowns, Crypto mining, Energy justice},
}

@article{gallersdorfer_energy_2020-1,
	title = {Energy Consumption of Cryptocurrencies Beyond Bitcoin},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2542-4351},
	doi = {10.1016/j.joule.2020.07.013},
	abstract = {Bitcoin's energy hunger has triggered a passionate debate about the energy consumption of cryptocurrencies. Most studies have been focusing exclusively on Bitcoin and ignored the more than 500 further mineable coins and tokens. Here we analyze 20 cryptocurrencies, which account for more than 98\% of the total market capitalization of cryptocurrencies. We conclude that Bitcoin accounts for 2/3 of the total energy consumption of cryptocurrencies and understudied cryptocurrencies represent the remaining 1/3.},
	pages = {2018--2021},
	number = {2018},
	journaltitle = {Joule},
	author = {Gallersdörfer, Ulrich and Klaaßen, Lena and Stoll, Christian and Gallersdo, Ulrich and Klaaßen, Lena and Stoll, Christian and Gallersdo, Ulrich},
	date = {2020-09},
	note = {Publisher: Cell Press},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {CRYPTO}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_EMISSIONS},
}

@article{li_energy_2019,
	title = {Energy consumption of cryptocurrency mining: A study of electricity consumption in mining cryptocurrencies},
	volume = {168},
	issn = {03605442},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.11.046},
	doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2018.11.046},
	abstract = {Cryptocurrency is a relatively new combination of cryptology and currency in financial areas and is increasingly frequently used worldwide. Blockchain applications are expected to reshape the renewable energy market. However, there is a lack of studies covering the power usage of digital currencies. Therefore, this study ran experiments on mining efficiency of nine kinds of cryptocurrencies and ten algorithms. A comparison of statistical analysis of data in a benchmark and experiment results of Monero mining was conducted. Thereafter, this study provided an estimation of global electricity consumption of the Monero mining activity. The results indicated that the hashing algorithm mainly determines the mining efficiency. Data analysis and experiments and estimated Monero mining electricity consumption in the world and its carbon emission in China as a case study. In 2018, Monero mining may consume 645.62 {GWh} of electricity in the world after its hard fork. The Monero mining in China may consume 30.34 {GWh} and contribute a carbon emission of 19.12–19.42 thousand tons from April to December in 2018. Although cryptocurrency mining and blockchain technology are promising, their influence on energy conversation and sustainable development should be further studied.},
	pages = {160--168},
	journaltitle = {Energy},
	author = {Li, Jingming and Li, Nianping and Peng, Jinqing and Cui, Haijiao and Wu, Zhibin},
	date = {2019},
	note = {{ISBN}: 8673188822
Publisher: Elsevier Ltd},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, Monero, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_ELECTRICITY, Cryptocurrency mining, Energy consumption, Carbon emission, {PoW}},
}

@article{li_energy_2019-1,
	title = {Energy consumption of cryptocurrency mining: A study of electricity consumption in mining cryptocurrencies},
	volume = {168},
	issn = {03605442},
	doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2018.11.046},
	abstract = {Cryptocurrency is a relatively new combination of cryptology and currency in financial areas and is increasingly frequently used worldwide. Blockchain applications are expected to reshape the renewable energy market. However, there is a lack of studies covering the power usage of digital currencies. Therefore, this study ran experiments on mining efficiency of nine kinds of cryptocurrencies and ten algorithms. A comparison of statistical analysis of data in a benchmark and experiment results of Monero mining was conducted. Thereafter, this study provided an estimation of global electricity consumption of the Monero mining activity. The results indicated that the hashing algorithm mainly determines the mining efficiency. Data analysis and experiments and estimated Monero mining electricity consumption in the world and its carbon emission in China as a case study. In 2018, Monero mining may consume 645.62 {GWh} of electricity in the world after its hard fork. The Monero mining in China may consume 30.34 {GWh} and contribute a carbon emission of 19.12–19.42 thousand tons from April to December in 2018. Although cryptocurrency mining and blockchain technology are promising, their influence on energy conversation and sustainable development should be further studied.},
	pages = {160--168},
	journaltitle = {Energy},
	author = {Li, Jingming and Li, Nianping and Peng, Jinqing and Cui, Haijiao and Wu, Zhibin},
	date = {2019},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, Monero, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_ELECTRICITY, Cryptocurrency mining, Energy consumption, Carbon emission, {PoW}},
}

@unpublished{platt_energy_2021,
	title = {Energy Footprint of Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms Beyond Proof-of-Work},
	url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.03667},
	author = {Platt, Moritz and Sedlmeir, Johannes and Platt, Daniel and Xu, Jiahua and Tasca, Paolo and Vadgama, Nikhil and Ibanez, Juan Ignacio},
	date = {2021},
	doi = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.03667},
	note = {\_eprint: {arXiv}:2109.03667v5},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {CRYPTO}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_EMISSIONS},
}

@article{mcdonald_ethereum_2021,
	title = {Ethereum Emissions: A Bottom-up Estimate},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2112.01238},
	doi = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2112.01238},
	abstract = {The Ethereum ecosystem is maintained by a distributed global network of computers that currently require massive amounts of computational power. Previous work on estimating the energy use and emissions of the Ethereum network has relied on top-down economic analysis and rough estimates of hardware efficiency and emissions factors. In this work we provide a bottom-up analysis that works from hashrate to an energy usage estimate, and from mining locations to an emissions factor estimate, and combines these for an overall emissions estimate.},
	author = {{McDonald}, Kyle},
	date = {2021},
	note = {\_eprint: 2112.01238},
	keywords = {cryptocurrency, ethereum, {PROCESSED}, {CRYPTO}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_EMISSIONS, energy},
}

@article{hull_interrogating_2021,
	title = {Interrogating the promises and perils of climate cryptogovernance: Blockchain discourses in international climate politics},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {25898116},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2021.100117},
	doi = {10.1016/j.esg.2021.100117},
	abstract = {This article interrogates the assumed promises and perils of climate cryptogovernance or deployment of cryptographic technology (i.e., blockchain) within climate governance. We distill how climate cryptogovernance is being discussed by influential climate policy actors, and the implications for reinforcing or challenging how climate governance currently occurs. Specifically, through discourse analysis, we explore how blockchain technology is presented in the communications of international organisations and multistakeholder initiatives in the climate policy space. We identify a dominant storyline being advanced that views blockchain as an enabler of ambitious climate action, through its potential to enhance the reliability, transparency, accountability, and democratic quality of climate governance. We critically interrogate each of these component elements of the dominant storyline, arguing that, taken as a whole, they tend to privilege a technocratic, market-oriented approach to climate governance. We conclude by reflecting on whether this risks reinforcing a problematic ‘post-political' turn in environmental governance in the future.},
	pages = {100117},
	journaltitle = {Earth System Governance},
	author = {Hull, Jed and Gupta, Aarti and Kloppenburg, Sanneke},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier B.V.},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_CLIMATE, A, climate cryptogovernance, Climate cryptogovernance, Transparency},
}

@article{schulz_leveraging_2020,
	title = {Leveraging Blockchain Technology for Innovative Climate Finance under the Green Climate Fund},
	volume = {7},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3663176},
	abstract = {The rapid development of digital technologies such as blockchain and distributed ledger-based systems holds transformative potential for the financial sector. Promising applications include asset management as well as peer-to-peer networks for the transparent exchange of data and information. International climate finance stands to benefit in particular ways from these new opportunities in financial technology. Distributed ledger technologies could be leveraged to support climate action, for example by facilitating transparent and standardized transactions, or by enabling more efficient monitoring and accreditation processes. In view of these promising opportunities, we focus our inquiry on the case of the Green Climate Fund to explore how distributed ledger technologies can be used for innovative climate finance. Based on our analysis of different digital system models and potential use cases, we then discuss some of the technical and political challenges that may arise, for example with regard to standards and safeguards, governance processes, country ownership, and further capitalization. Our findings show that distributed ledger-based systems could benefit the work of the fund in key areas such as multi-stakeholder coordination and impact assessment. However, our analysis also points to the concrete limitations of technology driven solutions. Digital technologies are not a standalone solution to persistent resource allocation and governance challenges in international climate finance, especially because the design and deployment of these digital systems is inherently political.},
	pages = {100084},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Schulz, Karsten and Feist, Marian},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {CRYPTO}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_CLIMATE},
}

@article{howson_preying_2022,
	title = {Preying on the poor? Opportunities and challenges for tackling the social and environmental threats of cryptocurrencies for vulnerable and low-income communities},
	volume = {84},
	issn = {22146296},
	doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2021.102394},
	abstract = {The rate of adoption of some cryptocurrencies is triggering alarm from energy researchers and social scientists concerned about the industry's growing environmental and social impacts. In this paper we argue that the unsustainable trajectory of some cryptocurrencies disproportionately impacts poor and vulnerable communities where cryptocurrency producers and other actors take advantage of economic instabilities, weak regulations, and access to cheap energy and other resources. Globally, over 100 million people hold cryptocurrency, mostly as a speculative asset. The digital infrastructure behind the most popular cryptocurrency, bitcoin, currently requires as much energy as the whole of Thailand, with a carbon footprint exceeding the gold mining industry. Should bitcoin's mass adoption continue, an escalating climate crisis is inevitable, disproportionately exacerbating social and environmental challenges for communities already experiencing multiple dimensions of deprivation. In mitigating these impacts, the paper considers 4 potential regulatory pathways, including: 1) promoting voluntary private-sector commitments to using only renewable energy, 2) encouraging a system of voluntary carbon offsetting, 3) using existing financial regulations and tax frameworks, and 4) imposing national and/or international bans on cryptocurrency ‘mining'. The paper argues that effective environmental regulation of cryptocurrencies is urgently required, both to reduce the threat of catastrophic climate change, and to help the world's poorest towards sustainable development. However, regulating cryptocurrency mining in any context is likely to require a combination of efforts and is unlikely to result in win-win outcomes for all.},
	pages = {102394},
	issue = {xxxx},
	journaltitle = {Energy Research and Social Science},
	author = {Howson, Peter and de Vries, Alex},
	date = {2022},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency, {PROCESSED}, {ENERGY}, Proof-of-work, Sustainability, {ENERGY}\_CLIMATE, Climate change, Poverty},
}

@article{amenta_regulating_2021,
	title = {Regulating blockchain for sustainability? The critical relationship between digital innovation, regulation, and electricity governance},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {2214-6296},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629621001535},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102060},
	abstract = {Blockchain technology has found several innovative applications in the electricity industry. However, its potential has still to be discovered. This is partly due to the role that regulation plays in electricity markets. To be introduced, experimented with, and eventually adopted on a commercial scale, blockchain-supported innovations need to fit the existing regulatory framework or the rules to be reshaped or updated. We focus on energy regulators' possible responses to the blockchain-enhanced market operations (both from the incumbents and potential newcomers), suggesting a monitoring mechanism that can support innovation.},
	pages = {102060},
	journaltitle = {Energy Research \& Social Science},
	author = {Amenta, Carlo and Riva Sanseverino, E and Stagnaro, Carlo},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, Regulation, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_ELECTRICITY, Energy market, Innovation},
}

@article{ahl_review_2019,
	title = {Review of blockchain-based distributed energy: Implications for institutional development},
	volume = {107},
	issn = {1364-0321},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032119301352},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.002},
	abstract = {The future of energy is complex, with fluctuating renewable resources in increasingly distributed systems. It is suggested that blockchain technology is a timely innovation with potential to facilitate this future. Peer-to-peer (P2P) microgrids can support renewable energy as well as economically empower consumers and prosumers. However, the rapid development of blockchain and prospects for P2P energy networks is coupled with several grey areas in the institutional landscape. The purpose of this paper is to holistically explore potential challenges of blockchain-based P2P microgrids, and propose practical implications for institutional development as well as academia. An analytical framework for P2P microgrids is developed based on literature review as well as expert interviews. The framework incorporates 1) Technological, 2) Economic, 3) Social, 4) Environmental and 5) Institutional dimensions. Directions for future work in practical and academic contexts are identified. It is suggested that bridging the gap from technological to institutional readiness would require the incorporation of all dimensions as well as their inter-relatedness. Gradual institutional change leveraging community-building and regulatory sandbox approaches are proposed as potential pathways in incorporating this multi-dimensionality, reducing cross-sectoral silos, and facilitating interoperability between current and future systems. By offering insight through holistic conceptualization, this paper aims to contribute to expanding research in building the pillars of a more substantiated institutional arch for blockchain in the energy sector.},
	pages = {200--211},
	journaltitle = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
	author = {Ahl, Amanda and Yarime, Masaru and Tanaka, Kenji and Sagawa, Daishi},
	date = {2019},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_GRIDS, Renewable energy, Peer-to-peer, Microgrid, Institutions},
}

@article{howson_tackling_2019,
	title = {Tackling climate change with blockchain},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {17586798},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0567-9},
	doi = {10.1038/s41558-019-0567-9},
	abstract = {Concern about the carbon footprint of Bitcoin is not holding back blockchain developers from leveraging the technology for action on climate change. Although blockchain technology is enabling individuals and businesses to manage their carbon emissions, the social and environmental costs and benefits of doing so remain unclear.},
	pages = {644--645},
	number = {9},
	journaltitle = {Nature Climate Change},
	author = {Howson, Peter},
	date = {2019},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_CLIMATE},
}

@article{stoll_carbon_2019,
	title = {The Carbon Footprint of Bitcoin},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {25424351},
	doi = {10.1016/j.joule.2019.05.012},
	abstract = {Blockchain technology has its roots in the cryptocurrency Bitcoin, which was the first successful attempt to validate transactions via a decentralized data protocol. This validation process requires vast amounts of electricity, which translates into a significant level of carbon emissions. Our approximation of Bitcoin's carbon footprint underlines the need to tackle the environmental externalities that result from cryptocurrencies. Blockchain solutions are increasingly discussed for a broad variety of use cases beyond cryptocurrencies. Although not all blockchain protocols are as energy intensive as Bitcoin's protocol, environmental aspects, the risk of collusion, and concerns about control must not be ignored in the debate on anticipated benefits. Our findings for the first stage of blockchain diffusion and the externalities we discuss may help policy-makers in setting the right rules as the adoption journey of blockchain technology has just started.},
	pages = {1647--1661},
	number = {7},
	journaltitle = {Joule},
	author = {Stoll, Christian and Klaaßen, Lena and Gallersdörfer, Ulrich},
	date = {2019},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {CRYPTO}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_EMISSIONS},
}

@article{yan_cryptocurrency_2021,
	title = {The cryptocurrency uncertainties and investment transitions: Evidence from high and low carbon energy funds in China},
	issn = {00401625},
	doi = {10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121326},
	abstract = {Due to the investment and diversification potential, cryptocurrencies are considered to be attractive for both sophisticated and amateur investors. However, the high levels of electricity consumption of the hashing is a significant environmental concern, specifically in China, with dominant coal-based electricity production. This paper assesses the impact of price and policy uncertainties of the cryptocurrencies on the investment flows of the funds that have been sorted as per their exposure towards coal and natural gas firms. Therefore, we have employed the data for 1920 funds, between the time span pertaining to the years 2014 and 2021. Our findings show that both policy and price uncertainty tend to have an impact on the investment flows in high carbon funds, while these uncertainties have no relationship with the low emission funds. The results also indicate that the impact tends to be more profound for the younger funds. The performance of cryptos and their link with investment flows can limit the transition to low carbon sustainable options. We therefore propose that policymakers further ensure a swift adoption of renewable resources for electricity production, in order to successfully mitigate the climate impact. This could ultimately aid in promoting green investment flows.},
	pages = {121326},
	journaltitle = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change},
	author = {Yan, Lei and Mirza, Nawazish and Umar, Muhammad},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, Cryptocurrencies, Uncertainty, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_CLIMATE, Carbon funds, Green investments},
}

@article{dindar_detection_2021,
	title = {The detection of illicit cryptocurrency mining farms with innovative approaches for the prevention of electricity theft},
	issn = {0958-305X},
	doi = {10.1177/0958305x211045066},
	abstract = {Illegal use of electricity is very common in cryptocurrency mining farms, as energy bills are the most important component of the cost of cryptocurrency production. In this case, it raises the issue of how to detect illegal cryptocurrency mining. Innovative approaches are needed to identify data centers that illegally mine cryptocurrencies. This study proposes the use of unique noise and/or harmonic features of cryptocurrency generating machines to detect illegal cryptocurrency mining farms. Within the scope of this study, the characteristic harmonics originating from the data centers were determined by performing field tests on the neutral line of the electrical grid. In this study, it has been shown that electricity distribution companies can detect illegal cryptocurrency data centers using potential illegal electricity by monitoring energy quality data. Legal permissions can be obtained easily for detailed examination and detection in cryptocurrency data centers of using illegal electricity. With the proposed innovative approach, the time taken to detect illegal cryptocurrency mining farms using illegal electricity is reduced.},
	pages = {0958305X211045066},
	issue = {April},
	journaltitle = {Energy \& Environment},
	author = {Dindar, B. and Gül, Ö.},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: {SAGE} Publications Sage {UK}: London, England},
	keywords = {cryptocurrency, {PROCESSED}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_ELECTRICITY, 5, co2 emission, electricity theft, energy consumption, installation and operation of, power signatures, products are almost the, same all over the, technology, the costs for information, the system},
}

@article{zhu_development_2020,
	title = {The development of energy blockchain and its implications for China's energy sector},
	volume = {66},
	issn = {03014207},
	doi = {10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101595},
	abstract = {With technology progressing and the decreasing cost of renewable energy, consumers require energy supply to be smarter, cleaner, and more sustainable than before. By providing a decentralized trading mechanism, blockchain technology can facilitate sustainable energy consumption and achieve a circular economy. This study analyzes how China can employ blockchain technology to reform its energy sector. We survey the progress of blockchain technology in the energy sector and explore typical cases of energy blockchains in the world. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of applying blockchain to China's energy sector. China's monopoly market structure in energy supply impedes the application of blockchain technology, but the expansion of clean energy provides a huge opportunity for it. Although China's technological level is lagging, the biggest obstacle is not technology but rather policy. We conclude that China should loosen its regulatory environment, amend the relevant laws, and balance the conflict between management and innovation.},
	pages = {101595},
	journaltitle = {Resources Policy},
	author = {Zhu, Shuai and Song, Malin and Lim, Ming Kim and Wang, Jianlin and Zhao, Jiajia},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_GRIDS, Distributed energy, Energy blockchain, Energy production, Regulation policy},
}

@article{badea_economic_2021,
	title = {The Economic and Environmental Impact of Bitcoin},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {21693536},
	doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3068636},
	abstract = {The controversies surrounding Bitcoin, one of the most frequently used and advertised cryptocurrency, are focused on identifying its qualities, the advantages and disadvantages of using it and, last but not least, its ability to survive over time and become a viable alternative to the traditional currency, taking into account the effects on the environment of the technology used to extract and trade it. Based on such considerations, this article aims to provide an overview of this cryptocurrency, from the perspective of conducting a systematic review of the literature dedicated to the economic and environmental impact of Bitcoin. Using peer-reviewed articles collected from academic databases, we aimed at synthesizing and critically evaluating the points of view in the scientific literature regarding the doctrinal source of the emergence of Bitcoin, the identity of this cryptocurrency from an economic point of view, following its implications on the economic and social environment. Subsequently, this research offers the opportunity of evaluating the level of knowledge considering the impact of Bitcoin mining process on the environment from the perspective of the energy consumption and {CO}2 emissions, in order to finally analyze Bitcoin regulation and identify possible solutions to reduce the negative impact on the environment and beyond. The findings suggest that, despite high energy consumption and adverse environmental impact, Bitcoin continues to be an instrument used in the economic environment for a variety of purposes. Moreover, the trend of regulating it in various countries shows that the use of Bitcoin is beginning to gain some legitimacy, despite criticism against this cryptocurrency.},
	pages = {48091--48104},
	journaltitle = {{IEEE} Access},
	author = {Badea, Liana and Mungiu-Pupazan, Mariana Claudia},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, {PROCESSED}, {CRYPTO}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_EMISSIONS, energy consumption, environment},
}

@article{huston_energy_2020,
	title = {The Energy Consumption of Bitcoin Mining and Potential for Regulation},
	volume = {11},
	doi = {https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/gwjeel11&section=6},
	pages = {32--41},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {George Washington Journal of Energy and Environmental Law},
	author = {Huston, Jacob},
	date = {2020},
	note = {{ISBN}: 2017121010
Publisher: {HeinOnline}},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {CRYPTO}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_EMISSIONS},
}

@article{sedlmeir_energy_2020,
	title = {The Energy Consumption of Blockchain Technology : Beyond Myth},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {1867-0202},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-020-00656-x},
	doi = {10.1007/s12599-020-00656-x},
	pages = {599--608},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Business \& Information Systems Engineering},
	author = {Sedlmeir, Johannes and Ulrich, Hans and Gilbert, Buhl and Keller, Robert},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden},
	keywords = {Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, {CRYPTO}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_EMISSIONS, Energy consumption, energy, blockchain á cryptocurrency á, consumption á distributed ledger, Distr, technology á},
}

@article{schinckus_good_2020,
	title = {The good, the bad and the ugly: An overview of the sustainability of blockchain technology},
	volume = {69},
	issn = {22146296},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101614},
	doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2020.101614},
	abstract = {Blockchain is a buzzword describing the current excitement for an innovative technology that could change and disrupt major industries and economic sectors. Blockchain technology has the promise to change all existing business models and make financial services cheaper contributing therefore to a better financial inclusion and, even a better economic wealth distribution. Numerous studies optimistically praise such potential societal benefits by listing all processes that could be optimized through this technology. However, the picture is not necessary all bright. Blockchain can indeed disrupt and significantly improve our societies but there still exist some societal costs in the way this technology is implemented. This paper provides a perspective overviewing of the current trends related to the development of the most widely used implementation of blockchain technology based on the proof-of-work consensus algorithm. These trends will be discussed in three steps: the ‘Good Blockchain' overviews how this technology can improve our societies; the ‘Bad blockchain' offers a more nuanced perspective by discussing the potential polluting activities generated by some mining activities. Finally, the ‘Ugly blockchain' investigates how this technology might generate a risk of concentration in the mining industry affecting therefore the nature and even the existence of the blockchain technology.},
	pages = {101614},
	issue = {May},
	journaltitle = {Energy Research and Social Science},
	author = {Schinckus, Christophe},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {FinTech}, {PROCESSED}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_CLIMATE, Innovation, Mining industry, Proof-of-Work},
}

@article{buth_promise_2019,
	title = {The promise of peer-to-peer trading? The potential impact of blockchain on the actor configuration in the Dutch electricity system},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {2214-6296},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629618308296},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.02.021},
	abstract = {This paper considers the potential of blockchain technology to empower distributed and decentralized local electricity markets. Although blockchain has gained considerable attention in the last few years as a facilitator for new electricity markets, no attention has yet been given to its potential influence on the configuration of the actors in the electricity system and its ability to transform the existing system. Based on a social network analysis, this paper investigates how blockchain can influence the actor configuration of the electricity system in the Netherlands. After describing the Dutch system, we compare the existing with the potential future system' actor configuration and the corresponding expected shifts in functions and network position of the actors. We conclude that although many functions are likely to remain and new central authorities may be formed, the impact of blockchain does not seem to be as disruptive and decentralizing as may be expected. This study provides first contributions to the ongoing discussion about the potential of blockchain to disrupt and reshape the electricity system.},
	pages = {194--205},
	journaltitle = {Energy Research \& Social Science},
	author = {Buth, M C (Annemarie) and Wieczorek, A J (Anna) and Verbong, G P J (Geert)},
	date = {2019},
	keywords = {Blockchain, Decentralization, {PROCESSED}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_GRIDS, Energy, Electricity, Social network analysis, Actor configuration, Transition},
}

@unpublished{bogensperger_welche_2021,
	title = {Welche Zukunft hat die Blockchain-Technologie in der Energiewirtschaft?},
	abstract = {Die Blockchain-Technologie erfuhr die Spitze ihres ersten großen Hypes im Jahr 2017. Bei der Blockchain-Technologie handelt es sich um ein dezentrales elektronisches Register für digitale Transaktionen. Zu den Eigenschaften der Technologie zählen u. a. eine hohe Manipulationsresistenz, welche Vertrauen in digitale Daten erzeugen kann, sowie die Möglichkeit, Prozesse und Transaktionen, ohne Intermediär abzuwickeln. Diese besonderen Eigenschaften ermöglichen die Entstehung eines "Internets der Werte". Während Kryptowährungen den bekanntesten Anwendungsfall darstellen (oft auch "digitale Währungen" oder "Krypto-Token" genannt), sind seit der Einführung der Technologie im Jahr 2008 viele weitere Anwendungsfälle diskutiert worden. Dabei bietet sich die Technologie nicht als Universallösung für jegliche Problemstellungen an. Das nachfolgende Diskussionspapier soll aufzeigen, in welchen Branchen sich die Technologie bereits etabliert hat, welche allgemeinen Missverständnisse die Technologie umgeben und wo ihre energiewirtschaftlichen Einsatzmöglichkeiten liegen. Zudem soll aufgezeigt werden, welche technologieunabhängigen Hürden den Einsatz der Technologie erschweren.},
	author = {Bogensperger, Alexander and Zeiselmair, Andreas and Hinterstocker, Michael and Dossow, Patrick and Hilpert, Johannes and Wimmer, Maximilian and von Gneisenau, Carsten and Klausmann, Nikolas and Strüker, Jens and Urbach, Nils and Schellinger, Benjamin and Sedlmeir, Johannes and Völter, Fabiane},
	date = {2021},
	doi = {https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/237670},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {CRYPTO}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_EMISSIONS},
}

@article{benetton_when_2021,
	title = {When Cryptomining Comes to Town: High Electricity-Use Spillovers to the Local Economy},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3779720},
	abstract = {Cryptomining, the clearing of cryptocurrency transactions, uses large quantities of electricity. We document that cryptominers' use of local electricity implies higher prices for existing small businesses and households. Studying the electricity market in Upstate {NY} and using the Bitcoin price as an exogenous shifter of the supply curve faced by the community, we estimate the electricity demand functions for small businesses and households, and find price elasticities of -0.17 and -0.07 respectively. Based on our estimates, we calculate counterfactual electricity bills, finding that small businesses and households paid \$79 million and \$165 million extra annually in Upstate {NY} because of increased electricity consumption from cryptominers. Using data on China, where prices are fixed, we find that rationing of electricity in cities with cryptomining entrants deteriorates wages and investments, consistent with crowding-out effects on the local economy. Local governments in both Upstate {NY} and China, however, realize more business taxes, but only offsetting a small portion of the costs from higher community electricity bills. Our results point to a yet-unstudied negative spillover from technology processing to local communities, which would need to be considered against welfare benefits},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Benetton, Matteo and Compiani, Giovanni and Morse, Adair},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {ENERGY}, {ENERGY}\_ELECTRICITY},
}

@article{guadamuz_all_2019,
	title = {All watched over by machines of loving grace: A critical look at smart contracts},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {02673649},
	doi = {10.1016/j.clsr.2019.105338},
	abstract = {Smart contracts are coded parameters written into an immutable distributed ledger called a blockchain. There has been increasing legal interest in the application of these self-executing programs to conduct transactions. Most of the scholarly and practical analysis so far has been taken the claims of this technology being akin to a contract at face value, with legal analysis of contract formation, performance, and enforcement at the forefront of the debate. This article discusses that while smart contracts may pose some interesting legal questions, most of these are irrelevant, and smart contracts should be understood almost strictly from a technical perspective, and that any legal response is entirely dependent on the technical capabilities of the smart contract. The article proposes that smart contracts are not contracts for all practical purposes.},
	pages = {105338},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Computer Law and Security Review},
	author = {Guadamuz, Andres},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, Smart contracts, Code, Contracts, Intermediaries, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_SC},
}

@article{cuccuru_beyond_2017,
	title = {Beyond bitcoin: An early overview on smart contracts},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {14643693},
	doi = {10.1093/ijlit/eax003},
	abstract = {The technology underpinning Bitcoin-the blockchain-is acknowledged to offer security, stability and efficiency to online transactions. After a brief introduction to Bitcoin system, I touch upon the most innovative implementation of blockchain technology: the so-called smart contracts, ie programmable computer protocols that are able to self-enforce the terms therein encoded upon certain triggering conditions. First, I sketch their core functioning and benefits for digital relationships. Secondly, I stress their structural constraints and the issues of regulability fully decentralized blockchains pose. The elements underlined highlight the reasons why the financial and banking sectors represent smart contracts most immediate testing ground.},
	pages = {179--195},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Law and Information Technology},
	author = {Cuccuru, Pierluigi},
	date = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, Blockchain, Decentralization, {PROCESSED}, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_SC, Contract automation, Smart contract},
}

@article{bodo_blockchain_2018,
	title = {Blockchain and smart contracts: The missing link in copyright licensing?},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {14643693},
	doi = {10.1093/ijlit/eay014},
	abstract = {This article offers a normative analysis of key blockchain technology concepts from the perspective of copyright law. Some features of blockchain technologies - scarcity, trust, transparency, decentralized public records and smart contracts - seem to make this technology compatible with the fundamentals of copyright. Authors can publish works on blockchain creating a quasi-immutable record of initial ownership, and encode 'smart' contracts to license the use of works. Remuneration may happen on online distribution platforms where the smart contracts reside. In theory, such an automated setup allows for the private ordering of copyright. Blockchain technology, like Digital Rights Management 20 years ago, is thus presented as an opportunity to reduce market friction, and increase both licensing efficiency and the autonomy of creators. Yet, some of the old problems remain. The article examines the differences between new, smartcontract-based private ordering regime and the fundamental components of copyright law, such as exceptions and limitations, the doctrine of exhaustion, restrictions on formalities, the public domain and fair remuneration.},
	pages = {311--336},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Law and Information Technology},
	author = {Bodó, Balázs and Gervais, Daniel and Quintais, João Pedro},
	date = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, Smart contracts, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_SC, Automated licensing, Copyright, Copyright registries, Digital rights management ({DRM}), Distributed ledger technology ({DLT})},
}

@article{wilson_blockchain_2019,
	title = {Blockchain and the law of the cat: What Cryptokitties might teach},
	volume = {88},
	url = {https://umkclawreview.files.wordpress.com/2020/05/wilson.pdf},
	doi = {https://umkclawreview.files.wordpress.com/2020/05/wilson.pdf},
	pages = {365--396},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {{UMKC} Law Review},
	author = {Wilson, Bryan},
	date = {2019},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_CODE\_LAW},
}

@article{bodo_blockchain_2019,
	title = {Blockchain and the Law: A Critical Evaluation},
	volume = {2},
	abstract = {Suggested citation: Quintais, João and Bodó, Balázs and Giannopoulou, Alexandra and Ferrari, Valeria, Blockchain and the Law: A Critical Evaluation (January 17, 2019). Pedro Quintais, B. Bodó, A. Giannopoulou, \& A. Ferrari (2019). Blockchain and the Law: A Critical Evaluation. Stanford Journal of Blockchain Law \& Policy (2)1, Amsterdam Law School Research Paper No. 2019-03, Institute for Information Law Research Paper No. 2019-01, Available at {SSRN}: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3317404},
	pages = {86--112},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Stanford Journal of Blockchain Law \& Policy},
	author = {Bodó, B. and Giannopoulou, A. and Ferrari, V.},
	date = {2019},
	keywords = {Blockchain, \_LATEST, distributed ledger technology, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_CODE\_LAW, and Illegal Behavior, book review, Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law, Information law, law, Law and Economics, Legal Procedure, the Legal System},
}

@article{kall_blockchain_2018,
	title = {Blockchain Control},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {15728617},
	doi = {10.1007/s10978-018-9227-x},
	abstract = {Blockchain technology is often discussed and theorized in relation to cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. Its quality as a technology that produces advanced encryption keys between objects, however, also makes it interesting to those who seek to connect physical objects to digital elements. The reason for this is that the link between objects needs to be ‘secure' from undesired external interference. In relation to such interests, blockchain has been identified as a highly attractive technology to support the general digitalization of society towards the Internet of Things, smart cities etc. In extension, the implementation of blockchain technology implies that it may work as a tool that has the capacity to direct which objects may/may not interact with each other. The ‘ledger of everything' that blockchain may possibly produce as regards the ‘Internet of Everything' is even suggested to make humans and other intermediary technologies redundant. In this essay, I argue that in order to sustain legal critique when the world moves into the next era of digitalization, we need to understand - and question - how technological control operates through e.g. blockchain technology by locking physical and digital elements to each other.},
	pages = {133--140},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Law and Critique},
	author = {Käll, Jannice},
	date = {2018},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, Control, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_CODE\_LAW, Internet of things, New materialisms, Property},
}

@article{becker_blockchain_2022,
	title = {Blockchain Matters—Lex Cryptographia and the Displacement of Legal Symbolics and Imaginaries},
	issn = {0957-8536},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10978-021-09317-8},
	doi = {10.1007/s10978-021-09317-8},
	abstract = {This article focusses on the social and legal implications that blockchain technology brings about, not only due to its ideological framework, but also, and especially, due to the concept of law it inaugurates. Thus, this article claims, that, by interlocking technological and legal structures, blockchain technology initiates a profound displacement of legal symbolics and imaginaries. It shows how blockchain law, by emancipating itself from three essential dimensions of law—language, territory, and the body—implies a profound disruption of how we perceive law and its legitimacy. Starting with an overview of the technological details of blockchain, the paper then addresses its ideological context and traces the underlying ideas, values and functions and their relation with—and impact on—the general perception of law and legal issues. By critically assessing the claim that blockchain will liberate the subject from any heteronymic constraints, this paper analyses to what extent this technology has social and legal implications that reach far beyond its virtual, purely blockchain-related scope of applications—and why this technology should matter to us all.},
	journaltitle = {Law and Critique},
	author = {Becker, Katrin},
	date = {2022},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_CULTURE},
}

@article{barbosa_blockchain_2021,
	title = {Blockchain Smart Contracts: A Socio-Legal Approach},
	volume = {32},
	url = {https://kluwerlawonline.com/journalarticle/European+Business+Law+Review/32.2/EULR2021010%0A},
	doi = {https://kluwerlawonline.com/journalarticle/European+Business+Law+Review/32.2/EULR2021010},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {European Business Law Review},
	author = {Barbosa, Leonardo Peixoto},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_SC},
}

@article{heudebert_blockchain_2020,
	title = {Blockchain, Disintermediation and the Future of the Legal Professions},
	volume = {4},
	url = {https://ssrn.com/abstract=3781504},
	doi = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3781504},
	abstract = {Will the 2020s herald the death warrant of the legal professions? If we listen to blockchain technology's most devout advocates, the answer is a resounding yes. Blockchain is often proclaimed as the ultimate tool for allowing unrestrained exchanges between contracting parties with no preexisting relationships, and thus suppressing the need for intermediaries. In other words, blockchain could be a “trust machine,” which could open up the possibility of conducting transactions in full confidence, without the risk of non-performance or misguidance. However, it is utopian idealism to assume that blockchain technology could enable pure and total disintermediation. All trusted third parties cannot disappear in one fell swoop - especially legal professions. This Article problematizes blockchain's apparent objective of disintermediation and argues that, in reality, blockchain leads to a form of reintermediation. Of course, the role of the legal professions in the face of the advance blockchain technology is inextricable to the role of the law in blockchain. While advocates have detailed the diminishing role of law and regulation in the application of blockchain technology, we adopt a comparison of the French and the American jurisdiction's to blockchain technology, to demonstrate that, in fact, the law cannot be extricated from blockchain's advance. This Article explores a new angle on blockchain's place in the legal professions and offers new perspectives for lawyers to anticipate a future defined by “known unknowns,” and the “unknown unknowns” of blockchain technology .},
	pages = {275--319},
	journaltitle = {Cardozo Int'l \& Comp. L. Rev.},
	author = {Heudebert, Paola and Leveneur, Claire},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_CULTURE},
}

@article{herian_blockchain_2020,
	title = {Blockchain, {GDPR}, and fantasies of data sovereignty},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1757997X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17579961.2020.1727094},
	doi = {10.1080/17579961.2020.1727094},
	abstract = {Like the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation ({GDPR}), the broader, mainstream emergence of blockchain technology in the present moment of, what I call, data dysphoria is no accident. It is in part reaction to data dysphoria, and in part exploitation of it, a duality underpinned by the tantalising promise of the prosumer ‘taking control' of their data and establishing sovereignty over it. Blockchain and {GDPR} alike aim to resolve ‘problem'/'solution' matrices with deep roots in a wide variety of global economic, political, social, legal and cultural contexts. This article explores the problem of achieving resolution based on innovation and technology by offering an account of the rise of blockchain and implementation of {GDPR} within a psycho-political framework, one in which fantasies of taking control are predominant yet highly contestable actualities in the lives of technology users.},
	pages = {156--174},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Law, Innovation and Technology},
	author = {Herian, Robert},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, regulation, control, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_CULTURE, data, fantasy, {GDPR}, sovereignty},
}

@article{schuster_cloud_2021,
	title = {Cloud Crypto Land},
	volume = {84},
	issn = {14682230},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1468-2230.12603},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.12603},
	abstract = {Abstract The supposed disruptive and transformational potential of blockchain technology has received widespread attention in the media, from legislators, and from academics across disciplines. While much of this attention has revolved around cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, many see the true promise of blockchain technology in its potential use for transactions in traditional assets, as well as for facilitating self-executing ‘smart contracts', which replace vague and imprecise natural language with unambiguous computer code. This article presents a simple legal argument against the feasibility of a meaningful blockchain-based economic system. Blockchain-based systems are shown to be unsuitable for transactions in traditional assets, unless design choices are made which render the use of the technology pointless. The same argument is shown to apply to smart contracts. Legal and practical obstacles therefore mean that, outside its original realm of cryptocurrencies, blockchain technology is highly unlikely to transform economic interactions in the real world.},
	pages = {974--1004},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {The Modern Law Review},
	author = {Schuster, Edmund},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_CULTURE},
}

@article{oster_code_2021,
	title = {Code is code and law is law - The law of digitalization and the digitalization of law},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {14643693},
	doi = {10.1093/ijlit/eaab004},
	abstract = {The article argues for a sharp analytical distinction between the realms of technology and of law. The question to what extent the law 'can' be digitalized relates to technology, whereas the question to what extent it 'may' be digitalized falls within the realm of the law. Against this backdrop, it is argued that digital technology does not challenge the law fundamentally. Instead, the crucial questions on the relationship between law and digitalization lie in the details. The article raises those questions and provides an analytical framework for the law of digitalization and the digitalization of law.},
	pages = {101--117},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Law and Information Technology},
	author = {Oster, Jan},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_CODE\_LAW, digitalization, information and data, jurisprudence, law and technology, legal tech},
}

@article{hildebrandt_code-driven_2020,
	title = {Code-driven Law: Freezing the Future and Scaling the Past},
	doi = {10.5040/9781509937097.ch-003},
	pages = {67},
	journaltitle = {Is Law Computable?},
	author = {Hildebrandt, Mireille},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_CODE\_LAW},
}

@article{savelyev_contract_2017,
	title = {Contract law 2.0: ‘Smart' contracts as the beginning of the end of classic contract law},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {14698404},
	doi = {10.1080/13600834.2017.1301036},
	abstract = {The paper analyzes legal issues associated with the application of existing contract law provisions to so-called Smart contracts, defined in the paper as ‘agreements existing in the form of software code implemented on the Blockchain platform, which ensures the autonomy and self-executive nature of Smart contract terms based on a predetermined set of factors'. The paper consists of several sections. In the second section, the paper outlines the peculiarities of Blockchain technology, as currently implemented in Bitcoin cryptocurrency, which forms the core of Smart contracts. In the third section, the main characteristic features of Smart contracts are described. Finally, the paper outlines key tensions between classic contract law and Smart contracts. The concluding section sets the core question for analysis of the perspectives of implementation of this technology by governments: ‘How to align the powers of the government with Blockchain if there is no central authority but only distributed technologies'. The author suggests two solutions, neither of which is optimal: (1) providing the state authorities with the status of a Superuser with extra powers; and (2) relying on traditional remedies and enforcement practices, by pursuing specific individuals–parties to a Smart contract–in offline mode.},
	pages = {116--134},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Information and Communications Technology Law},
	author = {Savelyev, Alexander},
	date = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_SC, Smart contract, Contract, obligation},
}

@article{ghodoosi_contracting_2021,
	title = {Contracting in the age of smart contracts},
	volume = {96},
	issn = {00430617},
	url = {https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wlr/vol96/iss1/2/},
	doi = {https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wlr/vol96/iss1/2/},
	abstract = {Smart contracts lie at the heart of blockchain technology. There are two principal problems, however, with existing smart contracts: First, the enforceability of smart contracts remains ambiguous. Second, smart contracts are limited in scope and capability barring more complex contracts from being executed via blockchain technology. Drawing from the existing literature on contracts and smart contracting, this Article suggests new approaches to address these two problems. First, it proposes a framework based on reliance-based contracting to analyze smart contracts. Second, the Article analyzes the seismic shifts in contractual disputes, and offers new insights into its features including decentralized decision-making, network-based dispute resolution, and extrajudicial enforcement of decisions. The Article concludes that users' reliance should be the basis for analysis of smart contracts and its associated dispute resolution mechanism.},
	pages = {51--92},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Washington Law Review},
	author = {Ghodoosi, Farshad},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: {HeinOnline}},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_SC},
}

@article{cunningham_decentralisation_2016,
	title = {Decentralisation, Distrust \& Fear of the Body – The Worrying Rise of Crypto-Law},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1744-2567},
	doi = {10.2966/scrip.130316.235},
	abstract = {The increasing collective use of distributed application software platforms, programming languages and crypto-currencies around the blockchain concept for general transactions may have radical implications for the way in which society conceptualises and applies trust and trust-based social systems such as law. By exploring one iteration of such generalised blockchain systems - Ethereum - and the historical lineage of such systems, it will be argued that indeed their ideological basis is largely one of distrust, decentralisation and, ultimately, via increasing disassociation of identity, a fear of the body itself. This ideological basis can be reframed as a crypto-legal approach to the problems of human interaction, one whereby the purely technological solutions outlined above are considered adequate for reconciling many of the problems of our collective existence. The article concludes, however, by re-iterating a perspective of law more so as an entirely embodied and trust dependent notion. These aspects go some way to explaining the necessarily centralised role it takes on within societies. They also explain why the crypto-legal approaches advanced by systems like Ethereum - or even the co-opting of blockchain technology by law firms themselves - will only ever be at best efficiency exercises concerned with the processing of data relating to legal affairs, and not the more radical, ambiguous and difficult process of actual legal thought or, indeed, engagement with trust.},
	pages = {235--257},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {{SCRIPTed}},
	author = {Cunningham, Alan},
	date = {2016},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_CULTURE},
}

@article{wright_decentralized_2015,
	title = {Decentralized Blockchain Technology and the Rise of Lex Cryptographia},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2580664},
	abstract = {Just as decentralization communication systems lead to the creation of the Internet, today a new technology — the blockchain — has the potential to decentralize the way we store data and manage information, potentially leading to a reduced role for one of the most important regulatory actors in our society: the middleman. Blockchain technology enables the creation of decentralized currencies, self-executing digital contracts (smart contracts) and intelligent assets that can be controlled over the Internet (smart property). The blockchain also enables the development of new governance systems with more democratic or participatory decision-making, and decentralized (autonomous) organizations that can operate over a network of computers without any human intervention. These applications have led many to compare the blockchain to the Internet, with accompanying predictions that this technology will shift the balance of power away from centralized authorities in the field of communications, business, and even politics or law. In this Article, we explore the benefits and drawbacks of this emerging decentralized technology and argue that its widespread deployment will lead to expansion of a new subset of law, which we term Lex Cryptographia: rules administered through self-executing smart contracts and decentralized (autonomous) organizations. As blockchain technology becomes widely adopted, centralized authorities, such as governmental agencies and large multinational corporations, could lose the ability to control and shape the activities of disparate people through existing means. As a result, there will be an increasing need to focus on how to regulate blockchain technology and how to shape the creation and deployment of these emerging decentralized organizations in ways that have yet to be explored under current legal theory.},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Wright, Aaron and De Filippi, Primavera},
	date = {2015},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {LAW} \& {SMART}},
}

@incollection{cohen_everything_2020,
	title = {Everything Old Is New Again— Or Is It?},
	volume = {14},
	pages = {E615},
	number = {11},
	booktitle = {Between Truth and Power: The Legal Constructions of Informational Capitalism},
	author = {Cohen, Juliie},
	date = {2020},
	doi = {10.1093/oso/9780190246693.001.0001},
	note = {{ISSN}: 19116470},
	keywords = {\_LATEST, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_CULTURE},
}

@article{dylag_cryptocurrencies_2021,
	title = {From cryptocurrencies to cryptocourts: blockchain and the financialization of dispute resolution platforms},
	volume = {0},
	issn = {14684462},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1942958},
	doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2021.1942958},
	abstract = {This paper contributes to emerging discussions of blockchain governance through an analysis of dispute resolution platforms that reimagine justice. We focus specifically on Kleros, a blockchain-enabled dispute resolution platform, that promises to secure, authenticate, and democratize access to justice for the twenty-first century. We advance the concept of cryptocourts whereby jurors, incentivized by accumulating cryptocurrency, rapidly mobilize using principles of on-demand crowdsourcing to resolve disputes. We critique the broader social imaginaries that cryptocourts such as Kleros will result in a more open, trustworthy, transparent, and democratic systems of justice. These platforms instead pose important questions concerning their potential impact on civil dispute resolution practices by embedding it within an economy of cryptocurrency speculation. This ostensibly results in a legal infrastructure founded on principles of financial acquisition that positions jurors as economic agents seeking to profit from disputes, and courts as computational systems that merely authenticate and secure the distribution of evidence and verdicts.},
	pages = {1--16},
	number = {0},
	journaltitle = {Information Communication and Society},
	author = {Dylag, Matthew and Smith, Harrison},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {blockchain, {PROCESSED}, financialization, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_CULTURE, access to justice, Cryptocourts, online dispute resolution},
}

@unpublished{becker_gottliche_2022,
	title = {Göttliche Protokolle, Bitcoin-Jünger und schattenhafte Herrscher: Über die religiösen Anwandlungen und ideologischen Verstrickungen der Blockchain-Technologie},
	author = {Becker, Katrin},
	date = {2022},
	keywords = {{LAW} \& {SMART}},
}

@article{ducuing_how_2019,
	title = {How to Make Sure My Cryptokitties Are Here Forever? The Complementary Roles of Blockchain and the Law to Bring Trust},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {21908249},
	doi = {10.1017/err.2019.39},
	abstract = {Under the phrase "code is law" and based on its "trustless trust", blockchain has emerged as a disrupting technology considered by some as an alternative to the law. Based on a study of real-life blockchain-based decentralised applications (Dapps), this article takes blockchain developers at their word and adopts the point of view of users: can blockchain live up to its promise and enable them to transact with each other without the need for the trust granted by the law? The article particularly highlights that users need to be able to ascertain that a self-advertised Dapp indeed qualifies as one. Blockchain technology may make it possible to do away with trust in third parties, but this is not enough. Users also need to trust that an alleged Dapp genuinely is one, and blockchain alone cannot provide this. Beyond Dapps, it is argued that blockchain needs the complementary role of the law to deliver its promises and especially to authenticate blockchain "virtues". The {EU} certification mark is identified as a promising form of co-regulation for that purpose.},
	pages = {315--329},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {European Journal of Risk Regulation},
	author = {Ducuing, Charlotte},
	date = {2019},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_CODE\_LAW},
}

@article{aleinieh_increasing_2021,
	title = {Increasing standardization for smart(er) contracts},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1124-3694},
	doi = {10.1093/ulr/unab022},
	abstract = {Legal standardization traditionally played an important role in contractual relations. With technological and commercial development and expansion of trade from the individual and collective levels to internationalization, it became necessary to create a set of standards to keep pace with this development and facilitate the contractual process. Although smart contracts are considered a leap in the contractual relationship, it cannot be overlooked that these contracts share many characteristics with traditional contracts. To gain a greater position in the global market, smart contracts also need to be well functioning and efficient. In this context, the article tackles the phenomenon of legal standardization and identifies the main weaknesses of smart contracts—to answer two crucial questions: how can these contracts be smarter, and how should we employ standardization to ensure their efficiency?},
	pages = {583--598},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Uniform Law Review},
	author = {Aleinieh, Tarek Kadour and Zoboli, Laura},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_SC},
}

@article{drummer_is_2020,
	title = {Is code law? Current legal and technical adoption issues and remedies for blockchain-enabled smart contracts},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {14664437},
	doi = {10.1177/0268396220924669},
	abstract = {Blockchain technology has enabled so-called smart contracts between different parties on a decentralized network. These self-enforceable and self-executable computerized contracts could initiate a fundamental paradigm shift in the understanding and functioning of our legal practices. Opportunities for their application are increasingly understood, and numerous tests of feasibility have been completed. However, only very few use cases have yet been implemented at scale. This article—as the first of its kind—comprehensively analyzes the underlying challenges and locates a key reason for the slow adoption in the discrepancy between legal requirements and {IT} capabilities. Our work combines a wide range of academic sources and interviews with 30 domain experts from {IT}, the legal domain and private industry. First, we establish that smart contracts still fall within the boundaries of the general legal framework. We then systematically dissect current shortcomings of smart contracts on three distinct levels, namely, (1) how smart contracts are likely to cause conflicts with existing laws, (2) how smart contracts are intrinsically limited on an individual contract level and (3) how they are impeded by their current technical design. Across those levels, we dissect 20 distinct issues concerning the current implementation of smart contracts for which we derive potential remedies. We further outline implications for policy-makers as well as {IT} management, and examine how information systems research can play an important role in advancing smart contracts. Finally, we show how managerial and organizational issues might represent an ongoing challenge for the widespread adoption of smart contracts.},
	pages = {337--360},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Information Technology},
	author = {Drummer, Daniel and Neumann, Dirk},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: {SAGE} Publications Sage {UK}: London, England},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, smart contracts, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_CODE\_LAW, information systems, legal},
}

@article{becker_technologie_2018,
	title = {La technologie Blockchain et la promesse crypto-divine d'en finir avec les tiers},
	volume = {6},
	url = {https://classiques-garnier.com/etudes-digitales-2018-2-n-6-religiosite-technologique-ii-la-technologie-blockchain-et-la-promesse-crypto-divine-d-en-finir-avec-les-tiers.html},
	pages = {33--52},
	journaltitle = {Études digitales},
	author = {Becker, Katrin},
	date = {2018},
	keywords = {{LAW} \& {SMART}},
}

@book{koulu_law_2018,
	title = {Law, technology and dispute resolution: The privatisation of coercion},
	isbn = {978-1-351-37040-0},
	abstract = {The use of new information and communication technologies both inside the courts and in private online dispute resolution services is quickly changing everyday conflict management. However, the implications of the increasingly disruptive role of technology in dispute resolution remain largely undiscussed. In this book, assistant professor of law and digitalisation Riikka Koulu examines the multifaceted phenomenon of dispute resolution technology, focusing specifically on private enforcement, which modern technology enables on an unforeseen scale. The increase in private enforcement confounds legal structures and challenges the nation-state's monopoly on violence. And, in this respect, the author argues that the technology-driven privatisation of enforcement - from direct enforcement of e-commerce platforms to self-executing smart contracts in the blockchain - brings the ethics of law's coercive nature out into the open. This development constitutes a new, and dangerous, grey area of conflict management, which calls for transparency and public debate on the ethical implications of dispute resolution technology.},
	pagetotal = {1–220},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Koulu, Riikka},
	date = {2018},
	doi = {10.4324/9781315149479},
	note = {Publication Title: Law, Technology and Dispute Resolution: The Privatisation of Coercion},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {LAW} \& {SMART}},
}

@article{goldenfein_legal_2018,
	title = {Legal Engineering on the Blockchain: ‘Smart Contracts' as Legal Conduct},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {15728617},
	doi = {10.1007/s10978-018-9224-0},
	abstract = {A new legal field is emerging around blockchain platforms and automated transactions. Understanding the relationships between law, legal enforcement, and these technological systems has become critical for scaling blockchain applications. Because ‘smart contracts' do not themselves constitute agreements, the first necessary ‘legal' development for transacting with these technologies involves linking computational transactions to natural language contracts. Various groups have accordingly begun building libraries of machine readable transaction modules that correspond to natural language contracting elements. In doing so, they are creating the building blocks for ever more complex transactions that will ultimately define the entire envelope of computational legal conduct in these environments, and likely standardise the field. However, also critical to emerging blockchain ‘legalities', is the capacity for dispute resolution and legal enforcement. Beyond the performance of parties, or the quality of goods and services transacted, new mechanisms are also needed to address the performance of the computational transaction systems themselves. Such mechanisms are necessary to address the reality that smart contracts cannot be forced to perform actions beyond the parameters of their coding, even by a judicial order. Legal tools, both technological and institutional, are thus being developed to ‘soften' the effects of self-executing transactions. In this article we treat these developments as law-making practices that are constitutive of an emerging legal field. Legal engineering exercises of this kind are not novel, and by drawing on historic examples from the common law and international arbitration, we gain insights into the competitive dynamics likely to be shaping legal engagements on the blockchain.},
	pages = {141--149},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Law and Critique},
	author = {Goldenfein, Jake and Leiter, Andrea},
	date = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, Smart contracts, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_SC, Arbitration, Automation, Dispute resolution, Emerging norms, Jurisdiction, Law and technology, Legal standards, Platform law},
}

@article{jason_kolber_not-so-smart_2018,
	title = {Not-So-Smart Blockchain Contracts and Artificial Responsibility},
	volume = {21},
	url = {https://law.stanford.edu/publications/not-so-smart-blockchain-contracts-and-artificial-responsibility/},
	doi = {https://law.stanford.edu/publications/not-so-smart-blockchain-contracts-and-artificial-responsibility/},
	abstract = {The first high-profile decentralized autonomous organization formed in 2016. Called "{TheDAO}," it used smart contracts on a bitcoin-style blockchain to allow strangers to come together online to vote on and invest in venture capital proposals. Newspapers raved about the \$160 million it quickly raised, even though it purported to have no central human authority, including no managers , executives, or board of directors. Technologists have grand plans for smart contracts and autonomous organizations. Rather than staying at traditional hotels with elaborate human staff, we may pay for hotel rooms using bitcoin (or another cryptocurrency) which will automatically unlock the room door. If the toilet breaks, the room itself will contract with a plumber to fix it. Similarly, a smart contract may allow us to hire a self-driving car. The car will not only drive passengers around but arrange for its own routine maintenance. {TheDAO} itself, however, is now a cautionary tale. A bug in its smart contract code was exploited to drain more than \$50 million in value. Some purists denounced efforts to mitigate the problem, arguing that the alleged hacker simply withdrew money in accordance with the organization's agreed-upon contractual terms in the form of computer code. Since the "code is the contract" in their minds, the alleged hacker did nothing wrong. I defend two related claims. First, contra the purists, I argue that the code does not reflect the entirety of the parties' agreement, and so the "code is the contract" slogan does not resolve whether {TheDAO} exploitation should have},
	pages = {198--234},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Stanford Technology Law Review},
	author = {Jason Kolber, Adam},
	date = {2018},
	keywords = {bitcoin, blockchain, Ethereum, {PROCESSED}, {DAO}, decentralized autonomous organizations, smart contract, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_SC, securities, token},
}

@article{becker_plateformes_2022,
	title = {Plateformes de règlement de litiges décentralisées : vers « une justice plus juste ? »},
	url = {https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/48024},
	journaltitle = {Dalloz},
	author = {Becker, Katrin},
	date = {2022},
	keywords = {{LAW} \& {SMART}},
}

@article{ferreira_regulating_2021,
	title = {Regulating smart contracts: Legal revolution or simply evolution?},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {03085961},
	doi = {10.1016/j.telpol.2020.102081},
	abstract = {Blockchain-based smart contracts have triggered polarised discussions. They have been applauded as a significant technological achievement, but also criticised as a dumb idea. Their application is rapidly expanding in the financial sector, public sector, supply chain management, and the automobile, real estate, insurance, and health care industries. With the growing use of smart contracts and an increasing variety of smart contracts applications, the debate over the legal implications of this phenomenon has intensified and many legal issues related to smart contracts are being examined. Legal scholars have highlighted potential legal pitfalls, controversies and incompatibilities with existing legal frameworks. Blockchain technology and smart contracts have also been fuelling an interest of legislators, who have begun to recognise regulatory uncertainties and are making the first attempts to introduce legislative solutions to address them. This paper aims to highlight the fervour of the scholarly debate surrounding smart contracts and contrast it with a rather modest response from the legislators thus far. The paper reiterates that smart contracts represent the future. Even though they challenge practitioners, scholars, and legislators, current legislative initiatives indicate that under most legal systems there are no major obstacles for smart contracts and to accommodate smart contracts within the existing legal frameworks we should expect legal evolution rather than revolution.},
	pages = {102081},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Telecommunications Policy},
	author = {Ferreira, Agata},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, Smart contracts, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_SC, Contract laws, Technology law},
}

@article{yeung_regulation_2019,
	title = {Regulation by blockchain: The emerging battle for supremacy between the code of law and code as law},
	volume = {82},
	issn = {14682230},
	doi = {10.1111/1468-2230.12399},
	abstract = {This paper critically examines the intersection and interactions between conventional law produced and enforced by national legal systems (ie the ‘code of law') and the internal rules of blockchain systems, which take the form of executable software code and cryptographic algorithms operating across a distributed computing network (‘code as law'). In so doing, it seeks to identify whether, and to what extent, ‘regulation by blockchain' will successfully avoid governance by conventional law. It identifies three different ways in which the code of law is likely to interact with code as law, based primarily on the intended motives and purposes of those engaged in activities in developing, maintaining or undertaking transactions upon the network. It argues that these different classes of case are likely to generate different kinds of dynamic interaction between the blockchain code and conventional legal systems, and critically examines the normative foundations of these emerging and anticipated interactions.},
	pages = {207--239},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Modern Law Review},
	author = {Yeung, Karen},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_CODE\_LAW},
}

@article{micheler_regulatory_2020,
	title = {Regulatory Technology: Replacing Law with Computer Code},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {17416205},
	doi = {10.1007/s40804-019-00151-1},
	abstract = {In the {UK} both the Bank of England and the Financial Conduct Authority have recently carried out experiments using new digital technology for regulatory purposes. The idea is to replace rules written in natural legal language with computer code and to use artificial intelligence for regulatory purposes. This new way of designing regulatory rules is in line with the {UK} government's vision for the country to become a global leader in digital technology. It is also reflected in the {FCA}'s business plan. The article reviews the technology and the advantages and disadvantages of combining the technology with regulatory law. It then informs the discussion from a broader perspective. It analyses regulatory technology through criteria developed in the mainstream regulatory debate. It contributes to that debate by anticipating problems that will arise as the technology evolves. In addition, the hope is to assist the government in avoiding mistakes that have occurred in the past and creating a better system from the start.},
	pages = {349--377},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {European Business Organization Law Review},
	author = {Micheler, Eva and Whaley, Anna},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	keywords = {{FinTech}, {PROCESSED}, Financial regulation, {RegTech}, Algorithmic regulation, Machine learning, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_CODE\_LAW, Artificial intelligence, Digital regulatory reporting, Financial technology, Model driven regulation, Regulatory technology},
}

@incollection{ruhl_smart_2021,
	title = {Smart (Legal) Contracts, or: Which (Contract) Law for Smart Contracts?},
	abstract = {The law applicable to smart contracts is a neglected topic. At times it is even discarded as irrelevant or unnecessary. In fact, many authors claim that smart contracts especially when stored and executed with the help of blockchain technology make contract law and, in fact, the entire legal system obsolete. “Code is law” is the frequently cited catchphrase. In the following chapter I will challenge this view and argue, first, that smart contracts need contract law just as other, traditional contracts, and, second, that the applicable contract law can—at least in most cases—be determined with the help of the traditional rules of private international law.},
	pages = {159--180},
	booktitle = {Blockchain, Law and Governance},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Rühl, Giesela},
	date = {2021},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-52722-8_11},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_SC},
}

@article{ante_smart_2020,
	title = {Smart Contracts on the Blockchain – A Bibliometric Analysis and Review},
	issn = {1556-5068},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3576393},
	abstract = {Smart contracts are decentrally anchored scripts on blockchains or similar infrastructures that allow the transparent execution of predefined processes. Using smart contracts, assets like money become programmable, which opens up previously inaccessible application potential. To date, smart contracts control billions in value. This paper analyzes 468 peer-reviewed articles on the topic of smart contracts and their 20,188 references, providing a summary and analysis of the current state of research on smart contracts. Using exploratory factor analysis for co-citation analysis, we identify six different strands of research that concern technical, social, economic and legal disciplines: I) technical foundations, development and open questions of blockchain networks, {II}) blockchain and smart contracts for the Internet of Things, {III}) smart contract standardization, verification and security, {IV}) blockchain and smart contracts for the disruption of existing processes and industries, V) potentials and challenges of smart contracts, and {VI}) smart contracts and the law. The interrelations between these groups are visualized using social network analysis. We thus obtain a structured overview of the main strands of research concerning smart contracts, their development over time, the relevance of smart contract platforms in research, and conceptual connections between publications and discourses. The results offer researchers and practitioners a substantial basis for their work on smart contracts.},
	pages = {1--48},
	number = {10},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Ante, Lennart},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {ethereum, \_LATEST, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_SC, distributed ledger, informetric analysis, internet of things, social network analysis},
}

@article{ante_smart_2021,
	title = {Smart contracts on the blockchain – A bibliometric analysis and review},
	volume = {57},
	issn = {07365853},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tele.2020.101519},
	abstract = {Smart contracts are decentrally anchored scripts on blockchains or similar infrastructures that allow the transparent execution of predefined processes. Using smart contracts, business logic can be automated and assets such as money become programmable, which opens up previously inaccessible application potential. To date, smart contracts control billions in value. This paper analyzes 468 articles on the topic of smart contracts and their 20,188 references, providing a summary and analysis of the current state of research on smart contracts and identifying intellectual structures and emerging trends. Using exploratory factor analysis for co-citation analysis, six different strands of research are identified that concern technical, social, economic and legal disciplines: I) technical foundations, development and open questions of blockchain networks, {II}) blockchain and smart contracts for the Internet of Things, {III}) smart contract standardization, verification and security, {IV}) blockchain and smart contracts for the disruption of existing processes and industries, V) potentials and challenges of smart contracts, and {VI}) smart contracts and the law. The interrelations between these groups and individual high-impact publications are visualized using social network analysis. A structured overview of the main strands of research concerning smart contracts, their development over time, the relevance of smart contract platforms in research, and conceptual connections between publications and discourses is obtained. Based on the results, starting points for future research are derived, which offer researchers and practitioners a substantial basis for their work on smart contracts.},
	pages = {101519},
	journaltitle = {Telematics and Informatics},
	author = {Ante, Lennart},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Pergamon},
	keywords = {Ethereum, {PROCESSED}, Distributed ledger, Social network analysis, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_SC, Informetric analysis, Internet of Things},
}

@article{mik_smart_2017,
	title = {Smart contracts: terminology, technical limitations and real world complexity},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1757997X},
	doi = {10.1080/17579961.2017.1378468},
	abstract = {If one is to believe the popular press and many “technical writings,” blockchains create not only a perfect transactional environment but also obviate the need for banks, lawyers and courts. The latter will soon be replaced by smart contracts: unbiased and infallible computer programs that form, perform and enforce agreements. Predictions of future revolutions must, however, be distinguished from the harsh reality of the commercial marketplace and the technical limitations of blockchains. The fact that a technological solution is innovative and elegant need not imply that it is commercially useful or legally viable. Apart from attempting a terminological “clean-up” surrounding the term smart contract, this paper presents some technological and legal constraints on their use. It confronts the popular claims concerning their ability to automate transactions and to ensure perfect performance. It also examines the possibility of reducing contractual relationships to code and the ability to integrate smart contracts with the complexities of the real world. A closer analysis reveals that smart contracts can hardly be regarded as a semi-mythical technology liberating the contracting parties from the shackles of traditional legal and financial institutions.},
	pages = {269--300},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Law, Innovation and Technology},
	author = {Mik, Eliza},
	date = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {bitcoin, {PROCESSED}, smart contracts, Blockchains, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_SC, contract law, distributed ledgers},
}

@article{herian_taking_2018,
	title = {Taking Blockchain Seriously},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {15728617},
	doi = {10.1007/s10978-018-9226-y},
	abstract = {In the present techno-political moment it is clear that ignoring or dismissing the hype surrounding blockchain is unwise, and certainly for regulatory authorities and governments who must keep a grip on the technology and those promoting it, in order to ensure democratic accountability and regulatory legitimacy within the blockchain ecosystem and beyond. Blockchain is telling (and showing) us something very important about the evolution of capital and neoliberal economic reason, and the likely impact in the near future on forms and patterns of work, social organization, and, crucially, on communities and individuals who lack influence over the technologies and data that increasingly shape and control their lives. In this short essay I introduce some of the problems in the regulation of blockchain and offer counter-narratives aimed at cutting through the hype fuelling the ascendency of this most contemporary of technologies.},
	pages = {163--171},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Law and Critique},
	author = {Herian, Robert},
	date = {2018},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, Regulation, Technology, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_CULTURE, Data, Neoliberalism},
}

@article{de_filippi_alegality_2021,
	title = {The Alegality of Blockchain Technology},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4001696},
	doi = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4001696},
	journaltitle = {Policy and Society, Cambridge University Press},
	author = {De Filippi, Primavera and Mannan, Morshed and Reijers, Wessel},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_CULTURE},
}

@article{robb_blockchain_2021,
	title = {The blockchain conundrum: humans, community regulation and chains},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1757997X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17579961.2021.1977215},
	doi = {10.1080/17579961.2021.1977215},
	abstract = {Blockchain can be used to build a human-centric future. This is a challenge to recent critical literature on blockchain that sees it as another manifestation of digital capitalism that is profoundly antisocial and anti-human. This argument is in three parts. The first part identifies in the hype and critical literatures about blockchain, the blockchain conundrum of the freedom/constraint dyad. While tempting to see these literatures as forming a sealed hermeneutic of over-positive meets over-negative, it is argued that the critical discourse in locating blockchain within digital capitalism provides an insight that could unravel the blockchain conundrum. The critical literature identifies regulation as essential for human blockchain futures. The second part unravels the blockchain conundrum through this focus on regulation–through two accounts of law, technology and society; Lessig's notion of actors as ‘pathetic dots' and Brownsword's reimaging of regulation in technological societies. It is suggested that Brownsword's emphasis provides a more nuanced way to make human-centric blockchain futures. The final part builds from Brownsword's resolution of the blockchain conundrum, to examine a particular blockchain application in retail supply ({BeefLedger}) as representing assemblages including blockchains in building human-centric futures through trusted communities that enable, rather than restrict, meaningful human action.},
	pages = {355--376},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Law, Innovation and Technology},
	author = {Robb, Lachlan and Deane, Felicity and Tranter, Kieran},
	date = {2021-09},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, regulation, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_CULTURE, Brownsword, conundrum, human-centric futures, Lessig},
}

@article{endicott_death_2021,
	title = {The death of law? Computationally personalized norms and the rule of law},
	issn = {0042-0220},
	doi = {10.3138/utlj-2021-0011},
	abstract = {The emergent power of big data analytics makes it possible to replace impersonal general legal rules with personalized, particular norms. We consider arguments that such a move would be generally beneficial, replacing crude, general laws with more efficiently targeted ways of meeting public policy goals and satisfying personal preferences. Those proposals pose a radical, new challenge to the rule of law. Data-driven legal personalization offers some benefits that are worth pursuing, but we argue that the benefits can only legitimately be pursued where doing so is consistent with the agency that the law ought to accord to individuals and with the agency that the law ought to accord to public bodies. The principle of public agency is a prerequisite for the rule of law. The principle of private agency depends on the rule of law. Each is incompatible with the unrestrained computational personalization of law.},
	pages = {e20210011},
	journaltitle = {University of Toronto Law Journal},
	author = {Endicott, Timothy and Yeung, Karen},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: University of Toronto Press},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_CULTURE},
}

@article{dimitropoulos_law_2020,
	title = {The law of blockchain},
	volume = {95},
	issn = {00430617},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3559970},
	abstract = {Blockchain technology is a new general-purpose technology that poses significant challenges to the existing state of law, economy, and society. Blockchain has one feature that makes it even more distinctive than other disruptive technologies: It is, by nature and design, global and transnational. Moreover, blockchain operates based on its own rules and principles that have a law-like quality. What may be called the lex cryptographia of blockchain has been designed based on a rational choice vision of human behavior. Blockchain adopts a framing derived from neoclassical economics, and instantiates it in a new machinery that implements rational choice paradigms using blockchain in a semi-automatic way, across all spheres of life, and without regard to borders. Accordingly, a global law and cryptoeconomics movement is now emerging owing to the spread of blockchain.},
	pages = {1117--1192},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Washington Law Review},
	author = {Dimitropoulos, Georgios},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: {HeinOnline}},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, Ethereum, Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_CULTURE, Cryptoasset, Infrastructure, Law and cryptoeconomics, Law and political economy},
}

@article{werbach_trust_2016,
	title = {Trust, But Verify: Why the Blockchain Needs the Law},
	issn = {1086-3818},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2844409},
	abstract = {The blockchain could be the most consequential development in information technology since the internet. Created to support the Bitcoin digital currency, the blockchain is actually something deeper: A novel solution to the age-old human problem of trust. Its potential is extraordinary. Yet without effective governance, this approach may not promote trust at all. Wholly divorced from legal enforcement, blockchain-based systems may be counterproductive or even dangerous. And they are less insulated from the law's reach than it seems. The central question is not how to regulate blockchains, but how blockchains regulate. They may supplement, complement, or substitute for legal enforcement. Excessive or premature application of rigid legal obligations will stymie innovation and forego opportunities to leverage technology to achieve public policy objectives. Blockchain developers and legal institutions can work together. Each must recognize the unique affordances of the other system.},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Werbach, Kevin D.},
	date = {2016},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, Trust, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_CODE\_LAW, Internet},
}

@article{caldarelli_understanding_2020,
	title = {Understanding the blockchain oracle problem: A call for action},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {20782489},
	doi = {10.3390/info11110509},
	abstract = {Scarce and niche in the literature just a few years ago, the blockchain topic is now the main subject in conference papers and books. However, the hype generated by the technology and its potential implications for real-world applications is flawed by many misconceptions about how it works and how it is implemented, creating faulty thinking or overly optimistic expectations. Too often, characteristics such as immutability, transparency, and censorship resistance, which mainly belong to the bitcoin blockchain, are sought in regular blockchains, whose potential is barely comparable. Furthermore, critical aspects such as oracles and their role in smart contracts receive few literature contributions, leaving results and theoretical implications highly questionable. This literature review of the latest papers in the field aims to give clarity to the blockchain oracle problem by discussing its effects in some of the most promising real-world applications. The analysis supports the view that the more trusted a system is, the less the oracle problem impacts.},
	pages = {1--19},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Information (Switzerland)},
	author = {Caldarelli, Giulio},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, Smart contracts, {LAW} \& {SMART}, {LAW} \& {SMART}\_SC, Oracles},
}

@incollection{arjalies_at_2020,
	title = {"At the Very Beginning, There'S This Dream." the Role of Utopia in the Workings of Local and Cryptocurrencies},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333755384_AT_THE_VERY_BEGINNING_THERE'S_THIS_DREAM_THE_ROLE_OF_UTOPIA_IN_THE_WORKINGS_OF_LOCAL_AND_CRYPTOCURRENCIES},
	abstract = {Since the 2008 financial crisis, the number of alternative currencies aiming at transforming global financial institutions, such as local and complementary currencies ({LCC}) and cryptocurrencies, has exploded. Yet the motivations and workings of such monies are relatively unknown. This chapter aims to fill this gap by providing a framework that uncovers the ideals pursued by alternative currencies, and the effects of those ideals on the production of money. To do so, I present a comparative analysis of the valuation infrastructure-the processes through which value(s) is produced-of one {LCC}, Sol Violette, and three cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin, Ğ1 "June" and impak Coin. Throughout, I elaborate on the social meaning of money and the role played by alternative currencies in contemporary capitalism. I show that 1) despite targeting the same financial institutions, the utopia pursued by alternative currencies varies significantly and 2) this utopia is at least as important as the technology (e.g. blockchain) in shaping the workings of these monies. Based on these findings, I outline some implications for the social studies of financial technologies, their effects on our societies and their regulation.},
	number = {February},
	booktitle = {Handbook of Alternative Finance},
	author = {Arjaliès, Diane-Laure},
	date = {2020},
	doi = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333755384_AT_THE_VERY_BEGINNING_THERE'S_THIS_DREAM_THE_ROLE_OF_UTOPIA_IN_THE_WORKINGS_OF_LOCAL_AND_CRYPTOCURRENCIES},
	keywords = {Cryptocurrencies, Money, Alternative Currencies, Debt, {IDEOLOGY}, Local and Complementary Currencies, Social Relation, Utopia, Value(s)},
}

@article{miscione_bitcoin_2015,
	title = {Bitcoin and the Blockchain: A Coup d'Etat in Digital Heterotopia?},
	issn = {1556-5068},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2624922},
	abstract = {This conference invites us to explore new organisational forms and practices that might be alternatives to “neoliberal market managerialism” and “financial capitalism”. Our starting point is that the latter two phenomena cannot be separated off analytically from powerful actors — such as the state — that have co-emerged with and played a key role in the evolutionary process through which capitalism has come to be (Graeber 2011). Specifically, this paper takes its move from Hobbes's (1651/2005) idea of the Leviathan, which has provided a foundational intellectual basis for the nation-state form, which is today ubiquitous, and on which both neoliberalism and financial capitalism are reliant. Hobbes rooted his construct in a pessimistic view of humankind that is naturally inclined towards the ‘war of all against all'. He argued that people must recognize that such a ‘state of nature' is destructive, and must accept, on the basis of utilitarian reasoning, the necessity of a social contract to constitute a supreme actor whose power is absolute and enforced by a monopoly on violence. Hence, the Leviathan and the body politic are constituted at once and are irreversible. No exit is allowed; no ethical, moral or religious limit can be posed in front of this power. The Leviathan is total because there is no room for any other rationality, and finite because all people are tied to the social contract. Hobbes's idea of the Leviathan has proved to be enduring and alluring, and provides a primary focus for this paper. What is especially interesting for us is that cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin have emerged from a similar ‘thought experiment' beginning with a ‘state of nature' not unlike Hobbes's depiction. Here, the seminal contribution is by the mysterious individual or individuals known as Satoshi Nakamoto who, in 2008, published a paper that set out the basis for the ‘blockchain technology' on which cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, and other services, are based (Nakamoto 2008). Not unlike Hobbes's ‘state of nature', Nakamoto begins with an imaginary world populated by trustless individuals. The problem he addresses is how to enable trustworthy transactions on the internet without recourse to a ‘trusted third party', such as a state-regulated (and state-supported) bank. Indeed, in line with libertarian ideology, one of Nakamoto's key objectives was to preclude the possibility of any single and all-encompassing ruling authority emerging. His elegant solution is Bitcoin, a purely digital cryptocurrency that is not administered by any constituted organization and is not circumscribed within any consistent jurisdiction. The ‘blockchain', on which Bitcoin is based, is a public ledger of transactions maintained by a dispersed and open-ended number of ‘miners' who provide computing power to maintain and guarantee the integrity of the ledger. While the Bitcoin economy is tiny compared to official currencies — but remarkable compared to alternative and local currencies — it plants the seeds of a currency (intended as a mode of regulating transactions) that could threaten many of the quasi-monopoly powers that the state currently exercises through the central bank, viz: surveying and collecting data on citizens and corporations, setting credit rates and monetary policy, deciding on and implementing exchange rate policies, assuring the robustness of the payment infrastructure, protecting the interests of consumers, controlling money-laundering, and regulating/supporting existing financial service providers (Murphy 2014). Nakamoto's attempt to create a money system without a central authority is best seen at the intersection of diachronic and synchronic issues. Historically, the blockchain is one of a long string of information technologies that, since the 1960s, have avoided centralization, partly as a defence against possible Soviet nuclear attack, and partly in sympathy with the Western open culture of the 1960s and 1970s. In relation to contemporary phenomena, Bitcoin entangles with the state's power and jurisdiction, which is simultaenously being challenged by the shadow economy, by individuals and corporations choosing where they wish to pay tax, by the free flow of information within trans-national information infrastructures, and by global internet services and commerce. While Hobbes and Nakamoto start from similar positions, they end up in quite different destinations, and, since theory can be performative (Austin 1970), this means that very different worlds come to be. Analytically, each provides a lens through which one can examine the other, in theory and in practice. Together, the lenses provide a framing device for reimagining key concepts and practices that underpin the contemporary nation-state and, by extension, financial capitalism. The full paper will report on this comparative analysis. The Bitcoin phenomenon raises interesting methodological and theoretical points that we will also explore in the paper. Methodologically, the actor-network injunction to ‘follow the actors' — i.e. focus on performance — is practically impossible due to the sheer scale, technical intricacies, global dispersion and far-fetched effects of currency-related phenomena. Focusing on visible performance is also misleading theoretically because it fails to distinguish between what does not happen, those “influences which operate behind the back of agents, and which therefore cannot be found in micro-situations” (Knorr-Cetina 1981: 28), and what is purposefully avoided (Law and Singleton 2005). Indeed, Bitcoin is a manifestation of a totem of digital cultures: there is always an elsewhere, beyond the control of organizations. Creating an elsewhere free from Leviathan's constraints (which resonates with Foucault's notion of heterotopia) disrupts the body politic by exceeding or overflowing its framings (Callon 1998). The peculiarity of Bitcoin is not in any frontal clash with authority but rather in its strategy of avoidance, which we might interpret as a form of différance or the playing of an alternative game. What Bitcoin also illustrates is that the link between the micro and the macro is neither based on an immutable social contract nor maintained by an unbounded power. Rather, scalable and publicly accessible computing resources coordinate trustless macro actions without necessarily constituting actors and identities (Czarniawska 2008/2014). The paper will further examine the paradox where the supplement of the age of visibility is action without actors and the emergence of new boundaries between frontstage and backstage, public and secret.},
	pages = {1--27},
	number = {2006},
	journaltitle = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	author = {Miscione, Gianluca and Kavanagh, Donncha},
	date = {2015},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {IDEOLOGY}},
}

@article{redshaw_bitcoin_2017,
	title = {Bitcoin beyond ambivalence: Popular rationalization and Feenberg's technical politics},
	volume = {138},
	issn = {14617455},
	doi = {10.1177/0725513616689390},
	abstract = {In the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, Bitcoin emerged as an alternative monetary system that could circumvent political and financial authorities. A practice in libertarian prefigurative politics, Bitcoin demonstrates the capacity for online subgroups to creatively appropriate internet-based technologies to enact alternative futures. Andrew Feenberg's critical theory of technology clarifies this capacity and outlines the significance of agency in technical action. As technology mediates many social relations, it has a significant role in the reproduction of social power. Technological agency is therefore a crucial site of resistance in which users can form alternative, democratic rationalizations of technology. Yet are such instances of agency intrinsically democratic? In analysing this aspect of Feenberg's theory, this article argues that Bitcoin represents a 'popular rationalization' of technology - a creative appropriation of technology that empowers some groups while lacking the ethical justification necessary to be considered democratic.},
	pages = {46--64},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Thesis Eleven},
	author = {Redshaw, Tom},
	date = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: {SAGE} Publications Sage {UK}: London, England},
	keywords = {bitcoin, {PROCESSED}, {IDEOLOGY}, blockchain technology, critical theory, technological agency},
}

@article{roio_bitcoin_2013,
	title = {Bitcoin, the End of the Taboo on Money},
	doi = {https://files.dyne.org/books/Bitcoin_end_of_taboo_on_money.pdf},
	journaltitle = {Dyne.org},
	author = {Roio, Denis Jaromil},
	date = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Dyne.org},
	keywords = {{CRYPTO}, {IDEOLOGY}},
}

@article{swartz_blockchain_2017,
	title = {Blockchain Dreams: Imagining Techno-Economic Alternatives After Bitcoin},
	volume = {1},
	url = {http://llaannaa.com/papers/Swartz_Blockchain_Dreams.pdf},
	doi = {http://llaannaa.com/papers/Swartz_Blockchain_Dreams.pdf},
	abstract = {{NA}},
	pages = {82--105},
	journaltitle = {Another Economy is Possible: Culture and Economy in a Time of Crisis},
	author = {Swartz, Lana},
	date = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Polity Cambridge, {UK}},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {IDEOLOGY}},
}

@article{ishmaev_blockchain_2017,
	title = {Blockchain Technology as an Institution of Property},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {14679973},
	doi = {10.1111/meta.12277},
	abstract = {This paper argues that the practical implementation of blockchain technology can be considered an institution of property similar to legal institutions. Invoking Penner's theory of property and Hegel's system of property rights, and using the example of bitcoin, it is possible to demonstrate that blockchain effectively implements all necessary and sufficient criteria for property without reliance on legal means. Blockchains eliminate the need for a third-party authority to enforce exclusion rights, and provide a system of universal access to knowledge and discoverability about the property rights of all participants and how the system functions. The implications of these findings are that traditional property relations in society could be replaced by or supplemented with blockchain models, and implemented in new domains.},
	pages = {666--686},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Metaphilosophy},
	author = {Ishmaev, G.},
	date = {2017},
	keywords = {bitcoin, blockchain, {PROCESSED}, property, {IDEOLOGY}, institutions, rights},
}

@incollection{gonzalez_blockchain_2020,
	title = {Blockchain, or, Peer Production Without Guarantees},
	isbn = {978-1-119-53715-1},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119537151.ch18},
	abstract = {Summary Blockchains are aggregated and distributed databases: shared, chained, and immutable registries that conflate the production of digital tokens with their circulation. At their most basic level, they are technologies for keeping account, or records, of some form of activity, hence they are part of a long lineage of storing data, from clay tablets to bookkeeping. On a technical level, blockchains are peer-to-peer (P2P) structures for distributing and storing data. This chapter begins with a historical consideration of the emergence of peer production, including a reevaluation of the work of Yochai Benkler. It shows that peer production was given coherence as a model of production by being contrasted with two other modes (hierarchies and markets) and through the lens of Benkler's economic liberalism. The chapter distinguishes between four moments or aspects of blockchain initiatives that configure peers in different ways: peer production, peer development, peer governance, and peer exchange.},
	pages = {238--253},
	booktitle = {The Handbook of Peer Production},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd},
	author = {González, Pablo Velasco and Tkacz, Nathaniel},
	date = {2020},
	doi = {10.1002/9781119537151.ch18},
	note = {Section: 18},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, peer production, {IDEOLOGY}, blockchains, economic liberalism, peer development, peer exchange, peer governance, peer-to-peer structures, Yochai Benkler},
}

@article{fritsch_challenges_2021,
	title = {Challenges and Approaches to Scaling the Global Commons},
	volume = {4},
	doi = {10.3389/fbloc.2021.578721},
	abstract = {The re-emergence of commoning over the last decades is not incidental, but rather indicative of a large-scale transition to a more “generative” organization of society that is oriented toward the planet's global carrying capacity. Digital commons governance frameworks are of particular importance for a new global paradigm of cooperation, one that can scale the organization of communities around common goals and resources to unprecedented levels of size, complexity and granularity. Distributed Ledger Technologies ({DLTs}) such as blockchain have lately given new impetus to the emergence of a new generation of authentic “sharing economy,” protected from capture by thorough distribution of power over infrastructure, that spans not only digital but also physical production of common value. The exploration of the frontiers of {DLT}-based commoning at the heart of this article considers three exemplary cases for this new generation of commons-oriented community frameworks: the Commons Stack, Holochain and the Commons Engine, and the Economic Space Agency. While these projects differ in their scope as well as in their relation to physical common-pool resources ({CPRs}), they all share the task of redefining markets so as to be more conducive to the production and sustainment of common value(s). After introducing each of them with regards to their specificities and commonalities, we analyze their capacity to foster commons-oriented economies and “money for the commons” that limit speculation, emphasize use-value over exchange-value, favor equity in human relations, and promote responsibility for the preservation of natural habitats. Our findings highlight the strengths of {DLTs} for a federated scaling of {CPR} governance frameworks that accommodates rather than obliterates cultural differences and creates webs of fractal belonging among nested communities.},
	pages = {1--16},
	issue = {April},
	journaltitle = {Frontiers in Blockchain},
	author = {Fritsch, Felix and Emmett, Jeff and Friedman, Emaline and Kranjc, Rok and Manski, Sarah and Zargham, Michael and Bauwens, Michel},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {\_LATEST, distributed ledger technology, decentralization, {IDEOLOGY}, affordances, attempting to understand the, body of work that, commoning as a regenerative, continuation of human societies, distributed ledg, federated scaling, global commons, its, physical preconditions for the, sees human history in, social process, there is a substantial, thermodynamic context},
}

@article{fantacci_cryptocurrencies_2019,
	title = {Cryptocurrencies and the Denationalization of Money},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {15580970},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/08911916.2019.1624319},
	doi = {10.1080/08911916.2019.1624319},
	abstract = {The theoretical foundations of bitcoin have been frequently traced back to the Austrian school of economics. To the extent that cryptocurrencies are not issued by a centralized authority and do not rely on an official legal tender status for their acceptance, they may indeed appear as a dramatic departure from the historical trend that has led, over the past few centuries, to the making of national money and as a decisive step toward the “denationalization of money” advocated by F. A. von Hayek. This article investigates to what extent bitcoin truly embodies the principles of stable money prescribed by Hayek and whether the proliferation of cryptocurrencies constitutes a Hayekian monetary competition.},
	pages = {105--126},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Political Economy},
	author = {Fantacci, Luca},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge},
	keywords = {bitcoin, {PROCESSED}, cryptocurrencies, {IDEOLOGY}, currency competition, F. A. Hayek},
}

@article{malabou_cryptocurrencies_2020,
	title = {Cryptocurrencies: Anarchist Turn or Strengthening of Surveillance Capitalism? From Bitcoin to Libra},
	volume = {66},
	url = {http://australianhumanitiesreview.org/2020/05/31/cryptocurrencies-anarchist-turn-or-strengthening-of-surveillance-capitalism-from-bitcoin-to-libra/},
	doi = {http://australianhumanitiesreview.org/2020/05/31/cryptocurrencies-anarchist-turn-or-strengthening-of-surveillance-capitalism-from-bitcoin-to-libra/},
	issue = {May 2020},
	journaltitle = {Australian Humanities Review},
	author = {Malabou, Catherine},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {\_LATEST, {IDEOLOGY}},
}

@article{maddox_digging_2021,
	title = {Digging in Crypto-Communities' Future-Making: From Dark to Doge},
	volume = {24},
	url = {https://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/2755},
	doi = {10.5204/mcj.2755},
	abstract = {duction This article situates the dark as a liminal and creative space of experimentation where tensions are generative and people tinker with emerging technologies to create alternative futures. Darkness need not mean chaos and fear of violence – it can mean privacy and protection. We define dark as an experimental space based upon uncertainties rather than computational knowns (Bridle) and then demonstrate via a case study of cryptocurrencies the contribution of dark and liminal social spaces to future(s)-making. Cryptocurrencies are digital cash systems that use decentralised (peer-to-peer) networking to enable irreversible payments (Maurer, Nelms, and Swartz). Cryptocurrencies are often clones or variations on the ‘original' Bitcoin payment systems protocol (Trump et al.) that was shared with the cryptographic community through a pseudonymous and still unknown author(s) (Nakamoto), creating a founder mystery. Due to the open creation process, a new cryptocurrency is relatively easy to make. However, many of them are based on speculative bubbles that mirror Bitcoin, Ethereum, and {ICOs}' wealth creation. Examples of cryptocurrencies now largely used for speculation due to their volatility in holding value are rampant, with online clearing houses competing to trade hundreds of different assets from {AAVE} to {ZIL}. Many of these altcoins have little to no following or trading volume, leading to their obsolescence. Others enjoy immense popularity among dedicated communities of backers and investors. Consequently, while many cryptocurrency experiments fail or lack adoption and drop from the purview of history, their constant variation also contributes to the undertow of the future that pulls against more visible surface waves of computational progress. The article is structured to first define how we understand and leverage ‘dark' against computational cultures. We then apply thematic and analytical tactics to articulate future-making socio-technical experiments in the dark. Based on past empirical work of the authors (Maddox "Netnography") we focus on crypto-cultures' complex emancipatory and normative tensions via themes of construction, disruption, contention, redirection, obsolescence, and iteration. Through these themes we illustrate the mutation and absorption of dark experimental spaces into larger social structures. The themes we identify are not meant as a complete or necessarily serial set of occurrences, but nonetheless contribute a new vocabulary for students of technology and media to see into and grapple with the dark. Embracing the Dark: Prework \& Analytical Tactics for Outside the Known To frame discussion of the dark here as creative space for alternative futures, we focus on scholars who have deeply engaged with notions of socio-technical darkness. This allows us to explore outside the blinders of computational light and, with a nod to Sassen, dig in the shadows of known categories to evolve the analytical tactics required for the study of emerging socio-technical conditions. We understand the Dark Web to usher shifting and multiple definitions of darkness, from a moral darkness to a technical one (Gehl). From this work, we draw the observation of how technologies that obfuscate digital tracking create novel capacities for digital cultures in spaces defined by anonymity for both publisher and user. Darknets accomplish this by overlaying open internet protocols (e.g. {TCP}/{IP}) with non-standard protocols that encrypt and anonymise information (Pace). Pace traces concepts of darknets to networks in the 1970s that were 'insulated' from the internet's predecessor {ARPANET} by air gap, and then reemerged as software protocols similarly insulated from cultural norms around intellectual property. ‘Darknets' can also be considered in ternary as opposed to binary terms (Gehl and {McKelvey}) that push to make private that which is supposed to be public infrastructure, and push private platforms (e.g. a Personal Computer) to make public networks via common bandwidth. In this way, darknets feed new possibilities of communication from both common infrastructures and individual's platforms. Enabling new potentials of community online and out of sight serves to signal what the dark accomplishes for the social when measured against an otherwise unending light of computational society. To this point, a new dark age can be welcomed insofar it allows an undecided future outside of computational logics that continually define and refine the possible and probable (Bridle). This argument takes von Neumann's 1945 declaration that “all stable processes we shall predict. All unstable processes we shall control” (in Bridle 21) as a founding statement for computational thought and indicative of current society. The hope expressed by Bridle is not an absence of knowledge, but an absence of knowing the future. Past the computational prison of total information awareness within an accelerating information age (Castells) is the promise of new formations of as yet unknowable life. Thus, from Bridle's perspective, and ours, darkness can be a place of freedom and possibility, where the equality of being in the dark, together, is not as threatening as current privileged ways of thinking would suggest (Bridle 15). The consequences of living in a constant glaring light lead to data hierarchies “leaching” (Bridle) into everything, including social relationships, where our data are relationalised while our relations are datafied (Maddox and Heemsbergen) by enforcing computational thinking upon them. Darkness becomes a refuge that acknowledges the power of unknowing, and a return to potential for social, equitable, and reciprocal relations. This is not to say that we envision a utopian life without the shadow of hierarchy, but rather an encouragement to dig into those shadows made visible only by the brightest of lights. The idea of digging in the shadows is borrowed from Saskia Sassen, who asks us to consider the ‘master categories' that blind us to alternatives. According to Sassen (402), while master categories have the power to illuminate, their blinding power keeps us from seeing other presences in the landscape: “they produce, then, a vast penumbra around that center of light. It is in that penumbra that we need to go digging”. We see darkness in the age of digital ubiquity as rejecting the blinding ‘master category' of computational thought. Computational thought defines social/economic/political life via what is static enough to predict or unstable enough to render a need to control. Otherwise, the observable, computable, knowable, and possible all follow in line. Our dig in the shadows posits a penumbra of protocols – both of computational code and human practice – that circle the blinding light of known digital communications. We use the remainder of this short article to describe these themes found in the dark that offer new ways to understand the movements and moments of potential futures that remain largely unseen. Thematic Resonances in the Dark This section considers cryptocultures of the dark. We build from a thematic vocabulary that has been previously introduced from empirical examples of the crypto-market communities which tinker with and through the darkness provided by encryption and privacy technologies (Maddox "Netnography"). Here we refine these future-making themes through their application to events surrounding community-generated technology aimed at disrupting centralised banking systems: cryptocurrencies (Maddox, Singh, et al.). Given the overlaps in collective values and technologies between crypto-communities, we find it useful to test the relevance of these themes to the experimental dynamics surrounding cryptocurrencies. We unpack these dynamics as construction, rupture and disruption, redirection, and the flip-sided relationship between obsolescence and iteration leading to mutation and absorption. This section provides a working example for how these themes adapt in application to a community dwelling at the edge of experimental technological possibilities. The theme of construction is both a beginning and a materialisation of a value field. It originates within the cyberlibertarians' ideological stance towards using technological innovations to ‘create a new world in the shell of the old' (van de Sande) which has been previously expressed through the concept of constructive activism (Maddox, Barratt, et al.). This libertarian ideology is also to be found in the early cultures that gave rise to cryptocurrencies. Through their interest in the potential of cryptography technologies related to social and political change, the Cypherpunks mailing list formed in 1992 (Swartz). The socio-cultural field surrounding cryptocurrencies, however, has always consisted of a diverse ecosystem of vested interests building collaborations from “goldbugs, hippies, anarchists, cyberpunks, cryptographers, payment systems experts, currency activists, commodity traders, and the curious” (Maurer, Nelms, and Swartz 262). Through the theme of construction we can consider architectures of collaboration, cooperation, and coordination developed by technically savvy populations. Cryptocurrencies are often developed as code by teams who build in mechanisms for issuance (e.g. ‘mining') and other controls (Conway). Thus, construction and making of cryptocurrencies tend to be collective yet decentralised. Cryptocurrencies arose during a time of increasing levels of distrust in governments and global financial instability from the Global Financial Crisis (20},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {M/C Journal},
	author = {Maddox, Alexia and Heemsbergen, Luke J},
	date = {2021-04},
	keywords = {\_LATEST, {IDEOLOGY}},
}

@article{kinney_embedding_2021,
	title = {Embedding into an Emerging Money System: The Case of Bitcoin},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {21621128},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2020.1845260},
	doi = {10.1080/00380237.2020.1845260},
	abstract = {As global economic crises place the issue of money at the forefront of media attention, a growing minority are turning to “cryptocurrencies” as an emerging digital alternative to state-issued currencies. Bitcoin, the most popular version of this emerging medium, is a useful proxy to answer a key question to the sociology of money: how do people embed themselves into an emerging money system, and what role does value play in this process? Drawing on 23 interviews with Bitcoin adopters, I find that embedding into Bitcoin is closely tied to personal experience and temporal contexts. This study demonstrates that the adoption of Bitcoin follows a distinct process. First adopters discover the value Bitcoin on their own terms. Next, they reflexively overcome challenges to these initial perceptions of value. Finally, they reaffirm their embeddedness in the system through rituals of commitment. This finding has implications for the sociology of money and economic sociology by distilling the connection between fictional expectations that are used to anchor value systems and the social construction of monetary utilities and group identities. Additionally, this connection helps to unpack how Bitcoin continues to mature as a money system despite being characterized by diverse adopters that often engage in economically inefficient activities.},
	pages = {77--92},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Sociological Focus},
	author = {Kinney, Alexander B.},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, {PROCESSED}, Technology, {IDEOLOGY}, Qualitative Methods, Value},
}

@article{brekke_hacker-engineers_2021,
	title = {Hacker-engineers and Their Economies: The Political Economy of Decentralised Networks and ‘Cryptoeconomics'},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {14699923},
	doi = {10.1080/13563467.2020.1806223},
	abstract = {Research by political economists typically highlights policymakers, regulators, economists and consultants as the makers of economies. This paper foregrounds a different actor entirely, what I call the ‘hacker-engineer' as an important protagonist in the making of decentralised digital network economies that are forged through the emerging field of ‘cryptoeconomics' and blockchain and other distributed ledger technologies. Responding to critical literature stating that blockchain and ‘cryptoeconomics' merely extend neoliberal processes of economisation, the paper recovers the neglected hacker culture of cypherpunk and histories of peer-to-peer decentralised networks in order to foreground concerns that depart from the continuation of economics and economies as usual. Hacker-engineers are dedicated to decentralisation as a ‘disruptive' response to network control and surveillance, and share a pragmatist sensibility that seeks to make decentralised networks ‘work' in order to provide informational security and privacy. While further broadening the range of agents that provide the focus for political economy research into the production of economies, the paper also draws attention to the technical decisions of hacker-engineers that attempt to reconfigure the material infrastructures of digital economies.},
	pages = {646--659},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {New Political Economy},
	author = {Brekke, Jaya Klara},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, digital economies, cryptoeconomics, {IDEOLOGY}, decentralisation, disruption, Hacker-engineer},
}

@article{sanz_bas_hayek_2020,
	title = {Hayek and the cryptocurrency revolution},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2386-5768},
	doi = {10.5209/ijhe.69403},
	abstract = {The emergence of cryptocurrencies has been one of the most notable monetary phenomenon of the last decade. Many academics and analysts have found a clear precedent to this event in Friedrich Hayek's latest monetary work, Denationalization of money. The aim of this article is to analyze what we can learn about cryptocurrencies by re-reading this book. As will be proven, Hayek would surely have rejected the idea that Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies with similar characteristics could be accepted as money in the market. Furthermore, this paper will prove that a very close connection between Stablecoins and private money exists, following the Austrian economist's predictions in a context of monetary competition.},
	pages = {15--28},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Iberian Journal of the History of Economic Thought},
	author = {Sanz Bas, David},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {bitcoin, Bitcoin, {PROCESSED}, Stablecoins, cryptocurrencies, e42, jel classification, {IDEOLOGY}, currency competition, b31, criptomonedas ha sido uno, de las criptomonedas, de los fenómenos monetarios, e14, es, hayek, Hayek, hayek y la revolución, la irrupción de las, más notables de la, muchos, resumen, stablecoins, última década},
}

@article{brody_ideologies_2021,
	title = {Ideologies and Imaginaries in Blockchain Communities: The Case of Ethereum},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {0705-3657},
	doi = {10.22230/cjc.2021v46n3a3701},
	abstract = {Background: Academic literature on blockchains has focused on Bitcoin, which is traditionallyassociated with right-wing libertarianism. This article looks at Ethereum, an alternative that emerged in Canada and is now the second most used blockchain technology after Bitcoin. Analysis: Using participatory observation supplemented with publicly available material, this article examines the ideologies and imaginaries surrounding Ethereum and how they are articulated with its technical design.Conclusion and implications: Ethereum's design ostensibly widens the ideological spectrum of cryptocurrency while “masking” certain currency ideologies still prominent within it. This complicates the distinction seen in the literature between blockchain as currency and blockchain as media and points to the increasing need to study non-currency-based blockchain technologies. Contexte : La recherche sur les blockchains s'est surtout attardé à Bitcoin, en l'associant aux idéologies libertariennes. Cet article aborde Ethereum, la technologie de blockchain la plus utilisée après Bitcoin.Analyse : Basé sur l'observation participante et du matériel publiquement accessible, l'article analyse les idéologies et imaginaires entourant Ethereum et leur articulation avec son design technique.Conclusion et implications : Ethereum élargit le spectre idéologique des blockchains tout en «masquant» certaines idéologies monétaires toujours proéminentes. Cela complique la distinction énoncée dans la littérature entre blockchains comme monnaie et blockchains comme média, etc.},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Canadian Journal of Communication},
	author = {Brody, Ann and Couture, Stéphane},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {IDEOLOGY}},
}

@article{allon_money_2018,
	title = {Money after Blockchain: Gold, Decentralised Politics and the New Libertarianism},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {14653303},
	doi = {10.1080/08164649.2018.1517245},
	abstract = {Blockchain technologies are central to what has been described as a new ‘smart social contract'. With blockchain, individual cryptographic identity becomes the basis for new forms of money and for a whole suite of restructured social, political and financial transactions. But what do these developments signal for feminist engagements with the money economy? The transparency and pseudonymity that the blockchain provides has been welcomed as a ‘feminist weapon'. But the decentralised technology also legitimises many longstanding assumptions of libertarianism, especially competitive individualism, naturalised social inequality and the stability of value associated with the gold standard. Drawing on popular culture texts, Goldfinger and The Mandibles, this article considers this history, examining the gendered, racialised and sexualised discursive practices that attend representations of gold along with the ‘metallism' surrounding blockchain-based cryptocurrencies in the contemporary conjuncture. By claiming to represent non-negotiable certainty derived from technology/nature rather than social convention, the fantasy of fundamental value returns, together with related associations of essentialism and authenticity, but anchored in this new context in the technocratic authoritarianism of {FinTech}. This is part of the background for the ‘new libertarianism' whose ascendency now overshadows the neoliberalism that has been the focus of critical attention for some decades.},
	pages = {223--243},
	number = {96},
	journaltitle = {Australian Feminist Studies},
	author = {Allon, Fiona},
	date = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, {IDEOLOGY}, decentralisation, gold, gold standard, libertarianism},
}

@article{hart_money_2015,
	title = {Money from a cultural point of view},
	volume = {5},
	pages = {411--416},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {{HAU}: Journal of Ethnographic Theory},
	author = {Hart, Keith},
	date = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: University of Chicago Press},
	keywords = {{CRYPTO}, {IDEOLOGY}},
}

@article{lawrence_movement_2019,
	title = {Movement to market, currency to property: the rise and fall of Bitcoin as an anti-state movement, 2009–2014},
	volume = {17},
	pages = {109--134},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Socio-Economic Review},
	author = {Lawrence, Christopher J and Mudge, Stephanie Lee},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Oxford University Press},
	keywords = {{CRYPTO}, {IDEOLOGY}},
}

@article{zook_new_2018,
	title = {New spaces of disruption? The failures of Bitcoin and the rhetorical power of algorithmic governance},
	volume = {96},
	issn = {00167185},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.08.023},
	doi = {10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.08.023},
	abstract = {In less than a decade Bitcoin and the technology of blockchain – a cryptographically-secured, algorithmically-regulated, distributed-ledger – emerged as the enfant terrible of the global economy. Ironically, as cryptocurrencies reached collective valuations of hundreds of billions of dollars the Bitcoin project failed in its original purpose as an alternative currency governed by code rather than trust. Not only has Bitcoin not become a popular means of global peer-to-peer transactions but the much vaulted purity of algorithmic governance is heavily entangled in social relations. This article reviews blockchain's computer architectures, its connections to materiality and space and the complexity of its established practices. This analysis shows that rather than occupying an algorithmic place apart, blockchain contains multiple and conflicting agencies and is messily embedded in the code/space of materiality. Nevertheless the faith in the superiority of algorithmic governance has injected a powerful discourse in economies that has proven more important and disruptive than the actual practices of Bitcoin or blockchain.},
	pages = {248--255},
	issue = {August},
	journaltitle = {Geoforum},
	author = {Zook, Matthew A. and Blankenship, Joe},
	date = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, Innovation, {IDEOLOGY}, Code/space, Disruption, Financial technologies, Fintech},
}

@article{eich_old_2019,
	title = {Old Utopias, New Tax Havens: The Politics of Bitcoin in Historical Perspective},
	url = {https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198842187.001.0001/oso-9780198842187-chapter-5},
	abstract = {Cryptocurrencies are frequently framed as future-oriented, technological innovations that decentralize money, thereby liberating it from centralized governance and the political tentacles of the state. This is misleading on several counts. First, electronic currencies cannot leave the politics of money behind even where they aim to disavow it. Instead, we can understand their impact as a political attempt to depoliticize money. Second, the dramatic price swings of cryptocurrencies challenge their self-fashioning as a new form of money and reveal them instead as speculative assets and securities in need of regulation. While the preferential tax and regulatory treatment of cryptocurrencies hinges on their nominal currency status, it is ironically precisely their success as speculative assets that has undermined these claims. Finally, far from heralding a radical break with the past, electronic currencies serve as a reminder of the unresolved global politics of money since the 1970s. To support these three interrelated theses this chapter places the rise of cryptocurrencies in the historical context of the international politics of money between the end of the Bretton Woods system and the response to the 2008 Financial Crisis.},
	pages = {85--98},
	journaltitle = {Regulating Blockchain: Techno-Social and Legal Challenges},
	author = {Eich, Stefan},
	date = {2019},
	note = {{ISBN}: 978-0-19-187820-6},
	keywords = {\_LATEST, {IDEOLOGY}},
}

@article{garrod_property_2019,
	title = {On the property of blockchains: comments on an emerging literature},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {14695766},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2019.1678316},
	doi = {10.1080/03085147.2019.1678316},
	abstract = {The last few years have seen the emergence of a growing academic literature on the blockchain. On one side are the supporters, who see its potential to create a true, peer-to-peer (p2p) sharing economy. On the other side are the critics, who argue that the blockchain is more likely to reproduce capitalism than to disrupt it. Using the insights generated by the critical literature on the blockchain, this paper seeks to ask new questions and provide new insights about the development of this technology and how it is likely to transform the global political economy through its capacity to enforce global property rights.},
	pages = {602--623},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Economy and Society},
	author = {Garrod, J. Z.},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {blockchain, Bitcoin, {PROCESSED}, property, technology, {IDEOLOGY}, globalization, sharing economy},
}

@unpublished{bodon_ostrom_2019,
	title = {Ostrom Amongst the Machines},
	url = {https://ssrn.com/abstract=3462648},
	abstract = {Blockchains are distributed ledger technologies that allow the recording of any data structure, including money, property titles, and contracts. In this paper, we suggest that Hayekian political economy is especially well suited to explain how blockchain emerged, but that Elinor Ostrom's approach to commons governance is particularly useful to understand why blockchain anarchy is successful. Our central conclusions are that the blockchain can be thought of as a spontaneous order, as Hayek anticipated, as well as a knowledge commons, as Ostrom's studies of self-governance anticipated.},
	author = {Bodon, Herminio and Bustamante, Pedro and Gomez, Marcela and Krishnamurthy, Prashabnt and Madison, Michael J and Murtazashvili, Ilia and Murtazashvili, Jennifer B and Mylovanov, Tymofiy and Weiss, Martin B},
	date = {2019},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {IDEOLOGY}},
}

@article{bailey_philosophy_2021,
	title = {Philosophy, politics, and economics of cryptocurrency I: Money without state},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {17479991},
	doi = {10.1111/phc3.12785},
	abstract = {In this article, we describe what cryptocurrency is, how it works, and how it relates to familiar conceptions of and questions about money. We then show how normative questions about monetary policy find new expression in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. These questions can play a role in addressing not just what money is, but what it should be. A guiding theme in our discussion is that progress here requires a mixed approach that integrates philosophical tools with the purely technical results of disciplines like computer science and economics.},
	pages = {1--15},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Philosophy Compass},
	author = {Bailey, Andrew M. and Rettler, Bradley and Warmke, Craig},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {IDEOLOGY}},
}

@article{bailey_philosophy_2021-1,
	title = {Philosophy, politics, and economics of cryptocurrency {II}: The moral landscape of monetary design},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {17479991},
	doi = {10.1111/phc3.12784},
	abstract = {In this article, we identify three key design dimensions along which cryptocurrencies differ – privacy, censorship-resistance, and consensus procedure. Each raises important normative issues. Our discussion uncovers new ways to approach the question of whether Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies should be used as money, and new avenues for developing a positive answer to that question. A guiding theme is that progress here requires a mixed approach that integrates philosophical tools with the purely technical results of disciplines like computer science and economics.},
	pages = {1--15},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Philosophy Compass},
	author = {Bailey, Andrew M. and Rettler, Bradley and Warmke, Craig},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {IDEOLOGY}},
}

@inproceedings{zamani_power_2019,
	title = {Power and Bitcoins : a critical realism perspective},
	url = {http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/150495/},
	abstract = {In this study, through the lens of critical realism to power, we take a close look into the power dynamics behind the Bitcoin protocol in relation to its Cypherpunk philosophical underpinnings. We focus on some of its main components that can be seen as constraining structures, and we discuss how these structures generate constraining mechanisms that restrict users' power to act, further reinforcing other entities” power over them. In doing so, we illustrate that the Bitcoin Protocol, as it is used today, is in tension with the principles on which it was developed. In addition, we show that power, instead of being decentralised and distributed to the many, it has merely shifted from traditional actors to what can be seen as newcomers or atypical regulators. In line with the paradigm of critical realism, we note that the identified mechanisms and structures we discuss in this paper, are those that we were able to observe through our subjective lens; others may exist but may require different contextual conditions to be activated and observed.},
	pages = {27--28},
	booktitle = {13th Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems, 27-28 Sep 2019},
	author = {Zamani, Efpraxia D and Power, Zamani / and {Bitcoins}},
	date = {2019},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, {PROCESSED}, Power, {IDEOLOGY}, decentralisation, critical realism},
}

@article{hussain_prefigurative_2020,
	title = {Prefigurative Post-Politics as Strategy: The Case of Government-Led Blockchain Projects},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {25163949},
	doi = {10.31585/jbba-3-1-(2)2020},
	abstract = {Critically engaging with literature on post-politics, blockchain and algorithmic governance, and drawing also on knowledge gained from undertaking a three-year empirical study, the purpose of this article is to better understand the transformative capacity of government-led blockchain projects. Analysis of a diversity of empirical material, which was guided by a digital ethnography approach, is used to support the furthering of the existing debate on the nature of the post-political as a condition and/or strategy. Through these theoretical and empirical explorations, the article concludes that while the post-political represents a contingent political strategy by governmental actors, it could potentially impose an algorithmically enforced post-political 'condition' for the citizen. It is argued that the design, features and mechanisms of government-led projects are deliberately and strategically used to delimit a citizens' political agency. In order to address this scenario, we argue that there is a need not only to analyse and contribute to the algorithmic design of blockchain projects (i.e. the affordances and constraints they set), but also to the metapolitical narrative underpinning them (i.e. the political imaginaries underlying the various government-led projects).},
	pages = {1--11},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {The Journal of The British Blockchain Association},
	author = {Hussain, Syed Omer},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: The British Blockchain Association},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {IDEOLOGY}},
}

@article{doody_reactionary_2020,
	title = {Reactionary Technopolitics: A Critical Sociohistorical Review},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1930-014X},
	doi = {10.32855/fcapital.202001.009},
	abstract = {This paper outlines a critical social history of reactionary media, political, and information networks—what I refer to generally as technopolitics—in the United States and their significance to the hostility towards truth and fact that is a central feature of our political present. I begin with a critical review of the unique right-wing media and political ecosystem that emerged from the alliance between neoliberalism and social conservatism in the twentieth-century. In the second section, I focus on digitization, Trump, and the alt-right, and discuss the historical tethers connecting the latter to the cyber-libertarians and white supremacists operating on the early internet. Next, I take stock of the history covered in the paper, and argue that we can see three general sociopolitical tendencies emerging from our current juncture: something like a paleoconservative hardening of the Republican Party's base; the degeneration of the core alt-right into white supremacist terrorism; and the rise of an “intellectualist” reactionary assemblage epitomized by the Intellectual Dark Web ({IDW}). I provide a brief analysis of the {IDW} and discuss its chief political and social significance in the post-Trump, post-alt-right social landscape of what Jodi Dean describes as communicative capitalism.},
	pages = {143--164},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Fast Capitalism},
	author = {Doody, Sean},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {\_LATEST, {IDEOLOGY}},
}

@article{maurer_re-risking_2016,
	title = {Re-risking in realtime. On possible futures for finance after the blockchain},
	volume = {9},
	pages = {82--96},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Behemoth-A Journal on Civilisation},
	author = {Maurer, Bill},
	date = {2016},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {IDEOLOGY}},
}

@article{reijers_blockchain_2018,
	title = {The Blockchain as a Narrative Technology: Investigating the Social Ontology and Normative Configurations of Cryptocurrencies},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {22105441},
	doi = {10.1007/s13347-016-0239-x},
	abstract = {In this paper, we engage in a philosophical investigation of how blockchain technologies such as cryptocurrencies can mediate our social world. Emerging blockchain-based decentralised applications have the potential to transform our financial system, our bureaucracies and models of governance. We construct an ontological framework of “narrative technologies” that allows us to show how these technologies, like texts, can configure our social reality. Drawing from the work of Ricoeur and responding to the works of Searle, in postphenomenology and {STS}, we show how blockchain technologies bring about a process of emplotment: an organisation of characters and events. First, we show how blockchain technologies actively configure plots such as financial transactions by rendering them increasingly rigid. Secondly, we show how they configure abstractions from the world of action, by replacing human interactions with automated code. Third, we investigate the role of people's interpretative distances towards blockchain technologies: discussing the importance of greater public involvement with their application in different realms of social life.},
	pages = {103--130},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Philosophy and Technology},
	author = {Reijers, Wessel and Coeckelbergh, Mark},
	date = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Philosophy \& Technology},
	keywords = {\_LATEST, Cryptocurrencies, {IDEOLOGY}, Blockchain technology, Ethics, Narrative, Politics, Ricoeur, Searle, {STS}},
}

@article{dallyn_challenge_2021,
	title = {The Challenge of Building a Scalable Postcapitalist Commons: The Limits of {FairCoin} as a Commons-Based Cryptocurrency},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {14678330},
	doi = {10.1111/anti.12705},
	abstract = {Postcapitalist commons are a growing area of interest in the efforts to generate alternatives to capitalism in the present. Commons are understood as self-organised collectives based around shared resources; yet postcapitalist commons have an additional element, in operating within while projecting an “after” capitalism. This can give rise to tensions since commons striving for postcapitalism also require a certain amount of capital to survive and function within capitalism. {FairCoop} is a radical postcapitalist commons that adopted the cryptocurrency {FairCoin} in 2014. {FairCoop}, through {FairCoin}, was able to generate some trans-local connections through its use of peer2peer technologies and was thus able to scale-up. Its design, however, was ultimately unsustainable due to insufficiently clear boundaries from capital. After highlighting the lack of commons boundaries around {FairCoop}, we identify some additional commons-capital boundary design principles which could contribute to the sustainability of future postcapitalist commons experiments that are seeking to scale.},
	pages = {859--883},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Antipode},
	author = {Dallyn, Sam and Frenzel, Fabian},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, cryptocurrencies, commons, {IDEOLOGY}, commons boundaries, {FairCoin}, {FairCoop}, postcapitalism},
}

@article{beltramini_cryptoanarchist_2021,
	title = {The Cryptoanarchist Character of Bitcoin's Digital Governance},
	volume = {29},
	doi = {10.3898/AS.29.2.03},
	pages = {75--99},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Anarchist Studies},
	author = {Beltramini, Enrico},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Lawrence and Wishart},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {IDEOLOGY}},
}

@article{faustino_myths_2021-1,
	title = {The myths and legends of king Satoshi and the knights of blockchain},
	volume = {0},
	issn = {17530369},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2021.1921830},
	doi = {10.1080/17530350.2021.1921830},
	abstract = {In this paper, we present an ethnographic account of the quasi-religious romanticism of the crypto-community towards blockchain technologies. To do so, we explore the cultural significance of phenomena such as myth, faith, and ritual, without excluding both the realms of technological practices and techno-scientific narrative. Drawing on a comparison with the legend of King Arthur, we analyse how the legendary creator of Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto, translates contemporary anxieties resulting from the financial crisis and the centralisation of power. By analysing white papers, we further explore the persuasive narratives which convey how ethics and virtue can be encoded into software, and, finally, we describe the secular rituals that reinforce cohesion among the community–in moments which are often guided by charismatic preachers and specialists. We argue that blockchain technologies have had a symbolic impact in re-invigorating enchantment and material romanticism towards finance and technology, which has had a wider impact on the social perception and acceptance of the transition to a digital society.},
	pages = {1--14},
	number = {0},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Cultural Economy},
	author = {Faustino, Sandra and Faria, Inês and Marques, Rafael},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, cryptocurrencies, {IDEOLOGY}, enchantment of technology, ethnography, faith, material romanticism, Religion},
}

@article{husain_political_2020-1,
	title = {The political imaginaries of blockchain projects: discerning the expressions of an emerging ecosystem},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {18624057},
	doi = {10.1007/s11625-020-00786-x},
	abstract = {There is a wealth of information, hype around, and research into blockchain's ‘disruptive' and ‘transformative' potential concerning every industry. However, there is an absence of scholarly attention given to identifying and analyzing the political premises and consequences of blockchain projects. Through digital ethnography and participatory action research, this article shows how blockchain experiments personify ‘prefigurative politics' by design: they embody the politics and power structures which they want to enable in society. By showing how these prefigurative embodiments are informed and determined by the underlying political imaginaries, the article proposes a basic typology of blockchain projects. Furthermore, it outlines a frame to question, cluster, and analyze the expressions of political imaginaries intrinsic to the design and operationalization of blockchain projects on three analytic levels: users, intermediaries, and institutions.},
	pages = {379--394},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Sustainability Science},
	author = {Husain, Syed Omer and Franklin, Alex and Roep, Dirk},
	date = {2020},
	note = {{ISBN}: 1162502000786},
	keywords = {Blockchain, Decentralization, {PROCESSED}, {IDEOLOGY}, Political imaginaries, Prefigurative politics, Technopolitics},
}

@thesis{bellinger_rhetoric_2018,
	title = {The Rhetoric of Bitcoin: Money, Politics, and the Construction of Blockchain Communities},
	url = {https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/43342},
	abstract = {The rise of Bitcoin and related digital currencies has been accompanied by a proliferation of discourse about these technologies, including debates about their value and status as forms of money. This dissertation examines digital currency discourse from a rhetorical perspective, and traces the development and impact of a key trope of early Bitcoin discourse—the application of commodity money rhetoric to Bitcoin—to understand the rhetorical construction of Bitcoin. It argues that early attempts to establish Bitcoin as a form of money, which figured Bitcoin as a "natural" entity beyond the reach of community politics, produced an unanticipated rhetorical fallout: the displacement of the politics of the Bitcoin community onto the development of Bitcoin as a technology. It further argues that this early displacement continues to influence the rhetorical dynamics of Bitcoin and its heirs by shaping subsequent debates over digital currency governance and valuation.},
	pagetotal = {223},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Bellinger, Matthew},
	date = {2018},
	doi = {https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/43342},
	pmid = {2186898171},
	note = {{ISBN}: 978-0-438-86971-4
Publication Title: {ResearchWorks} Archive},
	keywords = {Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, Money, Digital currency, {IDEOLOGY}, 0459:Communication, 0626:Sociology, 0681:Rhetoric, Communication, Communication and the arts, Language, literature and linguistics, Rhetoric, Social sciences, Sociology},
}

@unpublished{boon-falleur_m_trustless_2021,
	title = {Trustless libertarians ? Attitudes about trust, politics, science and the environment in the blockchain community},
	url = {https://psyarxiv.com/ka7st},
	abstract = {Blockchain technology emerged in 2008 in the midst of the financial crisis to provide a decentralized alternative to financial institutions. Members of the blockchain community, including the pseudonymous inventor of the technology Satoshi Nokamoto, have often expressed low levels of trust toward traditional institutions such as central banks. In contrast, they argue that blockchain technology applications such as cryptocurrencies or decentralized autonomous organisations do not require the intervention of a third party and are therefore more trustworthy while also allowing for more freedom. In this context, members of the blockchain community are often described as trustless and libertarian. In this study, we tested whether members of the blockchain community indeed are different from the general population in terms of their attitudes toward trust, politics, science and the environment. We found that the blockchain community is less trusting of people and institutions, favors more private poverty, and is less pro-environmental than the general population. Given that trust in institutions has been decreasing in recent years, decentralized systems powered by blockchain technology may become appealing to a growing number of people around the world.},
	author = {Boon-Falleur M, Laizeau T},
	date = {2021},
	doi = {10.31234/osf.io/ka7st},
	keywords = {blockchain, cryptocurrency, \_LATEST, trust, environment, {IDEOLOGY}, politics},
}

@article{harvey_why_2020,
	title = {Why Cryptocurrencies Want Privacy: A Review of Political Motivations and Branding Expressed in “Privacy Coin” Whitepapers},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {15377865},
	doi = {10.1080/15377857.2019.1652223},
	abstract = {New currencies designed for user anonymity and privacy–widely referred to as “privacy coins”–have forced governments to listen and legislate, but the political motivations of these currencies are not well understood. Following the growing interest of political brands in different contexts, we provide the first systematic review of political motivations expressed in cryptocurrency whitepapers whose explicit goal is “privacy.” Many privacy coins deliberately position themselves as alternative political brands. Although cryptocurrencies are often closely associated with political philosophies that aim to diminish or subvert the power of governments and banks, advocates of privacy occupy much broader ideological ground. We present thematic trends within the privacy coin literature and identify epistemic and ethical tensions present within the communities of people calling for the adoption of entirely private currencies.},
	pages = {107--136},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Political Marketing},
	author = {Harvey, John and Branco-Illodo, Ines},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {blockchain, cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, {MY}\_GS, privacy, money, {IDEOLOGY}, political brands},
}

@misc{kosmarski_anthropology_2021,
	title = {Anthropology and blockchain},
	abstract = {Blockchain and its related technologies break away from the contemporary dystopian imaginaries of control and exploitation endemic in {IT}. This editorial considers the relevance of blockchain for anthropologists, why they should care, and what the technology brings. After sketching the evolution of blockchain, we draw attention to its potential as a playground – a plethora of projects reimagining and remaking the basic stuff of political economy, including the meaning of money, collectivities, exchange and voting. Blockchain's utility for rethinking the basic rules of the game in academia also deserves attention.},
	publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
	author = {Kosmarski, Artyom and Gordiychuk, Nikolay},
	date = {2021},
	doi = {10.1111/1467-8322.12683},
	note = {{ISSN}: 14678322
Issue: 6
Pages: 1–3
Publication Title: Anthropology Today
Volume: 37},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {ANTHROPOLOGY}},
}

@article{peebles_banking_2020,
	title = {Banking on Digital Money: Swedish Cashlessness and the Fraying Currency Tether},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {15481360},
	doi = {10.14506/ca36.1.01},
	abstract = {As cash has suddenly gone missing from Swedish life, a growing range of citizens and institutions have sounded the alarm that cash enabled a space of egalitarian access now under threat. But because commercial bank currency is gradually displacing public central bank currency, cashlessness in Sweden is not only threatening its egalitarian ethos but also the Swedish Central Bank's capacity to provide a guaranteed state payment mechanism. The consequences of Sweden's battles over cash-issuance may presage the future of our global banking system in a digital age, while also illuminating what is here called currency's “tethering mechanism.” Because bank-issued currencies represent chains of credit/debt, exchanging and storing different currencies can tether and de-tether their users to different institutions, thereby offering anthropologists the possibility of mapping the waxing and waning of various dominant social institutions.},
	pages = {1--24},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Cultural Anthropology},
	author = {Peebles, Gustav},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, infrastructure, {ANTHROPOLOGY}, central banking, cash, digital money, public goods, storage},
}

@article{breidbach_betting_2021,
	title = {Betting on Bitcoin: How social collectives shape cryptocurrency markets},
	volume = {122},
	issn = {01482963},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.09.017},
	abstract = {Market-shaping research assumes that firms are the primary actor to lead, manage, and respond to the formation of markets. This viewpoint is increasingly being challenged, but empirical insights explaining the roles, resources and actions of actors other than firms shaping markets remain limited. We address this gap in knowledge by drawing on insights from an in-depth ethnography of market-shaping in the context of cryptocurrency communities. Our theoretical and empirical contributions consist of a typology that highlights four distinct roles performed by individuals shaping cryptocurrency markets. We furthermore identify six micro-level market actions, and delineate a novel theoretical model and propositions outlining the pathways with which these actions impact market size, market offerings, as well as market functioning. This study thereby establishes an important avenue for future research, and offers managerial guidelines enabling practitioners attempting to benefit from cryptocurrencies.},
	pages = {311--320},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Business Research},
	author = {Breidbach, Christoph F. and Tana, Silviana},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, {ANTHROPOLOGY}, {CRYPTO}, Ethnography, Market-shaping, Theory-building},
}

@article{tremcinsky_bitcoin_2022,
	title = {Bitcoin and its spheres of consumption: Transactional orders of consuming money in the Czech and Slovak Bitcoin community},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {2330-4847},
	doi = {10.1002/sea2.12189},
	abstract = {With the recent proliferation of modes of payment, anthropology must increasingly pay closer attention to innovative designs and uses of money in Western societies. Money has started to be perceived as a consumable service with multiple providers from which to choose. In such an environment, the question of how people consume money—instead of how they consume with money—grows in importance. This article is based on ethnographic research of Bitcoin communities in Prague and Bratislava. It examines how users variously consume Bitcoin and what consequences these diverse ways of consumption can have for the Bitcoin economy. The article identifies two discrete spheres of consumption that closely correlate with “transactional orders” or spheres of exchange as described in classical works of economic anthropology, for example, by Parry and Bloch. One of the spheres is concerned with the reproduction of social order, while the other considers the personal gain of individual consumers. The article also examines the tension between these two spheres and how it is dialectically resolved through strategies of conversion. In the final discussion, the case of Bitcoin is compared with other anthropological accounts of spheres of exchange, with special attention oriented to their dissimilarities.},
	pages = {35--46},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Economic Anthropology},
	author = {Tremčinský, Martin},
	date = {2022},
	keywords = {bitcoin, {PROCESSED}, {ANTHROPOLOGY}, {CRYPTO}, money, a, a vast number of, all over the world, and a, brought into economic practices, businesses and consumers have, consumption, conversions, economic spheres, from plastic cards and, in digital technologies has, lot of people, methods of payment from, mobile money to digital, payment, proliferation of methods of, the relatively recent advancement, transactional orders, wallets and cryptocurrencies, which to choose},
}

@article{fletcher_currency_2013,
	title = {Currency in Transition: An Ethnographic Inquiry of Bitcoin Adherents},
	doi = {https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/2748/},
	abstract = {The Internet and other telecommunications systems have reshaped the means by which markets are accessed, generated, and transformed. Recent innovations in computer science have led to the development of a virtually bound, decentralized, encrypted currency system known as bitcoin. Unlike conventional currency systems, the Bitcoin protocol is cryptologically defined with a virtual structure that allows it to simultaneously operate as currency, commodity, and market shaping socio-political force. Its decentralized design permits it to function as a free-market response to fiat currencies vulnerable to inflation, regulation, and manipulation. Given the cultural significance anthropologists and other social scientists have assigned to various modes and mediums of exchange over the years, the socio-economic impact of this novel currency system warrants particular consideration. This research describes the Bitcoin community that has emerged alongside the currency, including the entrepreneurs, developers, and consumers who are dedicated to bitcoin's perpetuation and acceptance as an internationally recognized medium of exchange. Ethnographic interviews and participant observation were utilized to collect information from users in the Central Florida area, detailing their experiences and interactions with the Bitcoin protocol and its associated community. This research provides new levels of anthropological insight into currency development, market interaction, and economically embodied social commentary. Moreover, its exploratory nature helps create a viable framework around which qualitative inquiry of virtual crypto-currencies may be designed in future studies.},
	author = {Fletcher, Justin},
	date = {2013},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {ANTHROPOLOGY}, {CRYPTO}},
}

@article{xu_digitizing_2021,
	title = {Digitizing death: commodification of joss paper on Chinese online cemetery},
	volume = {0},
	issn = {17530369},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2021.1952099},
	doi = {10.1080/17530350.2021.1952099},
	abstract = {This article explores the digitalization of traditional funeral joss paper into digital commodities through the case study of the Chinese online cemetery 00tang.com. Joss paper are paper replicas of everyday items such as money and objects that are ritually burned as a form of symbolic offering to the deceased in accordance with traditional Chinese practices of ancestor worship. Using both ethnographic interviews and discursive interface analysis, I look at how the remediation of spiritual joss paper into digital objects complicates perceived dichotomy between the gift and commodity that requires new ways of thinking about the acts of social reciprocity, indebtedness, and obligation. Drawing on established literature relating to gift and digital economies, I argue 00tang's digitization of joss paper on internet cemeteries is reflexive of the biopolitical means by which the state and market forces work to subsume traditional ancestor worship into controllable and commodifiable labor of mourning. Here, the subversive wastefulness of the gift is replaced by its accumulation and preservation online. Digitization in this regard highlights the process by which objects take on different materiality, values, aesthetics, and productive labor practices, all of which fundamentally alters the symbolic regimes of death and the ritual gift economy in China.},
	pages = {1--17},
	number = {0},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Cultural Economy},
	author = {Xu, Yizhou},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {\_LATEST, {ANTHROPOLOGY}, ancestor worship, digital commodities, digital mourning, Gift exchange, joss paper, online cemetery},
}

@article{maddox_disrupting_2020-1,
	title = {Disrupting the Ethnographic Imaginarium: Challenges of Immersion in the Silk Road Cryptomarket Community},
	volume = {2},
	doi = {10.33621/jdsr.v2i1.23},
	pages = {20--38},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Digital Social Research},
	author = {Maddox, Alexia},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {REGULATION}, digital ethnography, online community, 1, 2, 2020, {ANTHROPOLOGY}, australia, contentious visibility, {CRYPTO}, cryptomarket, deakin university, digital frontier, esearch, igital s ocial r, illicit drug use, j ournal of d, n o, v ol},
}

@incollection{dupont_experiments_2017,
	title = {Experiments in algorithmic governance: A history and ethnography of “The {DAO},” a failed decentralized autonomous organization},
	url = {http://iqdupont.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/DuPont-Experiments_in_Algorithmic_Governance-2017.pdf},
	pages = {157--177},
	booktitle = {Bitcoin and beyond},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {{DuPont}, Quinn},
	date = {2017},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {ANTHROPOLOGY}, {CRYPTO}},
}

@article{faustino_how_2019,
	title = {How metaphors matter: an ethnography of blockchain-based re-descriptions of the world},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {17530369},
	doi = {10.1080/17530350.2019.1629330},
	abstract = {This paper explores the role of metaphors in the production of re-descriptions of the world within the framework of technological design processes. Drawing on a collaborative ethnography with the Economic Space Agency ({ECSA}), a start-up developing post-blockchain technology, this paper illustrates how metaphors mimic the toponymy of decentralized material infrastructures, while simultaneously pushing forward ‘posthuman' values that are expected to become fixated through software. Through an analysis of a ‘collection' of metaphors produced by {ECSA}, this paper sheds light on the work performed by specific vocabularies, within technological communities, in shaping a symbiotic relationship between futuristic politics and material culture.},
	pages = {478--490},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Cultural Economy},
	author = {Faustino, Sandra},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {ANTHROPOLOGY}, {CRYPTO}, performativity, blockchain technology, language, Metaphor},
}

@article{bruun_infrastructures_2020,
	title = {Infrastructures of trust and distrust: The politics and ethics of emerging cryptographic technologies},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {14678322},
	doi = {10.1111/1467-8322.12562},
	abstract = {The authors of this article are engaged in anthropological research on the links between the growing interest in privacy and data security as a technical field and how notions of trust, security and accountability are practised in and beyond technical fields of cryptography, specifically a field called multi-party computation ({MPC}). They pursue the relationship between trust in different forms of cryptography – academic and activist – and notions of trust as they are articulated in relation to data security and the protection of citizens' data. There is a tension between the concerns raised in public debates about data security and the promises of emerging cryptographic protocols. In political speeches and public debates, citizens' trust that governments and tech companies will protect their data is framed as important and essential. In the environments of emerging cryptographic technologies, such as blockchains, bitcoin and {MPC}, a promise to provide ‘trustless trust' and abandon the need for trusted intermediaries, authorities and institutions is articulated.},
	pages = {13--17},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Anthropology Today},
	author = {Bruun, Maja Hojer and Andersen, Astrid Oberborbeck and Mannov, Adrienne},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {ANTHROPOLOGY}},
}

@article{lee_magical_2020,
	title = {Magical capitalism, gambler subjects: South Korea's bitcoin investment frenzy},
	volume = {0},
	issn = {14664348},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2020.1788620},
	doi = {10.1080/09502386.2020.1788620},
	abstract = {‘First, it was just tech people. Now, literally everyone is interested in bitcoin', said {CNN} News while reporting on the bitcoin mania that haunted South Korean society in the winter of 2017–2018. This study takes that speculative frenzy as an entry point for exploring lay bitcoin investors' experiences and the ‘magical' features of contemporary financial capitalism. It first situates the bitcoin investment boom in the contexts of South Korea's post-developmental transition and the rise of mass investment culture. Drawing upon participant observation of online communities for South Korea's bitcoin investors, this study then demonstrates how lay bitcoin investors' daily beliefs and practices are distinguished from more traditional economic subjectivities–namely, disciplined workers and rational investors. Lay bitcoin investors present themselves not simply as calculative investors but also as enchanted gamblers who often rely upon magical formulas and rituals that express their hopes and despairs in the face of an uncertain future. Instead of dismissing their beliefs and rituals as ‘irrational exuberance', this study argues that their cultural practices should be understood as a reflexive response to the ‘magical' mechanisms of the financial market based on self-referential valuation and self-fulfilling performativity. In examining how the logics of uncertainty and magic are returned at the heart of contemporary capitalism, this study consequently seeks to situate the lay investors' struggles in dealing with the ambiguous future within the broader transformation of the human condition during the triumphant rise of financial capitalism.},
	pages = {1--24},
	number = {0},
	journaltitle = {Cultural Studies},
	author = {Lee, Seung Cheol},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, {PROCESSED}, {ANTHROPOLOGY}, performativity, financial subject, magical capitalism, mass investment culture, South Korea},
}

@thesis{valley_bitcoin_2018,
	title = {On Bitcoin usage, Techno-optimism and Participation},
	url = {https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/374186%0A},
	abstract = {The present research engages with theoretical notions related to anarchy, currency systems and the intersubjectivity ofmoney to develop a critical analysis of the individual attitudes and motivations relevant to the usage of Bitcoin for what concerns users in Rovereto, Italy. Through the use of ethnography, this research explores the reasons behind the spread of use of Bitcoin in the area of Rovereto and how those reasons may be connected to the way the Bitcoin network was designed and the socio-political set of values of its creators. New theoretical paradigms and a re-interpretation of old theoretical notions is proposed, in order to overcome the lack of literature and fieldwork material related to the subject of cryptocurrency users, for what concerns anthropological research. General reflections on the impact of new technologies such as cryptocurrencies on individuals are also produced, in connection with the material collected on the field in Rovereto. 2},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Valley, Bitcoin},
	date = {2018},
	doi = {https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/374186},
	note = {Issue: August},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {ANTHROPOLOGY}, {CRYPTO}},
}

@thesis{starita_bitcoin_2018,
	title = {On Bitcoin usage, Techno-optimism and Participation-An anthropological perspective on Rovereto s Bitcoin Valley users},
	url = {https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/374186%0A},
	abstract = {The present research engages with theoretical notions related to anarchy, currency systems and the intersubjectivity of money to develop a critical analysis of the individual attitudes and motivations relevant to the usage of Bitcoin for what concerns users in Rovereto, Italy. Through the use of ethnography, this research explores the reasons behind the spread of use of Bitcoin in the area of Rovereto and how those reasons may be connected to the way the Bitcoin network was designed and the socio-political set of values of its creators. New theoretical paradigms and a re-interpretation of old theoretical notions is proposed, in order to overcome the lack of literature and fieldwork material related to the subject of cryptocurrency users, for what concerns anthropological research. General reflections on the impact of new technologies such as cryptocurrencies on individuals are also produced, in connection with the material collected on the field in Rovereto. show less},
	type = {Master's Thesis},
	author = {Starita, G D},
	date = {2018},
	doi = {https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/374186},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {ANTHROPOLOGY}, {CRYPTO}},
}

@article{kavanagh_bitcoin_2019,
	title = {The Bitcoin game: Ethno-resonance as method},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {14617323},
	doi = {10.1177/1350508419828567},
	abstract = {The global financial crisis and the contemporaneous emergence of the digital currency Bitcoin invite us to think about money and how it often functions almost imperceptibly in society. In this article, we show that Bitcoin is a ‘new object of concern' that also compels us to reimagine ethnography in a digital age. We present a method, which we term ethno-resonance, that is both a reaction to the conditions presented by the Bitcoin phenomenon and a way of maintaining critical distance from its cyberlibertarian politics. We explicate six aspects of the method, framed around answers to what, why, how, who, when and where questions. Applied to cryptocurrencies, the method leads us to depict Bitcoin as a game, and we analyse the game's dynamics through mapping the interplay between four foundational myths that animate, complicate and sustain the game. More broadly, this contributes to our understanding of the nature of money and alternative currencies.},
	pages = {517--536},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Organization},
	author = {Kavanagh, Donncha and Miscione, Gianluca and Ennis, P. J.},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: {SAGE} Publications Sage {UK}: London, England},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, {PROCESSED}, cryptocurrencies, {ANTHROPOLOGY}, {CRYPTO}, money, ethnography, ethno-resonance, ethnomethodology, games},
}

@article{faria_market_2021,
	title = {The market, the regulator, and the government: Making a blockchain ecosystem in the Netherlands},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2059-5999},
	doi = {10.2218/finsoc.v7i1.5590},
	abstract = {This article presents a socio-anthropological analysis of the formation of a business ecosystem around blockchain technology in the Netherlands, within the broader context of the European Union and the digital single market. I argue that while reproducing widespread global models of business group and network formation, the relations created by these networks also reveal particularities of local business and governance cultures. Such particularities emerge from the pragmatics of collaboration and competitive market relationships, as well as legal heterogeneity and plans for legal harmonisation in digital innovation and governance in Europe. They also emerge from the challenges and transformations that current experimentation cultures for digital innovation bring to the interactions between market players, regulators, and government. These challenges and transformations materialise in increasingly informal connections and strategies for experimental legitimisation, which occur in parallel to more formal and traditional forms of regulatory and governmental interaction. The article is based on ethnographic fieldwork in the Netherlands and in online terrains, including observation periods and 32 interviews with entrepreneurial project teams, as well as with individuals involved in financial incumbents' innovation labs.},
	pages = {40--56},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Finance and Society},
	author = {Faria, Inês},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {blockchain, {PROCESSED}, regulation, {ANTHROPOLOGY}, {CRYPTO}, business networks, digital identification, european union, netherlands},
}

@article{wang_systematic_2021,
	title = {A systematic overview of blockchain research},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {25126660},
	doi = {10.21078/JSSI-2021-205-34},
	abstract = {Blockchain has been receiving growing attention from both academia and practices. This paper aims to investigate the research status of blockchain-related studies and to analyze the development and evolution of this latest hot area via bibliometric analysis. We selected and explored 2451 papers published between 2013 and 2019 from the Web of Science Core Collection database. The analysis considers different dimensions, including annual publications and citation trends, author distribution, popular research themes, collaboration of countries (regions) and institutions, top papers, major publication journals (conferences), supportive funding agencies, and emerging research trends. The results show that the number of blockchain literature is still increasing, and the research priorities in blockchain-related research shift during the observation period from bitcoin, cryptocurrency, blockchain, smart contract, internet of thing, to the distributed ledger, and challenge and the inefficiency of blockchain. The findings of this research deliver a holistic picture of blockchain research, which illuminates the future direction of research, and provides implications for both academic research and enterprise practice.},
	pages = {205--238},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Systems Science and Information},
	author = {Wang, Guizhou and Zhang, Si and Yu, Tao and Ning, Yu},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: De Gruyter},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, Bibliometric analysis, Co-citation network, {SOCIOLOGY}},
}

@article{morrow_blockchain_2019,
	title = {Blockchain and the tokenization of the individual: Societal implications},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {19995903},
	doi = {10.3390/FI11100220},
	abstract = {We are living in a world where the very systems upon which trust is based are being challenged by new and exciting paradigm shifts. Centralization whether in the form of governments, financial institutions, enterprises and organizations is simply being challenged because of the lack of trust associated with data governance often experienced in the form of data breaches or simply a monetization of our data without our permission and/or incentives to participate in this emerging decentralization of structures. We see this trust deficit challenging the very institutions we have depended on including but not limited to financial institutions, private enterprises or government bodies. A new "social contract" is required as we continuously evolve into more decentralized and self-governing (or semi self-governing) entities. We will see more development in digital sovereignty with the caveat that a governance model will need to be defined. This position paper will present evidence that supports the premise that blockchain and individual tokenization could provide a new social contract.},
	pages = {220},
	number = {10},
	journaltitle = {Future Internet},
	author = {Morrow, Monique J. and Zarrebini, Mehran},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	keywords = {Blockchain, Decentralization, {MY}\_GS, {SOCIOLOGY}, Monetization, Social, Tokenization, Waste management},
}

@article{rantala_blockchain_2019,
	title = {Blockchain as a medium for transindividual collective},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {14735776},
	doi = {10.1080/14735784.2019.1694213},
	abstract = {Today, digitalisation is penetrating every corner of our mundane life, thus affecting our being in manifold ways. In spite of this, digital technologies provide us with paths towards advancing humanity. One way to model the possibilities of the new technologies in a sustainable way is to frame them in light of Gilbert Simondon's philosophy and especially his understanding of ‘transindividuality', which is the foundation for a robust, evolving collective. The transindividual relation, mediated by technical objects, is the possibility of a concurrent problem-solving at the collective and individual level. One of these new technologies, blockchain, a decentralised peer-to-peer database, practically demonstrates a complex system that can cultivate this transindividuality. Although not without its flaws, blockchain nonetheless presents a serious innovation for collective being.},
	pages = {250--263},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Culture, Theory and Critique},
	author = {Rantala, Juho},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {SOCIOLOGY}},
}

@article{dupont_blockchain_2017,
	title = {Blockchain Identities: Notational Technologies for Control and Management of Abstracted Entities},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {14679973},
	doi = {10.1111/meta.12267},
	abstract = {This paper argues that many so-called digital technologies can be construed as notational technologies, explored through the example of Monegraph, an art and digital asset management platform built on top of the blockchain system originally developed for the cryptocurrency bitcoin. As the paper characterizes it, a notational technology is the performance of syntactic notation within a field of reference, a technologized version of what Nelson Goodman called a “notational system.” Notational technologies produce abstracted entities through positive and reliable, or constitutive, tests of socially acceptable meaning. Accordingly, this account deviates from typical narratives of blockchains (usually characterized as Turing or state machines), instead demonstrating that blockchain technologies are effective at managing digital assets because they produce abstracted identities through the performance of notation. Since notational technologies rely on configurations of socially acceptable meaning, this paper also provides a philosophical account of how blockchain technologies are socially embedded.},
	pages = {634--653},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Metaphilosophy},
	author = {Dupont, Quinn},
	date = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	keywords = {blockchain, identity, {MY}\_GS, {SOCIOLOGY}, Goodman, notation, philosophy of computing, philosophy of technology},
}

@thesis{crandall_cryptoeconomic_2019,
	title = {Cryptoeconomic Geographies and Contestation in Puerto Rico},
	url = {http://jilliancrandall.net/cryptoeconomic-geographies-and-contestation-in-pr/},
	abstract = {This thesis is about how the new techno-capitalist industries oriented around blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies are further marginalizing already marginalized groups in Puerto Rico. These industries are forming new distributed cryptoeconomic geographies with highly local impacts. While socio-technical relationships with crypto and blockchain are forming all over the globe, the scenario in Puerto Rico has the most the most at stake for residents who do not have a stake in cryptocurrency. Specifically, a group of crypto-proponents (primarily male-dominated {US} expats) is looking to establish a new “crypto-utopia” in San Juan. These transactionary publics, as I define them, are groups with certain discourses, ideologies, and rhetorics centered around individual transactions, goals, and gains. They work through vastly different power structures that allow them to act more autonomously and anonymously via digital technology. However – there are local, native Puerto Ricans, government organizations, and institutions engaging as well on the basis of economic development. From a feminist perspective, this thesis challenges the assertion that blockchain technology has emancipatory potential, particularly for Puerto Rico. I discuss the resistance and contestation against crypto-colonialism and economic injustice in Puerto Rico, and highlight strategies both with and without digital technology. Specifically, I question if the politics of blockchain technology are compatible with those of platform cooperativism. I conclude with a number of speculative future scenarios for how alternate techno-economic strategies may play out in Puerto Rico, and what their consequences may be.},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Crandall, Jillian},
	date = {2019},
	doi = {http://jilliancrandall.net/cryptoeconomic-geographies-and-contestation-in-pr/},
	note = {Issue: May
Publication Title: Thesis},
	keywords = {\_LATEST, {SOCIOLOGY}},
}

@article{howson_crypto-giving_2021,
	title = {Crypto-giving and surveillance philanthropy: Exploring the trade-offs in blockchain innovation for nonprofits},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {15427854},
	doi = {10.1002/nml.21452},
	abstract = {A blockchain is a smart electronic database, distributed to all users, immutably tracking every transaction that has ever taken place between nodes on a network. The technology is being used by some nonprofits to address various operational challenges, including attaching automated conditions to charitable donations facilitated by programmable “crypto-giving” platforms. Drawing from analysis of technical documents provided by active crypto-giving projects, this review considers how these platforms enable radical shifts in sectoral power relations through “surveillance philanthropy”. This algorithmic surveillance ensures project funding fully reflects the interests of donors, while potentially restricting nonprofits in meeting the dynamic and complex needs of project beneficiaries. The paper considers the benefit trade-offs from crypto-giving platforms in three areas of utilization: (a) new forms of donor engagement and fundraising, (b) new tools for organizational governance, and (c) novel provision of development assistance. Despite the possible efficiency and transparency benefits of crypto-giving platforms, more research and practitioner engagement is required to ensure the sector's funding is secure and sustainable, without entailing significant risks for proposed beneficiaries.},
	pages = {805--820},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Nonprofit Management and Leadership},
	author = {Howson, Peter},
	date = {2021-06},
	note = {Publisher: Jossey-Bass Inc., Publishers},
	keywords = {Cryptocurrency, development, Blockchain, governance, {SOCIOLOGY}, fundraising, surveillance},
}

@article{papadopoulos_currency_2015,
	title = {Currency and the Collective Representations of Authority, Nationality, and Value},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {17530369},
	doi = {10.1080/17530350.2014.989884},
	abstract = {Mainstream economics has consistently ignored the iconography of currency, describing money ‘just' as a commodity. The paper is going to investigate the economic and political significance of the representations of authority and nationality in currency describing how these representation support its acceptability. The aim of the analysis is double: to decipher the visual identity of currency and its contribution to the acceptance of money in day-to-day transactions, as well as to discuss the operational principles of the monetary system as they are uncovered in the iconography of money. By answering these questions, the paper is going to trace the theoretical presuppositions and the cultural stereotypes that inform the representation of economic value and national identity as they are articulated in banknotes and coins with a specific emphasis on the European Monetary Union and the recent financial crisis that is still affecting its periphery.},
	pages = {521--534},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Cultural Economy},
	author = {Papadopoulos, Georgios},
	date = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {identity, economics, money, {SOCIOLOGY}, signs, state},
}

@article{caliskan_data_2020,
	title = {Data money: The socio-technical infrastructure of cryptocurrency blockchains},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {14695766},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2020.1774258},
	doi = {10.1080/03085147.2020.1774258},
	abstract = {Drawing on an empirical study of cryptocurrency white papers, this paper proposes an actor-based taxonomy of cryptocurrency blockchains. First, it describes the evolution of blockchain architecture with reference to the economic services that blockchains supply. Second, it discusses the socio-technical platform of blockchains as proposed in cryptocurrency white papers. Third, it analyses the socio-economic consequences of these technically diverse blockchain platforms, by proposing a taxonomy of their digital architectures in reference to two groups of actors that maintain blockchain infrastructure: transactioners and accountants. Defining cryptocurrency as data money, and locating cryptocurrency ownership as the possession of an exclusive right to move data privately in a public or private space, the paper describes a blockchain as a digital actor-network platform that makes it possible to define and distribute these data transfer rights.},
	pages = {540--561},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Economy and Society},
	author = {Caliskan, Koray},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {blockchain, cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, \_LATEST, infrastructure, {SOCIOLOGY}, data money, platform},
}

@article{faustino_deleuze_2022,
	title = {Deleuze in the wild: making philosophy matter for fintech},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {17530369},
	doi = {10.1080/17530350.2021.1977676},
	abstract = {This paper discusses the role of Deleuzian philosophy in fintech projects which operate ‘in the wild', i.e. far from the major institutional settings of fintech development, and which speculate towards an alternative financial economy, building upon algorithms, blockchains, cryptocurrencies, and crypto-assets. Based on ethnographic data collected with three different projects, I discuss the process of earmarking financial operations by means of philosophical concepts or theories, which enable the re-interpretation of the process of financialisation of everyday life. I further analyse the conceptual socialization of these technological endeavours with the wider-reaching theme of accelerating the capitalist process with the objective to overturn its excessive powers. The paper concludes by suggesting that fintech experiments which are socialized with accelerationist narratives re-interpret the process of financialisation as a path of liberation instead of exploitation, offering an escape from the capitalist crisis through machinic alchemy.},
	pages = {93--102},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Cultural Economy},
	author = {Faustino, Sandra},
	date = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {MY}\_GS, ethnography, {SOCIOLOGY}, accelerationism, cryptoeconomy, financialisation},
}

@article{marchi_financial_2021,
	title = {Financial capital goes to heaven: Bitcoin, fintech 3.0 and the massification of the indebted man},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1982-2073},
	url = {https://www.revistas.usp.br/matrizes/article/download/172356/175647/512875},
	doi = {10.11606/issn.1982-8160.v15i2p205-227},
	abstract = {The article analyzes Bitcoin cryptocurrency as part of a new sector of the financial market, fintech 3.0. Subscribing to Maurizio Lazzarato's thesis that the category of the indebted man would be the form of governmentality of contemporary capitalism, it is discussed how Bitcoin works as a vector of expansion of the social logic of indebtedness to a portion of the population. At first, I propose to think of cryptocurrency as media. Below, I present a genealogy of the ideologies that animated the creation of Bitcoin, in order to demonstrate the libertarian values that guided the design of this new technology. Finally, I discuss how fintech 3.0 spreads the social logic of the indebted man through personal digital devices},
	pages = {205--227},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {{MATRIZes}},
	author = {Marchi, Leonardo Gabriel De},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {bitcoin, {SOCIOLOGY}, currency as media, financialization of everyday life, fintech 3},
}

@article{kirkwood_work_2022,
	title = {From Work to Proof of Work: Meaning and Value after Blockchain},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0093-1896},
	doi = {10.1086/717303},
	pages = {360--380},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Critical Inquiry},
	author = {Kirkwood, Jeffrey West},
	date = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: The University of Chicago Press Chicago, {IL}},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {SOCIOLOGY}},
}

@article{inwood_ideology_2021,
	title = {Ideology, attitudinal positioning, and the blockchain: a social semiotic approach to understanding the values construed in the whitepapers of blockchain start-ups},
	issn = {14701219},
	doi = {10.1080/10350330.2021.1877995},
	abstract = {Recent work on algorithmic bias has shown that understanding the values embedded in technology design processes is important for avoiding social harm. This paper explores the attitudes construed in whitepapers of blockchain technology start-ups. Blockchain technology is a relatively new phenomenon that has informed discourses about the future of governance and economics in relation to the internet. This study aims to understand the values discursively construed in the whitepapers of four blockchain start-ups: Steemit, Creativechain, Democracy Earth, and Bitnation. It adopts a corpus linguistics approach, and uses the Appraisal framework (Martin, J. R., and P. R. R. White. 2005. The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. New York: Palgrave Macmillan) to analyse the evaluative meanings expressed in the whitepaper dataset. This analysis reveals that the blockchain start-ups manifest shared values around the concepts of decentralisation, trust in algorithms, and trust in individuals over institutions. The start-ups enact different political orientations, expressing ideals related to the digital commons, cyber-libertarianism, and capitalism. The corpus-based linguistic analysis used in this study offers a method that may be applicable to other areas of technology discourse where whitepapers and design documents tend to embed covert political and ideological positions.},
	pages = {1--19},
	journaltitle = {Social Semiotics},
	author = {Inwood, Olivia and Zappavigna, Michele},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {Blockchain, {CRYPTO}, {SOCIOLOGY}, appraisal framework, internet politics, social semiotics, start-ups, whitepapers},
}

@article{lohmann_labour_2019,
	title = {Labour, Justice and the Mechanization of Interpretation},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {02122448},
	doi = {10.1057/s41301-019-00207-2},
	abstract = {The biggest frontier of mechanization of the past 10 years has been the automation, broadly speaking, of interpretation. This includes recognition (for example, image recognition technologies used by security services), translation (Google Translate), searching for information (search engines), understanding (‘predictive algorithms' that learn what books or movies you will like or what kind of propaganda will appeal to you, as used by Amazon, Netflix, or the Donald Trump campaign), trust (blockchain technologies such as Bitcoin), and negotiation (‘smart contracts' as pioneered by firms such as Ethereum). This article explores how these technologies benefit business and why they have come to prominence now, the ways they degrade and exhaust the work of both humans and nonhumans, the parallels with earlier uses of machines to discipline and extract value from labour, and the implications for social movement strategy. The article also suggests some directions for research.},
	pages = {43--52},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Development (Basingstoke)},
	author = {Lohmann, Larry},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, Blockchain, {MY}\_GS, Energy, Technology, Climate change, Internet, {SOCIOLOGY}, Algorithms, Contract law, Interpretation, Labour, Mechanization, Translation},
}

@article{masso_technological_2022,
	title = {Technological and socio- institutional dimensions of cryptocurrencies. An incremental or disruptive innovation?},
	issn = {0390-6701},
	doi = {10.1080/03906701.2021.2015981},
	abstract = {Despite the increase in literature on financial innovation as a force of change in the financial system, most contributions fail to analyze the relationship between the socio-institutional and technological design of cryptocurrencies. This paper aims to fill this gap by providing a case study of Bitcoin, the most representative of the virtual and cryptocurrencies. We begin by addressing the concept of financial innovation as a social phenomenon embedded in networks of users, technologists, regulations, institutions, culture and history. Secondly, we examine the disruptive and evolutionary nature of the Bitcoin, comparing it with the characteristics of legal tender money. The main conclusions indicate that although Bitcoin represents a disruptive technology in the process of monetary creation through a peer-to-peer network, it is not a new conception of money in its institutional dimension.},
	pages = {1--17},
	journaltitle = {International Review of Sociology},
	author = {Massó, Matilde and Shevchenko, Anastasiya and Abalde-Bastero, Nazaret},
	date = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {SOCIOLOGY}},
}

@article{heister_blockchain_2020,
	title = {The blockchain and how it can influence conceptions of the self},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {0160791X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.101218},
	abstract = {Blockchain technologies are rapidly being developed and tested in a broad range of business and governmental settings. Their unique cryp­to­graphic char­ac­ter­is­tics and con­fig­u­ra­tions enable users of these systems to transact directly and anonymously. The data these users generate are timestamped and immutable. In open blockhains, individual users take responsibility for managing and protecting their own data and for ensuring the reliability of the parties with whom they transact. The socio-material characteristics of these systems will influence user attitudes and behaviors in ways that are profound and difficult to predict. Outcomes have not yet been researched, and the academy has adopted a stance of technological determinism despite the fact that implicit assumptions about outcomes are literally coded in as these systems are developed. We envision potential impacts that may result from self-sovereign ownership of data including: commoditization of the self and relationships with others, the need to police personal data and reputation, and new perceptions of time and history that result from transaction sequentialization and permanence. Further research on the societal impacts of blockchain technologies is needed as these systems become ubiquitous.},
	pages = {101218},
	journaltitle = {Technology in Society},
	author = {Heister, Stanton and Yuthas, Kristi},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, Blockchain, Decentralization, Trust, {CRYPTO}, Distributed ledger technology ({DLT}), {SOCIOLOGY}, Privacy, Social ideology, Societal impact, Socio-materiality},
}

@article{klarin_decade-long_2020,
	title = {The decade-long cryptocurrencies and the blockchain rollercoaster: Mapping the intellectual structure and charting future directions},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {02755319},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ribaf.2019.101067},
	abstract = {Recent advances in science mapping allowed to analyze the entire intellectual structure of blockchain and cryptocurrencies in business-related disciplines to identify 174 academic articles as well as 1482 practitioner-oriented articles published since the inception of cryptocurrencies in 2008 to highlight key trends of the published outputs. The results demonstrate academic research done by 389 authors in 296 organizations based in 50 countries that only just initiated the conversation on four major streams of the literature—Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies; blockchain adoption; cryptocurrency and blockchain environment; and business model innovations. When comparing academic scholarship to practitioner-oriented literature, the results demonstrate that practitioners discussed investor-related themes, cryptocurrency intrinsic value, political-economic sphere, and the impact of cryptocurrency and blockchain technologies on the wider society in greater detail. As a result, a number of themes are identified and discussed that could align academic and practitioner interests and provide guidance for further research in this important field.},
	issue = {March},
	journaltitle = {Research in International Business and Finance},
	author = {Klarin, Anton},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, \_LATEST, {SOCIOLOGY}, Bibliometrics, Blockchain ecosystem, Science mapping},
}

@article{cossu_digital_2021,
	title = {The Digital Traces of Crypto-Finance},
	author = {Cossu, Alberto},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Cossu, A.(2022). The Digital Traces of Crypto-Finance, in E. Armano, M\${\textbackslash}sim\${\textbackslash}ldots},
	keywords = {{CRYPTO}, {SOCIOLOGY}},
}

@article{corradi_disenchantment_2018,
	title = {The disenchantment of Bitcoin: unveiling the myth of a digital currency},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {14699273},
	doi = {10.1080/03906701.2018.1430067},
	abstract = {Bitcoin and its peculiar, decentralized transaction system, have already ignited interest by professional and retail traders in search for profits and by economists and legal experts, looking for possible regulation to contain illegal uses. We instead examine the unexpected and ongoing success of Bitcoin from a sociological perspective, first questioning its unusual legitimation system, backed by the so called ‘blockchain technology', instead of by governmental authorities. Then we collect data and elements to reconstruct Bitcoin's history as a cryptocurrency, starting from the mysterious story surrounding its birth. We then follow its spread and development through social networks and words of mouth, together with its sudden booms and bursts, finally to suggest that both users and institutional regulators should be aware of the risks of Bitcoin and of its alleged power to challenge our very notion of money.},
	pages = {193--207},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {International Review of Sociology},
	author = {Corradi, Fiammetta and Höfner, Philipp},
	date = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, cryptocurrencies, {CRYPTO}, blockchain technology, {SOCIOLOGY}, Ponzi schemes, trust in money},
}

@article{corradi_double_2018,
	title = {The Double Embeddedness of Bitcoin: Insights from Old and New Economic Sociology},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2324-8033},
	doi = {10.11114/ijsss.v6i6.3289},
	abstract = {Revisiting analytically the notion of embeddedness and its connections with the concept of trust, this paper shows that contrary to Bitcoin's premises and promises to be a trust-low or even trust-less currency, trust enters the system at many various levels and with different nuances. Applying a conceptual framework that conceives embeddedness as both the possible source and outcome of trust, it is pointed out that Bitcoin should better be regarded as doubly embedded: in technology and in its peculiar social structure. Due to the existence of computational and cognitive asymmetries within the system, in fact, trust is necessary for the very functioning of this new form of money, as well as for its future prospects.},
	pages = {33},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Social Science Studies},
	author = {Corradi, Fiammetta},
	date = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: {HeinOnline}},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {SOCIOLOGY}},
}

@article{ailon_double_2022,
	title = {The Double Meaning of Money},
	issn = {0735-2751},
	doi = {10.1177/07352751211071121},
	abstract = {How does monetization affect interpersonal relationships? Drawing on social phenomenology, I argue that an answer must account for money's symbolic dualism: On the one hand, as Zelizer has shown, money is differentially earmarked according to the interpersonal relationships it flows through. On the other hand, in everyday life, people tend to associate money with cold impersonality. Money's dual association with both the interpersonal and the impersonal imbues the relationships it flows through with a sense of risk, which I call “the risk of lost meanings.” Analyzing the implications of this sense of risk, I argue that it turns trust into a relational preoccupation and constrains intersubjective experience. The risk of lost meanings may motivate risk-avoidance strategies, but these strategies are largely counterproductive. Shedding new light on a long-standing debate in the sociology of money, I discuss the implications of this argument for analyses of monetary developments and local currencies.},
	pages = {073527512110711},
	journaltitle = {Sociological Theory},
	author = {Ailon, Galit},
	date = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: {SAGE} Publications Sage {CA}: Los Angeles, {CA}},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {SOCIOLOGY}},
}

@thesis{shaw_meanings_2016,
	title = {The Meanings of New Money: Social Constructions of Value in the Rise of Digital Currencies},
	url = {https://search.proquest.com/docview/1844057890?accountid=17242},
	abstract = {In the wake of the Great Recession, a novel monetary object was introduced to the world: Bitcoin. As its collective valuation has risen into the billions ({USD}), it has brought with it a sustained disruption to some of the most deeply taken-for-granted aspects of modern life: money and value. This dissertation undertakes a set of interrelated investigations into the collective processes of social construction and valuation that have been part of this ascent. The first study begins by considering the challenge that digital currencies pose to established economic models of the origins of money and value. Using a series of agent-based models ({ABM}) based on Bayesian updating agents, it shows how sociological models of value construction may be able to help solve this theoretical problem. Specifically, it shows how treating valuation as a process of learning under uncertainty clarifies how “something” can legitimately come from “nothing” in social valuation processes. It also shows how this model can be used to systematically explore the differences between social versus non-social valuation processes, the dependency of social valuation processes on time, initial states, and early actors, and how a mix of non-social and social feedbacks can impede a system's ability to arrive at the “correct” assessment of an object's underlying value. The second study uses text gathered from 100,000s of messages posted by individuals in the main communities surrounding Bitcoin and a combination of automated and traditional content analysis to explore the “talks” (Swidler 2001) of money and value that individuals have employed to make sense of this new monetary object. The resulting analysis traces the manner in which the initial metallist views that first inspired Bitcoin's creation continue to influence the discourses surrounding it, and then goes further to unpack the ways in which members have had to go beyond those founding ideas in order to account for how the new digital currency has come to hold value. In exploring these variegated, sometimes contradictory, discussions of the economic, political, and social origins of money and value, this analysis sheds light on the ways the individuals at the advent of digital currency are making sense of this new arena of economic activity and how they are creatively reworking established notions of money and value in order to understand what Bitcoin is and where its worth comes from. The final study takes on the puzzle of how Bitcoin has gone from being an obscure monetary experiment of a small group of “techno-Libertarians” to becoming the basis of a new multi-billion dollar financial technology industry – an industry dominated by the very same actors it was initially intended to subvert. Using the documented history of Bitcoin's evolution, the application of automated content analysis and topic modeling methods to thousands of news reports, and analyses of trends in quantitative measures of Bitcoin related Google searches, venture capital funding, and price and market transaction volumes, this chapter shows how Bitcoin's multivalent identity has facilitated its adoption by a multiplicity of groups, but also, ultimately left it vulnerable to being preferentially defined in ways that benefit powerful actors. In charting the rise of Bitcoin and linking it to the collective definitional processes that have surrounded it, this study chapter examines the social dynamics that surround “robust objects” and the role that these processes play in the reproduction of power structures in new social and economic fields.},
	pagetotal = {173},
	institution = {University of Washington},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Shaw, Lynette},
	date = {2016},
	note = {{ISBN}: 9781369171426
Publication Title: {ProQuest} Dissertations and Theses},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, \_LATEST, Money, Value, 0626:Sociology, Social sciences, Sociology, {SOCIOLOGY}, Economic sociology, Social construction},
}

@article{dodd_social_2018,
	title = {The social life of Bitcoin},
	volume = {35},
	pages = {35--56},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Theory, culture \& society},
	author = {Dodd, Nigel},
	date = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Sage Publications Sage {UK}: London, England},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {SOCIOLOGY}},
}

@article{papillouda_veil_2014,
	title = {The veil of economy: Electronic money and the pyramidal structure of societies},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {21599149},
	doi = {10.1080/1600910X.2014.882853},
	abstract = {Electronic money is a compound of currency and technology which takes its rise around 1970 while benefiting at the same time from the miniaturization in electronics and the democratization of informatics. Electronic money covers the payment cards with magnetic tape, chip cards, the contact-less payments by card, mobile phone, or tablet {PC}, and the logical moneys (often called ‘virtual moneys' such as the Bitcoin, the Litecoin, the {PPCoin}, the Ven, the Linden dollar, the ‘gold' as in the digital game World of Warcraft). These forms of electronic moneys have three common properties: the cryptography, the network, and the privileges. Cryptography conditions the ways to access the money. The network represents the kind of regulation of electronic moneys. The privileges differentiate the use of electronic moneys. Each form of electronic money does not match these three conditions identically because all are not equipped with the same technologies and the same related services. Nevertheless, the presence of these three properties within all forms of electronic money leads to a better understanding of how such functionalized money deeply changes our view on modern society. Indeed, whereas the economic standard model considers money as a veil hiding economic reality, the case of electronic money lets us think, on the contrary, since the swell period of the early 1970s, of the real economy as veiling socio-economic reality, which has to be considered as a kind of a Ponzi scheme. While this scheme becomes the core of societal reality, the economic laws and their sociological as well as political equivalents, functional differentiation, and democracy are no longer the pillars of modernity. They hide this reality as fetishes enabling its order.},
	pages = {54--68},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Distinktion},
	author = {Papillouda, Christian and Haeslerb, Aldo},
	date = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {SOCIOLOGY}, Cryptography, Electronic money, Functionalization, Modernity, Network, Ponzi scheme, Privileges},
}

@thesis{jones_toward_2018,
	title = {Toward a Political Sociology of Blockchain},
	url = {https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/24924},
	abstract = {This thesis project was intended to take an exploratory look at blockchain technology using an interdisciplinary social lens. Drawing on a variety of sources, including Actor-Network Theory, multiplicity, prefigurative politics, Marx's early writings on technology, and ideological aspects of both hacker culture and free and open source software development, a complex but useful theoretical framework is proposed. Using a multiple methodological approach combining digital ethnography, semi-structured interviews, and content analysis, social aspects of the blockchain space are explored and an initial first description of demographics and characteristics of the blockchain community is proposed. The thesis finds that the utilization of blockchain technology is playing out in many ways, and there are widely varying positions taken from different groups on development and essential technological characteristics as well as potential motivations. The blockchain area is rapidly evolving, and interest from institutions has been growing. Given the potential prefigurative attributes of the space, there is the potential for institutional and capitalist interests to co-opt and integrate within the space, but this could stand to fundamentally change the uses of the technology. The thesis concludes that it is absolutely imperative that social scientists begin to think seriously about this technological development and its social characteristics and implications prior to widespread and institutional adoption.},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Jones, Kristopher Anders},
	date = {2018},
	doi = {https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/24924},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {SOCIOLOGY}},
}

@article{larue_conceptual_2020,
	title = {"A conceptual framework for classifying currencies".},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {00487112},
	pages = {45--60},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Community Currency Research},
	author = {Larue, Louis},
	date = {2020},
	pmid = {4495394},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, 2020, classification, money, a conceptual framework for, alternative currencies, {ALTERNATIVE}\_MONEY, classifying currencies, international journal of community, l, larue, to cite this article, typologies},
}

@thesis{canning_we_2018,
	title = {"We Don't Want Hippy Money”: Contradiction and Exchange in a Local Currency System},
	url = {https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/handle/10222/74190},
	abstract = {Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Dalhousie University.},
	pagetotal = {415},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Canning, Tonya},
	date = {2018},
	doi = {https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/handle/10222/74190},
	note = {Issue: August},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {ALTERNATIVE}\_MONEY},
}

@unpublished{hileman_alternative_2017,
	title = {Alternative Currencies: A Historical Survey and Taxonomy},
	abstract = {Alternative currencies have appeared regularly for at least the last half-millennia, often arising out of similar socio-economic circumstances and ceasing to circulate within a relatively short time period. While regulatory shifts and technology shocks account for some of the challenges alternative currencies have faced in gaining wider adoption, the most common observed explanation for why alternative currencies decline is insufficient demand due to relatively high transaction costs, low institutional support, inconsistent social motivation, and other factors. Present-day alternative currencies, such as the Brixton pound, are similar to past alternative currencies, while bitcoin features several radical differences.},
	pagetotal = {1–37},
	author = {Hileman, Garrick},
	date = {2017},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2747975},
	note = {{ISSN}: 1556-5068
Publication Title: {SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	keywords = {bitcoin, blockchain, digital currencies, \_LATEST, money, alternative currencies, {ALTERNATIVE}\_MONEY, black market currencies, brixton pound, community currencies, crypto-currencies, currencies, currency, national currencies, parallel currencies, virtual currencies},
}

@article{schroeder_beyond_2020,
	title = {Beyond the veil of money: Boundaries as constitutive elements of complementary currencies},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {2329-194X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/2329194X.2020.1762499},
	doi = {10.1080/2329194x.2020.1762499},
	abstract = {This article sheds new light on the development of complementary currencies. Based on a comprehensive survey of the literature, the study questions conventional interpretations of these social innovations. The article challenges the view that money is the only feature that complementary currencies have in common. The author argues that in addition to the ways in which connectivity takes place, a characteristic feature of these systems is that they operate within boundaries. Territoriality, limits to convertibility and other features distinguish them from other unofficial currencies such as Bitcoin. Short case studies illustrate that these boundaries are interdependent. This theoretical framework offers a tool for the analysis of complementary currencies and a perspective on the creation of new types of such systems.},
	pages = {17--41},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {The Japanese Political Economy},
	author = {Schroeder, Rolf F. H.},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge},
	keywords = {\_LATEST, {ALTERNATIVE}\_MONEY},
}

@article{seyfang_community_2001,
	title = {Community currencies: Small change for a green economy},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {0308518X},
	doi = {10.1068/a33216},
	abstract = {The author critically evaluates the impact and potential of a community currency-or local money system-known as the 'local exchange trading scheme' ({LETS}), to contribute to sustainable local development ({SLD}). Two distinct and contrasting models for sustainable development are described: a mainstream approach, focused on local regeneration [termed here the 'local economic development' ({LED}) approach]; and a radical 'green' or 'new economics' strategy (referred to as 'sustainable local development' or {SLD}). In the elaboration of these models the functions of community currencies within each perspective are outlined, and the basis for an evaluate framework is provided. Most previous analysis of {LETS} has used a broadly {LED} perspective; this paper focuses on an evaluation for {SLD}, as this has not previously been comprehensively done. For {SLD}, community currencies should enable people to: meet local needs through informal employment; revalue and redefine 'work'; promote localisation and self-reliance; shift consumption patterns towards sharing, recycling, reuse, and reducing resource use; and build green social networks. Findings from a case-study {LETS} indicate that this community currency is successful in allowing participants to make small changes in their lifestyles, consumption, and employment patterns towards {SLD}, but there are limitations of size, scope, funding and management to be overcome before this could be achieved more effectively with {LETS}. However, following the {LED}-relevant prescriptions for upscaling and mainstreaming would undermine the qualities which align {LETS} with {SLD} perspective, and this highlights the importance of choosing appropriate evaluative frameworks, particularly when appraising sustainable-development initiatives.},
	pages = {975--996},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Environment and Planning A},
	author = {Seyfang, G.},
	date = {2001},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {ALTERNATIVE}\_MONEY},
}

@article{doria_evaluating_2018,
	title = {Evaluating complementary currencies: from the assessment of multiple social qualities to the discovery of a unique monetary sociality},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {15737845},
	doi = {10.1007/s11135-017-0520-9},
	abstract = {The phenomenon of complementary currencies has experienced in recent years a significant evolution both in terms of the sheer number of initiatives and in terms of their ability to attract the attention of academia, politics and media. The spread of these experiments and the increasing involvement of public institutions have led to a growing demand for evaluation procedures specifically targeted at {CCs}, both as economic experiments and as public policy initiatives. The task of evaluation confronts the peculiar multidimensional character of complementary currencies. One of the traits that is commonly recognized as a characteristic of {CCs} is indeed the presence, alongside more strictly economic dimensions, of multiple social dimensions and aims. Some evaluation models therefore attempt to measure—through the identification of multiple variables, and of corresponding indicators—the impacts of complementary currencies in terms of a wide range of expected social or economic objectives. This paper intends to question the sufficiency of similar approaches. We will argue that those approaches risk to overshadow a peculiar form of sociality which may emerge particularly in certain types of complementary currency experiments. The paper highlights the significance of this sociality and the relevance of its analysis for the advancement of evaluation practices in the field of monetary innovation.},
	pages = {1291--1314},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Quality and Quantity},
	author = {Doria, Luigi and Fantacci, Luca},
	date = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Springer Netherlands},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {ALTERNATIVE}\_MONEY, Clearing systems, Complementary currencies, Evaluation, Monetary theory, Social meaning of money},
}

@article{north_generative_2020,
	title = {Generative Anger: From Social Enterprise to Antagonistic Economies},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {14758059},
	doi = {10.1080/08935696.2020.1780669},
	abstract = {This essay offers conceptual development for thinking diverse economies in terms of their relationship to antagonism. Rather than seeing antagonism as unhelpfully fueling capitalocentric thinking, the essay argues that antagonism can usefully recognize and engage with problematic forms of power and domination. Building on calls for a closer engagement of community-economies thinking with wider anticapitalist praxis, the essay explores how social and solidarity economy ({SSE}) practices sometimes reproduce, sometimes challenge, and sometimes build alternatives to forms of power that attempt to shape, obstruct, and obliterate attempts to create better worlds. The essay develops conceptualizations of social enterprise, the social economy, and solidarity economies before offering the novel concept of the antagonistic economy, arguably a site from which angry opposition to constraining power relations can generate a more productive politics of possibility. The conception of the antagonistic economy is developed by discussion of taking back labor through recovered factories and land through community land trusts.},
	pages = {330--347},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Rethinking Marxism},
	author = {North, Peter and Nowak, Vicky and Southern, Alan and Thompson, Matt},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {ALTERNATIVE}\_MONEY, Antagonistic Economy, Community Land Trusts, Diverse Economies, Recovered Factories, Social Enterprise},
}

@article{pacione_local_1997,
	title = {Local Exchange Trading Systems as a Response to the Globalisation of Capitalism},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {00420980},
	doi = {10.1080/0042098975583},
	abstract = {The globalisation of capitalism has disadvantaged those people and places marginal to the capitalist development process. The local exchange trading system represents a possible approach to the challenge of relocalising social and economic identity. Despite the growing importance of local exchange trading systems ({LETS}) in the {UK}, geographical research into the concept is limited. This paper examines the potential of {LETS} as a response to the hegemonic influence of global capitalism. The empirical evidence focuses on the development and operation of {LETS} in Glasgow. The research analyses both successful and unsuccessful {LETS} in the city, examines the prospects for further development of {LETS} in the {UK}, and considers the potential value of the concept particularly for people and places disadvantaged by the capitalist market economy. © 1997, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.},
	pages = {1179--1199},
	number = {8},
	journaltitle = {Urban Studies},
	author = {Pacione, Michael},
	date = {1997},
	note = {{ISBN}: 0141552077},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {ALTERNATIVE}\_MONEY},
}

@article{bazzani_money_2020,
	title = {Money as a tool for collective action},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {20356609},
	doi = {10.1285/i20356609v13i1p438},
	abstract = {Complementary currencies are usually seen as a by-product of collective movements for social change or as an institutional tool for local development: they are an outcome of collective action, not the origin of collective mobilisation. Empirical research on the Sardex complementary currency, though, suggests that money may support the emergence of collective action. Traditional economic theory considers any collective benefits provided by the economic system as the secondary effects of individual entrepreneurs seeking to maximise their profits. Entrepreneurs belonging to the Sardex network, though, do associate the use of the Sardex currency with direct collective benefits. This means they consider their business activities to be a form of collective action for promoting the com-mon good of Sardinia's socio-economic development. Using the Sardex currency sets this collective action in motion: some Sardex members also work to expand the Sardex network without any expectation of economic gain.},
	pages = {438--461},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Partecipazione e Conflitto},
	author = {Bazzani, Giacomo},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, Money, {ALTERNATIVE}\_MONEY, Collective action, Common goods, Complementary currency, Economic activism, Politicisation, Sardex, Utilitarianism},
}

@article{dini_alter-politics_2019,
	title = {The alter-politics of complementary currencies: The case of Sardex},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {23311886},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2019.1646625},
	doi = {10.1080/23311886.2019.1646625},
	abstract = {This paper addresses the question whether complementary currencies can help us think and practice politics in new and different ways which contribute to democratic change and civic empowerment in our times. The space created by the Sardex complementary currency circuit in Sardinia (2009-to date) seems to leave enough room for the emergence of a collective micropolitical consciousness. At the same time, the design of a technological and financial infrastructure is also an alternative political, or “alter-political” choice. Both are alternative to hegemonic politics and to typical modes of mobilization and contestation. Thus, the Sardex circuit can best be understood as an alter-political combination of the bottom-up micropolitics of personal interactions within the circuit and of the politics of technology implicit in the top-down design of the technological and financial infrastructure underpinning the circuit. The Sardex experience suggests that a market that mediates the (local) real economy only and shuts out the financial economy can provide economic sustainability by supporting {SMEs}, supply a shield against the adverse effects of financial crises, and counteract the fetishization of money by disclosing daily its roots in social construction within a controlled environment of mutual responsibility, solidarity, and trust. We broached the Sardex currency and circuit in such terms in order to illustrate a significant and effective instance of alter-politics in our times and also to indicate, more specifically, community financial innovations which could be taken up and re-deployed to democratize or “commonify” local economies.},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Cogent Social Sciences},
	author = {Dini, Paolo and Kioupkiolis, Alexandros},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Cogent},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, commons, {ALTERNATIVE}\_MONEY, alternative politics, complementary currencies, micropolitics, mutual credit, politics of technology, {SME} empowerment},
}

@article{larue_case_nodate,
	title = {The case against alternative currencies},
	volume = {0},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1470594X211065784},
	doi = {10.1177/1470594X211065784},
	abstract = {Local Currencies, Local Exchange Trading Systems, and Time Banks are all part of a new social movement that aims to restrict money's purchasing power within a certain geographic area, or within a certain community. According to their proponents, these restrictions may contribute to building sustainable local economies, supporting local businesses and creating “warmer” social relations. This article inquires whether the overall enthusiasm that surrounds alternative currencies is justified. It argues that the potential benefits of these currencies are not sufficient to justify the restrictions they impose on money's purchasing power. Turning these currencies into effective channels of change, by increasing their scope and their strength, could severely hinder the pursuit of social justice, in a way that is probably not even necessary for achieving their objectives. The paper concludes that large-scale limitations of money's purchasing power are, therefore, undesirable.},
	pages = {1470594X211065784},
	number = {0},
	journaltitle = {Politics, Philosophy \& Economics},
	author = {Larue, Louis},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {ALTERNATIVE}\_MONEY},
}

@article{sartori_social_2020,
	title = {The social life of sardex and liberex: Kin or acquaintances?: A comparison between two mutual credit circuits in Italy},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {20356609},
	doi = {10.1285/i20356609v13i1p487},
	abstract = {We offer the first informed comparison of two regional mutual credit systems-Sardex and Liberex-aimed at sustaining the local economy. Building on previous research on Sardex, we develop an equivalent qualitative research investigating both organizers and members of the local circuit in Emilia Romagna. Within a theoretical framework that considers money as a social institution, socially and politically con-structed, we first give an overview of the plurality of existing money pointing out a heated debate over the nature of money itself. Then, we move to evaluate whether the same monetary architecture-adopted by the two mutual credit systems-concretely comes with a similar social life. We confirm how social life of money is strictly intertwined with its monetary architecture by design, and discover how deeply it is also rooted in the institutional and relational contexts where it concretely operates. Money differs not only by nature and design, but also by context.},
	pages = {487--513},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Partecipazione e Conflitto},
	author = {Sartori, Laura},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, Trust, {ALTERNATIVE}\_MONEY, Complementary currency, Community, Money design, Nature of money, Social life},
}

@article{petz_when_2020,
	title = {When is money not a currency? Developments from Finland of Proto-Community Currencies},
	volume = {24},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.15133/j.ijccr.2020.0010},
	abstract = {The article is a case study of several digitally based schemes recently operating in Finland where some functions and properties of money are evident. While working effectively as designed, they do not fully meet the criteria of a well-functioning community currency. The schemes include: sysmä, a digitally based hyperlocal system of account introduced by the rural Sysmä municipality; Pisteet kotiin®, a housing association points system in the city of Tampere, copied from a working Dutch model; {BookMooch}, a global book-swapping site that has extended its operations throughout Fin-land. Explored in the article are the institutional enabling and inhibitory factors and implications for and from other community currency projects. Data was collected by participant observation and semi-structured interviews in all schemes. Additional media surveying, internet webscrapes and online surveying supplemented this data. Along with the demarcation problem between currency and money, the technical issues about scale and purpose, if such schemes are to develop their offerings to become fully fledged currencies, are considered. The concept of "current-see" proposed by the {MetaCurrency} Project, is used as a lens to evaluate if the schemes achieve their purpose and whether further development is desirable or possible. The concept of a proto-community currency is developed.},
	pages = {30--53},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Community Currency Research},
	author = {Petz, Marcus},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: University of Leicester},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {ALTERNATIVE}\_MONEY, {CC} terminology, community of use, Green economics, integral theory, pattern language},
}

@article{hellegren_history_2017,
	title = {A history of crypto-discourse: encryption as a site of struggles to define internet freedom},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {24701483},
	doi = {10.1080/24701475.2017.1387466},
	abstract = {This paper explores a history of “crypto” as a battlefield in a larger discursive struggle to define the meaning of Internet freedom. The term crypto is short for cryptography, which refers to the practice of encrypting, i.e. rendering information illegible to anyone but its intended recipient(s). Drawing on Laclau and Mouffe's theory of discourse, this study investigates how public-key cryptography advocates, and in particular Cypherpunks and technology journalists, have articulated “crypto-discourse”: a partially fixed construction of meaning that establishes a relationship between encryption software and a negative conception of Internet freedom, in relation to the state. I map events pertaining to the articulation of the empty signifier “crypto” among interrelated discourse communities of cryptographers, hackers, online rights activists, and technology journalists during a period of forty years (1975–2015). I present the Crypto-Discourse Timeline as comprised of three periods: the origins (1975–1990), crystallisation (1990–2000), and revitalisation of crypto-discourse (2000–2015). The timeline provides an overview of the complexity and contingency of crypto-discourse as a practice that shapes public policy over time. Crypto-discourse excludes other possible, positive meanings of Internet freedom, removing responsibility from democratic states to uphold privacy rights and freedom of speech online.},
	pages = {285--311},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Internet Histories},
	author = {Hellegren, Z. Isadora},
	date = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {CYPHERPUNKS}, Crypto Wars, Crypto-discourse, Cypherpunks, discourse analysis, empty signifier, encryption software, Internet freedom, Laclau and Mouffe, online privacy rights, Wired magazine},
}

@article{beltramini_against_2021,
	title = {Against technocratic authoritarianism. A short intellectual history of the cypherpunk movement},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {24701483},
	doi = {10.1080/24701475.2020.1731249},
	abstract = {This essay aims to correct the established idea that the cypherpunk movement was organically embracing libertarianism. By addressing the cypherpunk movement, the intellectual roots of many of the concerns about freedom and about a surveillance society that dominate this internet age come to light. The cypherpunks, a heterogenic group of entrepreneurs, engineers, and activists in the San Francisco Bay Area, argued in the nineties that the Internet would make more pervasive the phenomenon of surveillance of individuals. In the context of this increasing process of surveillance, individual autonomy would be dismissed as an obsolete fiction and social engineering would be elevated to totalitarianism. This article frames the cypherpunks as a movement in opposition to an emerging technocratic authoritarian order.},
	pages = {101--118},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Internet Histories},
	author = {Beltramini, Enrico},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {CYPHERPUNKS}, technology, crisis, cypherpunk, freedom, late modernity, Modernization},
}

@thesis{dupont_archeology_2017,
	title = {An Archeology of Cryptography: Rewriting Plaintext, Encryption, and Ciphertext},
	url = {https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/78958},
	abstract = {This dissertation is an archeological study of cryptography. It questions the validity of thinking about cryptography in familiar, instrumentalist terms, and instead reveals the ways that cryptography can been understood as writing, media, and computation. In this dissertation, I offer a critique of the prevailing views of cryptography by tracing a number of long overlooked themes in its history, including the development of artificial languages, machine translation, media, code, notation, silence, and order. Using an archeological method, I detail historical conditions of possibility and the technical a priori of cryptography. The conditions of possibility are explored in three parts, where I rhetorically rewrite the conventional terms of art, namely, plaintext, encryption, and ciphertext. I argue that plaintext has historically been understood as kind of inscription or form of writing, and has been associated with the development of artificial languages, and used to analyze and investigate the natural world. I argue that the technical a priori of plaintext, encryption, and ciphertext is constitutive of the syntactic and semantic properties detailed in Nelson Goodman's theory of notation, as described in his Languages of Art. I argue that encryption (and its reverse, decryption) are deterministic modes of transcription, which have historically been thought of as the medium between plaintext and ciphertext. By developing a new understanding of encryption as standing between two agents, I characterize the process in terms of media. As media, encryption technologies participate in historical desires for commodious and even “angelic” transmission, popular until the twentieth century. I identify how cryptanalysis, or “code-breaking,” is distinct from cryptography, and instead relates to language, being associated with the history of machine translation. Finally, I argue that ciphertext is the perspectival, ordered result of encryption—similar to computation—and resists attempts to be spoken. Since ciphertext resists being spoken, its application problematizes the category of language, and has, at least once in antiquity, been considered a means of creating silence. This dissertation is the first of its kind to offer a historically-rich, ontological analysis of cryptography, which therefore opens the topic to new fields of scholarship and humanistic forms of inquiry.},
	pagetotal = {333},
	institution = {University of Toronto (Canada)},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {{DuPont}, Isaac Quinn},
	date = {2017},
	doi = {https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/78958},
	note = {{ISBN}: 978-0-355-44101-7
Publication Title: {ProQuest} Dissertations and Theses},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {CYPHERPUNKS}, {CRYPTO}, Code, Communication and the arts, Social sciences, Goodman, Cryptography, 0422:Philosophy, 0578:History, 0723:Information science, Computation, History, Information science, Media, Nelson, Notation, Philosophy, religion and theology},
}

@article{gurses_crypto_2016,
	title = {Crypto and empire: the contradictions of counter-surveillance advocacy},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {14603675},
	doi = {10.1177/0163443716643006},
	abstract = {Since Edward Snowden's revelations of {US} and {UK} surveillance programs, privacy advocates, progressive security engineers, and policy makers have been seeking to win majority support for countering surveillance. The problem is framed as the replacement of targeted surveillance with mass surveillance programs, and the solutions put forward are predominantly technical and involve the use of encryption – or ‘crypto' – as a defense mechanism. The counter-surveillance movement is timely and deserves widespread support. However, as this article will argue and illustrate, raising the specter of an Orwellian system of mass surveillance, shifting the discussion to the technical domain, and couching that shift in economic terms undermine a political reading that would attend to the racial, gendered, classed, and colonial aspects of the surveillance programs. Our question is as follows: how can this specific discursive framing of counter-surveillance be re-politicized and broadened to enable a wider societal debate informed by the experiences of those subjected to targeted surveillance and associated state violence?},
	pages = {576--590},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Media, Culture and Society},
	author = {Gürses, Seda and Kundnani, Arun and Van Hoboken, Joris},
	date = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: {SAGE} Publications Sage {UK}: London, England},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {CYPHERPUNKS}, privacy, infrastructure, surveillance, digital rights activism, empire, encryption, George Orwell},
}

@incollection{hellegren_crypto-discourse_2020,
	title = {Crypto-Discourse, Internet Freedom, and the State},
	url = {https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-887%0A},
	booktitle = {Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication},
	author = {Hellegren, Isadora},
	date = {2020},
	doi = {https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-887},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {CYPHERPUNKS}},
}

@article{west_cryptographic_2018,
	title = {Cryptographic imaginaries and the networked public},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {21976775},
	doi = {10.14763/2018.2.792},
	abstract = {This paper interrogates discourses associated with encryption in contemporary policy debates. It traces through three distinct cryptographic imaginaries – the occult, the state, and democratic values – and how each conceptualises what encryption is, what it does, and what it should do. Situating each imaginary in time through historical research, I consider how they foreground distinct configurations of power and authority. It concludes by describing the development of a new cryptographic imaginary, one which sees encryption as a necessary precondition for the formation of networked publics.},
	pages = {1--16},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Internet Policy Review},
	author = {West, Sarah Myers},
	date = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Berlin: Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {CYPHERPUNKS}, Security, Privacy, History, Encryption, Information control},
}

@article{moore_cryptopolitik_2016,
	title = {Cryptopolitik and the darknet},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {14682699},
	doi = {10.1080/00396338.2016.1142085},
	pages = {7--38},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Survival},
	author = {Moore, Daniel and Rid, Thomas},
	date = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {CYPHERPUNKS}},
}

@article{jarvis_cypherpunk_2021,
	title = {Cypherpunk ideology: objectives, profiles, and influences (1992–1998)},
	issn = {24701483},
	doi = {10.1080/24701475.2021.1935547},
	abstract = {The cypherpunks were 1990s digital activists who challenged White House policies aiming to prevent the emergence of unregulated digital cryptography, an online privacy technology capable of frustrating government surveillance. Whilst the cypherpunk's ideology, which is predominantly the output of Timothy C. May, is well understood, less is known about the composition of the cypherpunk's community. This article builds on past studies by Rid and Beltramini by using the cypherpunk's mail list archive to profile the most active and influential cypherpunks. This study confirms the May-derived ideology is broadly, though not entirely, representative of the cypherpunk community. This article assesses the cypherpunks were a highly educated, mostly libertarian community permeated by aspects of anarchism which arose from a societal disaffiliation inherited from the counterculture. This article further argues that the cypherpunks were also influenced by the hacker ethic and dystopian science fiction.},
	pages = {1--27},
	journaltitle = {Internet Histories},
	author = {Jarvis, Craig},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {CYPHERPUNKS}, Cypherpunks, crypto wars, cryptography, cyberspace, digital privacy, digital surveillance, policy},
}

@book{phillips_digital_1998,
	title = {Digital cash and the surveillance society: Negotiating identification in new consumer payment systems},
	url = {https://search.proquest.com/openview/7ca922683fe4b5a94427e0ba59af4def/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y%0A},
	publisher = {University of Pennsylvania},
	author = {Phillips, David J},
	date = {1998},
	doi = {https://search.proquest.com/openview/7ca922683fe4b5a94427e0ba59af4def/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {CYPHERPUNKS}, {CRYPTO}},
}

@article{gehl_powerfreedom_2016,
	title = {Power/freedom on the dark web: A digital ethnography of the Dark Web Social Network},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {14617315},
	doi = {10.1177/1461444814554900},
	abstract = {This essay is an early ethnographic exploration of the Dark Web Social Network ({DWSN}), a social networking site only accessible to Web browsers equipped with The Onion Router. The central claim of this essay is that the {DWSN} is an experiment in power/freedom, an attempt to simultaneously trace, deploy, and overcome the historical conditions in which it finds itself: the generic constraints and affordances of social networking as they have been developed over the past decade by Facebook and Twitter, and the ideological constraints and affordances of public perceptions of the dark web, which hold that the dark web is useful for both taboo activities and freedom from state oppression. I trace the {DWSN}'s experiment with power/freedom through three practices: anonymous/social networking, the banning of child pornography, and the productive aspects of techno-elitism. I then use these practices to specify particular forms of power/freedom on the {DWSN}.},
	pages = {1219--1235},
	number = {7},
	journaltitle = {New Media and Society},
	author = {Gehl, Robert W.},
	date = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Sage Publications Sage {UK}: London, England},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {CYPHERPUNKS}, Dark web, freedom, power, social networking sites, The Onion Router},
}

@article{anderson_privacy_2021,
	title = {Privacy for the weak, transparency for the powerful: the cypherpunk ethics of Julian Assange},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {15728439},
	doi = {10.1007/s10676-020-09571-x},
	abstract = {{WikiLeaks} is among the most controversial institutions of the last decade, and this essay contributes to an understanding of {WikiLeaks} by revealing the philosophical paradigm at the foundation of Julian Assange's worldview: cypherpunk ethics. The cypherpunk movement emerged in the early-1990s, advocating the widespread use of strong cryptography as the best means for defending individual privacy and resisting authoritarian governments in the digital age. For the cypherpunks, censorship and surveillance were the twin evils of the computer age, but they viewed encryption as a means to circumvent both. As a cypherpunk, Assange advocates for the use of cryptography in the fight for individual privacy as well as the fight for global justice. His cosmopolitan disposition is informed by his hacker background, antiwar principles, and Enlightenment outlook. This essay places Assange's philosophical idea in historical context, exploring his views on censorship, surveillance, and the right to communicate. It also connects his cypherpunk principles to {WikiLeaks}, showing that the strategy of encouraging data leaks from powerful political and economic organizations is classic cypherpunk political praxis.},
	pages = {295--308},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Ethics and Information Technology},
	author = {Anderson, Patrick D.},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {CYPHERPUNKS}, Cryptography, Censorship, Cypherpunk, Surveillance, Whistleblowing, {WikiLeaks}},
}

@article{west_survival_2020,
	title = {Survival of the cryptic: Tracing technological imaginaries across ideologies, infrastructures, and community practices},
	issn = {14617315},
	doi = {10.1177/1461444820983017},
	abstract = {This article explores an inflection point for the crypto community as it grappled with a series of cascading failures. Drawing on 3 years of ethnographic observation and interviews at conferences devoted to building privacy systems, I consider how a determinist conception of encryption technologies inhibited the widespread adoption of privacy technologies. I develop the frame of “survival of the cryptic” to call attention to the way this conception fails to acknowledge how power shapes the conditions of surveillance: that race and racism, gender and misogyny affect not only who is most impacted by surveillance but also how the encryption technologies developed to inhibit surveillance were designed—and, as importantly, who they were designed for. I conclude by offering a new imaginary for encryption that draws on queer, black and feminist thought by centering the need to create safe and autonomous spaces for collective survival under conditions of mass surveillance.},
	pages = {1461444820983017},
	journaltitle = {New Media and Society},
	author = {West, Sarah Myers},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: {SAGE} Publications Sage {UK}: London, England},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {CYPHERPUNKS}, privacy, surveillance, encryption, Cypherpunk, technodeterminism},
}

@article{dupont_politics_2016,
	title = {The politics of cryptography: Bitcoin and the ordering machines},
	volume = {1},
	url = {http://peerproduction.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/DuPont_draft_submission.pdf},
	doi = {http://peerproduction.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/DuPont_draft_submission.pdf},
	pages = {1--23},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Peer Production},
	author = {{DuPont}, Quinn},
	date = {2016},
	keywords = {bitcoin, {PROCESSED}, {CYPHERPUNKS}, control, cryptography, code, order, order {TCPDF}},
}

@incollection{beltramini_trust_2020,
	title = {Trust, Finance and Cryptocurrencies},
	pages = {184--195},
	booktitle = {Anarchism, Organization and Management},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Beltramini, Enrico},
	date = {2020},
	doi = {10.4324/9781315172606-19},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {CYPHERPUNKS}},
}

@article{curran_wikileaks_2013,
	title = {{WikiLeaks}, Anarchism and Technologies of Dissent},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {00664812},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8330.2012.01009.x},
	abstract = {{WikiLeaks} is a controversial organisation that attracts polarised responses. This is not unexpected given its key objective of exposing the secrets and social control ambitions of the powerful. While its supporters laud its pursuit of an informational commons, its detractors condemn its antisocial character, its megalomania-and its anarchism. It is the latter that particularly interests us here. This paper treats the "charge" of anarchism seriously, however, giving it the analytical attention it warrants. It does this by first identifying those characteristics of the organisation that would render it anarchist, and then to conceptualise what this anarchism means. It highlights two important elements of the {WikiLeaks} story: the anarchical character of the technologies it utilises to foment its dissent; and the anarchical ethos of the organisation's radical politics. We conclude by also considering the tensions and contradictions in {WikiLeaks} that temper both its anarchism and its social change objectives. © 2012 The Author. Antipode. © 2012 Antipode Foundation Ltd.},
	pages = {294--314},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Antipode},
	author = {Curran, Giorel and Gibson, Morgan},
	date = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {CYPHERPUNKS}, Technology, {WikiLeaks}, Anarchism, Cyberspace, Dissent},
}

@article{beyer_you_2015,
	title = {You are not welcome among {US}: Pirates and the state},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {19328036},
	abstract = {In a historical review focused on digital piracy, we explore the relationship between hacker politics and the state. We distinguish between two core aspects of piracy-the challenge to property rights and the challenge to state power-and argue that digital piracy should be considered more broadly as a challenge to the authority of the state. We trace generations of peer-to-peer networking, showing that digital piracy is a key component in the development of a political platform that advocates for a set of ideals grounded in collaborative culture, nonhierarchical organization, and a reliance on the network. We assert that this politics expresses itself in a philosophy that was formed together with the development of the state-evading forms of communication that perpetuate unmanageable networks.},
	pages = {890--908},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Communication},
	author = {Beyer, Jessica L. and Mckelvey, Fenwick},
	date = {2015},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {CYPHERPUNKS}, Information politics, Intellectual property, Pirates, State networks},
}

@thesis{zhang_aesthetics_2019,
	title = {The Aesthetics of Decentralization},
	url = {https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/123614},
	institution = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Zhang, Zhexi},
	date = {2019},
	doi = {https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/123614},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, 1 argue that the imaginary and aesthetic power of, a process which imputes the rational consistency o, an artistic engagement with society's technologica, but broadly seeks to reconfigure the technical org, cultural metaphors and social forms. A key counter, {DECENTRALIZATION}, decentralization imagines that political objective, freedom and even libertarian self-sovereignty with, I explore the ways in which the "aesthetics of dec, I suggest that the decentralized web falters as a, In Chapter 3, In seeking to negate this centralization of power, it fails to antagonize the structures of technolog, of a social imaginary., ownership and participation within the networked w, rather than a coercive armature, reading their propositions as an effort to reconst, the conceptual and performative metaphors engender, the decentralized web is a multifaceted technologi, This thesis explores ways in which decentralized n},
}

@inproceedings{becker_blockchain_2019,
	title = {Blockchain and the Promise (s) of Decentralisation : A Sociological Investigation of the Sociotechnical Imaginaries of Blockchain},
	isbn = {978-3-85125-668-0},
	url = {https://diglib.tugraz.at/download.php?id=5e2997b7bb322&location=browse},
	doi = {10.3217/978-3-85125-668-0-02},
	pages = {6--30},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the {STS} Conference Graz 2019},
	author = {Becker, Moritz},
	date = {2019},
	keywords = {blockchain, {PROCESSED}, technology, decentralisation, {DECENTRALIZATION}, imaginaries, techno-utopianism},
}

@article{sai_taxonomy_2021,
	title = {Taxonomy of centralization in public blockchain systems: A systematic literature review},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {03064573},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102584},
	abstract = {Bitcoin introduced delegation of control over a monetary system from a select few to all who participate in that system. This delegation is known as the decentralization of controlling power and is a powerful security mechanism for the ecosystem. After the introduction of Bitcoin, the field of cryptocurrency has seen widespread attention from industry and academia, so much so that the original novel contribution of Bitcoin, i.e., decentralization, may be overlooked, due to decentralizations' assumed fundamental existence for the functioning of such crypto-assets. However, recent studies have observed a trend of increased centralization in cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. As this increased centralization has an impact the security of the blockchain, it is crucial that it is measured, towards adequate control. This research derives an initial taxonomy of centralization present in decentralized blockchains through rigorous synthesis using a systematic literature review. This is followed by iterative refinement through expert interviews. We systematically analyzed 89 research papers published between 2009 and 2019. Our study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by highlighting the multiple definitions and measurements of centralization in the literature. We identify different aspects of centralization and propose an encompassing taxonomy of centralization concerns. This taxonomy is based on empirically observable and measurable characteristics. It consists of 13 aspects of centralization, classified over six architectural layers: Governance, Network, Consensus, Incentive, Operational, and Application. We also discuss how the implications of centralization can vary depending on the aspects studied. We believe that this review and taxonomy provides a comprehensive overview of centralization in decentralized blockchains involving various conceptualizations and measures.},
	pages = {102584},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Information Processing and Management},
	author = {Sai, Ashish Rajendra and Buckley, Jim and Fitzgerald, Brian and Gear, Andrew Le},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier
\_eprint: 2009.12542},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, Security, {DECENTRALIZATION}, Centralization, Classification, Decentralized blockchain, Measurement, Taxonomy},
}

@article{garrod_real_2016,
	title = {The real world of the decentralized autonomous society},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1726670X},
	doi = {10.31269/triplec.v14i1.692},
	abstract = {Many commentators have been quick to note the revolutionary potential of Bitcoin 2.0 technology, with some even believing that it represents the coming of a decentralized autonomous society in which humans are freed from centralized forms of power and control. Influenced by neoliberal theory, these individuals are implicitly working on the assumption that ‘freedom' means freedom from the state. This neglects that the state can also provide freedom from the vagaries of the market by protecting certain things from commodification. Through an analysis of (1) class and the role of the state; (2) the concentration and centralization of capital; and (3) automation, I argue that the vision of freedom that underpins Bitcoin 2.0 tech is one that neglects the power that capital holds over us. In neglecting this power, I claim that this technology might be far more dystopian than we comprehend, making possible societies that are commodities all the way down.},
	pages = {62--77},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{TripleC}},
	author = {Garrod, J. Z.},
	date = {2016},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, Ethereum, Blockchain, {PROCESSED}, {DECENTRALIZATION}, Capitalism, State},
}

@unpublished{babu_behind_2020,
	title = {Behind the Veil of Decentralization: Analyzing Blockchain Frames and Sponsors in {US} News},
	abstract = {In recent years, “blockchain” has emerged as an industry buzzword, a technology that can solve pressing problems in economic inclusion, democracy, humanitarian aid, sustainability, and supply chain management among other things. Whether effective or not, this little-understood technology is championed as a way to change socio-economic power structures and democratize and decentralize established institutions like the financial system and government. However, these claims are often unsupported. The hype generated in the news and popular discourse about this technology often obscures questions of whether power relations are actually changing and how. Understanding the visible media frames as a proxy for the power contests that went into shaping discourse, this paper critically examines {US} news media coverage of blockchain between 2013 - 2018. It examines the news frames used to talk about blockchain, the sponsors of these frames, and how these factors have changed over the five-year period. The paper finds that blockchain-related news coverage is framed in six general ways: Disruptive, Harnessing, Skepticism, Community, Understanding, Menace. These frames, especially the disruptive and harnessing frames are mainly sponsored by big banks (like J.P. Morgan), big technology (like {IBM} and Microsoft), and Silicon Valley investors. Using this data, the paper argues that the narrative of blockchain as a democratizing/decentralizing technology is mainly pushed by these established institutions and that it is a smokescreen to prevent a critical examination of the use of the technology.},
	author = {Babu, Asvatha},
	date = {2020},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3749482},
	note = {Publication Title: {SSRN} Electronic Journal},
	keywords = {\_LATEST, {DECENTRALIZATION}},
}

@article{halpin_deconstructing_2020,
	title = {Deconstructing the decentralization trilemma},
	volume = {3},
	doi = {10.5220/0009892405050512},
	abstract = {The vast majority of applications at this moment rely on centralized servers to relay messages between clients, where these servers are considered trusted third-parties. With the rise of blockchain technologies over the last few years, there has been a move away from both centralized servers and traditional federated models to more decentralized peer-to-peer alternatives. However, there appears to be a trilemma between security, scalability, and decentralization in blockchain-based systems. Deconstructing this trilemma using well-known threat models, we define a typology of centralized, federated, and decentralized architectures. Each of the different architectures has this trilemma play out differently. Facing a possible decentralized future, we outline seven hard problems facing decentralization and theorize that the differences between centralized, federated, and decentralized architectures depend on differing social interpretations of trust.},
	pages = {505--512},
	journaltitle = {{ICETE} 2020 - Proceedings of the 17th International Joint Conference on e-Business and Telecommunications},
	author = {Halpin, Harry},
	date = {2020},
	note = {{ISBN}: 9789897584459
\_eprint: 2008.08014},
	keywords = {Blockchain, Decentralization, {PROCESSED}, Security, Privacy, {DECENTRALIZATION}, Federation, Scalability, Software architecture},
}

@article{sai_towards_2021,
	title = {Towards a holistic assessment of centralization in distributed ledgers},
	doi = {https://ulir.ul.ie/handle/10344/10766},
	author = {Sai, Ashish Rajendra},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: University of Limerick},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {DECENTRALIZATION}},
}

@article{walch_deconstructing_2019,
	title = {Deconstructing ‘Decentralization': Exploring the Core Claim of Crypto Systems},
	doi = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3326244},
	abstract = {Decentralization is what allows Bitcoin to substitute an army of computers for an army of accountants, investigators, and lawyers.-Nick Szabo, Twitter. 1 [B]ased on my understanding of the present state of Ether, the Ethereum network and its decentralized structure, current offers and sales of Ether are not securities transactions{\textbackslash}ldots.},
	pages = {1--36},
	journaltitle = {C. Brummer (ed.), Crypto Assets: Legal and Monetary Perspectives},
	author = {Walch, Angela},
	date = {2019},
	keywords = {{MY}\_GS, {DECENTRALIZATION}},
}

@article{bodo_decentralisation_2021,
	title = {Decentralisation: A multidisciplinary perspective},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {21976775},
	doi = {10.14763/2021.2.1563},
	abstract = {Decentralisation as a concept is attracting a lot of interest, not least with the rise of decentralised and distributed techno-social systems like Bitcoin, and distributed ledgers more generally. In this paper, we first define decentralisation as it is implemented for technical architectures and then discuss the technical, social, political and economic ideas that drive the development of decentralised, and in particular, distributed systems. We argue that technical efforts towards decentralisation tend to go hand-in-hand with ambitions for rearranging power dynamics. We caution, however, against simplistic understandings of power in relation to the decentralisation-centralisation spectrum, and argue that in practice, decentralisation might very well be served by and produce centralising effects. The paper then goes on to discuss the critical literature that highlights some of the common assumptions and critiques made about decentralisation and the pros and cons of a decentralised approach. Finally, we propose some of the missing parts to current debates about decentralisation, and argue for a more nuanced and grounded approach to the centralisation/decentralisation dichotomy.},
	pages = {0--21},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Internet Policy Review},
	author = {Bodó, Balázs and Brekke, Jaya Klara and Hoepman, Jaap Henk},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {DECENTRALIZATION}, Decentralisation},
}

@thesis{humayun_creation_2019,
	title = {Creation and resilience of decentralized brands: Bitcoin \& the blockchain},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10315/37662%0A},
	abstract = {This dissertation is based on a longitudinal ethnographic and netnographic study of the Bitcoin and broader Blockchain community. The data is drawn from 38 in-depth interviews and 200+ informal interviews, plus archival news media sources, netnography, and participant observation conducted in multiple cities: Toronto, Amsterdam, Berlin, Miami, New York, Prague, San Francisco, Cancun, Boston/Cambridge, and Tokyo. Participation at Bitcoin/Blockchain conferences included: Consensus Conference New York, North American Bitcoin Conference, Satoshi Roundtable Cancun, {MIT} Business of Blockchain, and Scaling Bitcoin Tokyo. The research fieldwork was conducted between 2014-2018. The dissertation is structured as three papers: - Satoshi is Dead. Long Live Satoshi. The Curious Case of Bitcoin: This paper focuses on the myth of anonymity and how by remaining anonymous, Satoshi Nakamoto, was able to leave his creation open to widespread adoption. - Tracing the United Nodes of Bitcoin: This paper examines the intersection of religiosity, technology, and money in the Bitcoin community. - Our Brand Is Crisis: Creation and Resilience of Decentralized Brands Bitcoin \& the Blockchain: Drawing on ecological resilience framework as a conceptual metaphor this paper maps how various stabilizing and destabilizing forces in the Bitcoin ecosystem helped in the evolution of a decentralized brand and promulgated more mainstreaming of the Bitcoin brand.},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Humayun, Syeda Mariam},
	date = {2019},
	doi = {http://hdl.handle.net/10315/37662},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {DECENTRALIZATION}},
}

@unpublished{schneider_decentralization_2019,
	title = {Decentralization: an incomplete ambition},
	abstract = {Decentralization is a term widely used in a variety of contexts, particularly in political science and discourses surrounding the Internet. It is popular today among advocates of blockchain technology. While frequently employed as if it were a technical term, decentralization more reliably appears to operate as a rhetorical strategy that directs attention toward some aspects of a proposed social order and away from others. It is called for far more than it is theorized or consistently defined. This non-specificity has served to draw diverse participants into common political and technological projects. Yet even the most apparently decentralized systems have shown the capacity to produce economically and structurally centralized outcomes. The rhetoric of decentralization thus obscures other aspects of the re-ordering it claims to describe. It steers attention from where concentrations of power are operating, deferring worthwhile debate about how such power should operate. For decentralization to be a reliable concept in formulating future social arrangements and related technologies, it should come with high standards of specificity. It also cannot substitute for anticipating centralization with appropriate mechanisms of accountability.},
	pagetotal = {265–285},
	author = {Schneider, Nathan},
	date = {2019},
	doi = {10.1080/17530350.2019.1589553},
	note = {{ISSN}: 17530369
Issue: 4
Publication Title: Journal of Cultural Economy
Volume: 12},
	keywords = {bitcoin, Cryptocurrency, development, internet, {PROCESSED}, decentralization, {DECENTRALIZATION}},
}

@article{cong_decentralized_2021,
	title = {Decentralized Mining in Centralized Pools},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {14657368},
	doi = {10.1093/rfs/hhaa040},
	abstract = {The rise of centralized mining pools for risk sharing does not necessarily undermine the decentralization required for blockchains: because of miners' cross-pool diversification and pool managers' endogenous fee setting, larger pools better internalize their externality on global hash rates, charge higher fees, attract disproportionately fewer miners, and grow more slowly. Instead, mining pools as a financial innovation escalate miners' arms race and significantly increase the energy consumption of proof-of-work-based blockchains. Empirical evidence from Bitcoin mining supports our model's predictions. The economic insights inform other consensus protocols and the industrial organization of mainstream sectors with similar characteristics but ambiguous prior findings.},
	pages = {1191--1235},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Review of Financial Studies},
	author = {Cong, Lin William and He, Zhiguo and Li, Jiasun},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {DECENTRALIZATION}},
}

@article{rocas-royo_blockchain_2021,
	title = {The Blockchain That Was Not: The Case of Four Cooperative Agroecological Supermarkets},
	volume = {4},
	doi = {10.3389/fbloc.2021.624810},
	abstract = {Blockchain is a technology with many applications derived from its properties. This article analyzes the case of 4 cooperative agroecological supermarkets and in what circumstances blockchain is an exciting technology to adopt. The analysis of the gathered data reveals 10 factors to consider, 5 internal and 5 external. Those factors derive into 6 blockchain domains to develop. The article concludes that in 3 of them, the drawbacks of implementing the technology, although it is theoretically appropriate, are insuperable. The article contributes to demystifying blockchain technology and applying the same business logic we use with other technical options.},
	pages = {1--10},
	issue = {April},
	journaltitle = {Frontiers in Blockchain},
	author = {Rocas-Royo, Marc},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {blockchain, \_LATEST, {DECENTRALIZATION}, agro-food cooperatives, cooperativism, food supply chain, provenance},
}

@article{manski_reimagining_2020,
	title = {Reimagining New Socio-Technical Economics Through the Application of Distributed Ledger Technologies},
	volume = {2},
	doi = {10.3389/fbloc.2019.00029},
	abstract = {Distributed ledger technology ({DLT}) is increasingly proposed as a powerful tool to address the social and ecological challenges in the Global South. {DLTs} are opening up possible futures, one of which is a wave of infrastructure decentralization with common-centric and cosmo-local production. Shared logistics and supply chains for a circular economy, with collaborative and networked “flow” accounting allow the integration of contributive logics as well as the integration of social and ecological externalities, including practical knowledge on resource use limitations linked to planetary boundaries, as an integral part of ecosystems of productive collaboration. Indeed, {DLTs} remove the need for central intermediaries to validate transaction between parties, who instead place their trust in the encrypted, disintermediated system software. {DLTs} can be designed as a new unencloseable (non-commodifiable) medium of communication, which could lead to radically new forms of cooperation, organization, and governance. Yet these revolutionary possibilities will not be realized unless technologists consciously and strategically design systems redistributing sovereignty from elites to the people in financial, service, and national infrastructures. This paper concludes with a critical examination of the application of {DLT} in Puerto Rico and how {DLTs} could alter the production and exchange of “value” in service of a global popular sovereignty.},
	pages = {1--17},
	issue = {January},
	journaltitle = {Frontiers in Blockchain},
	author = {Manski, Sarah and Bauwens, Michel},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {blockchain, \_LATEST, distributed ledger technology, sovereignty, {DECENTRALIZATION}, but in a change, change, cooperatives, cosmo-l, cosmo-local production, distributed value accounting, in an era of, of eras, we do not live},
}

@article{mannan_m__schneider_exit_2020,
	title = {Exit to Community: Strategies for Multi-Stakeholder Ownership in the Platform Economy},
	volume = {Review 4},
	url = {https://georgetownlawtechreview.org/exit-to-community-strategies-for-multi-stakeholder-ownership-in-the-platform-economy/GLTR-05-2021/},
	doi = {https://georgetownlawtechreview.org/exit-to-community-strategies-for-multi-stakeholder-ownership-in-the-platform-economy/GLTR-05-2021/},
	abstract = {The platform economy1 is facing a crisis of accountability. Large Internet platforms, once regarded as sources of hope for democratic social movements or engines of a promising new economy—or, at worst, just superficial distractions—are now facing serious public scrutiny across the globe. The executives of Facebook, Google, and Twitter have been called before the U.S. Congress to account for their roles in enabling foreign election interference. Scholars have raised concerns about algorithmic, data-driven business models,2 the exploitation of digital labor,3 the abuse of market power,4 corporate governance failures,5 manipulation by oppressive governments,6 opacity and arbitrariness in content moderation,7 and corporate surveillance,8 to name just a few in an ever-growing body of literature on the depredations of the platform economy. Part of the urgency surrounding such concerns lies in the fact that some platforms are near-impossible to escape. Internet users, and societies as a whole, have difficulty opting out of their services.9 Companies like Facebook, for instance, track users across the Web and create shadow user profiles even when the user does not have an account on their platforms.10 Not using such platforms means forgoing essential opportunities for work and social life—even access to basic services.11 By not using social media platforms such as Facebook, people deprive themselves of one of the “most powerful mechanisms” to make their voices heard.12 Conversely, for those who use such services, exit is not a costless exercise, as it involves the irrecoverable loss of social capital, reputational cachet, and assets.13},
	pages = {2017--2019},
	issue = {no. 1},
	journaltitle = {Georgetown Law Technology},
	author = {Mannan, M. {\textbackslash}\& Schneider, N.},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {DECENTRALIZATION}},
}

@thesis{azouvi_levels_2021,
	title = {Levels of Decentralization and Trust in Cryptocurrencies: Consensus, Governance and Applications},
	url = {https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10139069/},
	abstract = {Since the apparition of Bitcoin, decentralization has become an ideal praised almost religiously. Indeed, removing the need for a central authority prevents many forms of abuse that could be performed by a trusted third party, especially when there are no transparency and accountability mechanisms in place. Decentralization is however a very subtle concept that has limits. In this thesis, we look at the decentralization of blockchains at three different levels. First we look at the consensus protocol, which is the heart of any decentralized system. The Nakamoto protocol, used by Bitcoin, has been shown to induce centralization through the shift to mining pools. Additionally, it is heavily criticized for the enormous amount of energy it requires. We propose a protocol, Fantômette, that incorporates incentives at its core and that consumes much less energy than Bitcoin and other proof-of-work based cryptocurrencies. If the consensus protocol makes it possible to decentralize the enforcement of rules in a cryptocurrency, there is still the question of who decides on the rules. Indeed, if a central authority is able to determine what those rules are then the fact that they are enforced in a decentralized way does not make it a decentralized system. We study the governance structure of Bitcoin and Ethereum by making measurements of their {GitHub} repositories and providing quantitative ways to compare their level of centralization by using appropriate metrics based on centrality measures. Finally, many applications are now built on top of blockchains. These can also induce or straightforwardly lead to centralization, for example by requiring that users register their identities to comply with regulations. We show how identities can be registered on blockchains in a decentralized and privacy-preserving way.},
	institution = {University College London},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Azouvi, Sarah},
	date = {2021},
	doi = {https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10139069/},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {DECENTRALIZATION}},
}

@article{aramonte_defi_2021,
	title = {{DeFi} risks and the decentralisation illusion},
	pages = {16},
	author = {Aramonte, Sirio and Huang, Wenqian and Schrimpf, Andreas},
	date = {2021},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {regulation, decentralization, finance, defi},
	file = {Aramonte et al. - 2021 - DeFi risks and the decentralisation illusion.pdf:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/F5N32W5N/Aramonte et al. - 2021 - DeFi risks and the decentralisation illusion.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@book{bernstein_delusions_2021,
	title = {The Delusions of Crowds: Why People Go Mad in Groups},
	publisher = {Grove Press},
	author = {Bernstein, William J},
	date = {2021},
}

@online{stephenson_cryptonomicon_nodate,
	title = {Cryptonomicon},
	url = {https://harpers.org/archive/2022/03/cryptonomicon-bitcoin-maximalists-miami/},
	abstract = {Among the Bitcoin maximalists},
	titleaddon = {Harpers Review},
	author = {Stephenson, Will},
	urldate = {2022-03-02},
	file = {Cryptonomicon, by Will Stephenson:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/HUM7MX7Z/cryptonomicon-bitcoin-maximalists-miami.html:text/html},
}

@video{olson_line_2022,
	title = {Line Goes Up – The Problem With {NFTs}},
	url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQ_xWvX1n9g},
	abstract = {If someone pitches you on a "great" Web3 project, ask them if it requires buying or selling crypto to do what they say it does.

Sources and Further Reading
https://web3isgoinggreat.com/
https://tante.cc/2021/12/17/the-third...
https://davidgerard.co.uk/blockchain/...
https://amycastor.com/2021/03/14/meta...
https://www.stephendiehl.com/blog/cry...
https://blog.mollywhite.net/blockchai...
https://www.motherjones.com/politics/...
https://twitter.com/davetroy/status/1...
https://davidgolumbia.medium.com/cryp...
https://marker.medium.com/fintech-is-...
https://naavik.co/business-breakdowns...
https://www.gawker.com/culture/the-fu...
https://twitter.com/{NFTtheft}
https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/arc...
https://www.gamesindustry.biz/article...
https://www.technollama.co.uk/platfor...
https://davidgerard.co.uk/blockchain/...
https://twitter.com/Bitfinexed

Written and performed by Dan Olson

Crowdfunding: https://www.patreon.com/foldablehuman
Twitter: https://twitter.com/{FoldableHuman}
00:00:00 Preface
00:01:12 0. In 2008 The Economy Collapsed
00:07:09 1. Bitcoin
00:18:18 2. Ethereum
00:24:34 3. The Machine
00:39:07 4. {NFTs} Exist To Get You To Buy Crypto
00:57:54 5. The Unbearable Cringe Of Crypto
01:11:46 6. A Self-Organizing High Control Group
01:16:57 7. Crypto Reality
01:25:36 8. There Is No Privacy On The Chain
01:32:52 9. If This "Looks Like Scam" Then Every {NFT} Room I'm In Looks Like Scam {LOL}
01:38:29 10. Play To Earn Exists To Get You To Buy Crypto
01:46:39 11. We're All Gonna Make It And By "We" I Mean "Us" Not You
01:56:08 12. {DAOs} Exist To Get You To Buy Crypto
02:13:21 13. I Know It's Rigged, But It's The Only Game In Town},
	author = {Olson, Dan},
	urldate = {2022-03-02},
	date = {2022-01-21},
}

@online{butler_play--earn_nodate,
	title = {“Play-to-earn” and Bullshit Jobs},
	url = {https://paulbutler.org/2021/play-to-earn-and-bullshit-jobs/},
	author = {Butler, Paul},
	urldate = {2022-03-02},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/P65GYAZT/play-to-earn-and-bullshit-jobs.html:text/html},
}

@book{hayek_road_2014,
	title = {The Road to Serfdom},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Hayek, Friedrich August and Caldwell, Bruce},
	date = {2014},
}

@incollection{akerlof_market_1978,
	title = {The market for “lemons”: Quality uncertainty and the market mechanism},
	pages = {235--251},
	booktitle = {Uncertainty in economics},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Akerlof, George A},
	date = {1978},
}

@article{allen_defi_2022,
	title = {{DeFi}: Shadow Banking 2.0?},
	journaltitle = {William \& Mary Law Review, Forthcoming},
	author = {Allen, Hilary J},
	date = {2022},
}

@online{rosenthal_dshrs_nodate,
	title = {{DSHR}'s Blog: {EE}380 Talk},
	url = {https://blog.dshr.org/2022/02/ee380-talk.html},
	abstract = {Stanford Lecture on Cryptocurrency},
	author = {Rosenthal, David},
	urldate = {2022-03-02},
	file = {DSHR's Blog\: EE380 Talk:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/9872GBKC/ee380-talk.html:text/html},
}

@article{walch_bitcoin_2015,
	title = {The bitcoin blockchain as financial market infrastructure: A consideration of operational risk},
	volume = {18},
	pages = {837},
	journaltitle = {{NYUJ} Legis. \& Pub. Pol'y},
	author = {Walch, Angela},
	date = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: {HeinOnline}},
}

@article{walch_code_2019,
	title = {In code (rs) we trust: Software developers as fiduciaries in public blockchains},
	author = {Walch, Angela},
	date = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Chapter in Regulating Blockchain. Techno-Social and Legal Challenges, edited …},
}

@article{chancellor_devil_1999,
	title = {Devil take the hindmost: A history of financial speculation},
	author = {Chancellor, Edward},
	date = {1999},
	note = {Publisher: Macmillan London},
}

@online{bennet_tether_nodate,
	title = {Tether and Bitfinex Introduction},
	url = {https://bennettftomlin.com/2021/08/08/tether-and-bitfinex-introduction/},
	author = {Bennet, Tomlin},
	urldate = {2022-03-02},
	file = {Tether and Bitfinex Introduction – Bennett's Blog:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/CCQAA3TB/tether-and-bitfinex-introduction.html:text/html},
}

@article{bindseil_encrypted_2022-1,
	title = {The encrypted threat: Bitcoin’s social cost and regulatory responses},
	author = {Bindseil, Ulrich and Papsdorf, Patrick and rgen Schaaf, Jü},
	date = {2022},
}

@online{shri_t_rabi_sankar_cryptocurrencies_nodate,
	title = {Cryptocurrencies – An assessment},
	url = {https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_SpeechesView.aspx?Id=1196},
	abstract = {(Keynote address delivered by Shri T Rabi Sankar, Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of India - February 14th, 2022 - at the Indian Banks Association 17th Annual Banking Technology Conference and Awards)},
	titleaddon = {Reserve Bank of India},
	author = {{Shri T Rabi Sankar}},
	urldate = {2022-03-02},
	file = {Reserve Bank of India - Speeches:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/CJAT7RCR/BS_SpeechesView.html:text/html},
}

@article{barrett_why_2021-1,
	title = {Why young investors bet the farm on cryptocurrencies},
	url = {https://www.ft.com/content/162839aa-0437-478b-a4d4-4a8d7ab71458},
	abstract = {The racy, high-risk asset class has filled a void of investment advice for the average young person},
	journaltitle = {Financial Times},
	author = {Barrett, Claer},
	urldate = {2022-03-02},
	date = {2021-05-28},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/YLCZFKVZ/162839aa-0437-478b-a4d4-4a8d7ab71458.html:text/html},
}

@online{varoufakis_what_2021,
	title = {What is money, really? And why Bitcoin is not the answer (even if blockchain is brilliant \& potentially helpful in democratising money)},
	url = {https://www.yanisvaroufakis.eu/2021/08/02/what-is-money/},
	shorttitle = {What is money, really?},
	abstract = {Recently, I argued that a central bank cryptocurrency can be a useful tool in the struggle to democratise money. Such a tool is, of course, not enough. The main task in democratising money is first to democratise the central bank – before deploying useful instruments like a central bank cryptocurrency. As many readers (correctly) pointed […]},
	titleaddon = {Yanis Varoufakis},
	author = {Varoufakis, Yanis},
	urldate = {2022-03-02},
	date = {2021-08-02},
	langid = {british},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/UNLPCGXU/what-is-money.html:text/html},
}

@online{warzel_absurdity_2021,
	title = {The Absurdity is the Point},
	url = {https://warzel.substack.com/p/the-absurdity-is-the-point},
	abstract = {"I feel like a moron typing all of this. But I just have to type it!"},
	titleaddon = {Galaxy Brain},
	type = {Substack newsletter},
	author = {Warzel, Charlie},
	urldate = {2022-03-02},
	date = {2021-05-11},
	keywords = {absurdity},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/7LM4IKTZ/the-absurdity-is-the-point.html:text/html},
}

@online{glongloff_bitcoin_nodate,
	title = {Bitcoin, {GameStop} Are More Cults Than Investments},
	url = {https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-03-02/bitcoin-btc-gamestop-gme-are-more-cults-than-investments},
	titleaddon = {Bloomberg},
	author = {Glongloff, Mark},
	urldate = {2022-03-02},
	file = {Bitcoin (\$BTC), GameStop (\$GME) Are More Cults Than Investments - Bloomberg:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/6RGSQBFN/bitcoin-btc-gamestop-gme-are-more-cults-than-investments.html:text/html},
}

@online{weisenthal_bitcoin_nodate,
	title = {Bitcoin Is a Faith-Based Asset},
	url = {https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-21/bitcoin-is-a-faith-based-asset-joe-weisenthal},
	author = {Weisenthal, Joe},
	urldate = {2022-03-02},
	file = {Bitcoin Is a Faith-Based Asset\: Joe Weisenthal - Bloomberg:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/EFDG3XI9/bitcoin-is-a-faith-based-asset-joe-weisenthal.html:text/html},
}

@article{silverman_crypto_2021-1,
	title = {Crypto has ‘no inherent worth’ but is good to trade, says Man Group chief},
	url = {https://www.ft.com/content/9275baf4-0422-43a1-b8c9-9317882ca874},
	abstract = {Luke Ellis compares digital assets to the 17th-century Dutch tulip craze},
	journaltitle = {Financial Times},
	author = {Silverman, Gary},
	urldate = {2022-03-02},
	date = {2021-07-26},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/PYJ5MKGD/9275baf4-0422-43a1-b8c9-9317882ca874.html:text/html},
}

@article{wigglesworth_albanian_2021-1,
	title = {Albanian lessons for regulators nervously eyeing the crypto world},
	url = {https://www.ft.com/content/810367e5-e0b1-4221-b303-f3012a177437},
	abstract = {Albania’s 1990s pyramid scheme debacle highlights risks of regulatory paralysis on the cryptocurrency explosion},
	journaltitle = {Financial Times},
	author = {Wigglesworth, Robin},
	urldate = {2022-03-02},
	date = {2021-07-05},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/RCKACNAJ/810367e5-e0b1-4221-b303-f3012a177437.html:text/html},
}

@article{arnosti_bitcoin_2022,
	title = {Bitcoin: A natural oligopoly},
	journaltitle = {Management Science},
	author = {Arnosti, Nick and Weinberg, S Matthew},
	date = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: {INFORMS}},
}

@article{umar_bitcoin_2021,
	title = {Bitcoin: A safe haven asset and a winner amid political and economic uncertainties in the {US}?},
	volume = {167},
	pages = {120680},
	journaltitle = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change},
	author = {Umar, Muhammad and Su, Chi-Wei and Rizvi, Syed Kumail Abbas and Shao, Xue-Feng},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
}

@article{huang_crypto_2021,
	title = {Crypto assets regulation in the {UK}: an assessment of the regulatory effectiveness and consistency},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance},
	author = {Huang, Sherena Sheng},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited},
}

@article{hacker_crypto-securities_2018,
	title = {Crypto-securities regulation: {ICOs}, token sales and cryptocurrencies under {EU} financial law},
	volume = {15},
	pages = {645--696},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {European Company and Financial Law Review},
	author = {Hacker, Philipp and Thomale, Chris},
	date = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: De Gruyter},
}

@article{azgad-tromer_crypto_2018,
	title = {Crypto securities: on the risks of investments in blockchain-based assets and the dilemmas of securities regulation},
	volume = {68},
	pages = {69},
	journaltitle = {Am. {UL} Rev.},
	author = {Azgad-Tromer, Shlomit},
	date = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: {HeinOnline}},
}

@article{walch_bitcoin_2015-1,
	title = {The bitcoin blockchain as financial market infrastructure: A consideration of operational risk},
	volume = {18},
	pages = {837},
	journaltitle = {{NYUJ} Legis. \& Pub. Pol'y},
	author = {Walch, Angela},
	date = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: {HeinOnline}},
}

@article{nabilou_central_2019,
	title = {Central bank digital currencies: Preliminary legal observations},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Banking Regulation},
	author = {Nabilou, Hossein},
	date = {2019},
}

@article{li_money_2021,
	title = {Money creation in decentralized finance: A dynamic model of stablecoin and crypto shadow banking},
	pages = {030},
	number = {2020},
	journaltitle = {Fisher College of Business Working Paper},
	author = {Li, Ye and Mayer, Simon},
	date = {2021},
}

@article{reiners_cryptocurrency_2020,
	title = {Cryptocurrency and the State: An Unholy Alliance},
	volume = {30},
	pages = {695},
	journaltitle = {S. Cal. Interdisc. {LJ}},
	author = {Reiners, Lee},
	date = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: {HeinOnline}},
}

@article{yaffe-bellany_millions_2022,
	title = {Millions for Crypto Start-Ups, No Real Names Necessary},
	issn = {0362-4331},
	url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/02/technology/cryptocurrency-anonymity-alarm.html},
	abstract = {Investors give money to pseudonymous developers. Venture capitalists back founders without learning their real names. What happens when they need to know?},
	journaltitle = {The New York Times},
	author = {Yaffe-Bellany, David},
	urldate = {2022-03-02},
	date = {2022-03-02},
	langid = {american},
	keywords = {Venture Capital, Virtual Currency, Blockchain (Technology), Computers and the Internet, Engineering and Engineers, Entrepreneurship, Names, Personal, Nonfungible Tokens ({NFTs}), Start-ups},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/923XU63C/cryptocurrency-anonymity-alarm.html:text/html},
}

@online{turak_credit_2018,
	title = {Credit Suisse defends controversial financial product at the center of the market turmoil},
	url = {https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/07/credit-suisse-defends-controversial-xiv-etn-amid-market-turmoil.html},
	abstract = {Credit Suisse is defending the {VelocityShares} Daily Inverse {VIX} Short-Term exchange-traded note, as experts question the logic behind such securities.},
	titleaddon = {{CNBC}},
	author = {Turak, Natasha},
	urldate = {2022-03-02},
	date = {2018-02-07},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Section: Markets},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/GX43VNL3/credit-suisse-defends-controversial-xiv-etn-amid-market-turmoil.html:text/html},
}

@online{noauthor_scoop_2021,
	title = {{SCOOP}: Tether minted most {USDT} to just 2 firms — Alameda and Cumberland},
	url = {https://protos.com/tether-minted-usdt-stablecoin-crypto-two-alameda-cumberland/},
	shorttitle = {{SCOOP}},
	abstract = {Tether minted and sold {USDT} to many other companies and individuals. None came close to the numbers Alameda Research and Cumberland put up.},
	titleaddon = {Protos},
	urldate = {2022-03-02},
	date = {2021-08-12},
	langid = {american},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/GANP35F8/tether-minted-usdt-stablecoin-crypto-two-alameda-cumberland.html:text/html},
}

@article{taleb_bitcoin_nodate,
	title = {Bitcoin, Currencies, and Fragility},
	pages = {6},
	author = {Taleb, Nassim Nicholas},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Taleb - Bitcoin, Currencies, and Fragility.pdf:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/6S6E9QKP/Taleb - Bitcoin, Currencies, and Fragility.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{zwitter_decentralized_2020,
	title = {Decentralized Network Governance: Blockchain Technology and the Future of Regulation},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {2624-7852},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fbloc.2020.00012},
	abstract = {Advancements in the digital domain, for example, in blockchain technology, big data, and machine learning, are increasingly shaping the lives of individuals, groups, organizations, and societies. These developments call for effective governance to protect the basic interests and needs of these actors. Simultaneously, the very nature of governance is also changing. Policy-making is increasingly moving away from top-down governance by the state toward more horizontal modes of governance. This paper reviews the literature on governance theory in order to conceptualize governance as a mode of decentralized, networked regulation. We argue that the current dominant modes of governance are inadequate in understanding governance in the digital domain and are poorly equipped to conceptualize novel forms of governance such as decentralized autonomous organizations ({DAOs}). Therefore, this study proposes a new mode of governance based on the regulation of new power relationships between the state and actors in the digital domain. This model further explores the role that blockchain technology can play in what we term decentralized network governance.},
	journaltitle = {Frontiers in Blockchain},
	shortjournal = {Frontiers in Blockchain},
	author = {Zwitter, Andrej and Hazenberg, Jilles},
	date = {2020},
}

@report{hanke_bukeles_2021,
	title = {Bukele's Bitcoin Blunder},
	institution = {The Johns Hopkins Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and the …},
	author = {Hanke, Steve and Hanlon, Nicholas and Chakravarthi, Mihir and {others}},
	date = {2021},
}

@article{analytica_salvador_2021,
	title = {El Salvador bitcoin experiment comes with risks},
	journaltitle = {Expert Briefings},
	author = {Analytica, Oxford},
	date = {2021},
}

@article{dowling_is_2022,
	title = {Is non-fungible token pricing driven by cryptocurrencies?},
	volume = {44},
	pages = {102097},
	journaltitle = {Finance Research Letters},
	author = {Dowling, Michael},
	date = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
}

@article{al-rimy_ransomware_2018,
	title = {Ransomware threat success factors, taxonomy, and countermeasures: A survey and research directions},
	volume = {74},
	pages = {144--166},
	journaltitle = {Computers \& Security},
	author = {Al-rimy, Bander Ali Saleh and Maarof, Mohd Aizaini and Shaid, Syed Zainudeen Mohd},
	date = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
}

@article{slattery_taking_2014,
	title = {Taking a bit out of crime: Bitcoin and cross-border tax evasion},
	volume = {39},
	pages = {829},
	journaltitle = {Brook. J. Int'l L.},
	author = {Slattery, Thomas},
	date = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: {HeinOnline}},
}

@article{akins_whole_2014,
	title = {A whole new world: Income tax considerations of the Bitcoin economy},
	volume = {12},
	pages = {25},
	journaltitle = {Pitt. Tax Rev.},
	author = {Akins, Benjamin W and Chapman, Jennifer L and Gordon, Jason M},
	date = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: {HeinOnline}},
}

@book{ludlow_crypto_2001,
	title = {Crypto anarchy, cyberstates, and pirate utopias},
	publisher = {{MIT} Press},
	author = {Ludlow, Peter},
	date = {2001},
}

@incollection{kohl_blockchain_2021,
	title = {Blockchain utopia and its governance shortfalls},
	booktitle = {Blockchain and Public Law},
	publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing},
	author = {Kohl, Uta},
	date = {2021},
}

@article{moslein_venture_2021,
	title = {Venture capital and regulatory uncertainty},
	volume = {20},
	pages = {135--148},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Analisi Giuridica dell'Economia},
	author = {Moslein, Florian and Rennig, Christopher},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Società editrice il Mulino},
}

@online{noauthor_bitcoin_2022,
	title = {Bitcoin pyramid schemes wreak havoc on Brazil's 'New Egypt'},
	url = {https://apnews.com/article/cryptocurrency-technology-business-brazil-bitcoin-2dc801e5e3aa477ce7983d84dc8a64bb},
	abstract = {{CABO} {FRIO}, Brazil ({AP}) — In April, Brazil's federal police stormed the helipad of a boutique seaside hotel in Rio de Janeiro state, where they busted two men and a woman loading a chopper with 7 million reais (\$1.3 million) in neatly packed bills.},
	titleaddon = {{AP} {NEWS}},
	urldate = {2022-03-03},
	date = {2022-01-22},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Section: Cryptocurrency},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/GRPF9B9W/cryptocurrency-technology-business-brazil-bitcoin-2dc801e5e3aa477ce7983d84dc8a64bb.html:text/html},
}

@online{murray_imf_nodate,
	title = {{IMF} urges El Salvador to ditch bitcoin as legal tender {\textbar} Financial Times},
	url = {https://www.ft.com/content/fbf9aef0-453f-4e61-bd83-ff2b2bc92221},
	author = {Murray, Christine},
	urldate = {2022-03-03},
	file = {IMF urges El Salvador to ditch bitcoin as legal tender | Financial Times:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/3QDAQGIM/fbf9aef0-453f-4e61-bd83-ff2b2bc92221.html:text/html},
}

@article{may_crypto_1992,
	title = {The crypto anarchist manifesto},
	journaltitle = {High Noon on the Electronic Frontier: Conceptual Issues in Cyberspace},
	author = {May, Timothy},
	date = {1992},
	note = {Publisher: {MIT} Press Cambridge, {MA}},
}

@misc{may_cyphernomicon_1994,
	title = {Cyphernomicon},
	author = {May, Tim},
	date = {1994},
}

@article{friedman_friedman_1970,
	title = {A Friedman doctrine‐- The Social Responsibility Of Business Is to Increase Its Profits},
	issn = {0362-4331},
	url = {https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/13/archives/a-friedman-doctrine-the-social-responsibility-of-business-is-to.html},
	abstract = {Illus},
	journaltitle = {The New York Times},
	author = {Friedman, Milton},
	urldate = {2022-03-03},
	date = {1970-09-13},
	langid = {american},
	keywords = {{ECONOMY}, {ESPOSITO}, {JOHN} C., {ONEK}, {JOSEPH} N., {PHILLIPS}, {CHANNING} E, {PRICES}, {PROFITS} {AND} {PRICE}-{WAGE}-{PROFIT} {RELATIONS}, {SOCIAL} {CONDITIONS} {AND} {WELFARE}, {SORENSON}, {PHILIP}, United States},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/CW9DL4EP/a-friedman-doctrine-the-social-responsibility-of-business-is-to.html:text/html},
}

@article{noauthor_perspective_nodate,
	title = {Perspective {\textbar} Bitcoin is teaching libertarians everything they don’t know about economics},
	issn = {0190-8286},
	url = {https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/01/08/bitcoin-is-the-new-middle-ages/},
	abstract = {Bitcoin is only the future if you think 1789 wasn't in the past.},
	journaltitle = {Washington Post},
	urldate = {2022-03-03},
	langid = {american},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/887K9UCZ/bitcoin-is-the-new-middle-ages.html:text/html},
}

@online{scheck_how_nodate,
	title = {How Dirty Money Disappears Into the Black Hole of Cryptocurrency},
	url = {https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-dirty-money-disappears-into-the-black-hole-of-cryptocurrency-1538149743#refreshed},
	author = {Scheck, Justin},
	urldate = {2022-03-03},
}

@online{noauthor_how_nodate,
	title = {How Dirty Money Disappears Into the Black Hole of Cryptocurrency},
	url = {https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/how-dirty-money-disappears-into-the-black-hole-of-cryptocurrency-1538149743},
	urldate = {2022-03-03},
	file = {How Dirty Money Disappears Into the Black Hole of Cryptocurrency - WSJ:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/WLNLDVU6/how-dirty-money-disappears-into-the-black-hole-of-cryptocurrency-1538149743.html:text/html},
}

@online{gerard_supposedly_nodate,
	title = {Supposedly Green Cryptocurrency Chia Is Just Another Way of Wasting Resources},
	url = {https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/23/cryptocurrency-chia-waste-resources-bitcoin/},
	author = {Gerard, David},
	urldate = {2022-03-03},
}

@online{gerard_69_nodate,
	title = {\$69 Million Non-Fungible Token Sale Mixes High Art and Cryptocurrency Worlds},
	url = {https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/03/19/nft-beeple-69-million-art-crypto-nonfungible-token/},
	author = {Gerard, David},
	urldate = {2022-03-03},
}

@online{gerard_salvadors_nodate,
	title = {El Salvador's Bitcoin Plan Is Stealth De-Dollarization},
	url = {https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/06/15/el-salvador-bitcoin-official-currency-printing-money/},
	author = {Gerard, David},
	urldate = {2022-03-03},
}

@online{gerard_salvador_nodate,
	title = {El Salvador Botches Bitcoin Adoption},
	url = {https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/09/17/el-salvador-bitcoin-law-farce/},
	author = {Gerard, David},
	urldate = {2022-03-03},
}

@online{gerard_salvadoran_nodate,
	title = {Salvadoran President Bukele's Latest Bitcoin Venture Is Another Distraction},
	url = {https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/06/bitcoin-city-el-salvador-nayib-bukele/},
	author = {Gerard, David},
	urldate = {2022-03-03},
}

@online{gerard_confused_nodate,
	title = {Confused About Dogecoin? Here’s How It (Doesn’t) Work.},
	url = {https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/02/11/dogecoin-how-does-it-work-elon-musk-cryptocurrency/},
	shorttitle = {Confused About Dogecoin?},
	abstract = {Even the best-intentioned cryptocurrencies can become scams.},
	titleaddon = {Foreign Policy},
	author = {Gerard, David},
	urldate = {2022-03-03},
	langid = {american},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/UJRJ7JU6/dogecoin-how-does-it-work-elon-musk-cryptocurrency.html:text/html},
}

@online{gerard_neo-nazis_nodate,
	title = {Neo-Nazis Bet Big on Bitcoin (And Lost)},
	url = {https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/19/neo-nazis-banked-on-bitcoin-cryptocurrency-farright-christchurch/},
	author = {Gerard, David},
	urldate = {2022-03-03},
	file = {Neo-Nazis Bet Big on Bitcoin (And Lost) – Foreign Policy:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/CBDK54QJ/neo-nazis-banked-on-bitcoin-cryptocurrency-farright-christchurch.html:text/html},
}

@online{tiffany_crypto_2022,
	title = {The Crypto Backlash Is Booming},
	url = {https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2022/02/crypto-nft-web3-internet-future/621479/},
	abstract = {Web3 is making some people very rich. It’s making other people very angry.},
	titleaddon = {The Atlantic},
	author = {Tiffany, Kaitlyn},
	urldate = {2022-03-03},
	date = {2022-02-04},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Section: Technology},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/2PDZZU4N/621479.html:text/html},
}

@article{noauthor_charm_2022,
	title = {The charm of cryptocurrencies for white supremacists},
	issn = {0013-0613},
	url = {https://www.economist.com/united-states/2022/02/05/the-charm-of-cryptocurrencies-for-white-supremacists},
	abstract = {White power, dark money},
	journaltitle = {The Economist},
	urldate = {2022-03-03},
	date = {2022-02-05},
}

@online{hayden_how_nodate,
	title = {How Cryptocurrency Revolutionized the White Supremacist Movement},
	url = {https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2021/12/09/how-cryptocurrency-revolutionized-white-supremacist-movement},
	titleaddon = {Souther Poverty Law Center},
	author = {Hayden, Micahel and Squire, Megan},
	urldate = {2022-03-03},
	file = {How Cryptocurrency Revolutionized the White Supremacist Movement | Southern Poverty Law Center:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/6TTBACVT/how-cryptocurrency-revolutionized-white-supremacist-movement.html:text/html},
}

@article{krugman_strange_2022,
	title = {The Strange Alliance of Crypto and {MAGA} Believers},
	issn = {0362-4331},
	url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/10/opinion/crypto-cryptocurrency-money-conspiracy.html},
	abstract = {Crusading for God, family … and Bitcoin?},
	journaltitle = {The New York Times},
	author = {Krugman, Paul},
	urldate = {2022-03-03},
	date = {2022-01-11},
	langid = {american},
	keywords = {Virtual Currency, Banking and Financial Institutions, Bitcoin (Currency), Conspiracy Theories, polarization, Right-Wing Extremism and Alt-Right},
}

@online{morozov_web3_2022,
	title = {Web3: A Map in Search of Territory},
	url = {https://the-crypto-syllabus.com/web3-a-map-in-search-of-territory/},
	shorttitle = {Web3},
	abstract = {Web3 is self-referential in the extreme. The value of the tokens is expected to grow as everything is to become more liquid and interconnected: tokens from one {DAO} will be valuable in another; more activities will be fractionalized; more institutions will turn into {DAOs}; more objects into {NFTs}...},
	titleaddon = {The Crypto Syllabus},
	author = {Morozov, Evgeny},
	urldate = {2022-03-03},
	date = {2022-01-13},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/6KN655QF/web3-a-map-in-search-of-territory.html:text/html},
}

@book{lefevre_reminiscences_2004,
	title = {Reminiscences of a stock operator},
	volume = {175},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons},
	author = {Lefevre, Edwin},
	date = {2004},
}

@online{noauthor_1729_nodate,
	title = {1729 - The Network State},
	url = {https://1729.com/},
	abstract = {How to Start a New Country: a lecture series in virtual reality on the concept of the network state.},
	titleaddon = {1729},
	urldate = {2022-03-04},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/A927ZCIW/1729.com.html:text/html},
}

@article{coase_nature_1937,
	title = {The nature of the firm},
	volume = {4},
	pages = {386--405},
	number = {16},
	journaltitle = {economica},
	author = {Coase, Ronald Harry},
	date = {1937},
	note = {Publisher: {JSTOR}},
}

@article{venkataramakrishnan_inside_2021,
	title = {Inside the cult of crypto},
	url = {https://www.ft.com/content/9e787670-6aa7-4479-934f-f4a9fedf4829},
	abstract = {Debate? No thanks. Doubts? Not welcome. How the world of cryptocurrency diehards really works},
	journaltitle = {Financial Times},
	author = {Venkataramakrishnan, Siddharth and Wigglesworth, Robin},
	urldate = {2022-03-04},
	date = {2021-09-10},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/9SDEMWI3/9e787670-6aa7-4479-934f-f4a9fedf4829.html:text/html},
}

@article{demmler_bitcoin_2021,
	title = {Bitcoin and the South Sea Company: A comparative analysis},
	volume = {13},
	pages = {197--224},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Revista Finanzas y Política Económica},
	author = {Demmler, Michael and Domínguez, Amilcar Orlian Fernández},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Universidad Católica de Colombia},
}

@online{krugman_bitcoin_2013,
	title = {Bitcoin Is Evil},
	url = {https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/12/28/bitcoin-is-evil/},
	abstract = {There’s an agenda there, and it’s a bad one.},
	titleaddon = {Paul Krugman Blog},
	author = {Krugman, Paul},
	urldate = {2022-03-05},
	date = {2013-12-28},
	langid = {american},
	note = {Cad: 1
Section: Opinion},
	keywords = {Uncategorized},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/2AE4ZNLZ/bitcoin-is-evil.html:text/html},
}

@online{noauthor_life_nodate,
	title = {Life Itself - Calendar - Week of March 7, 2022},
	url = {https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/r/week/2022/3/11},
	urldate = {2022-03-04},
	file = {Life Itself - Calendar - Week of March 7, 2022:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/LUYB5FPH/11.html:text/html},
}

@online{plant_technological_2022,
	title = {The technological case against Bitcoin and blockchain},
	url = {https://lukeplant.me.uk/blog/posts/the-technological-case-against-bitcoin-and-blockchain/},
	abstract = {The technological case against Bitcoin and blockchain},
	titleaddon = {Luke Plant's home page},
	author = {Plant, Luke},
	urldate = {2022-03-06},
	date = {2022-03-05},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/XXMDIC75/the-technological-case-against-bitcoin-and-blockchain.html:text/html},
}

@online{muhamba_being_2022,
	title = {Being an art entrepreneur in Zim \& {NFTs}: the business of selling beautiful things},
	url = {https://www.techzim.co.zw/2022/03/being-an-art-entrepreneur-in-zim-nfts-the-business-of-selling-beautiful-things/},
	shorttitle = {Being an art entrepreneur in Zim \& {NFTs}},
	abstract = {On this episode, I was joined by Peter Kaunda the Patron of the Arts at Artillery Gallery in Harare. He shared his experiences in the art scene in},
	titleaddon = {Techzim},
	type = {News},
	author = {Muhamba, Valentine},
	urldate = {2022-03-06},
	date = {2022-03-05},
	langid = {american},
	keywords = {Africa, {NFT}, Zimbabwe},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/NTUVPZN9/being-an-art-entrepreneur-in-zim-nfts-the-business-of-selling-beautiful-things.html:text/html},
}

@online{barone_what_2021,
	title = {What Is the Quantity Theory of Money?},
	url = {https://www.investopedia.com/insights/what-is-the-quantity-theory-of-money/},
	abstract = {Take a look at the tenets, assumptions, and challenges of one of monetarism's principal theories, the quantity theory of money.},
	titleaddon = {Investopedia},
	author = {Barone, Adam},
	urldate = {2022-03-07},
	date = {2021-08-27},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/CEJGGJX8/what-is-the-quantity-theory-of-money.html:text/html},
}

@online{noauthor_quantity_nodate,
	title = {quantity theory of money},
	url = {https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100357685},
	abstract = {"quantity theory of money" published on  by null.},
	titleaddon = {Oxford Reference},
	urldate = {2022-03-07},
	langid = {english},
	doi = {10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100357685},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/TJBY4AML/authority.html:text/html},
}

@online{blinder_keynesian_2018,
	title = {Keynesian Economics},
	url = {https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/KeynesianEconomics.html},
	abstract = {Keynesian economics is a theory of total spending in the economy (called aggregate demand) and its effects on output and inflation. Although the term has been used (and abused) to describe many things over the years, six principal tenets seem central to Keynesianism. The first three describe how the economy works. 1. A Keynesian believes […]},
	titleaddon = {Econlib},
	author = {Blinder, Alan S.},
	urldate = {2022-03-07},
	date = {2018-02-05},
	langid = {american},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/9X5EFVBT/KeynesianEconomics.html:text/html},
}

@article{carter_positive_2003,
	title = {Positive and Negative Liberty},
	url = {https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/liberty-positive-negative/},
	author = {Carter, Ian},
	urldate = {2022-03-07},
	date = {2003-02-27},
	note = {Last Modified: 2021-11-19},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/R57MMSVE/liberty-positive-negative.html:text/html},
}

@book{hayek_road_2006,
	location = {London},
	edition = {Repr},
	title = {The Road to serfdom},
	isbn = {978-0-415-25543-1 978-0-415-25389-5},
	series = {Routledge classics},
	pagetotal = {256},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Hayek, Friedrich A. von},
	date = {2006},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Hayek - 2006 - The Road to serfdom.pdf:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/7EJMHCCC/Hayek - 2006 - The Road to serfdom.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@online{chowdhury_cantillion_nodate,
	title = {The Cantillion Effect},
	url = {https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/the-cantillion-effect},
	abstract = {The conventional history of economics usually starts with Adam Smith, David Ricardo and J. S. Mill. But there is one who came before, who might deserve to be just as much of a famous name: Richard Cantillion. The Irish economist of French descent (see, there are redeeming features of French economic},
	titleaddon = {Adam Smith Institute},
	author = {Chowdhury, Ananya},
	urldate = {2022-03-07},
	langid = {british},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/FGILHDAW/the-cantillion-effect.html:text/html},
}

@online{boettke_austrian_nodate,
	title = {Austrian School of Economics},
	url = {https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/AustrianSchoolofEconomics.html},
	abstract = {The Austrian school of economics was founded in 1871 with the publication of Carl Menger’s Principles of Economics. menger, along with william stanley jevons and leon walras, developed the marginalist revolution in economic analysis. Menger dedicated Principles of Economics to his German colleague William Roscher, the leading figure in the German historical school, which dominated economic […]},
	titleaddon = {Econlib},
	author = {Boettke, Peter},
	urldate = {2022-03-07},
	langid = {american},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/93I2U3JG/AustrianSchoolofEconomics.html:text/html},
}

@online{krishna_when_2017,
	title = {When {FDR} Abandoned the Gold Standard},
	url = {https://www.investopedia.com/news/when-fdr-abandoned-gold-standard/},
	abstract = {Faced with a recession at home and international headwinds, {FDR} took on gold in a move to save the American economy},
	titleaddon = {Investopedia},
	author = {Krishna, Mrinalini},
	urldate = {2022-03-07},
	date = {2017-04-20},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/QEX5YMM4/when-fdr-abandoned-gold-standard.html:text/html},
}

@article{schumpeter_history_1954,
	title = {{HISTORY} {OF} {ECONOMIC} {ANALYSIS}},
	pages = {1186},
	author = {Schumpeter, Joseph A},
	date = {1954},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Schumpeter - HISTORY OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS.pdf:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/GG495IQC/Schumpeter - HISTORY OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@book{amato_fistful_2020,
	title = {A Fistful of Bitcoins: The Risks and Opportunities of Virtual Currencies},
	url = {https://www.egeaeditore.it/ita/prodotti/economia/a-fistful-of-bitcoins.aspx},
	abstract = {“Bitcoin poses the right question, but gives the wrong answer,” write Luca Fantacci and Massimo Amato in this lucid and highly original treatment of the cryptocurrency phenomenon. A Fistful of Bitcoins uncovers the paradoxes of the first “digital cash” to achieve global attention: a disruptive payment infrastructure married to a dangerous and deflationary monetary system. From the cryptographic protocols to the quasi-religious ideologies and the retrograde monetary theories supporting Bitcoin, the authors reflect on what Bitcoin gets right and disastrously wrong about our current monetary predicament. With implications for monetary theory and policy, the prospect of central bank-issued digital currencies, and the future of blockchain-based applications, this book will be of interest beyond economics, political science and management for a general public concerned about not just what money is but what money might – and should – become.},
	publisher = {Bocconi University Press},
	author = {Amato, Massimo and Fantacci, Luca},
	date = {2020},
	doi = {https://www.egeaeditore.it/ita/prodotti/economia/a-fistful-of-bitcoins.aspx},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{yeung_karen_lodge_algorithmic_2019,
	title = {Algorithmic regulation},
	isbn = {978-0-19-883849-4},
	abstract = {As the power and sophistication of of "big data" and predictive analytics has continued to expand, so too has policy and public concern about the use of algorithms in contemporary life. This is hardly surprising given our increasing reliance on algorithms in daily life, touching policy sectorsfrom healthcare, transport, finance, consumer retail, manufacturing education, and employment through to public service provision and the operation of the criminal justice system. This has prompted concerns about the need and importance of holding algorithmic power to account, yet it is far fromclear that existing legal and other oversight mechanisms are up to the task.This collection of essays, edited by two leading regulatory governance scholars, offers a critical exploration of "algorithmic regulation", understood both as a means for co-ordinating and regulating social action and decision-making, as well as the need for institutional mechanisms through whichthe power of algorithms and algorithmic systems might themselves be regulated. It offers a unique perspective that is likely to become a significant reference point for the ever-growing debates about the power of algorithms in daily life in the worlds of research, policy and practice. The range ofcontributors are drawn from a broad range of disciplinary perspectives including law, public administration, applied philosophy, data science and artificial intelligence. Taken together, they highlight the rise of algorithmic power, the potential benefits and risks associated with this power, theway in which Sheila Jasanoff's long-standing claim that "technology is politics" has been thrown into sharp relief by the speed and scale at which algorithmic systems are proliferating, and the urgent need for wider public debate and engagement of their underlying values and value trade-offs, theway in which they affect individual and collective decision-making and action, and effective and legitimate mechanisms by and through which algorithmic power is held to account.},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Yeung, Karen; Lodge, Martin;},
	date = {2019},
	doi = {9780198838494},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {BOOKS}},
}

@book{pardo-guerra_automating_2019,
	title = {Automating Finance},
	isbn = {978-1-108-49642-1},
	abstract = {Predicting the binding mode of flexible polypeptides to proteins is an important task that falls outside the domain of applicability of most small molecule and protein−protein docking tools. Here, we test the small molecule flexible ligand docking program Glide on a set of 19 non-α-helical peptides and systematically improve pose prediction accuracy by enhancing Glide sampling for flexible polypeptides. In addition, scoring of the poses was improved by post-processing with physics-based implicit solvent {MM}- {GBSA} calculations. Using the best {RMSD} among the top 10 scoring poses as a metric, the success rate ({RMSD} ≤ 2.0 Å for the interface backbone atoms) increased from 21\% with default Glide {SP} settings to 58\% with the enhanced peptide sampling and scoring protocol in the case of redocking to the native protein structure. This approaches the accuracy of the recently developed Rosetta {FlexPepDock} method (63\% success for these 19 peptides) while being over 100 times faster. Cross-docking was performed for a subset of cases where an unbound receptor structure was available, and in that case, 40\% of peptides were docked successfully. We analyze the results and find that the optimized polypeptide protocol is most accurate for extended peptides of limited size and number of formal charges, defining a domain of applicability for this approach.},
	author = {Pardo-Guerra, Juan Pablo},
	date = {2019},
	doi = {10.1017/9781108677585},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {BOOKS}},
}

@book{bayern_autonomous_2021,
	title = {Autonomous Organizations},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Bayern, Shawn},
	date = {2021},
	doi = {10.1017/9781108878203},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{wang_blockchain_2020,
	title = {Blockchain Chicken Farm: And Other Stories of Tech in China's Countryside},
	url = {https://us.macmillan.com/books/9780374538668/blockchainchickenfarm},
	abstract = {In Blockchain Chicken Farm, the technologist and writer Xiaowei Wang explores the political and social entanglements of technology in rural China. Their discoveries force them to challenge the standard idea that rural culture and people are backward, conservative, and intolerant. Instead, they find that rural China has not only adapted to rapid globalization but has actually innovated the technology we all use today. From pork farmers using {AI} to produce the perfect pig, to disruptive luxury counterfeits and the political intersections of e-commerce villages, Wang unravels the ties between globalization, technology, agriculture, and commerce in unprecedented fashion. Accompanied by humorous “Sinofuturist” recipes that frame meals as they transform under new technology, Blockchain Chicken Farm is an original and probing look into innovation, connectivity, and collaboration in the digitized rural world. {FSG} Originals × Logic dissects the way technology functions in everyday lives. The titans of Silicon Valley, for all their utopian imaginings, never really had our best interests at heart: recent threats to democracy, truth, privacy, and safety, as a result of tech's reckless pursuit of progress, have shown as much. We present an alternate story, one that delights in capturing technology in all its contradictions and innovation, across borders and socioeconomic divisions, from history through the future, beyond platitudes and {PR} hype, and past doom and gloom. Our collaboration features four brief but provocative forays into the tech industry's many worlds, and aspires to incite fresh conversations about technology focused on nuanced and accessible explorations of the emerging tools that reorganize and redefine life today.},
	publisher = {Farrar, Straus and Giroux},
	author = {Wang, Xiaowei},
	date = {2020},
	doi = {https://us.macmillan.com/books/9780374538668/blockchainchickenfarm},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{de_filippi_blockchain_2022,
	title = {Blockchain Et Cryptomonnaies},
	isbn = {978-2-7154-0948-4},
	url = {https://www.puf.com/content/Blockchain_et_cryptomonnaies},
	abstract = {La blockchain : une révolution équivalente à l'invention d'Internet ? C'est du moins ce qu'on en dit parfois. Mais en quoi consiste exactement cette nouvelle technologie et quelles sont ses répercussions réelles ? Popularisée par l'explosion du cours de Bitcoin, une cryptomonnaie permettant d'échanger de la valeur de façon décentralisée et sécurisée, la blockchain s'étend à des champs bien plus larges, comme la certification et l'authentification de documents, ou encore l'automatisation des transactions. Une promesse à la clé : désintermédier en passant d'un système fondé sur la confiance à un système fondé sur la preuve. Donnant un aperçu des applications encore en développement, Primavera De Filippi n'examine rien de moins que les implications politiques et sociales de cette nouvelle technologie qui n'a pas fini de faire parler d'elle.},
	pagetotal = {128},
	publisher = {Que sais-je},
	author = {De Filippi, Primavera},
	date = {2022},
	doi = {https://www.puf.com/content/Blockchain_et_cryptomonnaies},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{kraus_blockchains_2019,
	title = {Blockchains, smart contracts, decentralised autonomous organisations and the law},
	isbn = {978-1-78811-513-1},
	abstract = {The growth of Blockchain technology presents a number of legal questions for lawyers, regulators and industry participants alike. Primarily, regulators must allow Blockchain technology to develop whilst also ensuring it is not being abused. This book addresses the challenges posed by various applications of Blockchain technology, such as cryptocurrencies, smart contracts and initial coin offerings, across different fields of law. Contributors explore whether the problems posed by Blockchain and its applications can be addressed within the present legal system or whether significant rethinking is required.},
	pagetotal = {1–365},
	publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing},
	author = {Kraus, Daniel and Obrist, Thierry and Hari, Olivier},
	date = {2019},
	doi = {10.4337/9781788115131},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {BOOKS}},
}

@book{bilotta_cbdcs_nodate,
	title = {{CBDCs} and Stablecoins: The Scramble for (Controllable) Anonymity},
	publisher = {Instituto {AffariInternazionali}},
	author = {Bilotta, Nicola},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{scott_cloudmoney_2022,
	title = {Cloudmoney: Cash, Cards, Crypto, and the War for Our Wallets},
	url = {https://www.harperacademic.com/book/9780062936325/cloudmoney/},
	abstract = {The reach of corporations into our lives via cards and apps has never been greater; many of us rarely use cash these days. But what we're told is a natural and inevitable move is the work of powerful interests. And the great battle of our time is the battle for ownership of the digital footprints that make up our lives. In Cloudmoney, Brett Scott tells an urgent and revelatory story about how the fusion of big finance and tech requires 'cloudmoney'—digital money underpinned by the banking sector—to replace physical cash. He dives beneath the surface of the global financial system to uncover a long-established lobbying infrastructure: an alliance of partners waging a covert war on cash. He explains the technical, political, and cultural differences between our different forms of money, and shows how the cash system has been under attack for decades, as banking and tech companies promote a cashless society under the banner of progress. Cloudmoney takes us to the frontlines of a war for our wallets that is also about our freedom. From marketing strategies against cash, to the weaponization of Covid-19 to push fintech platforms, and the rise of the cryptocurrency rebels and fringe groups pushing back. It asks the most pressing questions: Who benefits from a cashless society and who gets left behind? Is the end of cash the end of true privacy? And is our cloudmoney future closer than we think it is?},
	publisher = {Harper Business},
	author = {Scott, Brett},
	date = {2022},
	doi = {https://www.harperacademic.com/book/9780062936325/cloudmoney/},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{davis_crowdfunding_2021,
	title = {Crowdfunding and the Democratization of Finance},
	isbn = {978-1-5292-1673-8},
	url = {https://bristoluniversitypress.co.uk/crowdfunding-and-the-democratization-of-finance},
	abstract = {Do you know where your money is? More importantly, do you know what your money is doing? Most of us feel confident that we know what money is. But few of us feel confident in taking responsibility for what our money does. We hand over the power of money to banks and mainstream finance with real, often damaging, consequences for people and planet. A unique collaboration between an academic and a practitioner, this book tells the story of money, from ancient Athens to the Bitcoin revolution, to explain how crowdfunding is the way for people to reclaim the power of their money in pursuit of a fairer and greener society.},
	publisher = {Policy Press},
	author = {Davis, Mark and {DavisBruce}},
	date = {2021},
	doi = {https://bristoluniversitypress.co.uk/crowdfunding-and-the-democratization-of-finance},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{jarvis_crypto_2021,
	title = {Crypto Wars The Fight for Privacy in the Digital Age: A Political History of Digital Encryption},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/Crypto-Wars-The-Fight-for-Privacy-in-the-Digital-Age-A-Political-History/Jarvis/p/book/9780367642488},
	abstract = {The crypto wars have raged for half a century. In the 1970s, digital privacy activists prophesied the emergence of an Orwellian State, made possible by computer-mediated mass surveillance. The antidote: digital encryption. The U.S. government warned encryption would not only prevent surveillance of law-abiding citizens, but of criminals, terrorists, and foreign spies, ushering in a rival dystopian future. Both parties fought to defend the citizenry from what they believed the most perilous threats. The government tried to control encryption to preserve its surveillance capabilities; privacy activists armed citizens with cryptographic tools and challenged encryption regulations in the courts. No clear victor has emerged from the crypto wars. Governments have failed to forge a framework to govern the, at times conflicting, civil liberties of privacy and security in the digital age—an age when such liberties have an outsized influence on the citizen–State power balance. Solving this problem is more urgent than ever. Digital privacy will be one of the most important factors in how we architect twenty-first century societies—its management is paramount to our stewardship of democracy for future generations. We must elevate the quality of debate on cryptography, on how we govern security and privacy in our technology-infused world. Failure to end the crypto wars will result in societies sleepwalking into a future where the citizen–State power balance is determined by a twentieth-century status quo unfit for this century, endangering both our privacy and security. This book provides a history of the crypto wars, with the hope its chronicling sets a foundation for peace.},
	publisher = {{CBC} {PRESS}},
	author = {Jarvis, Craig},
	date = {2021},
	doi = {https://www.routledge.com/Crypto-Wars-The-Fight-for-Privacy-in-the-Digital-Age-A-Political-History/Jarvis/p/book/9780367642488},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{lee_crypto-finance_2022,
	title = {Crypto-Finance, Law and Regulation: Governing an Emerging Ecosystem},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/Crypto-Finance-Law-and-Regulation-Governing-an-Emerging-Ecosystem/Lee/p/book/9780367086619},
	abstract = {Crypto-Finance, Law and Regulation investigates whether crypto-finance will cause a paradigm shift in regulation from a centralised model to a model based on distributed consensus. This book explores the emergence of a decentralised and disintermediated crypto-market and investigates the way in which it can transform the financial markets. It examines three components of the financial market – technology, finance, and the law – and shows how their interrelationship dictates the structure of a crypto-market. It focuses on regulators' enforcement policies and their jurisdiction over crypto-finance operators and participants. The book also discusses the latest developments in crypto-finance, and the advantages and disadvantages of crypto-currency as an alternative payment product. It also investigates how such a decentralised crypto-finance system can provide access to finance, promote a shared economy, and allow access to justice. By exploring the law, regulation and governance of crypto-finance from a national, regional and global viewpoint, the book provides a fascinating and comprehensive overview of this important topic and will appeal to students, scholars and practitioners interested in regulation, finance and the law.},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Lee, Joseph},
	date = {2022},
	doi = {https://www.routledge.com/Crypto-Finance-Law-and-Regulation-Governing-an-Emerging-Ecosystem/Lee/p/book/9780367086619},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{herian_data_2021,
	title = {Data: New trajectories in law},
	isbn = {978-1-00-037141-3},
	abstract = {This book explores the phenomenon of data – big and small – in the contemporary digital, informatic and legal-bureaucratic context. Challenging the way in which legal interest in data has focused on rights and privacy concerns, this book examines the contestable, multivocal and multifaceted figure of the contemporary data subject. The book analyses "data" and "personal data" as contemporary phenomena, addressing the data realms, such as stores, institutions, systems and networks, out of which they emerge. It interrogates the role of law, regulation and governance in structuring both formal and informal definitions of the data subject, and disciplining data subjects through compliance with normative standards of conduct. Focusing on the ‘personal' in and of data, the book pursues a re-evaluation of the nature, role and place of the data subject qua legal subject in on and offline societies: One that does not begin and end with the inviolability of individual rights but returns to more fundamental legal principles suited to considerations of personhood, such as stewardship, trust, property and contract. The book's concern with the production, use, abuse and alienation of personal data within the context of contemporary communicative capitalism will appeal to scholars and students of law, science and technology studies, and sociology; as well as those with broader political interests in this area.},
	pagetotal = {1–132},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Herian, Robert},
	date = {2021},
	doi = {10.4324/9781003162001},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{gronow_deciphering_2020,
	title = {Deciphering Markets and Money},
	isbn = {978-952-369-001-1},
	url = {https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/22394},
	abstract = {"During the last two decades, economic sociology has experienced a remarkable revival and has become one of the most innovative fields of sociological research. Shifts in economic policy worldwide have led to the increasing interest in the sociological analysis of economic phenomena and institutions by challenging traditional research questions and demonstrating the limits and problems inherent in standard economic thinking and reasoning. Jukka Gronow's book Deciphering Markets and Money solves the problem of the specific social conditions of an economic order based on money and the equal exchange of commodities. Gronow scrutinizes the relation of sociology to neoclassical economics and reflects on how sociology can contribute to the analyses of the major economic institutions. The question of the comparability and commensuration of economic objects runs through the chapters of the book. The author shows that due to the multidimensionality and principal quality uncertainty of products, markets would collapse without market devices that are either procedural, consisting of technical standards and measuring instruments, or aesthetic, relying on the judgements of taste, or both. In his book, Gronow demonstrates that in this respect, financial markets share the same problem as the markets of, wines, movies, or {PCs} and mobile phones, and hence offer a highly actual case to study their social constitution in the process of coming into being. Jukka Gronow is professor emeritus of sociology at Uppsala University, Sweden, and docent at the University of Helsinki, Finland. He has published on sociology of consumption, history of sociology and social theory."},
	author = {Gronow, Jukka},
	date = {2020},
	doi = {https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/22394},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {BOOKS}, judg, {MONEY}, money form, social constitution of markets},
}

@book{brunton_digital_2019,
	title = {Digital Cash: The Unknown History of the Anarchists, Utopians, and Technologists Who Created Cryptocurrency},
	isbn = {978-0-691-17949-0},
	url = {https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691179490/digital-cash},
	abstract = {Bitcoin may appear to be a revolutionary form of digital cash without precedent or prehistory. In fact, it is only the best-known recent experiment in a long line of similar efforts going back to the 1970s. But the story behind cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and its blockchain technology has largely been untold—until now. In Digital Cash, Finn Brunton reveals how technological utopians and political radicals created experimental money to bring about their visions of the future: protecting privacy or bringing down governments, preparing for apocalypse or launching a civilization of innovation and abundance that would make its creators immortal. The incredible story of the pioneers of cryptocurrency takes us from autonomous zones on the high seas to the world's most valuable dump, from bank runs to idea coupons, from time travelers in a San Francisco bar to the pattern securing every twenty-dollar bill, and from marketplaces for dangerous secrets to a tank of frozen heads awaiting revival in the far future. Along the way, Digital Cash explores the hard questions and challenges that these innovators faced: How do we learn to trust and use different kinds of money? What makes digital objects valuable? How does currency prove itself as real to us? What would it take to make a digital equivalent to cash, something that could be created but not forged, exchanged but not copied, and which reveals nothing about its users? Filled with marvelous characters, stories, and ideas, Digital Cash is an engaging and accessible account of the strange origins and remarkable technologies behind today's cryptocurrency explosion.},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	author = {Brunton, Finn},
	date = {2019},
	doi = {https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691179490/digital-cash},
	keywords = {\_LATEST, {BOOKS}},
}

@book{popper_digital_2015,
	title = {Digital Gold: Bitcoin and the Inside Story of the Misfits and Millionaires Trying to Reinvent Money},
	isbn = {978-0-06-236249-0},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Digital-Gold-Bitcoin-Millionaires-Reinvent/dp/0062362496},
	abstract = {{SHORTLISTED} {FOR} {THE} 2015 {FINANCIAL} {TIMES} {AND} {MCKINSEY} {BUSINESS} {BOOK} {OF} {THE} {YEARA} New York Times technology and business reporter charts the dramatic rise of Bitcoin and the fascinating personalities who are striving to create a new global money for the Internet age.Digital Gold is New York Times reporter Nathaniel Popper's brilliant and engrossing history of Bitcoin, the landmark digital money and financial technology that has spawned a global social movement.The notion of a new currency, maintained by the computers of users around the world, has been the butt of many jokes, but that has not stopped it from growing into a technology worth billions of dollars, supported by the hordes of followers who have come to view it as the most important new idea since the creation of the Internet. Believers from Beijing to Buenos Aires see the potential for a financial system free from banks and governments. More than just a tech industry fad, Bitcoin has threatened to decentralize some of society's most basic institutions.An unusual tale of group invention, Digital Gold charts the rise of the Bitcoin technology through the eyes of the movement's colorful central characters, including an Argentinian millionaire, a Chinese entrepreneur, Tyler and Cameron Winklevoss, and Bitcoin's elusive creator, Satoshi Nakamoto. Already, Bitcoin has led to untold riches for some, and prison terms for others.},
	pagetotal = {416},
	publisher = {Harper},
	author = {Popper, Nathaniel},
	date = {2015},
	doi = {https://www.harpercollins.com/products/digital-gold-nathaniel-popper?variant=32123091451938},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{whitaker_economics_2021,
	title = {Economics of visual art: Market practice and market resistance},
	abstract = {How can arts managers, artists, and art market observers approach the study of economics? Accompanied by hand-drawn illustrations, wide-ranging case studies, and expansive discussion resources, this interdisciplinary microeconomics primer engages with complex – and, at turns, political – questions of value and resourcefulness with the artist or manager as the decision-maker and the gallery, museum or studio as 'the firm'. Whitaker arms the reader with analytic and creative tools that can be used in service to economic sustainability for artists and organizations. By exploring the complexities of economics in application to art, design and creative industries, this book offers ways to approach the larger world as an art project.},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Whitaker, Amy},
	date = {2021},
	doi = {10.1017/9781108649919},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{supiot_governance_2017,
	title = {Governance by Numbers: The Making of a Legal Model of Allegiance},
	url = {https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/governance-by-numbers-9781509907748/},
	abstract = {The West's cherished dream of social harmony by numbers is today disrupting all our familiar legal frameworks - the state, democracy and law itself. Its scientistic vision shaped both Taylorism and Soviet Planning, and today, with 'globalisation', it is flourishing in the form of governance by numbers. Shunning the goal of governing by just laws, and empowered by the information and communication technologies, governance champions a new normative ideal of attaining measurable objectives. Programmes supplant legislation, and governance displaces government. However, management by objectives revives forms of law typical of economic vassalage. When a person is no longer protected by a law applying equally to all, the only solution is to pledge allegiance to someone stronger than oneself. Rule by law had already secured the principle of impersonal power, but in taking this principle to extremes, governance by numbers has paradoxically spawned a world ruled by ties of allegiance.},
	publisher = {Bloomsbury Publishing},
	author = {Supiot, Alain},
	date = {2017},
	doi = {https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/governance-by-numbers-9781509907748/},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{meister_justice_2021,
	title = {Justice is an Option: A Democratic Theory of Finance for the Twenty-First Century},
	url = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/J/bo49967326.html},
	abstract = {Page 1. {JUSTICE} {IS} {AN} {OPTION} Page 2. {CHICAGO} {STUDIES} {IN} {PRACTICES} {OF} {MEANING} A series edited by Andreas Glaeser, William Mazzarella, William Sewell Jr., Kaushik Sunder Rajan, and Lisa Wedeen Published in {\textbackslash}ldots},
	author = {Meister, Robert},
	date = {2021},
	doi = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/J/bo49967326.html},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{brownsword_law_2020,
	title = {Law 3.0: Rules, Regulation, and Technology},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Brownsword, Roger},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{north_money_2007,
	title = {Money and Liberation: The Micropolitics of Alternative Currency Movements.},
	isbn = {978-0-8166-4962-4},
	url = {https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/money-and-liberation},
	abstract = {Is conventional money simply a discourse? Is it merely a socially constructed unit of exchange? If money is not an actual thing, are people then free to make collective agreements to use other forms of currency that might work more effectively for them? Proponents of “better money” argue that they have created currencies that value people more than profitability, ensuring that human needs are met with reasonable costs and decent wages—and supporting local economies that emphasize local sustainability. How did proponents develop these new economies? Are their claims valid? Grappling with these questions and more, Money and Liberation examines the experiences of groups who have tried to build a more equitable world by inventing new forms of money. Presenting in-depth profiles of the trading networks that have been constructed both historically and more recently, including Local Exchange Trading Schemes (England), Green Dollars (New Zealand), Talente (Hungary), and the barter system in Argentina, Peter North shows how the use of currency has been redefined as part of political action, revealing surprising political ambiguity and a nuanced understanding of the potential and limits on alternative currencies as a resistance practice. Highlight},
	publisher = {University of Minnesota Press},
	author = {North, Peter},
	date = {2007},
	doi = {https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/money-and-liberation},
	note = {{ISSN}: 1944-8287},
	keywords = {\_LATEST, {BOOKS}},
}

@book{parkin_money_2020,
	title = {Money code space: Hidden power in bitcoin, blockchain, and decentralisation},
	isbn = {978-0-19-751507-5},
	abstract = {Newly emerging cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology present a challenging research problem in the field of digital politics and economics. Bitcoin-the first widely implemented cryptocurrency and blockchain architecture-seemingly separates itself from the existing territorial boundedness of nation-state money via a process of algorithmic decentralisation. Proponents declare that the utilisation of cryptography to advance financial transactions will disrupt the modern centralised structures by which capitalist economies are currently organised: corporations, governments, commercial banks, and central banks. Allegedly, software can create a more stable and democratic global economy; a world free from hierarchy and control. In Money Code Space, Jack Parkin debunks these utopian claims by approaching distributed ledger technologies as a spatial and social problem where power forms unevenly across their networks. First-hand accounts of online communities, open-source software governance, infrastructural hardware operations, and Silicon Valley start-up culture are used to ground understandings of cryptocurrencies in the “real world.” Consequently, Parkin demonstrates how Bitcoin and other blockchains are produced across a multitude of tessellated spaces from which certain stakeholders exercise considerable amounts of power over their networks. While money, code, and space are certainly transformed by distributed ledgers, algorithmic decentralisation is rendered inherently paradoxical because it is predicated upon centralised actors, practices, and forces.},
	pagetotal = {1–288},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Parkin, Jack},
	date = {2020},
	doi = {10.1093/oso/9780197515075.001.0001},
	keywords = {Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, Distributed ledger technology, Money, Code, {BOOKS}, Algorithmic decentralisation, Economic geography, Political economy, Space},
}

@book{coeckelbergh_money_2015,
	title = {Money machines: Electronic financial technologies, distancing and responsibility in global finance},
	isbn = {978-1-4724-4509-4},
	abstract = {While we have become increasingly vulnerable to the ebb and flow of global finance, most of us know very little about it. This book focuses on the role of technology in global finance and reflects on the ethical and societal meaning and impact of financial information and communication technologies ({ICTs}). Exploring the history, metaphysics, and geography of money, algorithms, and electronic currencies, the author argues that financial {ICTs} contribute to impersonal, disengaged, placeless, and objectifying relations, and that in the context of globalization these ‘distancing' effects render it increasingly difficult to exercise and ascribe responsibility. Caught in the currents of capital, it seems that both experts and lay people have lost control and lack sufficient knowledge of what they are doing. There is too much epistemic, social, and moral distance. At the same time, the book also shows that these electronically mediated developments do not render global finance merely ‘virtual', for its technological practices remain material and place–bound, and the ethical and social vulnerabilities they create are no less real. Moreover, understood in terms of technological practices, global finance remains human through and through, and there is no technological determinism. Therefore, Money Machines also examines the ways in which contemporary techno-financial developments can be resisted or re–oriented in a morally and socially responsible direction – not without, but with technology. As such, it will appeal to philosophers and scholars across the humanities and the social sciences with interests in science and technology, finance, ethics and questions of responsibility.},
	pagetotal = {1–204},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Coeckelbergh, Mark},
	date = {2015},
	doi = {10.1177/0094306116671949n},
	note = {{ISSN}: 0094-3061},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{swartz_new_2020,
	title = {New money: How payment became social media},
	isbn = {978-0-300-23322-3},
	abstract = {A new vision of money as a communication technology that creates and sustains invisible-often exclusive-communities “In an engaging and timely work, brimming with fascinating anecdotes and historical and literary references, Lana Swartz brilliantly illustrates how financial technologies are quietly transforming how we socialize and what it means to belong.”-Jonathan Zittrain, author of The Future of the Internet: And How to Stop It One of the basic structures of everyday life, money is at its core a communication media. Payment systems-cash, card, app, or Bitcoin-are informational and symbolic tools that integrate us into, or exclude us from, the society that surrounds us. Examining the social politics of financial technologies, Lana Swartz reveals what's at stake when we pay. This accessible and insightful analysis comes at a moment of disruption: from “fin-tech” startups to cryptocurrencies, a variety of technologies are poised to unseat traditional financial infrastructures. Swartz explains these changes, traces their longer histories, and demonstrates their consequences. She shows just how important these invisible systems are. Getting paid and paying determines whether or not you can put food on the table. The data that payment produces is uniquely revelatory-and newly valuable. New forms of money create new forms of identity, new forms of community, and new forms of power.},
	pagetotal = {1–259},
	publisher = {Yale University Press},
	author = {Swartz, Lana},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {BOOKS}},
}

@book{swartz_new_2020-1,
	title = {New money: How payment became social media},
	isbn = {978-0-300-23322-3},
	url = {https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300233223/new-money},
	abstract = {A new vision of money as a communication technology that creates and sustains invisible-often exclusive-communities “In an engaging and timely work, brimming with fascinating anecdotes and historical and literary references, Lana Swartz brilliantly illustrates how financial technologies are quietly transforming how we socialize and what it means to belong.”-Jonathan Zittrain, author of The Future of the Internet: And How to Stop It One of the basic structures of everyday life, money is at its core a communication media. Payment systems-cash, card, app, or Bitcoin-are informational and symbolic tools that integrate us into, or exclude us from, the society that surrounds us. Examining the social politics of financial technologies, Lana Swartz reveals what's at stake when we pay. This accessible and insightful analysis comes at a moment of disruption: from “fin-tech” startups to cryptocurrencies, a variety of technologies are poised to unseat traditional financial infrastructures. Swartz explains these changes, traces their longer histories, and demonstrates their consequences. She shows just how important these invisible systems are. Getting paid and paying determines whether or not you can put food on the table. The data that payment produces is uniquely revelatory-and newly valuable. New forms of money create new forms of identity, new forms of community, and new forms of power.},
	pagetotal = {1–259},
	publisher = {Yale University Press},
	author = {Swartz, Lana},
	date = {2020},
	doi = {https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300233223/new-money},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{jeng_open_2022,
	title = {Open Banking},
	isbn = {978-0-19-758289-3},
	abstract = {Open banking is a silent revolution transforming the banking industry. It is the manifestation of the revolution of consumer technology in banking and will dramatically change not only how we bank, but also the world of finance and how we interact with it. Since the United Kingdom along with the rest of the European Union adopted rules requiring banks to share customer data to improve competition in the banking sector, a wave of countries from Asia to Africa to the Americas have adopted various forms of their own open banking regimes. Among Basel Committee jurisdictions, at least fifteen jurisdictions have some form of open banking, and this number does not even include the many jurisdictions outside the Basel Committee membership with open banking activities. Although U.S. banks and market participants have been sharing customer-permissioned data for the past twenty years and there have been recent policy discussions, such as the Obama administration's failed Consumer Data Privacy Bill and the Data Aggregation Principles of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, open banking is still a little-known concept among consumers and policymakers in the States. This book defines the concept of 'open banking' and explores key legal, policy, and economic questions raised by open banking.},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Jeng, Linda},
	date = {2022},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{feher_rated_2018,
	title = {Rated Agency: Investee Politics in a Speculative Age},
	isbn = {978-1-942130-19-2},
	url = {https://www.zonebooks.org/books/132-rated-agency-investee-politics-in-a-speculative-age},
	abstract = {The hegemony of finance compels a new orientation for everyone and everything: companies care more about the moods of their shareholders than about longstanding commercial success; governments subordinate citizen welfare to appeasing creditors; and individuals are concerned less with immediate income from labor than appreciation of their capital goods, skills, connections, and reputations. That firms, states, and people depend more on their ratings than on the product of their activities also changes how capitalism is resisted. For activists, the focus of grievances shifts from the extraction of profit to the conditions under which financial institutions allocate credit. While the exploitation of employees by their employers has hardly been curbed, the power of investors to select investees — to decide who and what is deemed creditworthy — has become a new site of social struggle. In clear and compelling prose, Michel Feher explains the extraordinary shift in conduct and orientation generated by financialization. Above all, he articulates the new political resistances and aspirations that investees draw from their rated agency.},
	pagetotal = {192},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	author = {Feher, M},
	date = {2018},
	doi = {https://www.zonebooks.org/books/132-rated-agency-investee-politics-in-a-speculative-age},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{hacker_regulating_2019,
	title = {Regulating Blockchain: : Techno-Social and Legal Challenges},
	abstract = {This collection provides an in-depth analysis of the intersection between blockchain technology and the law. Covering {EU}, {US}, and Asian jurisdictions, it assesses the necessities of and opportunities for the regulation of blockchain technology in a range of key legal fields, such as competition law, securities regulation, corporate, insurance, contract, and data protection law. Instead of postulating the disruptive superiority of distributed ledger technology across potential areas of application, however, the volume offers a nuanced treatment of use cases ranging from early applications in finance to {ICOs}, alternative dispute resolution platforms, and smart contracts. It takes a distinct techno-social perspective in understanding the legal implications of blockchain technology as a possible new general-purpose technology. The interaction of blockchain technology with the legal system raises key questions concerning governance and government, private order and state authority, and the relationship between different ‘calculative' spaces for assessing and allocating value. These questions do not only have a long pedigree, they are also acutely relevant to our immediate future. By drawing on technological, political, economic, and legal points of view, the volume shows why blockchain matters for societies, and why the law matters for blockchain.},
	author = {Hacker, Philipp and Lianos, Ioannis and Dimitropoulos, Georgios and Eich, Stefan},
	date = {2019},
	doi = {10.1093/oso/9780198842187.001.0001},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{komporozos-athanasiou_speculative_2022,
	title = {Speculative Communities: Living with Uncertainty in a Financialized World},
	isbn = {978-0-226-81602-9},
	url = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/S/bo125281793.html},
	abstract = {In Speculative Communities, Aris Komporozos-Athanasiou examines the ways that speculation has moved beyond financial markets to shape fundamental aspects of our social and political lives. As ordinary people make exceptional decisions, such as the American election of a populist demagogue or the British vote to leave the European Union, they are moving from time-honored and -tested practices of governance, toward the speculative promise of a new, more uncertain future. This book shows how even our methods of building community have shifted to the speculative realm as social media platforms enable and amplify our volatile wagers. For Komporozos-Athanasiou, "to speculate" means increasingly "to connect," to endorse the unknown pre-emptively, and often daringly, as a means of social survival. Grappling with the question of how more uncertainty can lead to its full-throated embrace rather than dissent, Speculative Communities shows how finance has become the model for society writ large. As Komporozos-Athanasiou argues, virtual marketplaces, new social media, and dating apps bring finance's opaque infrastructures into the most intimate realms of our lives, leading to a new type of speculative imagination across economy, culture, and society.},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	author = {Komporozos-Athanasiou, Aris},
	date = {2022},
	doi = {https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/S/bo125281793.html},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{adkins_asset_2020,
	title = {The asset economy},
	isbn = {978-1-5095-4345-8},
	url = {https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+Asset+Economy-p-9781509543458},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons},
	author = {Adkins, Lisa and Cooper, Melinda and Konings, Martijn},
	date = {2020},
	doi = {https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+Asset+Economy-p-9781509543458},
	keywords = {\_LATEST, {BOOKS}, changes in fiscal and monetary policy and the pred, for a growing percentage of society a middle-class, In this timely book, Lisa Adkins, Melinda Cooper and Martijn Konings argue that the, Rising inequality is the defining feature of our a, the book advances an original perspective on a ran, the dynamics of urban property inflation, we appear to have entered an era of policy “lock-i},
}

@book{werbach_blockchain_2019,
	title = {The Blockchain and the New Architecture of Trust},
	abstract = {Predicting the binding mode of flexible polypeptides to proteins is an important task that falls outside the domain of applicability of most small molecule and protein−protein docking tools. Here, we test the small molecule flexible ligand docking program Glide on a set of 19 non-α-helical peptides and systematically improve pose prediction accuracy bynhancing Glide sampling for flexible polypeptides. In addition, scoring of the poses was improved by post-processing with physics-based implicit solvent {MM}- {GBSA} calculations. Using the best {RMSD} among the top 10 scoring poses as a metric, the success rate ({RMSD} ≤ 2.0 Å for the interface backbone atoms) increased from 21\% with default Glide {SP} settings to 58\% with the enhanced peptide sampling and scoring protocol in the case of redocking to the native protein structure. This approaches the accuracy of the recently developed Rosetta {FlexPepDock} method (63\% success for these 19 peptides) while being over 100 times faster. Cross-docking was performed for a subset of cases where an unbound receptor structure was available, and in that case, 40\% of peptides were docked successfully. We analyze the results and find that the optimized polypeptide protocol is most accurate for extended peptides of limited size and number of formal charges, defining a domain of applicability for this approach.},
	publisher = {Mit Press},
	author = {Werbach, Kevin},
	date = {2019},
	doi = {10.7551/mitpress/11449.001.0001},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{barfield_cambridge_2020,
	title = {The Cambridge Handbook of the Law of Algorithms},
	abstract = {"Algorithms are a fundamental building block of artificial intelligence - and, increasingly, society - but our legal institutions have largely failed to recognize or respond to this reality. The Cambridge Handbook of the Law of Algorithms, which features contributions from {US}, {EU}, and Asian legal scholars, discusses the specific challenges algorithms pose not only to only current law, but also - as algorithms replace people as decision makers - to the foundations of society itself. The work includes wide coverage of the law as it relates to algorithms, with chapters analyzing how human biases have crept into algorithmic decision-making about who receives housing or credit, the length of sentences for defendants convicted of crimes, and many other decisions that impact constitutionally protected groups. Other issues covered in the work include the impact of algorithms on the law of free speech, intellectual property, and commercial and human rights law"– {TS} - Library of Congress M4 - Citavi},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Barfield, Woodrow},
	date = {2020},
	doi = {10.1017/9781108680844},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{shin_cryptopians_2022,
	title = {The Cryptopians: Idealism, Greed, Lies, and the Making of the First Big Cryptocurrency Craze},
	url = {https://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/titles/laura-shin/the-cryptopians/9781541763005/},
	abstract = {The story of the idealists, technologists, and opportunists fighting to bring cryptocurrency to the masses. In their short history, Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies have gone through booms, busts, and internecine wars, recently reaching a market valuation of more than \$2 trillion. The central promise of crypto endures—vast fortunes made from decentralized networks not controlled by any single entity and not yet regulated by many governments. The recent growth of crypto would have been all but impossible if not for a brilliant young man named Vitalik Buterin and his creation: Ethereum. In this book, Laura Shin takes readers inside the founding of this novel cryptocurrency network, which enabled users to launch their own new coins, thus creating a new crypto fever. She introduces readers to larger-than-life characters like Buterin, the Web3 wunderkind; his short-lived {CEO}, Charles Hoskinson; and Joe Lubin, a former Goldman Sachs {VP} who became one of crypto's most well-known billionaires. Sparks fly as these outsized personalities fight for their piece of a seemingly limitless new business opportunity. This fascinating book shows the crypto market for what it really is: a deeply personal struggle to influence the coming revolution in money, culture, and power.},
	publisher = {{PublicAffairs}},
	author = {Shin, Laura},
	date = {2022},
	doi = {https://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/titles/laura-shin/the-cryptopians/9781541763005/},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{birch_currency_2020,
	title = {The Currency Cold War: Cash and Cryptography, Hash Rates and Hegemony},
	url = {https://londonpublishingpartnership.co.uk/the-currency-cold-war/},
	abstract = {Money is changing and this may mean a new world order. In this new book, David Birch sets out the economic and technological imperatives concerning digital money, discussing the potential impact of it and the tensions involved — between public and private and between East and West — to contribute to the debate that we must have to begin to shape the International Monetary and Financial System of the near future. Further information – including the preface of the book in full, as well as its table of contents – can be found on a dedicated website for the book, here: thecurrencycoldwar.com The book will be published on 27 May 2020 as a hardback. It can be purchased by clicking “Buy book” above, or from any good retailer.},
	publisher = {London Publishing Partnership},
	author = {Birch, David},
	date = {2020},
	doi = {https://londonpublishingpartnership.co.uk/the-currency-cold-war/},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@article{solimano_evolution_2021,
	title = {The Evolution of Contemporary Arts Markets},
	doi = {10.4324/9781003215127},
	author = {Solimano, Andrés},
	date = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{prasad_future_nodate,
	title = {The Future of Money},
	author = {Prasad, Eswar},
	keywords = {\_LATEST, {BOOKS}},
}

@book{russo_infinite_2020,
	title = {The infinite machine : how an army of crypto-hackers is building the next internet with Ethereum},
	isbn = {978-0-06-288615-6},
	url = {https://www.harpercollins.com/products/the-infinite-machine-camila-russo?variant=32123333836834},
	abstract = {"Cryptocurrency expert Camila Russo tracks the rise of Ethereum, the second-biggest digital asset in the world and the future of cryptocurrency"–},
	pagetotal = {287},
	author = {Russo, Camila},
	date = {2020},
	doi = {https://www.harpercollins.com/products/the-infinite-machine-camila-russo?variant=32123333836834},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{russo_infinite_2020-1,
	title = {The infinite machine : how an army of crypto-hackers is building the next internet with Ethereum},
	isbn = {978-0-06-288615-6},
	abstract = {"Cryptocurrency expert Camila Russo tracks the rise of Ethereum, the second-biggest digital asset in the world and the future of cryptocurrency"–},
	pagetotal = {287},
	author = {Russo, Camila},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}, \_to\_add\_new},
}

@book{macdonald_political_2019,
	title = {The Political Economy of Non-Territorial Exit},
	url = {https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/the-political-economy-of-non-territorial-exit-9781788979375.html},
	abstract = {Territorial political organisation forms the backbone of western liberal democracies. However, political economists are increasingly aware of how this form of government neglects the preferences of citizens, resulting in dramatic conflicts. The Political Economy of Non-Territorial Exit explores the theoretical possibility of ‘unbundling' government functions and decentralising territorial governance.},
	publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing},
	author = {{MacDonald}, Trent J.},
	date = {2019},
	doi = {https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/the-political-economy-of-non-territorial-exit-9781788979375.html},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{golumbia_politics_2016-1,
	title = {The Politics of Bitcoin: Software as Right-wing Extremism},
	abstract = {Since its introduction in 2009, Bitcoin has been widely promoted as a digital currency that will revolutionize everything from online commerce to the nation-state. Yet supporters of Bitcoin and its blockchain technology subscribe to a form of cyberlibertarianism that depends to a surprising extent on far-right political thought. The Politics of Bitcoin exposes how much of the economic and political thought on which this cryptocurrency is based emerges from ideas that travel the gamut, from Milton Friedman, F.A. Hayek, and Ludwig von Mises to Federal Reserve conspiracy theorists. Forerunners: Ideas First is a thought-in-process series of breakthrough digital publications. Written between fresh ideas and finished books, Forerunners draws on scholarly work initiated in notable blogs, social media, conference plenaries, journal articles, and the synergy of academic exchange. This is gray literature publishing: where intense thinking, change, and speculation take place in scholarship.},
	publisher = {University of Minnesota Press},
	author = {Golumbia, David},
	date = {2016},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{liaw_routledge_2021,
	title = {The Routledge Handbook of {FinTech}},
	isbn = {978-1-00-037570-1},
	abstract = {The Routledge Handbook of {FinTech} offers comprehensive coverage of the opportunities, challenges and future trends of financial technology. This handbook is a unique and in-depth reference work. It is organised in six thematic parts. The first part outlines the development, funding, and the future trends. The second focuses on blockchain technology applications and various aspects of cryptocurrencies. The next covers {FinTech} in banking. A significant element of {FinTech}, mobile payments and online lending, is included in the fourth part. The fifth continues with several chapters covering other financial services, while the last discusses ethics and regulatory issues. These six parts represent the most significant and overarching themes of {FinTech} innovations. This handbook will appeal to students, established researchers seeking a single repository on the subject, as well as policy makers and market professionals seeking convenient access to a one-stop guide.},
	pagetotal = {1–471},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	author = {Liaw, K. Thomas},
	date = {2021},
	doi = {10.4324/9780429292903},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{beller_world_2021,
	title = {The World Computer: derivative conditions of racial capitalism},
	url = {https://www.dukeupress.edu/the-world-computer},
	abstract = {In The World Computer Jonathan Beller forcefully demonstrates that the history of commodification generates information itself. Out of the omnipresent calculus imposed by commodification, information emerges historically as a new money form. Investigating its subsequent financialization of daily life and colonization of semiotics, Beller situates the development of myriad systems for quantifying the value of people, objects, and affects as endemic to racial capitalism and computation. Built on oppression and genocide, capital and its technical result as computation manifest as racial formations, as do the machines and software of social mediation that feed racial capitalism and run on social difference. Algorithms, derived from for-profit management strategies, conscript all forms of expression—language, image, music, communication—into the calculus of capital such that even protest may turn a profit. Computational media function for the purpose of extraction rather than ameliorating global crises, and financialize every expressive act, converting each utterance into a wager. Repairing this ecology of exploitation, Beller contends, requires decolonizing information and money, and the scripting of futures wagered by the cultural legacies and claims of those in struggle.},
	publisher = {Duke University Press},
	author = {Beller, Jonathan},
	date = {2021},
	doi = {https://www.dukeupress.edu/the-world-computer},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{greenberg_this_2012,
	title = {This Machine Kills Secrets: ulian Assange, the Cypherpunks, and Their Fight to Empower Whistleblowers},
	url = {https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/309904/this-machine-kills-secrets-by-andy-greenberg/},
	abstract = {{WikiLeaks} brought to light a new form of whistleblowing, using powerful cryptographic code to hide leakers' identities while they spill the private data of government agencies and corporations. But that technology has been evolving for decades in the hands of hackers and radical activists, from the libertarian enclaves of Northern California to Berlin to the Balkans. And the secret-killing machine continues to evolve beyond {WikiLeaks}, as a movement of hacktivists aims to obliterate the world's institutional secrecy. Forbes journalist Andy Greenberg has traced its shadowy history from the cryptography revolution of the 1970s to Wikileaks founding hacker Julian Assange, Anonymous, and beyond. This is the story of the code and the characters—idealists, anarchists, extremists—who are transforming the next generation's notion of what activism can be. With unrivaled access to such major players as Julian Assange, Daniel Domscheit-Berg, and {WikiLeaks}' shadowy engineer known as the Architect, never before interviewed, Greenberg unveils the world of politically-motivated hackers—who they are and how they operate.},
	publisher = {Penguin Randon House},
	author = {Greenberg, Andy},
	date = {2012},
	doi = {https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/309904/this-machine-kills-secrets-by-andy-greenberg/},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{voshmgir_token_2020,
	title = {Token economy : how the Web3 reinvents the internet},
	volume = {2},
	isbn = {978-3-9821038-4-6},
	abstract = {The book attempts to summarize existing knowledge about blockchain networks \& other distributed ledgers as the backbone of the Web3. It maps the socioeconomic implications of Web3 applications such as smart contracts, {DAOs} and tokens to the concepts of money, economics, governance and decentralized finance ({DeFi}). This is the second edition of the book Token Economy originally published in June 2019. The basic structure of this second edition is the same as the first edition, with slightly updated content of existing chapters and four additional chapters: “User-Centric Identities,” “Privacy Tokens,” “Lending Tokens,” and How to Design a Token System and more focus on the Web3. Read more on how second edition differs from the first edition in this blog post. The book assumes that tokens – often referred to as cryptocurrencies – can represent any real or virtual asset or access right, such as gold, diamonds, a fraction of a Picasso painting or an entry ticket to a concert. Tokens could also be used to reward social media contributions, incentivize the reduction of {CO}2 emissions, or even ones attention for watching an ad. While it has become easy to create a token, which is collectively managed by a public Web3 infrastructure like a blockchain network, the understanding of how to apply these tokens is still vague. Part one outlines the fundamental building blocks of the Web3, including the role of cryptography and user-centric digital identities. Part two explains Web3 applications like smart contracts, {DAOs} \& tokens. The last two parts of the book focus on tokens as the atomic unit of the Web3, explaining the properties and functions of money and outlining the emerging field of decentralized finance ({DeFi}) that might power a potential future digital barter economy. Use cases such as asset tokens, fractional ownership tokens (art \& real estate), purpose driven tokens, social media tokens (Steemit, Hive and Reddit), Token Curated Registries ({TCRs}), {BAT} (Basic Attention Token), privacy tokens, and stable tokens are explored, including the role of {CBDCs} (Central Bank Digital Currencies) and Facebook's Libra. The book builds on the legacy of our work at the {BlockchainHub}, the ongoing educational posts and Blockchain Handbook published in 2017 for free that has had over 100.000 downloads. The English edition was released on Github in 2020 under a non commercial creative commons licence, and is now being translated into several languages. 10 months after I put the book online for free on Github it has been translated by a group of volunteers into 9 different languages 6 of which are complete (Portugese, Brazilian, Polish, Italian, Spanish, Farsi) and 3 (Chinese, Japanese, French) of which are still in progress. The English and German version were previously published by myself. Some of the translations (Spanish, Italian, Portugese and soon also Farsi) have also been commercially released as print and ebook versions in consultation with the translation teams. Potential royalties will be split between the translators and me.},
	pagetotal = {362},
	publisher = {Token Kitchen},
	author = {Voshmgir, Shermin},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@article{liaw_trading_2021,
	title = {Trading and regulation of cryptocurrencies, stablecoins and other cryptoassets},
	author = {Liaw, K. Thomas},
	date = {2021},
	note = {{ISBN}: 9781000375701
Publisher: Routledge},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{corbet_understanding_2021,
	title = {Understanding cryptocurrency fraud: The challenges and headwinds to regulate digital currencies},
	volume = {2},
	isbn = {3-11-071857-X},
	publisher = {Walter de Gruyter {GmbH} \& Co {KG}},
	author = {Corbet, Shaen},
	date = {2021},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@book{berg_understanding_2019,
	title = {Understanding the Blockchain Economy},
	isbn = {978-1-78897-499-8},
	abstract = {"Offering the first scholarly analysis of the economic nature of blockchains and the formation of the blockchain economy, this timely book explores the future of global capitalism. Applying the institutional economics of Ronald Coase and Oliver Williamson, the authors highlight how blockchains are poised to reshape the nature of firms, governments, markets and civil society. Chapters apply basic economic principles to explore blockchains and distributed ledger technologies through the framework of institutional economics. The book suggests ways in which cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin may develop further in the future, bringing us back to a barter economy which removes the need for a third person in economic transactions. Outlining a ledger-centric view of the economy, the authors explore how blockchains and dehierarchalisation will reduce the demand for government regulation. Institutional economists and scholars will greatly appreciate the thorough analysis of the development of institutional cryptoeconomics and insight into the future of blockchains that this book offers. Computer and technology scientists will also find this book to be a valuable read, as well as those working specifically in the blockchain industry"– 1. Introduction – 2. The institutional economics of blockchain – 3. The universal turing institution – 4. The microfoundations of ledgers – 5. Money, dequity, and the barter economy of the future – 6. Supply chains and identity – 7. The V-form organisation and the future of the firm – 8. Public policy in a blockchain era – 9. Capitalism after Satoshi – 10. Conclusion – References – Index.},
	pagetotal = {203},
	publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing},
	author = {Berg, Chris and Davidson, Sinclair and Potts, Jason},
	date = {2019},
	doi = {10.4337/9781788975001},
	keywords = {{PROCESSED}, {BOOKS}},
}

@book{sen_whos_2020,
	title = {Who's Cashing in? Contemporary Perspectives on New Monies and Global Cashlessness},
	volume = {19},
	isbn = {978-1-78920-915-0},
	abstract = {Cashless infrastructures are rapidly increasing, as credit cards, cryptocurrencies, online and mobile money, remittances, demonetization, and digitalization process replace coins and currencies around the world. Who's Cashing In? explores how different modes of cashlessness impact, transform and challenge the everyday lives and livelihoods of local communities. Drawing from a wide range of ethnographic studies, this volume offers a concise look at how social actors and intermediaries respond to this change in the materiality of money throughout multiple regional contexts.},
	publisher = {Berghahn Books},
	author = {Sen, Atreyee and Lindquist, Johan and Kolling, Marie},
	date = {2020},
	keywords = {{BOOKS}},
}

@article{narayanan_bitcoins_2017,
	title = {Bitcoin’s Academic Pedigree: The concept of cryptocurrencies is built from forgotten ideas in research literature.},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1542-7730, 1542-7749},
	url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3134434.3136559},
	doi = {10.1145/3134434.3136559},
	shorttitle = {Bitcoin’s Academic Pedigree},
	abstract = {We’ve seen repeatedly that ideas in the research literature can be gradually forgotten or lie unappreciated, especially if they are ahead of their time, even in popular areas of research. Both practitioners and academics would do well to revisit old ideas to glean insights for present systems. Bitcoin was unusual and successful not because it was on the cutting edge of research on any of its components, but because it combined old ideas from many previously unrelated fields. This is not easy to do, as it requires bridging disparate terminology, assumptions, etc., but it is a valuable blueprint for innovation.},
	pages = {20--49},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Queue},
	shortjournal = {Queue},
	author = {Narayanan, Arvind and Clark, Jeremy},
	urldate = {2022-03-08},
	date = {2017-08},
	langid = {english},
	file = {Narayanan and Clark - 2017 - Bitcoin’s Academic Pedigree The concept of crypto.pdf:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/JBMPKJKJ/Narayanan and Clark - 2017 - Bitcoin’s Academic Pedigree The concept of crypto.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@online{noauthor_luno_2022,
	title = {Luno data reveals the habits of the South African crypto buyer},
	url = {https://ventureburn.com/2022/03/luno-data-reveals-the-habits-of-the-south-african-crypto-buyer/},
	abstract = {Luno lead data scientist Richard Ball unpacks the numbers that reveal the personalities in the South African crypto market.},
	titleaddon = {Ventureburn},
	urldate = {2022-03-08},
	date = {2022-03-08},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {Africa, {SouthAfrica}},
	file = {Snapshot:/home/sdiehl/Zotero/storage/DGKDYVIK/luno-data-reveals-the-habits-of-the-south-african-crypto-buyer.html:text/html},
}